OAIA 1 : IIIssOEA I OEIAINAO
1. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue e nouiinoue oeiainia.
2. Ooieoeee oeiainia.
3. I?aaiecaoeey e oi?aaeaiea oeiainiaie nenoaiu.
4. Oeiainiaia ieaie?iaaiea.
5. I?aaeiao e niaea?aeaiea eo?na.
6. Ia?aii/a?aaeiua ia?u ii noaaeeecaoeee oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey.
ainoaea?noaa.
7. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa.
1. ?uii/iay yeiiiieea – nioeeaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiay oicyenoaaiiay
nenoaia, eioi?ay aeiiieiyaony ainoaea?noaaiiui ?aaoee?iaaieai.
Oeiainu – eino?oiaio yeiiiieee. Iie yaeythony iaiouaieaiie /anoueth
yeiiiieee, iiiiaathuae inouanoaeoue iaoiaeu ain. ?aaoee?iaaiey iooai
oi?ie?iaaiey ?acee/iuo oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Cia/aiea oeiainia a
oii, /oi n iiiiuueth ?acee/iuo oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa oi?ie?iaaiea
aeioiaeia ia yoaiao ?ani?aaeaeaiey iiaeaea?aeeaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua
i?iii?oeee iaaeaeo i?iecaiaenoaii e aai iio?aaeaieai.
Oeiainu, au?aaeay ?aaeueii nouanoaothuea a iauanoaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey, eiathuea iauaeoeaiue oa?aeoa? e niaoeeoe/aneia iauanoaaiiia
iacia/aiea, aunooiatho a ea/-aa yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee.
Ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, iacuaathony oeiainiauie.
I?eciaee oeiainia eae yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee :
– aeaiaaeiue o-? oei ioiioaiee. Aeaiueae yaeythony iaycaoaeueiui
oneiaeai nouanoaiaaiey oeiainia ( iie anaaaea eiatho aeai. oi?io
au?aaeaiey ).
– ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiue o-? oei. ioiioaiee . Iaeanoueth aicieeiiaaiey e
ooieoeeiie? oeiainia yaeyaony noaaeey aini?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna,
ia eioiie i?ienoiaeeo ?ani?aaeaeaiea noieiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa
ii oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth e noauaeoai oicyenoaiaaiey, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo
aeieaeai iieo/eoue naith aeieth a i?iecaaae?iiii i?iaeoeoa.
– oeiainiaua ioiioaiey anaaaea naycaiu n oi?ie?iaaieai aeaiaaeiuo
aeioiaeia e iaeiieaiee, i?eieiathueo oi?io oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Oeiainiaua ?ano?nu aunooiatho iaoa?eaeueiuie iineoaeyie oeiainiauo
ioiioaiee.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oeiainia ninoieo a iio?aaiinoe noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey
e ainoaea?noaa a ?ano?nao, iaania/eaathueo eo aeayoaeueiinoue .
Oeiainu – yoi aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna
?ani?aaeaeaiey e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey noieiinoe aaeiaiai iauanoaaiiiai
i?iaeoeoa ( AII )
2. Nouiinoue ethaie yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee, a oii /enea e oeiainia,
i?iyaeyaony a aa ooieoeeyo. Ooieoeee iieacuaatho eaeeie iaoiaeaie
?aaeecoaony nouiinoue yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee ( oeiainia a iaoai
neo/aa). Ooieoeee oeiainia – aeeaeaeoe/anee acaeiinaycaiiua iaaeaeo
niaie noi?iiu iaeiie yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?ee
1) ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey iicaieyao n iiiiuueth oeiainiauo
ioiioaiee ?ani?aaeaeeoue nicaeaiiue aaeiaue iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo
(AII) iaaeaeo noauaeoaie oicyenoaiaaiey .
Iacia/aieai ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee oeiainia yaeyaony iaania/aiea
noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey. Ia ia?aii yoaia ?ani?aaeaeaiey AII
ia?acothony ia?ae/iua aeioiaeu, ia aoi?ii – aoi?e/iua, eioi?ua
iai?aaeythony a iai?iecaiaenoaaiioth noa?o, ee/iia iio?aaeaiea. O.a.
ia?ae/iia ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia i?ienoiaeeo a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
noa?a. Oai, aaea oiaa? ia i?iecaiaeeony, iao ia?ae/iiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
aeioiaeia.
Noauaeoaie ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee yaeythony ainoaea?noai,
th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea eeoea.
Aeaaiaea?y ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee oeiainu ianeoaeeaatho
aini?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann a oeaeii, aeoeaii aeeyy ia ana aai
noaaeee. N iiiiuueth yoie ooieoeee niouanoaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai
aiciauaiea noieiinoe iio?aae?iiuo n?-a i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?aciaaiea
aeioiaeia a ?acee/iuo oi?iao, a oaeaea oi?ie?othony oiiaeu oeaeaaiai
iacia/aiey. Ia iniiaaiee aeaiiie ooieoeee iaania/eaathony oaeaea
iauaainoaea?noaaiiua iio?aaiinoe, oi?ie?othony ?ano?nu aeey niaea?aeaiey
e ?acaeoey iai?inoa?u, inouanoaeyaony aioo?eio?aneaaia, iaaeio?aneaaia e
iaaeoa??eoi?eaeueiia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea e o.ae.
N ?? iiiiuueth i?aaeoi?aaeaeathony aiciiaeiiua aeeni?iii?oeee ia
ioaeaeueiuo o/anoeao oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa e iaania/eaaaony
iaiaoiaeeiay iaiaa?aiiinoue a eniieueciaaiee ?ano?nia.
2) Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey auoaeaao ec ia?aie ooieoeee aeaaiaea?y ioeaiea
aaee/eiu oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e eo i?aaeoniio?aiiie
iai?aaeaiiinoe .A? iniiao ninoaaeyao aeaeaeaiea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Eino?oiaioii ?aaeecaoeee aunooiaao oeiainiaay eioi?iaoeey. Noaiaiue e
aeoaeia ?aaeecaoeee ii?aaeaeyaony ninoiyieai oeiainiaie aeenoeeieeiu (
iaycaoaeueiiai ii?yaeea aaaeaiey oeiainiaiai oicyenoaa, niaethaeaiea
onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?i e i?aaee, auiieiaiea oeiainiauo iaycaoaeuenoa.
3. Oi?aaeaiea – yoi niaieoiiinoue i?e?iia e iaoiaeia oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiai
aicaeaenoaey ia iauaeo aeey aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeae?iiiai ?acoeueoaoa.
Niaieoiiinoue ?acee/iuo oi?i e iaoiaeia, ?aaeaiaioe?othueo ?acee/iua
noa?u oeiainiauo ioiioaiee, iicaieythueo ia?aciauaaoue oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
e aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiua oiiaeu aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, iacuaaaony
oeiainiaie nenoaiie.
A oi?aaeaiee oeiainaie auaeaeythony iauaeou e noauaeou oi?aaeaiey.
Niaeoiiinoue anao i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo no?oeoo?, inouanoaeythueo oi?aaeaiea
oeiainaie, iacuaaaony oeiainiaui aiia?aoii.
Ooieoeeiiaeueiua ye–ou oi?aaeaiey oeiainaie:
1) Ieaie?iaaiea (Iniiaiua caaea/e oeiainiaiai ieaie?iaaiey:
– ii?aaeaeaiea iauaiia e enoi/ieeia oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
– ?aoeeiiaeueiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea
– noeioee?iaaiea iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey iaaeaeo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?ie aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
– eiioeaio?aoeey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia i?ei?eoaoiuo
iai?aaeaieyo ?acaeoey.);
2) Iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea ( eiiieaen ia?, ?ac?aaaouaaaiuo ia iniiaa
iia?aoeaiiai aiaeeca oeiainiaie neooaoeee n oeaeueth iieo/aiey
ieneiaeueiiai yooaeoa i?e ieieioia cao?ao ioo?i ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia );
3) Eiio?ieue.
Oeiainiaay nenoaia ainoaea?noaa ioaaouaaao o?e iniiaiua noa?u:
– ain. oeiainu
– no?aoiaaiea
– oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee
A ninoaa ain. oeiainia aeeth/aaony: ain. athaeaeao (eae iniiaiie
oeiainiaue ieai aioaea?noaa), nenoaia ain. e?aaeeoa (caeiu, iaeeaaoeee,
eioa?ae), aiaathaeaeaoiua ain. oiiaeu, oiiaeu nioe. no?aoiaaiey,
iaineiiiue oiiae).
Iauaainoaea?noaaiiua oiiaeu aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa iicaieytho
aeeoioee?iaaoue e iiaeeeciaaoue n?aaenoaa a ain. athaeaeao, a ?acee/iua
oi?iu ain. e?aaeeoa, ai aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu.
Oiiaeu aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa iiae?acaeaeythony ia :
– oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
– aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiua.
E oeaio?aeeciaaiiui oiiaeai ioiinyony ain. athaeaeao, oiiaeu ain. nioe.
no?aoiaaiey.
E aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiui oiiaeai – oiiaeu eiouanoaaiiiai e ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey, noi?ioee?iaaiiua a aeia?iaieueiii ii?yaeea, a oaeaea oiiaeu
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ?acee/iuo io?aneae i/o.
Nenoaia no?aoiaaiey aeeth/aao a naay oiiaeu eiouanoaaiiiai e ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey, no?aoiaaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe, no?aoiaaiea ?enea.
Noa?a oeiainia i?aaei?eyoee – oeiainu io?aneae i/o e i?aaei?eyoee.
Oeiainu io?aneae: oeiainu ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa, ain. i?aaei?eyoee,
eiiia?/aneeo no?oeoo? e iauanoaaiiuo oiiaeia.
AII
N?I
?I
OIAA?
OIAA?
?EI
O O?
NO
EI
NA
?ANO?NU
?ANO?NU
??
I?
IAe
Oeiainiaua ?uiee – niaieoiiinoue oeiainiauo einoeoooia, iai?aaeythueo
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa io nianoaaiieeia n?aaenoa e caaiueeai n?aaenoa.
Eiaanoeoeee – aeiaeaiey a iniiaiua oiiaeu eeai a iai?ioiua oiiaeu
(i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu, aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth ).
I?yiia oeiaine?iaaiea – iai?aaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia
iaiin?aaenoaaiii io nianoaaiieea n?aaenoa e caaiueeo.
I?yiia oeiaine?iaaiea – yoi:
1) eaieoaeueiia oeiaine?iaaiea, o.a. iieo/aiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia
eiaanoeoeee iooai i?aaenoaaeaiey i?a
aa eiaanoi?o ia aeieaaia o/anoea a i?eauee nianoaaiieea. Yoi
aeinoeaaaony i?eia?aoaieai eiaanoi?ii iaueiiaaiiuo aeoeee caaiueea;
2) oeiaine?iaaiea iooai caeiia, o.a. iieo/aiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia
eiaanoeoeee a iaiai ia iaycaoaeuenoai auieaoeoue aeioiaeu a aoaeouai.
Yoi aeinoeaaaony iooai i?eia?aoaiey iaeeaaoeee caaiueea.
Iaeeaaoeee – yoi na?oeoeeaou ia auieaoo a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai
eiee/anoaa eao e n oieaoie iaoneiaeaiiuo i?ioeaioia.
Einaaiiia oeiaine?iaaiea – yoi ia?aiauaiea naa?aaeaiee io nianoaaiieeia
n?aaenoa eiaanoi?ai /a?ac oeiainiauo iin?aaeieeia, o. a. oeiainiaue
?uiie.
Noa?u oeiainiauo ioiioaiee ?aaeaiaioe?othony ?ac/iuie oi?iaie e
iaoiaeaie eo aeinoeaeaiey.
Oi?aaeaiea oeiainaie ainoaea?noaa inouanoaeyaony ia no?aoaae/aneii
o?iaia Aa?oiaiui Niaaoii, i?aceaeaioii, Eaaeiaoii ieieno?ia, ia
iia?aoeaiii o?iaia – Ieienoa?noaii oeiainia.
Ieienoa?noai oeiainia :
– inouanoaeyao iauaa ?oeiaiaenoai ?anioaeeeaineeie e ianoiuie oeianiauie
i?aaiaie ii eniieiaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa;
– ninoaaeyao i?iaeou ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ia ooaa?aeaeaiea
Aa?oiaiiio Niaaoo, ?acee/iuie aeoaie ?aaeaiaioe?oao aeayoaeueiinoue
noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey ii oeiainiaui aii?inai, inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue
ca oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth noauaeoia oicenoaiaaiey;
– aiineo i?aaeeiaeaiey a Aa?oiaiuy Niaao ii aii?inai ?aaoee?iaaiey
oeiainiauo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie.
A ninoaa Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia aoiaeyo neaaeothuea oi?aaeaiey:
athaeaeaoiia, iaeiaiaia, oi?aaeaiea ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiui io?aneyi,
oi?aaeaiea ii io?aneyi iai?inoa?u, aaethoii- yeiiiie/aneia oi?aaeaiea,
oi?aaeaiea aoo. o/aoa e io/aoiinoe.
Ia o?iaia ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe oi?ie?othony oeiainiaua oi?aaeaiey
niioaaonoaothuaai o?iaiy ( iaeanoue, ai?iae, ?aeii, naei).
Ianoiua oeiainiaua i?aaiu auiieiytho ooieoeee, aiaeiae/iua Ieienoa?noao
oeiainia e ?aaioatho ii i?eioeeio aeaieiie iiae/eiaiiinoe :
1) auoanoiyuaio oeiainiaiio i?aaio ii anai aii?inai oeiainiaie iieeoeee
e iaoiaeieiaee;
2) ianoiui i?aaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey a /anoe ?aaeiiaeueiie
oeiainiaie iieeoeee.
Aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiua oeiainu eniieiythony, oi?ie?othony oeiainiauie
neoaeaaie i?aaei?eyoee e io?aneae i/o.
E ooieoeeyi oeiainiauo neoaea ioiinyony:
1. oi?ie?iaaiea e eniieiaiea oeiainiauo ieaiia oe?iu ( aaeain aeioiaeia
e ?anoiaeia )
2. eiio?ieue e eniieiaiea eanniauo iia?aoeee
3. oi?ie?iaaiea e?aaeeoiuo ieaiia e caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia n oeianiauie
iin?aaeieeaie ia i?aaenoaaeaiea caaiiuo n?aaenoa
4. eiio?ieue ca ?an/aoii-ieaoaaeiie aeenoeeieeiie ia i?aaei?eyoee.
No?oeoo?a oeiainiaiai ioaeaea:
1) caaaaeothuee eannie e eanne?u
2) oeiainenou ii ieaie?iaaieth oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
3) iiae?acaeaeaiey ii ?an/aoii-ieaoaaeiui iia?aoeeyi
4) a?oiia naiaeiiai oeiainiaiai ieaie?iaaiey.
niaea?aeaieai , auyaeoue aeioiaeu e ii?aaeaeeoue ?anoiaeu i/o.
4. Iiae oeiainiaui ieaie?iaaieai iiieiatho niaieoiiinoue ia?ii?eyoee ii
ninoaaeaieth 4 e auiiaeiaieth ieaiia oi?ie?iaaiey aeioiaea e ?anoiaeia.
Oeiainiaia ieaie?iaaiea yaeyaony /noueth i/o ieaie?iaaiey. Iii iicaieyao
oaycaoue iieacaoaee i/o ieaia n eo aeaiaaeiui aiea n?aaenoa
Iauaeoii oeiainiaiai ieaie?iaaiey yaeyaony oeiainiaay aeayoaeueiinoue
noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey e ainoaea?noaa, a eoiaiaui ?acoeueoaoii –
ninoaaeaiea oeiainiauo ieaiia, ia/eiay io niaou ioaeaeueiiai
o/?aaeaeaiey aei naiaeiiai oeiainiaiai aaeaina ainoaea?noaa.
Iniiaiua caaea/e oeiainiaiai ieaie?iaaiey:
1) ii?aaeaeaiea iauaiia e enoi/ieeia oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
2) ?aoeeiiaeueiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea
3) noeioee?iaaiea iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey iaaeaeo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?ie aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
4) eiioeaio?aoeey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaieyo
?acaeoey.
?an/?ou ieaiiauo oeiainiauo iieacaoaeae aace?othony ia eniieueciaaiee
?acee/iuo iaoiaeia:
A nenoaio oeiainiauo ieaiia aoiaeyo:
aaeain aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia i?aaei?eyoee e io?aneae;
oeiainiaua ieaiu iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee;
niaou athaeaeaoiuo i?aaiecaoeee;
athaeaeao nioeno?aoa;
ainathaeaeao;
naiaeiue oeiainiuae ieai ainoaea?noaa.
Ana oeiainiaua ieai ninoaaeyny ii i?eioeeio aaeaina, a eioi?ii aeioiaeu
?aaiu ?anoiaeai.
6.
Ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey aeey noaaeeecaoeee oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey
i?eiaiyaony neaaeothuea ia?u:
i?aiaeieaiea ino?iai ieaoaaeiiai e?ecena ainoaea?noaa;
nie?auaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee;
i?eaaoecaoeey aineiouanoaa;
ioiaia aeioaoeee oauoi/iui i?aaei?eyoeyi;
nie?auaiea aaeieieno?aoeaii-oi?aaeai/aneeo ?anoiaeia, ia?aaiae ?yaea
athaeaeaoiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia naiioeiaine?iaaiea;
eeeaeaeaoeey aeaiaaeiuo e e?aaeeoiuo yiennee eae ia? iie?uoey
athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa;
i?eaea/aiea n?aaenoa ianaeaiey aeey eiaanoe?iaaiey i?ia?aii;
oi?ie?iaaiea ?uii/iie eio?ano?oeoo?u;
aaiae iiaie aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu.
7. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa – yoi niaieoiiinoue ia?ii?eyoee ii
oi?ie?iaaieth e eniieueciaaieth oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. Naia eiie?aoiia
aiieiuaiea oeiainiaay iieeoeea eiaao a oeiainiaii iaoaiecia
ainoaea?noaa.
Oeiainiaue iaoaieci – yoi niaieoiiinoue oi?i e iaoiaeia oi?aaeaiey
oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth ain-aa. Iia aeeth/aao a naay nenoaio
aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia, nenoaio oeiainiauo ?u/aaia e noeioee?iaaiey,
oeiainiauo ii?i, iiiaoeaia, iieacaoaeae, ainoaea?noaaiiua aaieianeea e
oeiainiaua ?aca?au e oeiainiaue eiio?ieue.
Oeiainiaue iaoaieci ?aaeaiaioe?oaony a caeiiao e ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao.
Iniiaiuie iaoiaeaie ia?aoiaea e ?uieo yaeythony:
iaeneiaeueiay naiaiaea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee;
iieiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou naiae oic. aeayoaeueiinoe;
eiieo?aioeey oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae;
naiaiaeiia oeaiiia?aciaaiea;
ioeac ainoaea?noaa io aiaoaoaeuenoaa a oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
noaoaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey;
?ani?ino?aiaiea ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee ia oa noa?u, aaea iie iiaoo aeaoue
iaeaieueoee yooaeo;
i?eioeei ioe?uoie yeiiiieee, oi anoue i?aaeinoaaeaiea i?aaei?eyoeyi
i?aaa auoiaea ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee ?uiie.
5. Oeiainu – yoi nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ii iiaiaeo
?ani?aaeaeaiey e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e
eiio?ieue ca eo eniieueciaaieai.
Oeiaine?iaaiea – yoi i?ioeann eniieueciaaiey OAeN a niioaaonoaee n
?ac?aaioaiiuie aecian-ieaiaie. A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee
i?eiaiythony neaaeothuea iaoiaeu oicyenoaiaaiey(oeiaine?iaaiey):
1. Oic?an/ao;
2. Eiiia?/aneee ?an/ao;
3. Naiioeiaine?iaaiea;
Oic?an/ao iiae?acoiaaaao oaeoth nenoaio oicyenoaiaaiey, i?e eioi?ie
?anoiaeu i?iecaiaeyony ca n/ao iieo/aiiuo aeioiaeia e iieo/aaony
iaeioi?ay i?eaueue, oi anoue iaania/eaaaony ?aioaaaeueiay ?aaioa oe?iu.
Eiiia?/aneee ?an/ao – nenoaia oicyenoaiaaiey, eioi?ay iiae?acoiaaaao
n?aaiaiea ?anoiaeia e ?acoeueoaoia i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe n oeaeueth iieo/aiey iaeneiaeueiie i?eauee.
Naiioeiaine?iaaiea – iaoiae oicyenoaiaaiey, i?e eioi?ii ec au?o/ee io
?aaeecaoeee i?iecaiaeyony ana iaiaoiaeeiua cao?aou e iieo/aaony
i?eaueue, aeinoaoi/iay aeey ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?aciaaiey oiiaeia
nioeeaeueiie caueou.
E?aaeeo – niaieoiiinoue aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee ii iiaiaeo aeeoioeyoeee
a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa n iineaaeothuei i?aaeinoaaeaieai
eo ia oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe, n?i/iinoe e ieaoiinoe.
E?aaeeoiaaiea – i?ioeann i?aaeinoaaeaiea a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa.
Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea – niaieoiiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ii iiaiaeo
ie?aaiecaoeee iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiiai e aaciaee/iiai iai?ioa aeaiaa a
ainoaea?noaa.
I?aaeiaoii eo?na yaeyaony eco/aiea oeiainia, e?aaeeoa e aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey.
Niaea?aeaiea eo?na ?ane?uaaaony a neaaeothueo caaea/ao:
i?eioeeiu oi?ie?iaaiey, i?aaiecaoeee e iino?iaiey oeianiaie e e?aaeeoiie
nenoaiu;
eco/aiea no?oeoo?u e ninoaaa aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey;
eco/aiea i?eioeeiia e i?aaiecaoeee nenoaiu ?an/aoia;
eco/aiea ii?yaeea oeiaine?iaaiey e e?aaeeoiaaiey i?aaei?eyoee;
eco/aiea nenoaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoiuo e?aaeeoiuo e aaethoiuo
iia?aoeee;
eco/aiea aii?inia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oeiainiauo ?uieia.
AII
N?I
?I
OIAA?
OIAA?
AC
?EI A
O EI CA *I
NO
NA
O?
?ANO?NU ?ANO?NU
??
I?
IAe
*I – /enoua iaeiae n o/aoii o?ainoa?iuo ieaoaaeae;
AC – ainoaea?noaaiiua caeoiee.
Noiia AC e o?ainoa?iuo ieaoaaeae – yoi ?anoiaeu ainoaea?noaa.
A – ainoaea?noai;
CA – caei ainoaea?noaa.
OAIA 2 : ENIIEUeCIAAIEA OEIAINIA A
ONEIAEssO ?UII*IIAI OICssENOAA
1. Iauaeoeaiua i?aaeiinueee e aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey oeiainia.
2. Iaania/aiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna oeiainaie.
3. Oeiainiaua ?uiee. Eio?ano?oeoo?a e einooiaioa?ee.
4. Oeaiiua aoiaae.
5. Oiiaeiaay ae?aea.
6. Ae?aeaaie eo?n.
7. Oeiainiaua ?uiee.
1. ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey oeiainia iicaieyao iaania/eoue
oi?ie?iaaiea e iiaeeecaoeeth OAeN ia caieaie?iaaiiua oeaee a i?ioeanna
?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Ea/anoaaiiay noi?iia aeeyiey oeiainia – yoi aeeyiea ia i?ioeannu
?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa ca n/ao aieaa yooaeoeaiuo ii?iaoeaia
?ani?aaeaeaiey OAeN.
Eiee/anoaaiiay noi?iia aeeyiey oeiainia caeeth/aaony a oi?ie?iaaiee e
iiaeeecaoeee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia ia oeaee ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa.
2. Iae?iyeiiiie/aneay iiaeaeue oeiainiauo iioieia iieacuaaao ?ieue
oeiainia a i?ioeanna ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey oeiainia iieacuaaao aeaenoaeoaeueiia o/anoea
oeiainia(oi?ie?iaaiea, iiaeeecaoeey, eniieueciaaiea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia)
a i?ioeanna ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa.
3. ?uiee – yoi niaieoiiinoue aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie e oiaa?iiio?aaeoaeyie, eioi?ua iniiaaiu ia ni?ina
e i?aaeeiaeaiee.
OA – oiaa?iay ae?aea
I? – iio?aaeoaeueneee ?uiie ?I
?O – ?uiie oneoa ?uiie i?iaeoeoia
O? – oiaa?iue ?uiie
?OeA – ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa
OA – oiiaeiaay ae?aea O?
A? – aaethoiue ?uiie oeiainiaue ?uiie
AA – aaethoiay ae?aea
?E – ?uiie eaieoaeia
??N – ?uiie ?aai/ae neeu ?? – ?uiie ?ano?nia
?I? – ?uiie i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia
I?aaeiaoii O? yaeyaony i?iaeaaea n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
I? – i?aaeiaou iio?aaeaiey.
?O – eiaeono?ey oneoa(eiiioiaeueiua oneoae, oneoae nayce).
OA – iin?aaeiee, naycuaathuee oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae e oiaa?iiio?aaeoaeae
iooai i?iaaaeaiey aoeoeeiiia.
?OeA – niaieoiiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, eioi?ay acaeiinaycuaaao
iieoiaoaeae e i?iaeaaoeia ii iiaiaeo i?eia?aoaiey aeiee nianoaaiiinoe
eee aeieaiauo iaycaoaeuenoath
OA yaeyaony iin?aaeieeii iaaeaeo iieoiaoaeyie e i?iaeaaoeaie oeaiiuo
aoiaa iooai oae iacuaaaiie eioe?iaee oeaiiuo aoiaa.
A? – ?uiie ia eioi?ii i?iecaiaeeony oi?aiaey eiino?aiiie aaethoie.
AA oaycuaaao eioa?anu iieoiaoaeae e i?iaeaaoeia aaethou.
Eino?oiaioa?ee oeiainiaiai ?uiea:
a?iea?neea eiiiaiee;
aaieianeay nenoaia;
iaaaieianeea oeiainiaua einoeooou;
eiaanoeoeeiiua oiiaeu e eiiiaiee;
eiiiaaoeeiiiua oiiaeu.
oeiainiaua eiiiaiee;
oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiua a?oiiu(OIA);
o?anoiaua eiiiaiee;
no?aoiaua eiiiaiee;
eiinaeoeiaiaua eiiiaiee;
oaeoi?eiaiaua e eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee;
oieaeeia-eiiiaiee.
A?iea?neea eiiiaiee – yoi iin?aaeieee aaaeouea oi?ae ia ae?aea.
Iaaaieianeea oeiainiaua einoeooou(o?anoiaua eiiiaiee, oiiaeu
acaeiiiiiiue, oaeoi?eiaiaua e eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee) oi?aotho eaieoaeii.
OIA – eiiaeiia?ao, eioi?ue aeeth/aao e i?iecaiaenoai e nauo, e
?aaeecaoeeth. Oeiainiaa yeiiiaiey eeai aaie.
Oaeoi?eiaiaua eiiiaiee – yoi eiiiaiee, iiea/eaathuea /oaeea n/aoa.
Eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee – yoi eiiiaiee iicaieythuea ia?aaeaaaoue eiouanoai a
a?aiaeo.
O?anoiaua eee aeiaa?eoaeueiua eiiiaiee aeaenoaotho ii ii?o/aieth.
Eiinaeoeia – eiiiaiey niaaooao ca aeaiueae eae iinooiaoue.
Oieaeeia – i?eioeei eiio?iey eee nenoaiu o/anoey.
4. Iniiaiui aeaeii oeaiiuo aoiaa yaeythony aeoeee. Aeoeee auaatho aeaoo
aeaeia:
– i?inoua;
– i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua.
Ana aeaeu oeaiiuo aoiaa iiaoo auoue eiaiiuie e ia i?aaeuyaeoaey.
I?inoay aeoeey – yoi aeieoiaio, oaeinoiaa?ythuee i?aai eoieaoaai aeoeeth
ia o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee oe?iie, iieo/aiea aeeaeaeaiaeia, a a neo/aa
eeeaeaeaoeee oe?iu – ia /anoue aa eiouanoaa.
I?eaeeaae?iaaiiay – yoi aeieoiaio, oaeinoiaa?ythuee i?aai eoieaoaai
aeoeeth ia aa?aioe?iaaiiue aeioiae a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie
i?eia?aoaiey. I?ei?eoao ia iieo/aiea aeeaeaeaiaeia eiatho nianoaaiieee
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo aeoeee.
Aeoeee yaeythony aann?i/iuie aeieoiaioaie.
Iaeeaaoeee yaeythony oeaiiuie aoiaaaie, eioi?ua oaeinoiaa?ytho aeieaiaia
iycaoaeuenoai oe?iu, eioi?ay aa auionoeea, iiaaneoue aeiea a
iaoneiaeaiiue n?ie iiae niioaaonoaothuee i?ioeaio aeeneiioa.
Naa?aaaoaeueiua na?oeoeeaou – yoi aeieaiaia iaycaoaeuenoai aaieia
aueoieoue yoo oeaiioth aoeaao ca iaoneiaeaiiua i?ioeaiou.
AEI – yoi ainoaea?noaaiiua eee ioieoeeiaeueiua oeaiiua aoiaae, eioi?ua
yaeythony aeieaiauie iaycaoaeuenoaaie i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ay eo
auionoeea, iiaaneoue yoio aeiea a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie ca
iaoneiaeaiiue i?ioeaio. Aa?aioeyie iiaaoaiey yaeythony ?acee/iua aeaeu
nianoaaiiinoe, i?eiaaeeaaeauea i?aaiecaoeeyi.
Aaenaeue – eiiia?/aneia aeieaiaia iaycaoaeuenoai, eioi?ia aa?aioe?oaony
oiaa?iie iannie oe?iu.
Aaenaeue – yoi i?eeac aaieo iieaoeoue aeiea. Aaenaeue auaaao i?inoie e
ia?aaiaeiie. Ia?aaiaeiui iacuaaaony aaenaeue, aeathuee i?aai
aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeth oeacaoue iiaiai ieaoaeueueea ii aeaiiiio aaenaeth.
I?eaaoecaoeeiiiua aoiaae – yoi i?aai eaaeaeiai a?aaeaeaieaia
ainoaea?noaa ia /anoue eiouanoaa ainoaea?noaa, ia caieth, ia oiiaeu.
5. Oiiaeiaay ae?aea – iin?aaeiee a oi?aiaea oeaiiuie aoiaaaie. OA
aeaenoaoao ia iniiaaiee caeiia “I oeaiiuo aoiaaao e OA”. OA ianeoaeeaaao
oae iacuaaaiue aoi?e/iue iai?io oeaiiuo aoiaa eee aoi?e/iue ?uiie.
I?iaeaaea oeaiiuo aoiaa aeaaeaeueoeaie yaeyaony ia?ae/iui ?uieii.
Oeaee OA:
iiaeeecaoeey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia iooai i?eia?aoaiey oeaiiuo aoiaa;
onoaiiaeaiea ?uii/iie noieiinoe oeaiiuo aoiaa;
ianeoaeeaaiea a?aeeaa eaieoaea io iaeiiai aeaaeaiueoea e ae?oaiio;
6. Ae?aeaaie eo?n – yoi eo?n, ii eioi?iio i?iaeathony oeaiiua aoiaae.
Aaeei – yoi i?iaeaaea ii eo?no, eioi?ue i?aauoaao iiieiaeueioth
noieiinoue.
Aeecaaeei – yoi i?iaeaaea ii eo?no, eioi?ue ieaea iiieiaeueiiai eo?na.
Aeueia?e – i?iaeaaea ii iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe.
Oeaia OeA ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
Oeaia OeA = In * Ae / Ia , aaea
In – iiieiaeueiay noieiinoue;
Ae – aeioiae, eioi?ue iiaeii iieo/eoue ii oeaiiie aoiaaa;
Ia – noaaea ?aoeiaine?iaaiey aaiea(o/aoiue i?ioeaio IAO).
Ae?aeaaua oeaiu iacuaathony eioe?iai/iuie.
Eioe?iaea oeaiu – onoaiiaeaiea o?iaiy, ii eioi?iio i?iaeathoniy oeaiiua
aoiaae. Ia eioe?iaeo aeeyao eeeaeaeiinoue, ni?in, i?aaeeiaeaiea.
7. Oeiainiaua ?enee – aiciiaeiinoue oauoeia eee iieo/aiey i?eauee ii
oeiainiaui iia?aoeeyi.
Auaeaeytho neaaeothuea oeiainiaua ?enee:
oauoee io iaauiieiaiey iaoneiaeaiiuo a?aoeeia ieaoaaeae;
oauoee io noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee;
aaieianeea ?enee;
i?ioeaioiua ?enee;
eo?niaua ?enee.
Niaieoiiinoue naa?aaeaiee, iaeiaia e ?anoiaeia ia eiii?o ninoaaeyo
ooa/eo yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu.
Eiaanoeoeee, aincaeoiee, yenii?o – yoi eiuaeoeee a yeiiiieeo.
AII = N?I + Ei + AC + (Y – E)
N + J + G + (X – M) , aaea
Ei + AC + Y – eiuaeoeee a yeiiiieeo (aeaiueae, i?eoiaeyuea ia ?uiie
i?iaeoeoia).
Na + *i + E – ooa/ee ec yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu ( /ai iie auoa, oai
iaiueoay noiia aeeaaeuaaaony a i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iio?aaeaiea).
IAe = N?I + Na + *i
Noiia ooa/ae ?aaia noiia eiuaeoeee a nenoaia.
Na + (E – Y) – iinooieaiey a oeiainiaue ?uiie.
Ei + (Ac – *i) – ooa/ee ec oeiainiaiai ?uiea ( aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa)
Y
C
AII
N?I
?I
E
OIAA?
OIAA?
AC
?EI A
O EI CA
*I NO
NA
O?
?ANO?NU
?ANO?NU
??
I?
IAe
C – caa?aieoea;
Y – yenii?o(aeaiueae);
E – eiii?o(aeaiueae).
A neo/aa /enoiai eiii?oa (oi anoue i?aauoaiey eiii?oa iaae yenii?oii)
eaeao aaic eaieoaea, a a neo/aa /enoiai yenii?oa – auaic eaieoaea.
Y
C
AU?O*EA
N?I
?I
E
OIAA?
OIAA?
?EI AC
AI A
O CA
*I NO
EI
NA
OI O?
?ANO?NU
?ANO?NU
??
I?
?ANOIAeU
AI – ainoaea?noaaiiua iaeiae;
OI – oeiainiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa.
OAIA 3 : OEIAINU I?AAeI?EssOEE
1. Nouiinoue, ooieoeee e i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee oeiainia i?aaei?eyoey.
2. Oeiainiaay neoaeaa i?aaei?eyoee.
3. Oeiainiaua ?ano?nu i?aaei?eyoey.
4. Oeiainu e e?oaiiai?io iniiaiuo IO.
5. Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoey.
6. Aeioiaeu i?aaei?eyoee e eo ?ani?aaeaeaiea.
7. Oeiainiaia ieaie?iaaiea.
1. Oeiainu – yoi aeaiaaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey ii iiaiaeo
nicaeaiey. ?ani?aaeaeaiey e eniieueciaaiey oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a
i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Oeiainu i?aaei?eyoee yaeythony
aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiuie oiiaeaie aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa.
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey oeiainia iicaieyao ?aoaoue aii?inu,
naycaiiua n iiaeeecaoeeae, ?ani?aaeaeaieai e eniieueciaaieai aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa.
Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey oeiainia iicaieyao ioeaieoue iauaiu oeiainiauo
?ano?nia, eo iai?aaeaiiinoue e eniieueciaaiea.
I?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee oeiainia:
1. I?eioeei ni/aoaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e oicyenoaaiiie
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee.
2. I?eioeei naiioeiaine?iaaiey.
3. I?eioeei iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa?eniaaiiinoe e iaoa?eaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
4. I?eioeei aeaeaiey oaea naieo n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey ia nianoaaiiua e
caaiiua.
5. I?eioeei oi?ie?iaaiey oeiainiauo ?aca?aia.
2.Oeiainiaua neoaeau i?aaei?eyoee:
1. Ia?aia iiae?acaeaeaiea oeiainiauo neoaea – a?oiia oeiainiaiai
ieaie?iaaiey – ninoaaeyao aecian-ieai e ?ann/eouaaao oeiainiaua
iieacaoaee.
2. A?oiia oeiainiauo ?an/aoia (iia?aoeeiienou) – aaciaee/iua ?an/aou.
3. A?oiia eanniaiai eniieiaiey – iaee/iue aeaiaaeiue iioie(iai?io).
3. I?aaei?eyoea ia/eiaaony n oi?ie?iaaiey onoaaiiai oiiaea. Onoaaiue
oiiae yoi niaieoiiinoue IIO e iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. Aoi?ie aaaeiue
enoi/iee – aeioiae i?aaei?eyoey. O?aoee enoi/iee – oi?ie?iaaiea
aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia – eiaanoeoeee(eeai yoi aeieain?i/iue e?aaeeo, eeai
e?aoein?i/iue, eioi?ue iai?aaeai ia oi?ie?iaaiea caiania, eeai ia
?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee.
*aoaa?oue enoi/iee – iiaeeecaoeey aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia a i?ioeanna
oicyenoaiaaiey. Iyoue enoi/iee – athaeaeaoiua anneaiiaaiey. A oneiaeyo
?uiea iiyaeyaony iiaue, oanoie enoi/iee – no?aoiaua aiciauaiey.
Naaeueiie enoi/iee – auione oeaiiuo aoiaa i?aaei?eyoey.
Ia?aue oiiae ec au?o/ee – IAeN. Aeaeueoa – iaeia ia i?eaueue(n
aeioiaea). Iioii – iaycaoaeueiua nai?u e ieaoaaee: aeoeec, oaiiaeaiiay
iioeeia e ae?oaea.
Ninoaaiua /anoe naaanoieiinoe: oeiainiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa – e?aaeeoi?neay
caaeieaeaiiinoue (i?eaea/aiiua n?aaenoaa), aaieianeee e?aaeeo(caaiiua
n?aaenoaa).
4.
OO
AINNOAIIA.
IA?AIIA*.
NOIEIINOUe
NOIEIINOUe
IA?AIOeAIEA
IIO
ECIIN
INOAOI*IAss
(aii?oecaoe. NOIEIINOUe
EAIEOAE. io/eneai.)
AII?OECAOe.
AEIAEAIEss
OIIAe
Eciin ?ann/eouaaaony ii ii?iai aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee.
A ninoaa IIO aeeth/athony: n?aaenoaa o?oaea e i?oaeey o?oaea, oi anoue
caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey, ia?aaeaoi/iua ono?ienoaa, ?aai/ea e neeiaua
iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea, oic. eiaaioa?ue.
IIO ia?aiinyo naith noieiinoue ia cao?aou i?iecaiaenoaa iinoaiaiii, a
oa/aiea ianeieueeeo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oeeeeia. Yoa aaee/eia iacuaaaony
eciinii IIO e ?ann/eouaaaony a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaoeaaie
aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee.
Noiia aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee, iaeiieaiiay a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai
ia?eiaea, iacuaaaony aii?oecaoeeiiiui oiiaeii.
Ii?ia aii?oecaoeee – aaee/eia, ia?aoiay n?ieo ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey.
IIO iacuaaaony onoie/eaua aeoeau.
Onoie/eaua ianneau io?aaeatho aaee/eio onoaaiiai oiiaea. *anoue
onoaaiiai oiiaea – noieiinoiay ioeaiea IIO, ae?oaay /anoue – iai?ioiuo
oiiaeia.
Enoi/ieeaie oeiaine?iaaiey IIO yaeythony:
1. Onoaaiue oiiae;
2. I?eaueue i?aaei?eyoey;
3. Aii?oecaoeeiiiue oiiae;
4. Iiaeeecaoeey aioo?aiieo ?ano?nia.
Ioiioaiea iauaia auiouaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e aaee/eia IIO iacuaaaony
oiiaeiioaea/ae.
IIO ioeaieaathony ii ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe, oi anoue ii noieiinoe eo
i?eia?aoaiey, onoaiiaee, iiioaaea, caionea a yenieoaoaoeeth.
Ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue – yoi noieiinoue IIO a nia?aiaiiuo
oneiaeyo.
5. A ninoaa iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa aeeth/athony iai?ioiua IO e oiiaeu
ia?auaiey.
Iai?ioiua IO – yoi i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu, oi anoue nu?uea,
iaoa?eaeu, iacaaa?oaiiia i?iecaiaenoai, ?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia, oi
anoue ?anoiaeu eioi?ua i?iecaiaeyony a oaeouaa a?aiy a nienuaathony ia
naaanoieiinoue ai?acaei iicaea.
A ninoaa oiiaeia ia?auaiey aeeth/athony aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a eanna e
ia n/aoao a aaiea, e?aaeeoi?neay caaeieaeaiiinoue, oaeoo?iay
caaeieaeaiiinoue e ae?oaea aeai. n?-aa e aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey.
Iaiaoiaeeiue ieieioi iai?ioiuo IO aeaeey ii?iaeueiiai oiaea
i?iecaiaenoaa iacuaaaony ii?iaoeaii. Iai?ioiua IO o/eouaathony a aeoeaa
aaeaina iiae iacaaieai oaeouea aeoeau, a enoi/ieee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
o/eouaathony a ianneaa aaeaina iiae iacaaieai oaeouay
caaeieaeaiiinoue.
Iniiaiia iacia/aiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa – yoi iaania/aiea aania?aaieiiai
oiaea i?iecaiaenoaaiiai i?ioeanna. Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa aeaeyony ia
nianoaaiiua e caaiiua. Nianoaaiua oi?ie?othony ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo
enoi/ieeia i?aaei?eyoey, a caaiiua n?aaenoaa oi?ie?othony ca n/ao
aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa, eeai i?eaa/aiiuo n?aaenoa ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee. Iiae eeeaeaeiinoueth iiieiaaony ioiioaiea aeoeaia e
e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe. Eeeaeaeiinoue – niinaiinoue n?aaenoa
i?aa?auaoueny a aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa. Eiyooeoeeaio iai?i/eaaaiinoe
iai?ioiuo – ioiioaiea au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee ca eaeie- eeai ia?eiae e
inoaoeai iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
6.I?eaueue i?aaei?eyoey niaeanii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao
ii?aaeaeyaony iooai au/eoaiey ec au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee IAeN,
iaycaoaeueiuo nai?ia e ieaoaaeae e cao?ao, eioi?ua aeeth/athony a
naaanoieiinoue.
A /enei iaycaoaeueiuo nai?ia e ieaoaaeae aeeth/athony aeoeecu,
oaiiaeaiiue nai?, aaiciay iioeeia e ae?oaea iaycaoaeueiua ieaoaaee a
athaeaeao.
Naaanoieiinoue – iaoa?eaeueiua cao?aou, cao?aou ia ca?aaioioth ieaoo,
io/eneaiey ia nioeeaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey, aii?oecaoeey IIO e
iaiaoa?eaeueiuo aeoeaia e i?i/ea cao?aou (iau/ii naycaiiua n
?aaeecaoeeae i?iaeoeoeee). Iinea ii?aaeaeaiey ?acia?a i?eauee, eioi?ay
iacuaaaony aaeainiaie i?eaueueth a athaeaeao oiea/eaaaony
niioaaonoaaiiue ieaoaae ca i?eaueue(aeey i?aaei?eyoee – 30%,
iin?aaeie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue – 45%, aoeoeeiiu e ea?iaua caaaaeaiey –
60%). Inoaaoayny /anoue i?eauee ?ani?aaeaeyaony ia oiiae ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaenoaa, n?aaenoaa eioi?ua iai?aaeythony ia oeiaine?iaaiea
eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee e ia oiiae nioeeaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee, n?aaenoaa
eioi?ua eaeoo ia iiiu?aiea ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea ?yae
nioeeaeueiuo auieao.
Ca n/ao i?eauee oi?ie?oaony oaeaea ?aca?aiue oiiae, eioi?ue
eniieuecoaony a neo/aa iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo io?eoeaoaeueiuo neooaoeee.
Ioiioaiea i?euee, iieo/aiiie io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e aa
naaanoieiinoe iacuaaaony ?aioaaaeueiinoueth e iieacuaaao yooaeoeaiinoue
i?iecaiaenoaa aeaiiiai oiaa?a. Ioiioaiea i?eauee io ?aaeecaoeee e
aaee/eia IIO e iai?ioiuo oiiaeia iacuaaaony iauae ?aioaaaeueiinoueth e
iieacuaaao yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey IIO e iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
7.Iauaeoii oeiainiaai ieaie?iaaiey yaeyaony oeiainiaay aeayoaeueiinoue
noauaeoia oicyenoaiaaiey e ainoaea?noaa, a eoiaiaui ?acoeueoaoii –
ninoaaeaiea oeiainiauo ieaiia, ia/eiay io niaou e caeai/eaay naiaeiui
oeiainiaui aaeainii ainoaea?noaa. A eaaeaeii ieaia ii?aaeaeythony
aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae, nayce ni caaiueyie
oeiainiaie e e?aaeeoiie nenoai.
Oeiainiaua ieaiu eiatho ana caaiuey oeiainiaie nenoaiu, i?e/ai oi?ia
oeiainiaiai ieaia, ninoaa aai iieacaoaeae io?aaeatho niaoeeoeeo
niioaaonoaothuaai caaia oeiainiaie nenoaiu. Eiie?aoiua caaea/e
oeiainiaiai ieaie?iaaiey caeeth/athony a auyaeaiee ?aca?aia ?inoa
aeioiaeia, yeiiiiee a ?anoiaeao, a onoaiiaeaiee iioeiaeueiuo i?iii?oeee
a ?ani?aaeaeaiee n?aaenoa iaaeaeo oeaio?aeeciaaiiuie e
aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiuie oiiaeaie.
Oeiainiaue ieai – aaeain aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia, i?e/ai aaee/eia
aeioiaeia a eoiaa ?aaia aaee/eia ?anoiaeia. Ninoaaeaiea oeiainiaiai
ieaia iaiaoiaeeii aeey oiai, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue aiciiaeiinoue iie?uoey
?anoiaeia i?aaei?eyoey niioaaonoaothueie iinooieaieyie aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa.
OI:
aeioiaeu e iinooieaiey;
?anoiaeu e io/eneaiey;
e?aaeeoiua acaeiiioiioaiey;
acaeiiioiioaiey n athaeaeaoii;
E oeiainiaiio ieaio ninoaaeyaony aaeaine?iai/iay oaaeeoea.
Ia?aue ?an/ao OI – ?an/ao iauaia ?aaeecaoeee.
2. Aoi?ie ?an/ao – aaeain aeoeaia e ianneaia.
3. O?aoee – ?an/ao i?eauee e oauoeia.
4. *aoaa?oue – ?an/ao iniiaiuo iieacaoaeae OI.
5. Iyoue – aiaeec aacoauoi/iinoe.
6. Oanoie – yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee yooaeoeaiinoe eaiaeiaeaiee.
7. Naaeueiie – aiaeec oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey.
8. Ainueiie – oeiainiaue ieai ( aaeain aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia).
OAIA 4 : AeAIUeAE.EO NOUIINOUe,
IAIAOIAeEIINOUe E OOIEOeEE.
1. I?ienoiaeaeaiea e iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa.
2. Nouiinoue e noieiinoue aeaiaa.
3. Ooieoeee aeaiaa.
4. ?ieue aeaiaa a i?ioeanna ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa.
1. Ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia aeaiueae iinoiyiii eciaiyeenue e naaiaeiyoiaa eo
ninoiyiea ioithaeue ia yaeyaony caaa?oathuae e ieii/aoaeueiie oacie. A
naiai ?acaeoee /aeiaa/anoai i?ioei ianeieueei noaaeee oiaa?iiai iaiaia:
i?inoay (neo/aeiay) oi?ia oiaa?iiai iaiaia ia ?aiieo yoaiao ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/anoaa.
?acaa?iooay oi?ia iaiaia oiaa?ia. (O1 = O2 = O3)
Ia aeaeueiaeoai yoaia ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa iiyaeyaony ?yae oiaa?ia,
eioi?ua ioioiaa iaiaieaathony a ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?iii?oeeyo. Yoi e anoue
?acaa?iooay oi?ia noieiinoe.
Oiaa? – yoi i?iaeoeo aeey ?aaeecaoeee n oeaeueth oaeiaeaoai?aiey ee/iuo
iio?aaiinoae.
I?ioeai?a/ey, caeeth/aiiua a oiaa?a:
eiie?aoiue o?oae ( iio?aaeo. noieiinoue.
aano?aeoiue o?oae ( iaiiaoth noieiinoue
A iniiaa nicaeaiey oiaa?a n ii?aaeaeaiiuie iieaciuie ea/anoaaie eaaeeo
eiie?aoiue o?oae. Niiniaiinoue oiaa?a iaiyoueny ia ethaie ae?oaie oiaa?
iacuaaaony iaiiaay noieiinoue. A iniiaa iaiiaie noieiinoe aano?aeoiue
o?oae, oi anoue iaua/aeiaa/aneea cao?aou o?oaea.
Aoi?ia e?oiiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea – ioaeaeaiea ?aianea io caieaaeaeey.
Auaeaeaiea ?aianeaiieeia oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?aceei oaaee/aieai eiee/anoaa
oiaa?ia. Yeaeaaeaioiay oi?ia noieiinoe: iaeei oiaa? auaeaeyaony ec
niaieoiiinoe oiaa?ia ia eioi?ue iaiythony ana inoaeueiua oiaa?u
iacuaaaony yeaeaaeaioii. Au?aaaouaathony o?aaiaaiey e
oiaa?o-yeaeaaeaioo:
aeaeeiinoue
ii?oaoeaiinoue
iaeii?iaeiinoue
Iauee yeaeaaeaio auaeaeyaony ec n?aaeu oiaa?ia- yeaeaaeaioia aeaaiaea?y
oiio, /oi ii iaeaaeaao naienoaaie 1-3. Iauei yeaeaaeaioii noaiiayony
iaoaeeu.
Ec n?aaeu iaoaeeia a i?ioeanna aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey auaeaeythony
aeaiueae eae anaiauee yeaeaaeaio oiaa?ia, oae eae a iaeaiueeii
eiee/anoaa niaea?aeeony aieueoay noieiinoue.
Ia/aei XX aaea – cieioie iiiiiaoaeeci – cieioi ieii/aoaeueii caaiaaaei
i?aai auoue anaiauei yeaeaaeaioii oiaa?ia.
Aeaeueiaeoei yoaiii ?acaeoey aeaiaa yaeeny ia?aoiae e aeaiaaeiui
ciaeai, oi anoue e i?aaenoaaeoaeyi aeaiaa(cieioi onooiaao aeaiaaeiui
ciaeai).
Iiyaeyaony o?aaiaaiea e aeaiueaai:
aeaiueae aeieaeiu iaeaaeaoue naienoaii aaca?aie/iiai oaaee/aiey aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae a ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia e aianoa n oai eiaoue
ieieiaeueiua cao?aou ia eo i?iecaiaenoai.
Ia nia?aiaiiii iiyaeythony iiaua aeaiueae – aaieianeea aeaiueae.
Aaieianeea aeaiueae – yoi niioaaonoaothuay caienue i aeieaiauo
iaycaoaeuenoaao.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey aucaaia nouanoaiaaieai oiaa?iuo ioiioaiee,
iiaeaea?aeaieai i?ioeanna oiaa?iiai iaiaia.
Oiaa?ii -aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey(O -Ae – O) iiaoo aeaeeoueny
ia aeaa yoaia:
1. O – Ae;
2. Ae – O;
?ac?ua oi?ioeu oiaa?iiai aeaeaeaiey iaoneiaee aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea
aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, iiyaeaiea ooieoeee: aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai
iaeiieaiey e aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai ieaoaaea. Iiyaeaiea e ?acaeoea
aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee ?acei noaeaao aiciiaeiinoe i?iaaaeaiey i?yiuo
aa?oa?iuo iia?aoeee.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiaa aucaaia oai, /oi iie ono?aiytho i?ioeai?a/ea
caeeth/aiiia a aeaienoaaiiii oa?aeoa?a o?oaea, aiieiuaiiiai a eiie?aoiii
oiaa?a. Yoi i?ioeai?a/ea ?ac?aoaaony oieueei iaeiei iooai – auaeaeaieai
ec iannu oiaa?ia anaiauaai yeaeaaeaioa – aeaiaa.
2.Noieiinoue aeaiaa, eiaaea a ea/anoaa iaee/iuo aeaiaa eniieueciaaeenue
cieioay e na?aa?yiiay iiiaou, ii?aaeaeyeanue aeaoiy oaeoi?aie:
1. Aeiau/a, aeinoaaea, i?iecaiaenoai iiiaou.
2. Iaiiaie noieiinoueth naiie iiiaou.
Caeii eiee/anoaa aeaiaa a ia?auaiee: Mv = Py, aaea
M – eiee/anoai aeaiaa iaiaoiaeeiia aeey ia?auaiey.
v – eiee/anoai iai?ioia iaeiieiaiiuo aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoe.
P – o?iaaiue oeai ia i?iecaaaeaiiua oiaa?u.
y – eiee/anoai i?iecaaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Eiee/anoai aeaiaa a ia?auaiee ii?aaeaeyaony n eaaeaeui iiaui yoaiii
oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey ii i?aaeuaeouaio yoaio. A caaeneiinoe io yoiai:
1. Eeai nieaeaaony iaiaiiay noieiinoue aeaiaa;
2. Eeai iiauoathony oeaiu ia oiaa?.
Anee iauai oiaa?ia nieaeai ii ioiioaieth e aeaiaaeiie ianna, oi oeaiu ia
oiaa? iiauoathony.
Anee iauai oiaa?iie iannu i?aauoaao iauai aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia a iai?ioa,
oi iaiiaay noieiinoue aeaiaa, eo oeaia aic?anoaao.
3. O?oaeiaay oai?ey noieiinoe E Ia?ena auaeaeyao iyoue ooieoeee
aeaiaa:
aeaiueae eae ia?a noieiinoe;
aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai ia?auaiey.
aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai ieaoaaea;
aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai iaeiieaiey;
aeaiueae eae ie?iaua aeaiueae.
1. Eae ia?a noieiinoe, aeaiueae yaeythony eaeaaeueiuie e aeaaiaea?y
iaiiaie noieiinoe iie iicaieytho ioeaieoue noieiinoue oiaa?a
eiio?aaaioa. A yoie ooieoeee aeaiueae, yaeyynue ia?aciaiiuie, neoaeao
eae ?an/aoiua aeaiueae, oi aonue aeaiueae aeaaiaea?y eiee/anoao eioi?uo
iiaeii ioeaieoue noieiinoue ieaie?oaiiai oiaa?a. Ooieoeey aeaiaa eae
ia?u noieiinoe aeoeaii i?eiaiyaony a AII, IAe a ?aieao iae?iyeiiiieee,
iee?iyeiiiieee ia i?aaei?eyoee iicaieyao ioeaieoue iniiaiua iieacaoaee
aecian-ieaia.
2. Aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai ia?auaiey auiieeiytho ?aaeueiua aeaiueae,
eioi?ua iiin?aaenoaotho acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo iieoiaoaeai e
i?iaeaaoeii. A yoie ooieoeee aeaiueae auiieiytho ia?iiioth ?ieue,
oi?ie?oy nia?aiaiiua ?uii/iua ioiioaiey, a oaeaea aunooiatho eae
iaiin?aaenoaaiiay iaiiaay noieiinoue.
3. Aeeaeaeoe/aneia ?acaeoea aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee i?eaaei e oiio, /oi a
?yaea neo/aaa i?ioeann iieo/aiey oiaa?a ai a?aiaie eeai a i?ino?ainoaa
aue ?acaeaeai n iiiaoii iieaou ca oiaa?. A yoii neo/aa iiyaeythony iiaua
aeaiueae – ieaoaaeiua eee ?an/aoiua iaycaoaeuenoaa(aaenaeue, e?aaeeo,
aeaiueae e o.ae ). A iiiaio iieo/aiey oiaa?a iieoiaoaeue ia?aaeaao
i?iaeaaoeo aeaiaaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, a eioi?uo oeacuaaaony a eaeia
a?aiy, a eaeii ianoa aoaeao ia?aaeaia iaiaoiaeeiay noiia.
4. Enoi?e/anee neiaeeeinue, /oi yoa ooieoeey iiyaeeanue iaeiie ec
ia?auo, iaeiaei aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea iia iieo/eea iinea oiai, eae
iiyaeeenue aeaiueae eae ieaoaaeiia n?aaenoai.
5. Aeaiueae a ea/anoaa ie?iauo aeaiaa ianeoaeeaatho aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea
ioiioaiey. Ia ia?auo yoaiao ie?iaua aeaiueae i?eiaiyeenue a aeaea
cieioa. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo a ea/anoaa ie?iauo aeaiaa iiaoo
aunooiaoue noaaeeueiua aaethou ?yaea ainoaea?noa eeai ie?iaua e?aaeeoiua
aeaiueae. Aeaiueae a ea/anoaa ie?iauo aeaiaa auiieiytho ana /aou?a
i?aaeuaeoueo ooieoeee, oi anoue yoa ooieoeey aeaiaa yaeythony
eioaa?aeueiie.
4. Aaaeiaeoay ?ieue aeaiaa – ioeaiea a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee aaaeiaeoeo
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo iieacaoaeae yeiiiieee ainoaea?noaa, oi anoue AII,
iiieiaeueiue II, IAe, ioeaiea aecian-ieaia iee?iyeiiiieee.
Aoi?ay ?ieue – iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ianeoaeeaaiea ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee ia
oiaa?iii ?uiea, ianeoaeeaaiea aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa ainoaea?noaa.
OAIA 5 : AACIAEE*IUA ?AN*AOU.
1. Nouiinoue, iaiaoiaeeiinoue e iniiaiua i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee
aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia.
2. Aeaeu e oi?iu aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia.
3. Aeoeaioiay oi?ia ?an/aoia.
4. ?an/aou n iiiiuueth ieaoaaeiuo ii?o/aiee.
5. ?an/aou n i?eiaiaieai /aeia.
6. ?an/aou ii aee?aaeeoeao.
7. ?an/aou, iniiaaiiua ia ca/aoa acaeiiuo o?aaiaaiee.
8. ?an/aou n eniieueciaaieai aaenaeae.
9. Oaeoi?eiaiaua iia?aoeee.
10. Oe?aieaiea ?an/aoiie e ieaoaaeiie aeenoeeieeiu.
1.Yeiiiie/aneei eino?oiaioii, iicaieythuei iiin?aaenoaiaaoue i?ioeann
aeaeaeaiey e eciaiaiey oi?i noieiinoe, yaeythony ?an/aou.
?an/aou – yoi i?aaenoaaeaiea e oaeiaeaoai?aiea aeaiaaeiuo iaycaoaeuenoa
a i?ioeanna eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?a. I?ioeann oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey io O e Ae
e Ae e O ia ?ac?aaaouaaaony ai a?aiaie. I?ioeann aaeeiiai aeaeaeaiey O –
Ae e Ae – O iacuaaaony ieaoaaeii. Any niaieoiiinoue ieaoaaeae,
niaa?oaaiuo a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, iacuaaaony ieaoaaeiui iai?ioii.
Aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey, eioi?ua ianeoaeeaaao e?aaeeoiay nenoaia, iaaeaeo
iieoiaoaeai e i?iaeaaoeii, iaaeaeo e?aaeeoiie e oeiainiaie nenoaiie eee
oece/aneeie eeoeaie iacuaaaony noa?ie iaee/ii-aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa.
Iai?io, ianeoaeeaaaiue e?aaeeoiie nenoaiie ii ii?aaoeeyi
eoiee-i?iaeaaee, i?aaeinoaaeaiey oneoa, oeiainiaui iia?aoeeyi iaaeaeo
e?aaeeoiie nenoaiie, oeianiaie nenoaiie e th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaaeaeo th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie iacuaaaony noa?ie
aaciaee/iiai iai?ioa eee aaciaee/iua ?an/aou. Aaciaee/iua ?an/aou
i?iecaiaeyony a e?aaeeoiie nenoaia iooai caiene aeaiaaeiuo noii n
iaeiiai n/aoa ia ae?oaie. Niaieoiiinoue iaee/iuo e aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia
iacuaaaony aeaiaaeiui iai?ioii.
Aeey inouanoaeaiey aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia e?aaeeoiay nenoaia ioe?uaaao
th?eaee/aneei eeoeai, oece/aneei eeoeai n/aoa ?acee/iuo aaieia. N/aoa
iiaoo auoue ?an/aoiua, oaeouea, nnoaeiua, aaethoiua.
?an/aoiua n/aoa i?aaei?eyoee eee th?eaee/aneeo eeoe neoaeao aeey
io?aaeaiey iia?aoeee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee a iieiii
iauaia.
Oaeouea n/aoa auiieiytho ii ioiioaieth e ?an/aoiiio n/aoo iaiueoaa
eiee/anoai iia?aoeee, oae eae oaaeouea n/aoa ioe?uaathony oeeeaeii,
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaii e neoaeao aeey a?aiaiiiai iaeiieaiey aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, auieaou oeacaiiuo n?aaenoa a niioaanonaee n ?aaeaiaioaoeeae
auoanoiyuae i?aaiecaoeee.
Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee ?an/aoia:
ioe?uoea aeey i?iaaaeaiey ?an/aoiuo i?aaiecaoeee n/aoia th?eaee/aneeo e
oece/aneeo eeoe a e?aaeeoiie nenoaia.
Nienaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ni n/aoa aeaaeaeueoea oieueei i?e aai
niaeanee eee a no?iai i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii neo/ayo.
Ia?a/eneaiea n?aaenoa ni n/aoa aeaaeaeueoea i?iecaiaeeony oieueei i?e
iaee/ee niioaaonoaothueo noii ia aaieianeeo n/aoao. Anee o aeaaeaeueoea
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ionoonoaotho aeaiueae, oi aeaiaaeiua o?aaiaaiey e iaio
ioiinyony ia niioaaonoaothuoth ea?oi/eo.
2. I?aeoeea au?aaioaea cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai aeaeia e oi?i ?an/aoia.
?an/aou aeaeyony ia aeaa iniiaiua a?oiiu. Ia?aay – ?an/aou ii oiaa?iui
iiia?aoeeyi, aoi?ay – ?an/aou ii iaoiaa?iui iia?aoeeyi.
Oiaa?iua iia?aoeee – yoi aaciaee/iua ?an/aou, eioi?ua i?iecaiaeyony ca
eoieaiiua oiaa?u, i?iecaaaeaiiua oneoae, auiieiaiiua ?aaiou.
Iaoiaa?iua iia?aoeee – yoi ?an/aou naycaiiua n aaciaee/iui ia?a/eneaieai
n?aaenoa ii oeiainiaui iia?aoeeyi.
?an/aou ii ianoo niaa?oaiey aeaeyony ia o?e e?oiiua a?oiiu:
1. Iaeiiai?iaeiea ?an/aou;
2. Eiiai?iaeiea ?an/aou;
3. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou.
Iaeiiai?iaeieie iacuaathony ?an/aou, eioi?ua inouanoaeythony iaaeaeo
iieoiaoaeai e iinoaaueeii i?iaeoeoeee:
a) anee iie ianeoaeeaathony a iaeiii aaiea
a) anee aaie iinoaaueea e aaie iieoiaoaey iaoiaeyony a iaeiii ai?iaea.
Eiiai?iaeieie iacuaathony ?an/aoaie ii iia?aoeeyi eoiee-i?iaeaaee a oii
neo/aa, anee aaie iinoaaueea e aaie iieoiaoaey iaoiaeyony a ?aciuo
ai?iaeao.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie iacuaathony ?an/ao, eioi?ua i?iecaiaeyony ii
iia?aoeeyi eoiee-i?iaeaaee a oii neo/aa, anee aaie iieoiaoaey eee aaie
iinoaaueea i?aaenoaaeyao eioa?anu eeai yaeyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ca?oaaaeiui aaieii aia caaeneiinoe io aai ianoiiieiaeaiey.
Ii aeaeai cainen a aaieianeeo n/aoao ?an/aou aeaeyony ia aeaa aieueoea
a?oiiu:
1. ?an/aou, i?iecaiaeeiua iooai caiene noii ni n/aoa ia n/ao
2. ?an/aou ii naeueaei acaeiiuo ?an/aoia iaaeaeo iieoiaoaeai e
iinoaaueeii i?iaeoeoeee.
Aeaeu ?an/aoia a niioaaonoaee n iaoiaeii ia?a/eneaiey aeaiaa ec iaeiiai
aaieianeiai n/aoa ia ae?oaie( oi?iu ?an/aoia):
aeoeaioiay(ieaoaaeiua o?aaiaaiey;
ieaoaaeiua ii?o/aiey;
ieaiiaua ieaoaaee;
/aeiaay oi?ia ?an/aoia;
aee?aaeeoeaiay oi?ia ?an/aoia;
aaenaeueiay;
oaeoi?eia;
3. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeoeaioiay oi?ia ?an/aoia iaaeaeo iinoaaueeaie e
iieoiaoaeyie ?acei nie?aoeeanue a nayce ni cia/eoaeueiuie eioeyoeeiiiuie
i?ioeannaie ia Oe?aeia. Aeoeaioiay oi?ia ?an/aoia ni/aoaaony n
eieanniauie iia?aoeeyie.
Eieanniaua iia?aoeee – yoi iia?aoeee, i?e eioi?uo aaie ianeoaeeaaao
aeieoiaioiiia?io ?an/aoiuo e ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia iaeiiai ec naieo
eeeaioia a iieueco o?aoueeo eeoe.
Aeoeaio – yoi niaeanea ieaoaeueueea ia iieaoo oiaa?iuo aeieoiaioia
iinoaaueea. Aeoeaio iiaeao auoue iieiaeeoaeueiue eee
io?eoeaoaeueiue(iie/aeeaue). A neo/aa iieiaeeoaeueiiai aeoeaioa
?anii?yaeeoaeue n?aaenoa aeaeaao ioiaoeo i niaeanee iieaou ia ieaoaaeiuo
aeieoiaioao. A neo/aa iie/aeeaeiai aeoeaioa aaie a oa/aiea o?ao aeiae
aeaeao oi?iaeueiia ianiaeanea ieaoaeueueea n ia?a/eneaieai n?aaenoa.
Aeoeaio auaaao iineaaeothuee e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue. I?e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii
aeoeaioa aaie aeaeao niaeaney ia ia?a/eneaiea a oa/aiea 2-3 aeiae e
oieueei iinea yoiai i?iecaiaeeo iieaoo. I?e iineaaeothuai aeoeaioa aaie
i?e iieo/aiee ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia n?aco i?iecaiaeeo iieaoo, ii
inoaaeyao i?aai a oa/aiee n?iea aeoeaioa.
4.
3
AAIE
IEAOAEUeUEE A A
IEAOAEUeUEEA
4
5
2
IINOAAUEE A A AAIE
IINOAAUEEA
1
Auienuaaaony aeieoiaio – ieaoaaeiia o?aaiaaiea-ii?o/aiea.
Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue ieaoaaeiia ii?o/aiea yaeyaony iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiie oi?iie ?an/aoia.
Ieaoaaeiia ii?o/aiea – yoi i?eeac aaieo ia?a/eneeoue n ?an/aoiiai n/aoa
eeeaioa a aae?an o?aoueaai eeoea iaiaoiaeeioth noiio aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa. A ieaoaaeiii ii?o/aiee oeacuaathony ?aeaeceou ieaoaeueueea e
iinoaaueea, iaeiaiiaaiea iia?aoeee e iaiaoiaeeiay noiia n?aaenoa.
Ieaoaaeiia ii?o/aiea i?eiaiyony i?e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iieaoa i?iaeoeoeee
e oneoa eae ii oiaa?iui, oae e ii iaoiaa?iui iia?aoeeyi.
Ooaeiaeanoaaiiue aeae yoeo iia?aoeee eiaao neaaeothuee aeae:
AAIE
IEAOAEUeUEEA A A
IEAOAEUeUEE
2
1 5 3
IINOAAUEE A A AAIE
4
IINOAAUEEA
Iinoaauee iai?aaeyao a aae?an ieaoaeueueea oiaa?iua
aeieoiaiou(oaeoo?o).
Ieaoaeueuee auienuaaao ieaoaaeiia ii?o/aiea a aae?an naiaai aaiea. A
?yaea neo/aaa aianoi oaeoo?u oiio?aaeyaony nai aeiaiai?.
Aaie ieaoaeueueea ia?a/eneyao a aae?an aaiea iinoaaueea iaiaoiaeeioth
noiio aeaiaa.
Iieo/aiea aeaiaa iinoaaueeii.
Ioa?ocea oiaa?a ieaoaeueueeo.
5. ?an/aou n iiiiuueth /aeia.
*ae – yoi i?eeac aaieo ieaoaeueueea iieaoeoue ii?aaeaeaiioth
noiio, eioi?ay oeacaia a /aea. Aeey oiai /oiau auea auaeaia /aeiaay
eieaeea i?aaei?eyoea ieoao cayaeaiea a aaie n i?inueaie i auaea/a
/aeiaie eieaeee (iia?aoeey 1). Anee o i?aaei?eyoey aeinoaoi/ii n?aaenoa
ia ?an/aoiii n/aoa, oi aaie oaeiaeaoai?yao yoo i?inueao(iia?aoeey 2),
aeaiiie?oy n?aaenoaa ieaoaeueueea ia ioaeaeueiii aaeainiaii n/aoa.
Iieo/aoaeue aaeao e iinoaaueeo, iiea/eaay /aeii oiaa? eioi?ue aio
ioaeai(iia?aoeey 3).
Iinoaauee iinoaaeyao oiaa?(iia?aoeey 4), iai?aaeyy ?aano? /aeia a
ianeoaeeaathuee aai aaie(iia?aoeey 5). Aaie ca/eneyao ia n/ao iinoaaueea
noiiu, oeacaiiua a ?aano?a /aeia(iia?aoeey 7). Aaie iinoaaueea aunoaayao
ieaoaaeiia ii?o/aiea aaieo ieaoaeueueea ia iieaoo /aeia. Aaie iieo/aoaey
ia?anueaao aaieo iinoaaueea noiio, oeacaiioth a /aea(iia?aoeey 8),
nienuaay n ioaeaeueiiai aaieianeiai n/aoa yoo noiio.
1
IIEO*AOAEUe A A
2
3 4 7 8
5
IINOAAUEE A A
6
Auaatho eeieoe?iaaiiua e iaeeieoe?iaaiiua /aeiaua eieaeee.
Eeieoe?iaaiiay /aeiaay eieaeea – yoi /aeiaay eieaeea ia eioi?ie oeacaia
noiia eeieoa. A neo/aa n iaeeieoe?iaaiiie /aeiaie eieaeeie iinoaaueeo
iaiaoiaeeii iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea aaiea iinoaaueea e iieo/aoaey i
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe /aea i?aaeinoaaeyaiiai e iieaoa.
6. Aee?aaeeoea – ii?o/aiea aaieo iieaoeoue noiio, oeacaiioth a
aee?aaeeoeaa ia oneiaeyo, oeacaiiuo a aee?aaeeoeaiii cayaeaiee.
Aee?aaeeoeau auaatho
iie?uoua e iaiie?uoua;
iocuaiua e aaciocuaiua;
ioe?uoua a aaiea ieaoaeueueea eee a aaea iinoaaueea;
n aeoeaioii ieaoaeueueea eee aac aeoeaioa.
Iie?uoue aee?aaeeoea – yoi aee?aaeeoea, eioi?ue aaie ieaoaeueueea
ca/eneyao ia ioaeaeueiue n/ao ca n/ao ieaoaeueueea, eeai ca n/ao
e?aaeeoa aaiea. I?e onoaiiaeaiiie ei??aniiiaeaioeee niiauaiee iaaeaeo
aaieii iinoaaueea e aaieii ieaoaeueueea iiaeao auoue ioe?uo iaiie?uoue
aee?aaeeoea, oi anoue aee?aaeeoea aa?aioe?iaaiiue aaieii ieaoaeueueea. A
yoii neo/aa aaie ieaoaeueueea ?ac?aoaao nienaoue ni naiaai
ei??aniiiaeainoneiai n/aoa noiio aee?aaeeoeaa ia oneiaeyo
aee?aaeeoeaiiai cayaeaiey.
Iocuaiie aee?aaeeoea – yoi aee?aaeeoea, ii eioi?iio ieaoaeueueeo aeaii
i?aai eciaiyoue oneiaey, oeacaiiua a aee?aaeeoeaiii cayaeaiee.
I?aeoe/anee ia caueuaao eioa?anu iinoaaueea.
Aaciocuaiie aee?aaeeoea – yoi aee?aaeeoea, oneiaey eioi?iai ieaoaeueuee
iiaeao eciaiyoue oieueei n niaeaney iinoaaueea.
Aee?aaeeoea n iieaoie aeieoiaioia ii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiio aeoeaioo
ieaoaeueueea:
a yoii neo/aa i?aaenoaaeoaeue ieaoaeueueea iaiin?aaenoaaiii o iinoaaueea
eiio?iee?oao ea/anoai oiaa?a e noaaeo aeoeaio ia niioaaonoaothueo
oiaa?iuo aeieoiaioao. ?anoiaeu ieaoaeueueea ia inouanoaeaiea yoie
iia?aoeee ?anooo, iaeiaei, aai eioa?anu iaeneiaeueii caueuathony.
Aee?aaeeoea aac aeoeaioa ieaoaeueueea aeaao i?aai iinoaaueeo
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie ioa?ocee oiaa?a a aae?an ieaoaeueueea niaeanii
oneiaeyi aee?aaeeoeaa e eiio?aeoa. ?an/aou ii aee?aaeeoeaiie oi?ia
aaaeoony i?e eiiai?iaeiae e iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?iao ?an/aoia.
Anee aee?aaeeoea ioe?uo a aaiea iieo/aoaey, oi
Ieaoaeueuee i?aaeinoaaeyao a aaie aee?aaeeoeaiia cayaeaiea e eiieth
eiio?aeoa.
Aaie ieaoaeueueea oaaaeiieyao ieaoaeueueea ia ioe?uoee aio aee?aaeeoeaa
ia oecaiioth noiio ca aai n/ao ( oi anoue nienuaay n aai ?an/aoiiai
n/aoa a aeoea).
Aaie ieaoaeueueea noaaeo a ecaanoiinoue aaie iinoaaueea ia ioe?uoee
aee?aaeeoeaa iinoaaueeo ia eiie?aoioth noiio.
Aaie iinoaaueea oaaaeiieyao ia yoii iinoaaueea.
Ioa?ocea oiaa?ia, oi anoue iia?aoeey conassignment.
Iieoiaoaeue noaaeo a ecaanoiinoue naie aaie i auiieiaiee oneiaee
aee?aaeeoeaa, oi anoue aeaao i?eeac ia ?ane?uoea aee?aaeeoeaa niaeanii
oneiaeyi aee?aaeeoeaiiai cayaeaiey.
Aaie iieo/aoaey ia?a/eneyao a aae?an iinoaaueea noiio aee?aaeeoeaa.
Iinoaauee iieo/aao aeaiueae ia ?/n.
1
IIEO*AOAEUe A 2 A
6
5 7
3
6
IINOAAUEE A A
4
Anee aee?aaeeoea ioe?uo a aaiea iinoaaueea, oiaaea iinea aeoeaioa
iinoaauee i?aaeuyaeyao a naie aaie (iia?aoeey 6) aeieoiaiou,
iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea auiieiaiea oneiaee aee?aaeeoeaiiai cayaeaiey.
1
A
A
2
5
3
6
A 4 A
7
9. Oaeoi?eia – yoi niaoeeoe/aneay oi?ia ?an/aoia, eioi?ay inouanoaeyaony
n iiiiuueth ieaoaaeiuo ii?o/aiee. A yoii neo/aa aaie yaeyaony oaeoi?ii,
oi anoue oe?iie, eioi?ay iiea/eaaao ieaoaaeiua aeieoiaiou ca
ieaoaeueueea. Niune oaeoi?eiaa a aeeneiioa, a aeeneiio – o/ao aaie.
ecuyoey auaiaeu ii eiie?aoiie aaieianeie iia?aoeee.
Ii oaeoi?eiaiaui iia?aoeeyi oaeoi?(aaie) aa?ao ia naay ?ene iaiieaou
ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia, eioi?ue o/eouaaaony ca n/ao aeeneiioa noiiu,
oeacaiiie a ieaoaaeiii ii?o/aiee.
Oaeoi?eiaiaua aeiaiai?a auaatho:
ioe?uoue;
cae?uoue;
n i?aaii ?aa?anna;
n i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iieaoie;
aac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iieaou;
n iieiui ianeoaeeaaieai;
i?e ioe?uoii aeiaiai?a oaeoi? noaaeo a ecaanoiinoue anao aeaaeoi?ia
aeaiiiai iinoaaueea i ia?aaea/a i?aaa o?aaiaaiey e iaio( e oaeoi?o).
OAIA 6 : AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE ATHAeAEAO.
1. Nouiinoue e ?ieue ain athaeaeaoa (AA).
2. Aeioiaeu AA
3. ?anoiaeu AA
4. Aeaoeoeeo AA e oi?aaeaiea ei.
1. Ainoaea?noai a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee aa?ao ia naay oi
i?iecaiaenoai e oneoae, eioi?ua ia yaeythony i?eaueueiuie, ia i?eiinyo
aeioiae, ii yaethony iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iai?iiu,
ia?aciaaiey, ce?aaiio?aiaiey, niaea?aeaiey ain. Aiia?aoa, niaea?aeaiea
oauoi/iuo e iaiaoiaeeiuo a eioa?anao ainoaea?noaa i?iecaiaenoa.
Oeiainiaua ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii,
th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie eeoeaie iacuaathony athaeaeaoiuie
ioiioaieyie. A ?acoeueoaoa auiieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa th?eaee/aneeo e
oece/aneeo eeoe ia?aae ainoaea?noaii nicaeaaony athaeaeaoiue oiiae, a
eioi?ii iaoa?eaeecothony yoe ioiioaiey.
Niaieoiiinoue athaeaeaoiuo ioiioaiee ii oi?ie?iaaieth e eniieueciaaieth
athaeaeaoiiai oiiaea no?aiu iacuaaaony ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii. Yoi
acaeiiioiioaiea iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii, th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie
eeoeaie ii iiaiaeo ?ani?aaeaeaiey e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey IAe a oeaeyo
oi?ie?iaaiey athaeaeaoiiai oiiaea, iai?aaeyaiiai ia oeiaine?iaaiea I/O,
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee, ioaeae iai?iiu e ainoi?aaeaiey.
Nouiinoue AA i?iyaeyaony a aai ooieoeeyo: ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie,
eiio?ieueiie.
Ia?aay ooieoeey iicaieyao eiioeaio?e?iaaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a
?oeao ainoaea?noaa e a aeaeueiaeoai eniieueciaaoue eo aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae.
Aoi?ay ooieoeey iicaieyao ioeaieoue ianeieueei iieii, naiaa?aiaiii
iinooiatho a athaeaeaoiue oiiae i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey yoiai n?aaenoaa, a
oaeaea ioeaieoue oeaeaaie oa?aeoa? eniieueciaaiey yoeo n?aaenoa.
Iauaeoaie ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey AA yaeythony IAe, /anoue AII.
Niaieoiiinoue ia? ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, i?eiaiyaiuo i?e
oi?ie?iaaiee e eniieueciaaiee n?aaenoa AA, iacuaaaony athaeaeaoiui
iaoaieciii. Athaeaeaoiue iaoaieci yaeyaony ?aaeueiui aiieiuaieai
athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.
Iniiaiia iacia/aiea athaeaeaoiiai iaoaiecia yoi niaa?oainoaiaaiea
no?oeoo?u iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oi?ie?iaaiey n?aaenoa,
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae ainoaea?noaa a iai?iia,
cae?aaiio?aiaiee, ia?aciaaiee, ainoi?aaeaiee.
Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea AA i?iyaeythony a aeaoo eaoaai?eyo: aeioiaeu AA,
?anoiaeu AA.
2. Aeioiaeu AA – yoi niaieoiiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo
o ainoaea?noaa a i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey athaeaeaoiiai oiiaea no?aiu.
Oi?ia i?iyaeaiey yoeo ioiioaiee, ninoaaeythueo aeioiaeu AA yaeythony
ieaoaaee i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee, ianaeaiey.
Ninoaa athaeaeaoiuo aeioiaeia, oi?iu iiaeeecaoeee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
caaenyo io nenoai eiaoiaeia oicyenoaiaaiey. Iniiaiui enoi/ieeia
aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa yaeythony iaeiaiaua ieaoaaee, eioi?ua yaeythony
oi?iie aacaica?aoiuo ieaoaaeae a iieueco ainoaea?noaa. Iaeiaiaua
ieaoaaee eiatho aeaa ooieoeee: oeneaeueioth , yeiiiie/aneoth.
Oeneaeueiay ooieoeey iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae caeeth/aaony a oi?ie?iaaiee
athaeaeaoiiai oiiaea ainoaea?noaa. Yeiiiie/aneay ooieoeey caeeth/aaony
ai aeeyiee iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae ia i?iii?oeee iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Niaieoiiinoue iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae e iaeiaiauo aeioiaeia ninoaaeyao
iaeiaiaoth nenoaio ainoaea?noaa. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia eiaao aeaa iniiaiua
a?oiiu iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae: i?yiua e einaaiiua.
I?yiua iaeiaiaua ieaoaaee oiea/eaathony:
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie;
oece/aneeie eeoeaie;
iaieie;
Einaaiiua iaeiae oiea/eaaao iio?aaeoaeue i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa.
I?eia? i?yiuo iaeiaia: iaeia ia i?eaueue, ia caieth, iiaeioiaeiue iaeia.
I?eia? einaaiiuo iaeiaia: aeoeecu, oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu, IAeN.
Iaeiae iiaoo auoue ?aaeueiuie e ee/iua.
?aaeueiua iaeiae ?ann/eouaathony io noieiinoe eiouanoaa(o?ainii?oiua).
Ee/iua iaeiae ?ann/eouaathony o enoi/ieea aeioiaea eee a niioaaonoaee n
aeaeea?aoeeae i aeioiaeao.eo oiea/eaatho th?eaee/aneea eee oece/aneea
eeoea. Eiathony iaiaeiaiaua aeioiaeu: iinooieaiey io i?eaaoecaoeee,
aeioiae io aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
3. ?anoiaeu AA – niaieoiiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, naycaiiuo n
?ani?aaeaeaieai e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieai athaeaeaoiiai oiiaea no?aiu.
?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa ii naiaio iacia/aieth:
?ani?aaeaeaiea ii io?aneyi
ii oa??eoi?eyi
ii oeaeaaiio oa?aeoa?o
Iniiao io?aneaaie a?oiie?iaee ?anoiaeia AA ninoaaeyao iauai?eiyoia
aeaeaiea yeiiiieee ia io?anee e aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iniiau oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaeiaia ninoaaeytho
ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai, a niioaaonoaeai n eioi?ui iaeiae aeaeyony
ia iauaainoaea?noaaiiua e ianoiua, eioi?ua aceiathony ia ii?aaeaeaiiie
oa??eoi?ee niaeanii aaeieieno?aoeaii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeaeaiey. Ii
iauanoaaiiiio iacia/aieth ?anoiaeu AA aeaeyony ia:
ia?iaeiia oicyenoai
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey
iai?iia
ain. Oi?aaeaiea
ii oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth ?anoiaeu AA iai?aaeythony a
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth noa?o(eai. aeiaeaiey, aeioaoeee, iia?aaeathuea
?anoiaeu), a iai?inoa?o(c/i, ?anoiaeu ia yenieoaoaoeeth iauaeoia). A
niioaaonoaee n i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie i?eioeeiaie iino?iaiey athaeaeaoa
?anoiaeu aeaeyony ia aeaa a?oiiu: ii oeaeaaui i?ia?aiiai e ii o?iaith
oi?aaeaiey.
Ii o?iaith oi?aaeaiey ?anoiaeu aeaeyony ia ainoaea?noaaiiua e ianoiua.
Aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu ainoaea?noaa oanii e acaeiii oaycaiu. ?anoiaeu
ainoaea?noaa iiaoo i?aauoaoue aai aeioiaeu ia ioiineoaeueii iaaieueooth
aeieth AII. Ie?iaay i?aeoeea iieacuaaao, /oi yoi a n?aaeiai 2% – 6%.
OAIA7: ATHAeAEAOIIA ONO?IENOAI E
ATHAeAEAOIUE I?IOeANN.
1. Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia ainoaea?noaa(AN)
2. Athaeaeaoiua i?aaa caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo e eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe
3. Athaeaeaoiue i?ioeann
4. Athaeaeaoiia ono?ienoai Oe?aeiu
1. Iiae athaeaeaoiui ono?ienoaii iiieiatho i?aaiecaoeeth e i?eioeeiu
iino?iaiey athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ainoaea?noaa, ooieoeeiie?othuae ia
iniiaa aeaenoaothuaa?i athaeaeaoiiai ieaia.
Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia – yoi iniiaaiiay ia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo e
th?eaee/aneeo ii?iao niaieoiiinoue anao aeaeia athaeaeaoia no?aiu.
I?aaiecaoeeiiii, athaeaeaoiay nenoaia no?ieony a niioaaonoaee n
onoaiiaeaiiuie i?eioeeiaie. I?aaiecaoeey AN ii?aaeaeyaony
ainoaea?noaaiiui ono?ienoaii no?aiu.
?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie caaiueyie AN inouanoaeyaony
a niioaaonoaee n iauanoaaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. I?aaiecaoeey AN a
NNN? aace?iaaeanue ia o?ao iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao:
1. Aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia
2. Iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeee
3. Aaeeinoaa AN.
?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie caaiueyie AN inouanoaeyeinue
a niioaaonoaee n iauanithciui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, a aioo?e n?aaeiaai e
ieciaiai caaia – caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii aaoiiiiiuo e nithciuo ?anioaeee.
Aeaaiie i?aaeiinueeie ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa neoaeeei
aaeeinoai aai aeioiaeiie aacu. iicaieythuaa ?aaoee?iaaoue athaeaeaoiua
?ano?nu oaeei ia?acii, /oiau a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo ieacuaaoue iiiiuue
athaeaeaoai, ioaeaeathueiny a iae e i?iaiaeeoue ia?ii?eyoey
iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai cia/aiey.
Ii niiniaoca/eneaiey a athaeaeao aeioiaeu iiae?acaeaeyeenue ia:
cae?aieaiiua e ?aaoee?othuea.
Cae?aieaiiua – oa aeioiaeu, eioi?ua iieiinoue eee /anoe/ii
ia?aaeaaaeenue a ii?aaeaeaiiue aeae athaeaeaoa. ?aaoee?othuea – aeioiaeu
io eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeeenue io/eneaiey n oeaeueth eo aaeaine?iaaiey.
Iniaaiiinoueth athaeaeaoa ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea yaeyaony ainnoaiiaeaiea
oaeie oi?iu ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey.n?aaenoa eae noaaaioeey, oi anoue
iaacee/aiiua aeioaoeee ec nithciiai aaeaeaoa, auaeaaaaiua nithciui
?anioaeeeai aeey iie?uoey ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo aeioiaeaeiaie e ?anoiaeaie.
2 Athaeaeaoiia i?aai – niaieoiiinoue th?eaee/aneeo ii?i, ii eioi?ui
no?ieony e aeaenoaoao AN ainoaea?noaa, ii?aaeaeyaony eiiiaoaioeey
oeaio?aeueiuo e ianoiuo i?aaiia ain.aeanoe e ainoi?aaeaiey ii
ninoaaeaieth ?aniiio?aieth, ooaa?aeaeaieth, eniieiaieth A
Athaeaeaoiia i?aaa . ain. I?aaiia aeanoe e ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe e
oi?aaeaiey ii?aaeaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n ?aca?aie/aieai iaaeaeo ieie
yeiiiie/aneeo e oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee.
N?iee ooaa?aeaeaiey iiaiai athaeaeaoa – aei ia/aea oeiainiaiai aiaea.
Ooieoeee aunoeo i?aaiia ain. Aeanoe:
ooaa?aeaeaiea AA
onoaiiaeaiea a?a/iy ii?yaeea acuneaiey e iauaia iaeiaia e aeioiaeia
?anioaeeeaineiai A e b ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe.
A i?eioeeia i?eiyoea e eniieiaiea AA – aeaniinoue e ee/iianoue.
Aeioiaeu A eaaeaeaiai o?iaiy oi?ie?othony a niioaaonoaee n iaeiaiaui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
?ani?aaeaeaiea ioaeaeueiuo enoi/ieeia aeioiaea iaaeaeo A ?aciiai o?iaiy
i?iecaiaeeony iin?aaenoaii athaeaeaoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey,oi anoue
athaeaeaoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea – /anoe/iia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea oeiainiauo
?ano?nia iaaeaeo ?aciuie o?iaiyie.
Enoi/ieeaie oi?ie?iaaiey aeioiaeia ?anioaeeeaineiai athaeaeaoa .
yaeyaony:
iinooieaiea ii ii?iaoeaai, io iaeiaia n iai?ioa, iaeiaa ia aeioiae,
iaeiaa ia yenii?o e eiii?o., iaeiaa ia i?eaueue i?aaei?eyoey.
Oaiiaeaiiue nai?
aeioiaeu io iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie, eioi?ua inouanoaeythony
?anioaeeeai/eeie i?aaiaie.
Aeioiaeu io ?aaeecaoeee ain. eiouanoaa.
A ninoaaa A iiaoo auoue oeaeaaua e ?aca?aiua oiiaeu, n?aaenoaa eioi?uo
a oeaeyo inouanoaeaiey nioeeaeueiuo, yeieiae/aneec e ae?. i?ia?aii iiaoo
ia?aaeaaaoueny aacaiciacaeii a aeaea noaaaioeee, noaneneaeee a A
ieaeiaai o?iaiy. No?oeoo?a ianoiuo A:
athaeaeaoiua n?aaenoaa, aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu.
Enoi/ieee aeioiaeia ianoiuo A, io/eneaiea iaeiaia auoanoiyuaai
o?iaiy(iaeiaa ia i?eaueue i?aaei?eyoey, iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa n
oece/aneeo eeoe e ae?.), /anoue iaeiaa ia eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee, iaeia
ia eiouanoai oece/aneeo eeoe iaeia ia eiouanoai.ia?aoiaeyuaa a
ii?yaeea ianeaaeiaaiey e aea?aiey, caiaeueiue iaeia, ainiioeeia e ae?.
Aaaeiui iieacaoaeai i?e oi?ie?iaaiee ianoiuo athaeaeaoia yaeythony
ii?iaoeau athaeaeaoiie iaania/aiiinoe ia iaeiiai aeeoaey, ia iniiaa
eioi?uo ii?aaeaeythony ieieiaeueiua ?acia?u ianoiuo athaeaeaoia.
?anoiaeu A anao o?iaiae ?acaeaeythony ia ?anoiaeu, aeeth/aaiua a
athaeaeao oaeoueo ?anoiaeia e a athaeaeao ?acaeoey. A A ?acaeoey
aeeth/athony anneaiiaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe, ae?oaea cao?aou, naycaiiua n
?anoe?aiiui aini?iecaiaenaii.
A athaeaeao oaeoueo ?anoiaeia aeeth/athony ana ae?oaea ?anoiaeu, ia
aioaaeoea a athaeaeao ?acaeoey.
3.Athaeaeaoiue i?ioeann – ?aaeaiaioe?oaiay caeiiii aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey ii nnioaaeaieth, ?anniio?aieth,
ooaa?aeaeaieth athaeaeaoa.
Ninoaaiie /anoueth yoiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony athaeaeaoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea.
Ninoaaeaiea e eniieiaiea athaeaeaoa yaeyaony ooieoeeae i?aaiia
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, a ?anniio?aiea e ooaa?aeaeaiea , eiio?ieue
eniieiaiey A – ooieoeeae AN e ianoiuo niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, oi
anoue ooieoeeae caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeanoe.
4. Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia Oe?aeiu aeeth/aao athaeaeao Oe?aeiu e ianoiua
athaeaeaou. E ianoiui A ioiiinyony iaeanoiua, ai?iaeneea, ?aeiiiua,
naeueneea A. Eaaeaeue ianoiue niaao ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia eiaao
naiinoiyoaeueiue A.
Ninoaa ianoiuo A:
io?anee ianeoaeeaathuea ianaeaiea e nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iue auo.
Iacia/aiea ianoiuo athaeaeaoia – oeiaine?iaaiea cae?aaiio?aiaiey(80%),
i?inaauaiea(60%).
Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia Oe?aeiu a niioaaonoaee n athaeaeaoiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii aace?oaony ia aeaoo i?eioeeiao: aa noaa?aieoaoa e
yeiiiie/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe. I?eioeeiu ianoiuo athaeaeaoia:
aaeeinoai, naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. Aaeeinoai au?aaeaaony a aaeeinoaa
i?aaiaie aacu, aaeeinueaa athaeaeaoiie eanneoeeaoeee, athaeaeaoiuo
aeieoiaioia, aaeeinoaa nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e iaeiaiaie iieeoeee.
Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue au?aaeaaony a iaee/ee nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia e
i?aaa eo iai?aaeaiey, eniieueciaaiey, ?anoiaeiaaiey.
?aoaieai i ia/aea ?aaiou iaae ninoaaeaieai i?iaeoaA i?eieiaaony ca 18
ianyoeaa aei ia/aea oeiainiaiai aiaea. A oa/aiee ia?auo 3 ianyoeaa
ninoaaeythony i?iaiicu nioeeaeueii -yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, naiaeiue
aaeain oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee,
iiaen/eouaathony eiio?ieueiua oeeo?u i?iaeoa A. A oa/aiee iineaaeothueo
/aou?ao ianyoeaa aaaeaony aeaoaeueiay i?i?aaioea e niaeaniaaiea
iieacaoaeae nioeeaeueii0-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey e eiio?ieueiuo oeeo? A.
Athaeaeaoiia iineaiea i?aceaeaioa Aa?oiaiiio Niaaoo aeeth/aao:
naiaeiue oeiainiaue aaeain;
iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee;
naaaeaiey i ain. aeioiaeao;
i?iaeo ain. athaeaeaoa;
i?iaeo eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa;
ioeaiea eniieiaiey i?aaeoanoaothuaai athaeaeaoa;
I?e ooaa?aeaeaiee A AN i?eieiaao ?aoaiea ii neaaeothuei iniiaiui
oa?aeoa?enoeeai:
– aa?oiee i?aaeae iauaia anneaiiaaiee athaeaeaoa oaeoueo ?anoiaeia
oaeoueo e athaeaeaoa ?acaeoey
– i?aaeae ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoe athaeaeaoa.
Iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey A ii iniiaiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai ooaa?aeaeaaony
athaeaeaoiua anneaiiaaiey ii noaoueyi a niioaaonoaee n ooieoeeiiaeueiie
eeanneoeeaoeeae. Eiio?ieue ca eniieiaieai athaeaeaoa inouanoaeyao AN.
Niaao ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeaeueiua ?acia?u aeaoeoeeoa
athaeaeaoa.
Anee a i?ioeanna eniieiaiey athaeaeaoa i?ienoiaeeo i?aauoaiea
i?aaeaeueiiai o?iaiy aeaoeoeeoa eee cia/eoaeueiia nieaeaiea iinooieaiee
ec aeioiaeiuo enoi/ieeia athaeaeaoa, oi aaiaeeony iaoaieci naeaano?a
aeioiaeia.
Naeaano? aeioiaeia – yoi i?iii?oeeiiaeueiia nieaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo
?anoiaeia aaeaiany/ii ii anai noaoueyi athaeaeaoa. Naeaanoa?o ia
iiaeeaaeao caueuaiiua noaouee – c/ i, noeiaiaeey, ieoaiea eae?, ninoaa
eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony AN Oe?aeiu a oaeaea ianoiuie niaaoaie Ia?iaeiuo
Aeaiooaoia a ?aieao eo eiiiaoaioeee.
OAIA8: AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE E?AAeEO
1. Nouiinoue e cia/aiea ain. e?aaeeoa
2. Oi?ia ain. e?aaeeoa e eeanneoeeaoeey caeiia
3. Oi?aaeaiea ain. e?aaeeoii
4. Ain. e?aaeeo ia Oe?aeia
4. Iaeii ec aeaaiuo iai?aaeaiee – ainoaea?noaaiiua caeiu, auiouaiiua a
ia/aea 1995 aiaea. Iaeia iaeaaoeey iiieiaeii 100 000 000 e?a. iiae
140% ?aoea i?iaeaio eeeaeaeiinoe aoi?e/iiai ?OeA, ainoaea?noai iiauoaao
eo eeeeaeaeiinoue e i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue aeey aiciiaeiuo eiaanoi?ia.
Iaiaoiaeeii o/anoue, /oi ?aaeecaoeey IAC iicaieyao iiaeeeciaaoue
cia/eoaeueiua aeaiaaeiua ?ano?nu eae i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, oae e
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.
IAC iicaieytho iiaeeeciaaoue naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa,
ioeacaoueny io yiennee aeaiaaeiie iannu, nieceoue aeoaeio eioeyoeeiiiuo
i?ioeannia.
*anoue a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ianaeaiey, iaoiaeyueony
ia n/aoao Naa?Aaiea eniieuecoaony ainoaea?noaii eae caei.
O?aouea iai?aaeaiea – eiino?aiiua ainoaea?noaaiiua caeiu. Iaeaieaa
e?oiiua caeiu iinooieee ec IAO. Aeaeaa eiaanoeoeee ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui
i?ia?aiiai. Aeaa iooe aica?aoa n?aaenoa ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiia:
1. ?ai?eaioe?iaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa
2. Oaaee/aiea iaeiaiauo noaaie.
I?iaeo athaeaeaoa ia 1996 aiae:
aeioiaeiay /anoue ii iiaieth Eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia ninoaaeo 2 588 835,8
ie?ae. E?a , a ?anoiaeiay – 3 016 031,2 ie?ae. E?a. eee 6% io AAI.
Iniiaiie oii? naeaeai ia aiaoiea enoi/ieee oeiaine?iaaiey. Iie aeieaeiu
iie?uaaoue 170 o?ei e?a . yoa noiia ii/oe ?aaia iuiaoiae – 169 o?ei e?a.
Ia iaiaa i?iaeaiaoe/iie aeaeeony ia?niaeoeaa iie?uoey e ca n/ao
aioo?aiaai caeia 150 o?ei e?a. i?ioea 25 o?ei, ?aciauaiiuo a oaeouai
aiaeo. Aeaei a oii, /oi i?e ?aciauaiee iineaaeiaai AEI ia iaaethaeaeinue
aaeeioaaea. Iieiaeaiea iiaeao eni?aaeoue ieaie?iaaiiue aeiione
oece/aneeo eeoe ia ?uiie ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa.
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