OEIAINIAAss AEAAeAIEss
I?E I?AAEOAEUeNOAA ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE
Eaoaae?a yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee
Eo?niaay ?aaioa
ia oaio:
Oeiainiaay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa e iaoaieci aa ?aaeecaoeee
nooaeaioa a?oiiu E-1-6
Aeaieeiaa Aaaaiey
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
aeioe. Oaceoeia O. A.
Iineaa
1995 a.
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea 3
I. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea eae eino?oiaio ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee 4
1. Oeaee e nouiinoue oeiainiaie iieeoeee 4
2. Aeaeu oeiainiaie iieeoeee e iaoaieci aa ?aaeecaoeee 7
II. I?iaaaeaiea oeiainiaie iieeoeee a ?innee 14
1. Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu e iieeoeee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, i?iaeaiu aa ?aoi?ie?iaaiey 14
2. ?inneeneay oeiainiaay iieeoeea: oaiaeaioeee e ia?niaeoeau 20
Caeeth/aiea 23
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u 24
Aaaaeaiea
?inney ia?aaeeaaao naaiaeiy aieueoea o?oaeiinoe ia oieueei a iaeanoe
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa, ii e a noa?a yeiiiieee e oeiainia.
Oniaoiia inouanoaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu ai iiiaii naycaii n
aeinoeaeaieai oeiainiaie noaaeeecaoeee.
I?ioaaeoee aiae iieacae anth neiaeiinoue ?acaeoey yeiiiie/aneeo
niauoee, oiaea athaeaeaoiiai i?ioeanna a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Oae,
ia?aaeueiinoue athaeaeaoa ia 1994 a., i?eiyoiai iiae aeaaeaieai ?yaea
io?aneaauo ieienoa?noa, iaeioi?uo aeaia?oaiaioia Ieioeia, a oaeaea iiae
aeeyieai ioaeaeueiuo eiieoaoia e o?aeoeee Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu e
Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey, ai iiiaii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaaoeony iieeoe/aneeie
niia?aaeaieyie, iaaaoeaii neacaeanue ia aai eniieiaiee. Inouanoaeyy
naea?aeaiioth oeiainiaoth iieeoeeo, Ieienoa?noai oeiainia e oeiainiaua
i?aaiu ia ianoao iie?uaaee ?anoiaeu eeoue a i?aaeaeao iinooieaiey
n?aaenoa, a oaeaea e?aaeeoia Oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea. Ianiio?y ia
i?eeiaeaiiua oneeey, iieo/aoaeyi athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa i?eoiaeeeinue
?aaioaoue a oneiaeyo neeueiiai aeaoeoeeoa athaeaeaoiuo ?ano?nia.
A 1995 aiaeo ia aeieaeiu iiaoi?eoueny noa?ua ioeaee. A nayce n yoei
i?aaeoaeuenoao iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaioaoue /aoeoth oeiainiaoth no?aoaaeth,
oi anoue aeieaia?aiaiiue eo?n oeiainiaie iieeoeee, ?ann/eoaiiue ia
ia?niaeoeao e i?aaeoniao?eaathuee ?aoaiea e?oiiiianooaaiuo caaea/,
ii?aaeaeaiiuo yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueiie no?aoaaeae ainoaea?noaa.
Aaaeii auaeaeeoue iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey oeiainia, noi?ie?iaaoue
iniiaiua eiioeaioeee eo eniieueciaaiey, iaiaoeoue i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee
oeiainiauo ioiioaiee. Auai? aeieaia?aiaiiuo eiioeaioeee e oeaeaauo
i?ia?aii iaiaoiaeei aeey eiioeaio?aoeee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia ia aeaaiuo
iai?aaeaieyo yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey, a ia ?aniueaiey eo
ii aoi?inoaiaiiui oeaeyi. Aieueoia aieiaiea neaaeoao oaeaeeoue aeaeie
oeiainiaie oaeoeea, iai?aaeaiiie ia ?aoaiea eiie?aoiuo ?acaeoey iauanoaa
iooai naiaa?aiaiiiai eciaiaiey niiniaia i?aaiecaoeee caaea/ oeiainiauo
naycae, ia?aa?oiie?iaee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Iaeiaei aeey i?aaeeueiiai inouanoaeaiey iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae oeiainiaie
iieeoeeie caaea/ o?aaoaony /aoeee e aeoaieee iiaeoiae e iiieiaieth
nouiinoe, oeaeae e iaoaiecia ?aaeecaoeee oeiainiaie iieeoeee, a oaeaea
yeaiaioia, aa ninoaaeythueo. Ii?aaeaeaiiue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao iiuo
inouanoaeaiey oeiainiauo ia?ii?eyoee ca ?oaaaeii. Aeey noaiiaeaiey
?inneeneie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu, ianiiiaiii, aoaeao iieacii
eniieueciaaiea oe?ieiai iiuoa ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa, oaea nicaeaaoeo o
naay aeinoaoi/ii oniaoii ooieoeeiie?othuea athaeaeaoiua i?aaiu.
Ianiiiaiii, oieueei iao/iue iiaeoiae , ciaiea e eco/aiea anao
oaeoi?ia, ii?aaeaeythueo iieeoeeo, neoaeao aa?aioeae oiio, /oi aa
ioiineoaeueiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ia ia?a?anoao a iacaaeneiinoue io
iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee. Iiuo iieacuaaao, /oi io?ua
oeiainiaie iieeoeee io yeiiiieee iai?a/eaaaony na?ueaciuie
yeiiiie/aneeie o?oaeiinoyie, iaecaaaeii naea?aeeaaao ?aaeecaoeeth
aiciiaeiinoae. caeiaeaiiuo a iineaaeiae. Iao/iue iiaeoiae e au?aaioea
oeiainiaie iieeoeee i?aaeiieaaaao aa niioaaonoaey caeiiiia?iinoyi
iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey, iinoiyiiue o/ao auaiaeia oeiainiaie oai?ee.
Ia?ooaiea yoiai aaaeiaeoaai o?aaiaaiey i?eaiaeeo e aieueoei iioa?yi a
ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
I. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea eae eino?oiaio ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee
1. Nouiinoue e oeaee oeiainiaie iieeoeee
A iineaaeiea aiaeu aii?inai i?iaaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie oeiainiaie
iieeoeee e i?iaeaiai oeiainiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee ia?aoiaeiiai
ia?eiaea iinayuaaony cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai ioaeeeaoeee. Iaeiaei
aaeeinoaa iiaiee ii oai?aoe/aneei aniaeoai yoiai aii?ina ia aeinoeaiooi.
Oae, e?oiiua caiaaeiua yeiiiienou ia aeatho /aoeiai ii?aaeaeaiey
oeiainiaie iieeoeee. Iai?eia?, Noaiee Oeoa?, ?oaeeaa? Aei?iaoo e ?e/a?ae
Oiaeaice ia auaeaeytho oeiainiaoth iieeoeeo eae naiinoiyoaeueiia
iiiyoea. A oi aea a?aiy iie iiaeoiaeyo e enneaaeiaaieth aeaiiie oaiu,
?anoe?yy ii?aaeaeaiea oeneaeueiie iieeoeee. Iie ieooo, /oi oeneaeueiay
iieeoeea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?aoaiey, i?eieiaaiua ainoaea?noaii
ioiineoaeueii naieo ?anoiaeia e aeioiaeia. Aiaeiae/ii ?anniao?eaatho
oeacaiioth i?iaeaio e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea i?aaenoaaeoaee ca?oaaaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo oeie. A /anoiinoe Eyiiaaee ?. Iaeeiiiaee e Noyiee E. A?th
niaiauatho iiiyoey oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiie e oeneaeueiie iieeoeee,
ii?aaeaeyy eo eae eciaiaiey, aiineiua i?aaeoaeuenoaii a ii?yaeie
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia
iaania/aiea iieiie caiyoinoe e iaeioeyoeeiiiiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?iaeoeoa. Ianiiiaiii, oaeay o?aeoiaea aucuaaao ?yae iaii?aaeaeaiiinoae
a iniciaiee nouiinoe oeiainiaie iieeoeee.
Aieaa no?oeoo?e?iaaiiui auaeyaeeo ii?aaeaeaiea aeaiiiai aii?ina o
ia?enenoia, aeaeyueo iiae oeiainiaie iieeoeee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
niaieoiiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee ii noaaeeecaoeee oeiainiauo
?ano?nia, eo ?ani?aaeaeaieth e eniieueciaaieth aeey inouanoaeaiey
ainoaea?noaii aai ooieoeee, oeacuaay , /oi nioeeaeueiay iai?aaeaiiinoue
e yooaeoeaiinoue aicaeaenoaey oeiainiaie iieeoeee ia ?acaeoea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii?aaeaeythony
iauaeoeaiuie caeiiiia?iinoyie yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey,
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneei no?iai no?aiu. Oai ia iaiaa no?ieiinoue
?annoaeaeaiee, ii-iiaio iiaieth, ia?ooaaony, eiaaea a ia?enenoneie oeiea
oeneaeueiay iieeoeea o?aeooaony eae niaieoiiinoue oeiainiauo ia?ii?eyoee
ao?aeoaciiai ainoaea?noaa ii ?aaoee?iaaieth i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo ?anoiaeia
e aeioiaeia aeey aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
oeaeae. I?e yoii iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi a iae iaoiaeeo au?aaeaiea
oeiainiaue aniaeo yeiiiie/aneeo ooieoeee ao?aeoaciiai ainoaea?noaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, a ia?enenoneie o?aeoiaea oeiainiaie iieeoeee oaeaea iao
iieiie /aoeinoe, oae eae noa?a aeaenoaey oeneaeueiie iieeoeee
i?aeoe/anee niaiaaeaao n iaeanoueth oeiainiaie iieeoeee, a iaieo neo/ayo
i?aaenoaaeyy niaie, niaieoiiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia? ii ?aaoee?iaaieth
e ?ani?aaeaeaieth oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. Niaiaaeaiea iiiyoee iauyniyaony
oai, /oi ?ani?aaeaeaiea iiae?acoiaaaao oi?aaeaiea ii aeioiaeai e
?anoiaeai, oi anoue aeey oiai, /oiau ?ani?aaeaeeoue /oi-eeai o?aaoaony
ecia/aeueii yoi iieo/eoue (aeioiae), a aeaeaa ia?aaeaoue (?anoiae).
Aieueoie aeeaae a iiieiaiea nouiinoe oeiainiaie iieeoeee naeaeaee
?aaiou ioa/anoaaiiuo yeiiiienoia.
I?ioanni? A. A. Eaa?ia, ?ane?uaay nooue oeiainiaie iieeoeee , ioia/ae
aa naycue n o/aoii e eiio?ieai ca i?iecaiaenoaii, eiee/anoaii o?oaea e
?ani?aaeaeaieai i?iaeoeoia. Yoe aii?inu auee aaciauie aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
i/a?aaeiuo caaea/ oeiainiaie iieeoeee a iaeanoe iaoeeiiaeueiuo aaieia,
iiiiiieecaoeee aiaoiae oi?aiaee, ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?iey ca
aeaiaaeiui ia?auaieai, aaaaeaiey iaeiaia. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea
?anniao?eaaeanue oiaaea eae iaeia ec iniiaiuo a iaeanoe
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee e naycuaaeanue n iaania/aieai
oeiainiaie oeaio?aeecaoeee, eiioeaio?aoeee nee e n?aaenoa aeey
yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee.
Ae?oaie yeiiiieno E. A. Eaa/oe, iiae/a?eeaay aieueooth ?ieue oeiainiaie
iieeoeee a iiauoaiee i?iecaiaenoaa, ioia/aao /oi yoa iieeoeea i?ecaaia
nicaeaoue i?aaeeueiia ni/aoaiea oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai e aeaiie?aoe/aneiai a
oi?aaeaiee ?ani?aaeaeaieai e eniieueciaaieai oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Eioa?ania o?aeoiaea oeiainiaie iieeoeee, aeaiiay A. N. Iaaeiaui. Ii
enoiaeeo ec ia?ac?uaiinoe oeiainia e e?aaeeoa a aeaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey e naycuaaao oeiainiai-e?aaeeoioth iieeoeeo n oneiaeyie
?aaeueiiai oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey no?aiu , iai?aaeaieyie e
iaoiaeaie ia?ano?ieee oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu, iiauie iiaeoiaeaie e
?aoaieth i?iaeai ?aoi?ie?iaaiey yeiiiieee.
Aanueia iieiia enneaaeiaaiea ianoiyuaai aii?ina aeaao I. E. Oa?aiaoueaa
a naiae ?aaioa “Oeiainu NNN?”. Aaoi? aeaao aeaa ii?aaeaeaiey aa
niaea?aeaiey: eae iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa a
iaeanoe eniieueciaaiey oeiainia e eae eiioeaio?e?iaaiiia au?aaeaiea
oeiainia, oi anoue ai aoi?ii neo/aa oeiainiaie iieeoeee yaeyaony eae au
?acoeueoe?othuae oeiainiauo i?ioeannia, i?ienoiaeyueo aioo?e yeiiiieee
no?aiu.
Eoae, niaaoneea yeiiiienou ii?aaeaeyee oeiainiaoth iieeoeeo i?aaeaea
anaai eae iieeoeeo eniieueciaaiey oeiainia a nenoaia noieiinoiie,
aeaiaaeiie oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, eiioeaio?e?iaaiiiai au?aaeaiey /a?ac oeiainu nenoaiu
aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee a yeiiiieea. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea o?aeoiaaeanue eae
eneonnoai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey /a?ac oi?ie?iaaiea e eniieueciaaiea oiiaeia
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a eioa?anao nicaeaiey oneiaee aeey oaaee/aiey
iaoo?aeueiie e aeaiaaeiie aacu ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, oaeea ii?aaeaeaiey oeiainiaie iieeoeee
iiaeoaa?aeaeathony aa iniiaiuie oeaeyie, e eioi?ui iiaeii ioianoe
neaaeothuea:
1) Iiauoaiea iauaia e yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Iineaaeiaa i/aiue aaaeii aeey i?iaa?ee aicaeaenoaey oeiainiaie iieeoeee
ia yeiiiieeo. Ioeac io o/aoa iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia i?e ?ac?aaioea e i?iaaaeaiee oeiainiaie iieeoeee
iiaeao i?eaanoe e ?aniueaieth n?aaenoa, nie?auaieth enoi/ieeia
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iinoiyiii ?anooueo yeiiiie/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo
iio?aaiinoae iauanoaa.
2) Icaei?iaeaiea e no?oeoo?iay ia?ano?ieea yeiiiieee: iiauoaiea a iauai
iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa aeiee io?aneae aoi?ie a?oiiu, nieaeaiea cao?ao ia
AIE, oii?yaei/eaaiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, e a ia?niaeoeaa
ainnoaiiaeaiea eiiaa?oe?oaiinoe ?oaey.
3) Aeinoeaeaiea aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy aeecie ianaeaiey ia iniiaa
?acaeoey io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Nioeeaeueiay
iai?aaeaiiinoue oeiainiaie no?aoaaee i?iyaeyaony ia oieueei a ecuneaiee
aiciiaeiinoae oaaee/aiey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, iai?aaeyaiuo ia iiauoaiea
aeaaininoiyiey ia?iaea, ii e a iiaii iiaeoiaea e aeaaiie oeaee
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee . O?iaaiue aeecie aunooiaao oaia?ue aaee/eiie,
ii?aaeaeythuae ?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaa, iai?aaeaiea e no?oeoo?o
eniieueciaaiey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Iaeioi?ua yeiiiienou auaeaeytho oaeaea e ae?oaea oeaee i?iaaaeaiey
oeiainiaie iieeoeee, oaeea eae: nieaeaiea oaiiia eioeyoeee (/aio
iniaaiii iiiai aieiaiea oaeaeyaony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, oae eae iineaaeiyy
nae/an i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeii ec oao cie, /oi iaeaieaa oa?iaeatho
aeaaininoiyieth a?aaeaeai), naeaaeeaaiea yeiiiie/aneeo oeeeeia (i?e yoii
a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iiieiaaony eniieueciaaiea oeiainiaie iieeoeee a
ea/anoaa eino?oiaioa aeey ai?ueau ni niaaeaie). Iaeiaei eaaei caiaoeoue,
/oi oeacaiiua oeaee yaeythony ii naiae nooe i?iecaiaeiuie io caaea/e
oeiainiaie iieeoeee iaania/eoue aunieia aeaaininoiyiea anaai ianaeaiey
Eoae, enoiaey ec auoaneacaiiiai, iia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui
ii?aaeaeeoue oeiainiaoth iieeoeeo eae ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia n oeaeueth iiauoaiey o?iaiy aeecie a?aaeaeai.
2. Aeaeu oeiainiaie iieeoeee e iaoaieci aa ?aaeecaoeee
Iio?aaiinoue a ?ac?aaioea e nenoaiaoe/aneii i?iaaaeaiee oeiainiaie
iieeoeee aicieeea n ?acaeoeai eaieoaeecia. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiue oie/ie e
ninoaaeaieth e inouanoaeaieth i?ia?aii oeiainiaie iieeoeee aeae
yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen 1929 — 1933, iinoaaeaoee iiae niiiaiea niiniaiinoue
?uii/iie nenoaiu e naii?aaoee?iaaieth aac aeoeaiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa
ainoaea?noaa a yeiiiie/aneoth aeeciue. Naia oai?aoe/aneia iainiiaaiea
i?eioeeiu oeiainiaie iieeoeee iieo/eee a ?aaioao Aeaeiia Iaeia?aea
Eaeina e aai iineaaeiaaoaeae. A 30 — 40-ua aiaeu caaea/e oeiainiaie
iieeoeee i?aeiouanoaaiii naiaeeeenue e ineaaeaieth aeeyiey e?ecenia
ia?ai?iecaiaenoaa ia yeiiiieeo, iiaeaea?aeaieth aunieie oicyenoaaiiie
aeoeaiinoe e ?anoe?aieth ieaoaaeiiai ni?ina. E 60-ui aiaeai aeoeaio
nianoeeny, e iniiaiie aa caaea/ae noaiiaeony aeinoeaeaiea aunieie
caiyoinoe e noeioee?iaaiea oaaee/aiey oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa. N
70-uo aea aiaeia, aeeth/ay oaeaea nia?aiaiioth oeiainiaie iieeoeeo,
i?ei?eoaoiui iai?aaeaieai noaea ai?ueaa n eioeyoeeae a niaieoiiinoe n
i?aaeieie caaea/aie: iaania/aieai aunieie caiyoinoe, noeioee?iaaieai
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, au?aaieaaieai ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina e ae?oaeie.
Eoae, enoiaey ec caaea/, iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae oeiainiaie iieeoeee
aaaeouea yeiiiienou ?acaeaeytho iineaaeithth ia o?e aeaea: iieeoeea
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, iieeoeea noaaeeecaoeee e iieeoeea ia?aie/aiey
aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe.
Iiae ia?aie, oi anoue iieeoeeie yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa iiieiatho nenoaio
oeiainiauo ia?, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oaaee/aiea oaeoe/aneeo iauaiia aaeiaiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa e iiauoaiea o?iaiy caiyoinoe. Aeaiiay
noeioee?othuay oeiainiaay iieeoeea aeeth/aao:
— ?ino ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia;
— nieaeaiea iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie.
Ae?oaeie neiaaie, anee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaaony naaeaine?iaaiiue
athaeaeao, oeiainiaay iieeoeea aeieaeia aeaeaaoueny a iai?aaeaiee
athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa a ia?eiae niaaea eee aeai?annee.
Anee aea i?aaeoaeuenoai eniieuecoao ia?u oeneaeueiie iieeoeee e
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, iuoaynue oaea?aeaoue iauai auionea
i?iaeoeoeee ia aai oeie/iii aeey ?anniao?eaaaiie no?aiu o?iaia e
iiaeaea?aeaoue noaaeeueiinoue oeai, oi n/eoaaony, /oi ainoaea?noaii
i?iaiaeeony iieeoeea noaaeeecaoeee. I?e yoii auei au iaaa?ii n/eoaoue,
/oi iieeoeea noaaeeecaoeee iiaeiaiyao noeioee?othuoth e naea?aeeaathuoth
oeiainiaoth iieeoeeo a eo no?aieaiee e au?aaieaaieth yeiiiie/aneie
neooaoeee a ainoaea?noaa, oae eae iaaeaeo aeaiiuie iiiyoeyie nouanoaotho
na?ueaciua ?acee/ey. Iai?eia?, iieeoeea yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa iiaeao
i?iaiaeeoueny ainoaea?noaii e a ia?eiae, eiaaea naienoaaiiue no?aia
iauai i?iecaiaenoaa oaea i?aauoai e i?iecaiaenoai no?aieony e aai
iioaioeeaeueiiio o?iaith, a oi a?aiy eae noaaeeecaoeeiiiay iieeoeea
oaeeo oeaeae i?aneaaeiaaoue ia eiaao i?aaa.
A naith i/a?aaeue iieeoeea ia?aie/aiey aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe, iai?ioea
iai?aaeaia ia oiaiueoaiea ?aaeueiiai iauaia AII ii n?aaiaieth n aai
iioaioeeaeueiui o?iaiai e i?eiaiyaony i?aaeoaeuenoaii a ia?eiae iiaeuaia
eee aoia n oeaeueth ecaaaeaiey e?ecena ia?ai?iecaiaenoaa, e eioeyoeee
aicieeathuae aianoa n ecauoi/iui ni?inii.
Naea?aeeaathuay iieeoeea iiae?acoiaaaao:
— oiaiueoaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo ?anoiaeia;
— oaaee/aiea iaeiaia.
Eia/a aiai?y, oeiainiaay iieeoeea aeieaeia i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia
iieiaeeoaeueiia naeueaei i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai athaeaeaoa, anee ia?aae
yeiiiieeie noieo caaea/a eiio?iey iaae eioeyoeeae.
Oaia?ue, ?anniio?aa eaeea aeaeu oeiainiaie iieeoeee i?eiaiyao
i?aaeoaeuenoai a oie eee eiie neooaoeee, neiaeeaoaeny a iaoeeiiaeueiie
yeiiiieea, neaaeoao iiae?iaiaa inoaiiaeoueny ia naiii iaoaiecia
aicaeaenoaey oeiainiaie iieeoeee ia oicyenoai no?aiu.
Eoae, ?aaeecaoeey oeiainiaie iieeoeee i?iaiaeeony a o?e yoaia:
1. Au?aaioea iao/ii iainiiaaiiuo eiioeaioeee ?acaeoey oeiainia,
eioi?ay oi?ie?oaony ia iniiaa eco/aiey o?aaiaaiee yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia,
ananoi?iiiaai aiaeeca ia?niaeoea niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa e
ninoiyiey iio?aaiinoae ianaeaiey.
2. Ii?aaeaeaiea iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiee eniieueciaaiey oeiainia ia
ia?niaeoeao e oaeouee ia?eiae, oi anoue au?aaioea no?aoaaee e oaeoeee
oeiainiaie iieeoeee. Caeanue, enoiaey ec iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae o/eouaatho
aiciiaeiinoe ?inoa e iaaeaiey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, a oaeaea aiaoiea e
aioo?aiiea iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneea oaeoi?u.
3. Nianoaaiii inouanoaeaiea i?aeoe/aneeo aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
aeinoeaeaiea iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi i?yiia aeeyiea oeiainiaie iieeoeee ia yeiiiieeo
ia/eiaaony eeoue ia o?aoueai yoaia, ii ii?aaeaeyaony iii niaea?aeaieai
aeaoo i?aaeuaeoueo nooiaiae. Iaeiaei oaeie iaoaieci aa?ai oieueei
/anoe/ii, oae eae ia o/eouaaao ana aiciiaeiinoe oeiainiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey.
Ecaanoii, /oi nouanoaotho aeaa oeia oeiainiaie iieeoeee:
a) aeene?aoeeiiiay iieeoeea eee iieeoeea, i?iaiaeeiay iaiin?aaenoaaiii
i?aaeoaeuenoaii;
a) iaaeene?aoeeiiiay oeiainiaay iieeoeea, oi anoue ano?iaiiua
noaaeeecaoi?u.
Iienaiiue auoa niinia ?aaeecaoeee oeiainiaie iieeoeee, ianiiiaiii,
ioiineony e ia?aiio aa oeio. Aeey aoi?iai aea ii aoaeao aaniethoii
iaaa?ai, /oi iauyniyaony iniaaiiinoyie iineaaeiaai.
Iiae iaaeene?aoeeiiiie oeiainiaie iieeoeeie iiieiatho ?yae niiniaiinoae
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu e naiinoiyoaeueiie noaaeeecaoeee, oi anoue iaeioi?ua
aa iniaaiiinoe, iicaieythuea ?aaoee?iaaoue yeiiiie/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue a no?aia aac iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa
eaeeo-eeai oi?aaeythueo i?aaiia.
?anniio?ei neaaeothuoth neooaoeeth. Aeey ineaaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
aoia iaiaoiaeei athaeaeaoiue eceeoae, oi anoue i?aauoaiea i?eoiaeiie
/anoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa iaae ?anoiaeiie. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
/oiau iiai?ioue niaae, aeaeaoaeai aeaoeoeeoiue athaeaeao. Nouanoaotho
aeaa iooe aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae, iaeei ec eioi?uo
aeinoeaaaony i?e iiiiue ?aaoee?iaaiey iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee. Oae, a
ia?aii neo/aa auoiae a oaaee/aiee iaeiaia, ai aoi?ii aea, iaiai?io, a eo
nieaeaiee.
Eoae, aeiionoei, /oi a no?aia iaaethaeaaony iacia/eoaeueiue niaae
i?iecaiaenoaa, a i?aaeoaeuenoai ia oniaei aua i?eiyoue ioaaoiua ia?u.
Oiaaea nie?auaiea aeioiaeia a?aaeaeai, a oaeaea oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia
iaeciaiii i?eaaaeao e nieaeaieth iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee, iaeiaei yoi e
o?aaoaony aeey noaaeeecaoeee yeiiiieee. Oaeei ia?acii, i?aaeeueii
ooieoeeiie?othuay iaeiaiaay nenoaia a ninoiyiee aaoiiaoe/anee
?aaoee?iaaoue yeiiiieeo. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, aaaeue i?e iiaeuaia n
oaaee/aieai aeioiaeia a?aaeaeai oaeaea aic?anooo e iaeiae.
E?iia iaeiaiaiai nouanoaoao aua ?yae aaaeiuo ano?iaiiuo noaaeeecaoi?ia,
eioi?ua a naiae niaieoiiinoe o?aaiiaaoeaatho yeiiiie/aneoth nenoaio
no?aiu. N?aaee ieo iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea /aou?a, a eiaiii:
1. Nioeeaeueiua auieaou, aeeth/ay iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoea.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iaeiae, ca n/ao eioi?uo oeiaine?othony iiniaey ii
aac?aaioeoea ?acei aic?anoatho, eiaaea caiyoinoue auniea. Iiyoiio
?aca?aiue oiiae ?anoao a ia?eiae aoia e ieacuaaao aeaaeaiea ia neeoeii
aieueoea ?anoiaeu, naea?aeeaay eioeyoeeth. Iaiai?io, a ia?eiae neaaie
caiyoinoe ?aca?aiue oiiae eniieuecoaony aeey auieaou aeioiaeia, /ai
oaaee/eaaao ieaoaaeaniiniaiue ni?in, iiaeaea?aeeaay iio?aaeaiea, /oi
aaaeao e nieaeaieth oaiiia iaaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaa, oai naiui niya/ay
niaae.
Ae?oaea oeiu iiniaee — oaeea, eae aeaaioai?eoaeueiua auieaou aia ?aiie
nenoaiu nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey, — ii oa?aeoa?o naiaai aaoiiaoe/aneiai
aioeoeeeee/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oaeaea ioiinyony e noaaeeece?othuaio
oeio.
2. Aeooaeueiua aeey ?acaeouo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai i?ia?aiiu iiiiue
oa?ia?ai: eiaaea ieaoaaeaniiniaiue ni?in nie?auaaony e oeaiu ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou iaaeatho, oaaea?aeueiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
noaneaee?oao oa?ia?ia, iiaeiuay eceeoee i?iaeoeoeee, eiaaea aea
iaaeaeaaaony eioeyoeey e oeaiu ?anooo, ainoaea?noai aua?anuaaao ia ?uiie
caeoieaiioth ?aiaa i?iaeoeoeeth, iiaeiuay eceeoiea aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa,
/oi ineaaeyao ethaoth oaiaeaioeeth a yeiiiieea. E niaeaeaieth oaeie
noaaeeecaoi? ia oa?aeoa?ai aeey ioa/anoaaiiie yeiiiieee, oae eae
?inneeneia naeueneia oicyenoai ia no?aaeaao e?ecenaie ia?ai?iecaiaenoaa.
3. Yooaeo iaaeaaeiinoe eiiiaiee. I?aeoeea iieacuaaao, /oi n oeaeueth
nicaeaiey eeethcee noaaeeueiiai aeioiaea ei?ii?aoeee, aeoeeiia?iua
iauanoaa ae?oaea iiaeiaiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea nio?aiytho i?aaeiee
o?iaaiue auiea/eaaaiuo aeeaeaeaiaeia, aeaaea anee eo aeioiaeu iaiythony
a oa/aiea ei?ioeiai io?acea a?aiaie. Yoi aaaeao e ineaaeaieth ni?ina ia
oiaa?u e oneoae, eioi?ue eia/a aue au i?aaeuyaeai aeeaae/eeaie,
iieo/eaoeie, iai?eia? iiauoaiiua i?eauee n eo oeaiiuo aoiaa. A ae?oaii
neo/aa iaaethaeaeny au ia?aoiue yooaeo, eioi?ue oaeaea i?eaae au e
noaaeeecaoeee neooaoeee.
4. Eia?oiinoue neeiiiinoe e iio?aaeaieth. Oae, eiaeeaeae, no?aiynue
iiaeaea?aeaoue i?eau/iue aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue, iaaeeaiii
i?eniinaaeeaaaony e iiauoaieth naiaai aeioiaea.
Ianiio?y ia aaconeiaii iieaciua niiniaiinoe iaeiaiaie nenoaiu e
noaaeeecaoeee, aac oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiai aicaeaenoaey i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia
yeiiiie/aneoth neooaoeeth ana-oaee iaeuecy iaieoenue. Yoiio anoue aeaa
i?e/eiu:
1) Naii?aaoee?iaaiey iaaeinoaoi/ii i?e neeueiii eciaiaiee yeiiiie/aneie
neooaoeee, oae eae, i?iaeieaeay ecuiaoue /anoue eaaeaeiai
aeiiieieoaeueiiai aeioiaea, iaeiae, iaeiaei, ia niiaoo i?aiaeieaoue
aeeyiea inoaaoeony aeaiaa, i?e yoii ia o/eouaaaony yooaeo
ioeueoeieeeaoeee, eioi?ue nouanoaaiii ineaaeyao aeaenoaea noaaeeecaoi?a.
2) Iieeoe/aneea e ae?oaea aiayeiiiie/aneea niia?aaeaiey,
i?aiyonoaothuea ianneaiui aeaenoaeyi i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee iaeuecy inouanoaeyoue
eneeth/eoaeueii i?e iiiiue ano?iaiiuo noaaeeecaoi?ia, iiyoiio
i?iaaaeaiea aeene?aoeeiiiie iieeoeee, ianiio?y ia aic?aaeaiey
yeiiiienoia i?iiiaaaeothueo iaaiaoaoaeuenoai a yeiiiieeo,
i?aaenoaaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui.
Iiae aeene?aoeeiiiie iieeoeeie iiieiaaony niciaoaeueiia iaieioee?iaaiea
iaeiaaie e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie ?anoiaeaie n oeaeueth eciaiaiey
?aaeueiiai iauaia iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e caiyoinoe, eiio?iey
iaae eioeyoeeae e onei?aiey yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.
Iniiaiuie i?oaeeyie aeene?aoeeiiiie oeiainiaie iieeoeee yaeythony:
— iauanoaaiiua ?aaiou e ae?oaea i?ia?aiiu, naycaiiua n ?anoiaeaie;
— nioeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu;
— i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua caeoiee;
— ainoaea?noaaiiua eiaanoeoeee;
— eciaiaiea ?anoiaeia o?ainoa?oiiai eee ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiiai oeia;
— oi?aaeaiea iaeiaiaui aiaoii.
Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii iaeoe aeaa aeaaiuo yeaiaioa, ninoaaeythueo
oeiainiaoth iieeoeeo:
1) Iieeoeea a iaeanoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia.
2) Oeneaeueiay iieeoeea.
I?iaiaeece?oai ia?aue yeaiaio. E iaio iiaeii ioianoe ana i?ia?aiiu,
naycaiiua n ainoaea?noaaiiuie ?anoiaeaie.
Ai-ia?auo, yoi iauanoaaiiua ?aaiou, eioi?ua ia ca?a oeiainiaie iieeoeee
oe?iei i?eiaiyeenue, anee yeiiiieea oa?iaeaea aeai?anney e eae aa
neaaenoaea — aac?aaioeoea. Oaeea i?ia?aiiu eiaee naiae oeaeueth
oaaee/eoue caiyoinoue e ca/anooth yaeyeenue aanueia iiniaoiuie e
?anoi/eoaeueiuie. I?aaaea, anoue e iieiaeeoaeueiua i?eia?u: a
iineaaiaiiie Aa?iaiee e?oiiua n?aaenoaa ioaiaeeeenue ia iino?ieeo iiauo
aei?ia e aaoiiiaeeueiuo iaaeno?aeae, /oi ia oieueei nieceei o?iaaiue
aac?aaioeoeu, ii e iieiaeeoaeueii iiaeeyei ia ?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaa, a
oaeaea inaiaiaeeei ainoaea?noai io ia?aiaieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia a
aoaeouai, iaania/ea no?aio ia oio iiiaio iaeiie ec eo/oeo a ie?a
aei?iaeiie nenoaiie.
Iaeiaei oaia?ue i?iecioae iooiae io iieeoeee iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio, /oi
iauyniyaony oaeoi?ii a?aiaie. Oae, i?aaeoaeuenoai iau/ii ociaao, /oi
yeiiiieea anooieea a noaaeeth niaaea oieueei iinea oiai, eae iineaaeiee
oaea ii?acee oicyenoai no?aiu. Iai?eia?, eiaaea no?aiu IIAE iiaeiyee
oeaiu ia iaooue oieueei iaiiiaea yeiiiienou i?aaeaeaeaee anth iieiioo
iineaaenoaee, eioi?ua aeaiiia iiauoaiea iiaea/ao ca niaie.
Noaaeeecaoeeiiiay iieeoeea noaea i?iaiaeeony eeoue /a?ac ianeieueei
ianyoeaa iinea ia/aea niaaea, eiaaea nieaeaiea aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe auei
caiaoii oaea iaaii?oaeaiiui aeacii.
Iieo/ea aeinoiaa?ioth eioi?iaoeeth i ii?aceaoai no?aio e?ecena,
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu ia/eiatho au?aaaouaaoue iauanoaaiiua i?ia?aiiu,
ii e oiio a?aiaie, eiaaea iie aoaeoo i?aaenoaaeaiu e ia/ioo
?aaeeciauaaoueny iio?aaiinoue a ieo oaea en/aciao, eai a?aiy aeai?annee
noaiao iiaeoiaeeoue e eiioeo.
A iauae neiaeiinoe neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iauanoaaiiua ?aaiou
yaeythony iayooaeoeaiui eino?oiaioii aeene?aoeeiiiie iieeoeee.
Aoi?ui eino?oiaioii aeene?aoeeiiiie oeiainiaie iieeoeee yaeythony
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?ia?aiiu ?anoiaeia ia nioeeaeueiua ioaeaeu. Oae,
i?aaeoaeuenoai iiaeao aicaea?aeaoueny io au?aaioee aeiiieieoaeueiuo
nioeeaeueiuo iiniaee a ia?eiaeu eioeyoeee, /ai aeinoeaiao nieaeaiey
o?iaiy iio?aaeoaeueneiai ni?ina. Ai a?aiy aea aeai?annee iii iiauoaao
anneaiiaaiey ia nioeeaeueiua ioaeaeu.
Iaeiaei iaaeinoaoeii iaoa?eaeueiie iiiiue aeey e?aoein?i/iuo oeaeae
noaaeeecaoeee yaeyaony oaeo iieeoe/aneiai ii?yaeea, /oi oaeea
/?acau/aeiua i?ia?aiiu neiaeii nie?aoeoue, eiaaea iieiaeaiea niiaa
oeo/oeony.
O?aoee ec iniiaiuo ?u/aaia, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony
oi?aaeaiea oeiainaie, — i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua caeoiee e eiaanoeoeee.
Oaaee/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee, eae e ?ino /anoiuo ?anoiaeia,
noeioee?oao ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iieo/athuae iiaua caeacu. Aeaiiia
iieiaeaiea iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony neaaeothuei iaei?iyeiiiie/aneei caeiiii: S
+ M = C + In + Xn + G, oi anoue naa?aaeaiey e eiii?o ?aaiythony noiia
iio?aaeaiey, eiaanoeoeee, /enoiai yenii?oa e ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeoiie.
Eia/a aiai?y, ?ino G eee In i?eaaaeao e niauaieth e?eaie C + In + Xn + G
aaa?o ioiineoaeueii a?aoeea naa?aaeaiee e eiii?oa, /oi au?aceony a
oaaee/aiee *II.
Iaeiiaoe ia?aeaeai e oeneaeueiie iieeoeea eae aoi?iio yeaiaioo iieeoeee
oeiainiaie. Nouiinoue aa caeeth/aaony a eneoniii eciaiaiee iaeiaiaiai
a?aiaie a oa/aiea anaai yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea.
Iiae iaeiaii, nai?ii, iioeeiie e ae?oaeie ieaoaaeaie iiieiaaony
iaycaoaeueiue aciin a athaeaeao niioaaonoaothuaai o?iaiy eee ai
aiaathaeaeaoiue oiiae, inouanoaeyaiue ieaoaeueueeaie ii?yaeea e ia
oneiaeyo, ii?aaeaeyaiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie. Niaieoiiinoue
aceiaaiuo a ainoaea?noaa iaeiaia e ae?oaeo ieaoaaeae, a oaeaea oi?i e
iaoiaeia eo iino?iaiey ia?acoao iaeiaiaoth nenoaio oeneaeueiie iieeoeee.
I?e yoii iauaeou iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aanueia ?acee/iu: n?aaee ieo e
aeioiaeu, e noieiinoue ii?aaeaeaiiuo oiaa?ia, ioaeaeueiua aeaeu
aeayoaeueiinoe iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia, iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie,
iieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie, eiouanoaii th?eaee/aneeo e
oece/aneeo eeoe, ia?aaea/a eiouanoaa, aeiaaaeaiiay noieiinoue
i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa e i?i/ea iauaeou, onoaiiaeaiiua
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie.
Iaeiae eae eino?oiaio oeneaeueiie iieeoeee auaatho aeaoo aeaeia. Ia?aue
aeae — iaeiae ia aeioiaeu e eiouanoai: iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n a?aaeaeai e
iaeia ia i?eaueue oe?i; ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea, ia oiiae ca?aaioiie
ieaou e ia ?aai/oth neeo (nioeeaeueiua aciinu); iieiouanoaaiiua iaeiae,
a oii /enea iaeiae ia nianoaaiiinoue, aeeth/ay caieth e ae?oaoth
iaaeaeaeeiinoue, iaeia ia ia?aaiae i?eauee e eaieoaeia ca ?oaaae. Iie
acuiathony n eiie?aoiiai oece/aneiai eee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, eo
iacuaatho i?yiuie iaeiaaie.
Ei aoi?iio aeaeo ioiinyony iaeiae ia oiaa?u e oneoae; iaeia n iai?ioa
eee iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue; aeoeecu (i?yii aeeth/athony a
oeaio oiaa?ia e oneoa); ia ianeaaenoai; ia naeaeee n iaaeaeaeeiinoueth e
oeaiiuie aoiaaaie e ae?oaea. Yoi einaaiiua iaeiae, oae eae iie /anoe/ii
eee iieiinoueth ia?aiinyony ia oeaio oiaa?ia eee oneoa.
Eoae, iniiaiuie iaeiaaie a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee yaeythony:
1. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue iiaeioiaeiue iaeia, i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie au/ao
ec aiaeiauo aeioiaeia iaeiaiieaoaeueueea.
2. Iaeia ia i?eaueue oe?i e i?aaei?eyoee. Acuiaaony n /enoie i?eauee
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe (aaeiaay au?o/ea ca au/aoii anao ?anoiaeia e
oauoeia).
3. Nioeeaeueiua aciinu, oi anoue auieaou, inouanoaeyaiua /anoe/ii
naieie ?aai/eie e /anoe/ii eo ?aaioiaeaoaeyie, iai?aaeyaiua a ?acee/iua
aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu: ii aac?aaioeoea, iaineiiiue e oae aeaeaa.
4. Iieiouanoaaiiua iaeiae, oi anoue iaeiae ia eiouanoai, aea?aiea e
ianeaaenoai.
5. Iaeiae ia oiaa?u e oneoae, i?aaeaea anaai oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu e
aeoeecu, a oaeaea IAeN.
Enoiaey ec iienaiiie nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyaony
aiciiaeiui auaeaeeoue oaeea aeaaiua i?eioeeiu oeneaeueiie iieeoeee:
a) O?iaaiue iaeiaiaie noaaee aeieaeai onoaiaaeeaaoueny n o/aoii
aiciiaeiinoae iaeiaiieaoaeueueea, oi anoue aai o?iaiy aeioiaeia.
Iineieueeo aiciiaeiinoe ?aciuo oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe
iaiaeeiaeiau, aeey ieo aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiua
iaeiaiaua noaaee, iiyoiio iaeia n aeioiaea aeieaeai auoue i?ia?anneaiui.
a) Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea aeieaeii iineoue iaeiie?aoiue oa?aeoa?, eia/a
oeaia oiaa?a, aeioiaeyuaai aei iio?aaeoaey aoaeao iaii?aaaeaiii
caauoaia, /oi naeaeaao aai iaeiieo?aioiiniiniaiui, n ae?oaie noi?iiu
iinoiyiiue iaeiaiaue aiao eeoeo i?aaei?eieiaoaey noeioeia e i?iyaeaieth
aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe. Caeanue i?eia/aoaeueia caiaia iaeiaa n iai?ioa
iiaeioiaeiui iaeiaii, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai i?iecaiaeeoaeue ieaoeo iaeia
oieueei ia aeiaaaeaiioth ei noieiinoue, a ia ni anae au?o/ee io
i?iaeaaee. Iaeiaei aeaiiua i?iaeaiu aua ia iieiinoueth ono?aiaiu ec
?inneeneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, /oi iiae/an i?eaiaeeo e iaeaaaieth
oiaa?a iaeiaii ianeieueei ?ac iiae?yae ia eaaeaeii yoaia aai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
a) Iaycaoaeueiay oieaoa iaeiaia. Iaeiaiaay nenoaia ia aeieaeia
inoaaeyoue niiiaiee o iaeiaiieaoaeueueea a iaecaaaeiinoe ieaoaaea.
Nenoaia oo?aoia e naieoeee aeieaeia auoue oaeie, /oiau iaoieaoa eee
ianaiaa?aiaiiay oieaoa iaeiaia auee iaiaa auaiaeiuie , /ai naiaa?aiaiiia
e /anoiia auiieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae iaeiaiauie i?aaiaie.
a) I?ioeaaeo?a auieaou iaeiaia aeieaeia auoue i?inoie, iiiyoiie e
oaeiaiie aeey iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia e yeiiiie/iie aeey o/?aaeaeaiee,
niae?athueo iaeiae.
ae) Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia auoue aeaeie e eaaei aaeaioe?oaiie e
iaiythueiny iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneei iio?aaiinoyi.
a) Iaeiaiaay nenoaia aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue yooaeoeaiia
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea nicaeaaaaiiai AII.
Oaeei ia?acii, oeneaeueiay iieeoeea, i?iaiaeeiay i?aaeoaeuenoaii,
iaycaia ioaa/aoue iniiaiui i?eioeeiai iino?iaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu
?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa e ?aaoee?iaaoue yeiiiie/aneea acaeiiioiioaiey
aioo?e oaaea?aoeee. E?iia oiai, ?aaeecaoeey oeneaeueiie iieeoeee
aeieaeia o/eouaaoue o?e aaaeiaeoea ooieoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
iaeiaiiaeiaeaieai:
1. Iaania/aiea oeiaine?iaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, oi anoue
i?yiay ooieoeey iaeiaia;
2. Iiaeaea?aeaiea nioeeaeueiiai ?aaiiaaney iooai eciaiaiey niioiioaiey
iaaeaeo aeioiaeaie ioaeaeueiuo a?oii n oeaeueth naeaaeeaaiey ia?aaainoaa
iaaeaeo ieie, iaaeiiouaiey ?aceiai ?anneiaiey iauanoaa (nioeeaeueiay
ooieoeey);
3. Ainoaea?noaaiiia aioeoeeeee/aneia e i?ioeaieioeyoeeiiiia,
naeoi?aeueiia, io?aneaaia e ?aaeiiaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee
(nianoaaiii ?aaoee?othuay ooieoeey).
?ane?uaay niaea?aeaiea nioeeaeueiie ooieoeee, oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue,
/oi aieueoeinoai a?aaeaeai n/eoatho, /oi iie ieaoyo neeoeii aunieea
iaeiae, oiaaea eae ae?oaea nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu ieaoyo neeoeii ieceea, e
/oi ainoaea?noai ?anoiaeoao iaaeinoaoi/ii n?aaenoa aeey iaania/aiey eo
iaoa?eaeueiiai aeaaininoiyiey e /a?an/o? iiiai ioaeaao ae?oaei.
A nayce n yoei eioa?anai i?eioeei aceiaiey iaeiaia a caaeneiinoe io
niiniaiinoe iaeiaiieaoaeueueea, ii?iaeeaoee nenoaio i?ia?anneaiiai
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey: /ai auoa aeioiae (iaeiaiaay aaca), oai
iai?iii?oeeiiaeueii aieueoay /anoue aai ecuiaaony a aeaea iaeiaa.
I?eioeei aea i?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaao
iaeeiaeiaoth aeieth iaeiaa a aeioiaeao, iacaaeneii io eo aaee/eiu.
?aa?anneaiua noaaee iaeiaa icia/atho aa oiaiueoaiea ii ia?a aic?anoaiey
iaeiaiaie aacu (aeioiaea).
Aiaeece?oy iaeiae eae n?aaenoai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey aeaeiaie
aeoeaiinoueth , aaaeii inoaiiaeoueny ia ?aaoee?othueo eo ooieoeeyo:
— onoaiiaeaiea e eciaiaiea nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey;
— ii?aaeaeaiea iaeiaiauo noaaie, eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeey;
— i?aaeinoaaeaiea iaeiaiauo eueaio — inaiaiaeaeaiea io iaeiaia /anoe
i?eaueae e eaieoaea n oneiaeyie eo oeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey a
niioaaonoaee n caaea/aie iauae yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
Aaaeioth ?aaoee?othuoth ?ieue ea?atho aeiaaeueiua eciaiaiey noaaie
iaeiaia. Oae, aeiaaeueiia iiieaeaiea iaeiaia aaaeao e oaaee/aieth /enouo
i?eaueae, oneeaieth noeioea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?inoo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, ni?ina, caiyoinoe, e iaeeaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie
eiiuthieoo?u. Oaaee/aiea iaeiaia — iau/iue niinia ai?ueau n iiauoaiiie
aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoueth.
Eciaiyy iaeiae ia i?eaueue (i?yiua iaeiae), ainoaea?noai iiaeao
nicaeaoue eee oiaiueoeoue aeiiieieoaeueiua noeioeu aeey
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, a iaiaa?e?oy o?iaiai einaaiiuo iaeiaia —
aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia oiiae iio?aaeaiey a oeaeii, ia oeaiu oiaa?ia e
oneoa.
Eca?aa eeaa?aeueioth eee i?ioaeoeeiienoneoth aiaoiaoi?aiaoth iieeoeeo,
ainoaea?noai eciaiyao oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu, iieo/ay io oi?aiauo ia?oia?ia
eeai ano?a/iua onooiee, eeai oaeanoi/aiea oneiaee iaoeeiiaeueiiai
yenii?oa. Oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu — aeae einaaiiuo iaeiaia, iiauoaiea
eioi?uo aaaeao e oaei?iaeaieth eiii?oa, a aneaae ca yoei e ioa/anoaaiiuo
oiaa?ia, e nieaeaieth aiaoiaoi?aiaiai iai?ioa. Iiieaeaiea eee ioiaia
iioeei aeaeoo ca niaie iaino?aiea eiieo?aioeee ia aioo?aiiai ?uiea,
caiaaeeaiea ?inoa oeai, aeoeaecaoeeth aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
Iaeiaei aeene?aoeeiiiay oeneaeueiay iieeoeea, eae e iieeoeea,
iniiaaiiay ia eniieueciaaiee ano?iaiiuo noaaeeecaoi?ia, oaeaea eiaao
?yae naieo iaaeinoaoeia. Iiieii i/aaeaeiuo iieeoe/aneeo o?oaeiinoae,
naycaiiuo n aeeeoaeueiui ianoaeaeaieai a Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoia
ioiineoaeueii i?eiyoey caeiia ia eciaiaiee noaaie iaeiaia, nouanoaoao
aua iaeei iaaeinoaoie: aic?aaeaiea i?ioea a?aiaiiiai nieaeaiey iaeiaia
aeey ai?ueau ni niaaeii i?ienoaeaao ec oiai iieeoe/aneiai oaeoa, /oi a
aeaiie?aoe/aneii iauanoaa iiaeao auoue o?oaeii niiaa iiauneoue iaeiae
iinea i?aiaeieaiey niaaea.
Iiaeaiaey eoia, oioaeinue au iniaaiii ioiaoeoue, /oi a ethaii neo/aa
ainoaea?noai, eiay aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiyoue ana yeaiaiou oeiainiaie
iieeoeee, iaeaaeaao iiuiaeoei eino?oiaioii, iicaieythuei aanueia
yooaeoeaii ai?ioueny n ethauie o?oaeiinoyie, eioi?ua au ia iinoeaee
ia?aoiaeioth ?inneeneoth yeiiiieeo. Aaaeii eeoue ni ciaieai aeaea
eniieueciaaoue eiathueany n?aaenoaa, iineaaeiaaoaeueii e i?aaeeueii
i?iaeaeaaoueny ii iooe oe?aieaiey yeiiiieee e aic?iaeaeaiey ?innee.
II. I?iaaaeaiea oeiainiaie iieeoeee a ?innee
1. Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu e iieeoeee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, i?iaeaiu aa ?aoi?ie?iaaiey
Iniiaiay /anoue ainoaea?noaaiiuaeo aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia i?ioiaeeo
/a?ac ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao, aeeth/athuee a naay athaeaeaou
oeaio?aeueiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa e ianoiuo aeanoae. A caaeneiinoe io
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ono?ienoaa oie eee eiie no?aiu
(aeaooeonooiai/aoiai — oeaio?aeueiia i?aaeoaeuenoai e ianoiua i?aaiu
aeanoe eee o?aonooiai/aoiai, eae a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, —
oeaio?aeueiia i?aaeoaeuenoai; i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?anioaeee, e?aaa, iaeanoae;
ianoiua i?aaiu aeanoe) athaeaeaou niioaaonoaaiii auaatho oeaio?aeueiuie,
?anioaeeeaineeie, e?aaauie, iaeanoiuie e oae aeaeaa.
E athaeaeaoo oanii i?eiueatho aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu — aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa ainoaea?noaa, eiathuea oeaeaaia iacia/aiea e iaaeeth/aiiua a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao. Aiaathaeaeaoiua n?aaenoaa iaoiaeyony a
?anii?yaeaiee oeaio?aeueiuo eee ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe e
eiioeaio?e?othony a niaoeeaeueiuo oiiaeao, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo
i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ii?aaeaeaiiuo ioaeae. I?eia?ii iiaeao auoue
iaineiiiue oiiae ?O. Aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu nicaeathony ca n/ao
niaoeeaeueiuo (oeaeaauo) iaeiaia, caeiia, noaneaeee ec athaeaeaoa.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao — yoi aiaeiaie ieai ainoaea?naaiiuo
?anoiaeia e enoi/ieeia eo oeiainiaiai iie?uoey. I?iaeo athaeaeaoa
aaeaaiaeii ianoaeaeaaony e i?eieiaaony ia?eaiaioii ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. Ii caaa?oaiee oeiainiaiai aiaea iieiiii/iua i?aaenoaaeoaee
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe io/eouaathony i naiae aeayoaeueiinoe ii
iiaeeecaoeee aeioiaeia e inouanoaeaieth ?anoiaeia a niioaaonoaee n
i?eiyoii a i?aaeuaeouai aiaeo caeiiii i athaeaeaoa.
Nae/an no?oeoo?a ?inneeneiai athaeaeaoa a niioaaonoaee n oaaea?aeueiui
caeiiii “I ninoaaa e no?oeoo?a athaeaeaoiie eeanneoeeaoeee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee”, aaaaeaiiii a aeaenoaea n 1 yiaa?y 1995 aiaea, auaeyaeeo
neaaeothuei ia?acii:
I Aeioiaeu athaeaeaoa
II ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa
II.1 Ooieoeeiiaeueiay no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia
II.2 Aaaeiinoaaiiay no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia
II.3 Yeiiiie/aneay no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia
III Oeiaine?iaaiea athaeaeaoa
IV Ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea
Ieaie?oaony, /oi aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa ii n?aaiaieth n
i?ioaaeoei aiaeii a 1995 ninoaayo niioaaonoaaiii (a o?ei. ?oaeae):
1994 aiae 1995 aiae
Ooaa?aeaeaiiue ieai a %% e iauae noiia ?anoiaeia a %% e AAI (725)
I?iaeo a %% e iauae noiia ?anoiaeia a %% e AII (925)
Aeioiaeu 124.5 64.0 17.2 134.3 65.1 14.5
?anoiaeu 194.5 100.0 26.8 206.3 100.0 22.3
Aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa 70.0 36.0 8.8 72.0 34.9 7.8
I?e yoii aeioiaeiua noaouee athaeaeaoa aeeth/atho:
Iaeiaiiaaiea aeioiaeia Ieai ia 1994 a ie?ae. ?oaeae Iaeeaeaaiia
iinooieaiea a 1994 aiaeo Oaeoe/anee iinooieei ca I iieoaiaeea 1994
I?iaeo ia 1995 A i?ioeaioao e AAI
(i?iaeo ia 1995)
Iaeiaiaua aeioiaeu (anaai) 97225.0 56441.1 18680.2 103863.1 11.23
Ec ieo:
I?yiua iaeiae ia i?eaueue, aeioiae, i?e?ino eaieoaea
22040.0
15600.0
6373.3
25940.0
2.80
Iaeiae ia oiaa?u e oneoae 62414.0 32728.0 9769.1 56691.9 6.13
Iaeiae ia eiouanoai 258.3 360.6 99.5 635.0 0.07
Ieaoaaee ca eniieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia
3551.9
866.4
220.4
2091.8
0.23
Iaeiae ia aiaoithth oi?aiaeth e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea iia?aoeee
8590.0
6454.1
2050.6
18070.9
1.95
I?i/ea iaeiae, nai?u e iioeeiu 370.8 432.0 167.3 433.5 0.05
Iaiaeiaiaua aeioiaeu (anaai) 28107.3 13932.7 5922.7 27700.6 2.99
Ec ieo:
Aeioiaeu io ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe eee io aeayoaeueiinoe
2909.1
2063.3
1614.6
7450.0
0.81
Aeioiaeu io i?iaeaaee i?eiaaeeaaeauaai ainoaea?noao eiouanoaa
329.1
108.0
48.0
8730.0
0.94
Aeioiaeu io ?aaeecaeoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo caiania
3481.9
830.6
409.4
3283.0
0.35
Aeioiaeu io aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
21387.2
10930.8
3850.7
8237.6
0.89
I?i/ea iaiaeiaiaua aeioiaeu 938.0 939.7 410.4 1262.9 0.14
Aacaiciacaeiua ia?a/eneaiey 200.0 200.0 40.0 273.0 0.03
Aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iaeioi?ua oeeo?u, oeacaiiua a caeiiii?iaeoa e
i?eaaaeaiiua a iiae ?aaioa a ea/anoaa iaaeyaeiiai iaoa?eaea,
iiyniythuaai no?oeoo?o ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ?O, iiaee auoue
eciaiaiu a oa/aiea iineaaeothueo o?ao /oaiee, iaeiaei iauea
caeiiiia?iinoe, ianiiiaiii, auee nio?aiaiu. Oaia?ue iia au oioaeinue
oaeaea noaiaoe/ii ia?eniaaoue, ?anoiaeioth /anoue, a caoai
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue i?iaeaiu, noiyuea ia?aae athaeaeaoiie nenoaiie
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, auaeaeeoue aa iniiaiua iniaaiiinoe e
iaaeinoaoee.
Eoae, a ?inneeneee athaeaeao ia 1995 aiae caeiaeaia neaaeothuay
no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia (a iei. ?oaeae):
Ainoaea?noaaiiia oi?aaeaiea 4175218.4
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay aeayoaeueiinoue 17544274.6
Iaoeeiiaeueiay iai?iia 45274901.8
I?aaiio?aieoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue e iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe
ainoaea?noaa
15543439.9
Ooiaeaiaioaeueiia enneaaeiaaiea e niaeaenoaea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio
i?ia?anno
5442401.8
I?iiuoeaiiinoue, yia?aaoeea e no?ieoaeuenoai 26790548.2
Naeueneia oicyenoai e ?uaieianoai 5538283.2
Io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, aeae?iiaoaieiaey,
ea?oia?aoey e aaiaeacey
1136511.8
O?ainii?o, aei?iaeiia oicyenoai, naycue e eioi?iaoeea 530263.5
?acaeoea ?uii/iie eio?ano?oeoo?u 5746.6
I?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea e eeeaeaeaoeey /?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee e iinea
noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee
2162533.4
Ia?aciaaiea 7894517.6
Eoeueoo?a e eneonnoai 1320845.0
N?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee 1747253.9
Cae?aaiio?aiaiea e oece/aneay eoeueoo?a 4192213.2
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea 2988486.4
Ianeoaeeaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa 21497120.6
Iiiieiaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo caiania e ?aca?aia 8140387.4
I?i/ea ?anoiaeu 34415049.1
?anniio?ei ?inneeneoth athaeaeaoioth (oeiainiaoth) iieeoeeo. Eco/ay
iaeiaiaua iinooieaiey, eaaei caiaoeoue, /oi iaeeaeaaiua iaeiaiaua
aeioiaeu nouanoaaiii ioee/athony io ieaie?oaiuo, a eiaiii: ieaie?oaiua
iinooieaiey a 1994 aiaeo ?aaiyeenue 97225.0 ie?ae. ?oaeae, a oi a?aiy
eae iaeeaeaaiua eeoue 56441.1 ie?ae., oi anoue auei iaaeiiieo/aii
aeioiaeia a ?acia?a 40783.9 ie?ae. O/eouaay aua iaiueoea ?aaeueiua nai?u
e i?aaenoaaeyy iaeiaa?iyoiui eciaiaiea aeaiiuo oaiaeaioeee a 1995 aiaeo,
iiaeii auaanoe, /oi a athaeaeao iinooiaao oieueei 1/3, caieaie?iaaiiuo
aeioiaeia, /oi ia iiaeao ia neacaoueny ia aai eniieiyaiinoe.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, oieii iaaeieiee ia 1 oaa?aey 1995 aiaea oaea ninoaaeee
(a iei. ?oa.):
Iaaeieiea (anaai) 19087611
A oii /enea:
a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao 11319605
a athaeaeaou oa??eoi?ee 7768006
Ion?i/aiiua ieaoaaee (anaai) 3453492
Oa neooaoeey, eioi?ay oa?aeoa?iaaeey eniieiaiey athaeaeaoa 1994 a.,
i?aaeaea anaai — iaaeiiinooieaiea aeioiaeia a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao,
neacaeanue ia oi?ie?iaaiee athaeaeaoa 1995. Iaeia ec na?ueaciaeoeo
i?iaeai, iaeeaaeuaathueo ioia/aoie ia i?eiyoue athaeaeao, — i?iaeaia
caaeieaeaiiinoe ca 1994, oi anoue iaaeioeiaine?iaaiea ec oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa ninoaaeei nauoa 40 o?ei. ?oaeae. Yoa noiia ni anae naiae
oyaeanoueth eyaeao ia athaeaeao 1995.
Na?ueaciay i?iaeaia nouaoaoao n iai?iiiui caeacii, aaaeue
caaeieaeaiiinoue ii iaio ninoaaeyao i?aeoe/anee 3 o?ei. ?oaeae. Iiyoiio
iaaei iiaeaa?aiooue aiaeeco iai?iiiue caeac n oi/ee c?aiey i?eiaiyaiuo
oeai, yooaeoeaiinoe e iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?anoiaeia.
N?aaieaay aeaeaa athaeaeaou 94 e 95 aiaeia, iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi
aieueoay /anoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia eaeao ia oeiaine?iaaiey
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Yoa i?aaeeueiay oaiaeaioeey nouanoaoao e a athaeaeaoao
ae?oaeo noai. Iaeiaei oioaeinue au auaeaeeoue iai?aaeaiey, ii iiaio
iiaieth, iaania/eaathuea iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiia eiaanoe?iaaiea oeiainiauo
?ano?nia:
1) eueaioiia oeiane?iaaiea oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee,
aeaaiaea?y eioi?iio nicaeathony i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua iaoeiu e
ono?ienoaa, iieo/aao ?acaeoea eiiiuethoa?iia iniauaiea i?iecaiaenoa;
2) oeiaine?iaaiea cao?ao, naycaiiuo n i?oanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaeie
eaae?ia, iiauoaieai eo eaaeeoeeaoeee, ia?ai?eaioaoeee ?aaioathueo ia
iiaua aeaeu i?iecaiaenoa;
3) iineaaeiaaoaeueiay ?aaeecaoeey i?ia?aii, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
iaania/aiea naeaeaia a io?aneaaie e oa??eoi?eaeueiie no?oeoo?ao
iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, niaa?oainoaiaaiea ia?iaeioicyenoaaiiuo
i?iii?oeee a niioaaonoaee n nia?aiaiiuie iio?aaiinoyie.
Aoi?ie, iaeaieueoae ii aaniethoiie aaee/eia oeeo?ie yaeythony ?anoiaeu
ii ianeoaeeaaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa. Aiaoiee aeiea yaeyaony
i?aaeiaoii iniaiai aieiaiey. Anee ieaoaaee ii iaio ninoaaeytho
cia/eoaeueioth /anoue iinooieaiee io aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
no?aiu (20-30%), oi i?eaeaeaoue iiaua caeiu ec-ca ?oaaaea noaiiaeony
o?oaeii. Iu oaea iiaeoiaeei e yoie oeeo?a.
Iau/ii i?aaeoaeuenoaa no?ai-aeieaeieeia i?eieiatho ana aiciiaeiua ia?u,
/oiau ia iiianoue a iieiaeaiea aaciaaeaaeiuo aeieaeieeia, oae eae yoi
ia?aie/eaaao aeinooi e ca?oaaaeiui oeiainiaui ?ano?nai. Aeey oiai
aiciiaeii ianeieueei iooae.
a) O?aaeeoeeiiiue iooue — auieaoa iaeiaia ca n/ao cieioiaaethoiuo
?aca?aia, iaeiaei ii iaei i?eaeaeaoaeai, oai aieaa, /oi ?aca?au /anoi
i/aiue ia?aie/aiu.
a) Eiinieeaeaoeey aiaoiaai aeieaa, oi anoue i?aa?auaiea e?aoeino?i/iie
e n?aaeian?i/iie caaeieaeaiiinoe a aeieain?i/ioth. Iia aiciiaeia oieueei
n niaeaney e?aaeeoi?ia.
a) A iaeioi?uo no?aiao i?aeoeeoaony nie?auaiea ?acia?ia aiaoiaai
aeieaa iooai eiiaa?nee — i?aa?auaiey aai a aeieain?i/iua eiino?aiiua
eiaanoeoeee. A n/ao aeieaa eiino?aiiui e?aaeeoi?ai i?aaeeaaatho
i?eia?anoe a no?aia-aeieaeieea iaaeaeaeeiinoue, i?aaa o/anoey a
eaieoaea. ss n/eoath, /oi oaeia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie
caaeieaeaiiinoe iaeaieaa iiaeioei au iaoae no?aia, oae eae iu
iaeiia?aiaiii oaeee au aeaoo caeoeaa: oaaee/eee i?eoie eiinoaiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a yeiiiieeo no?aiu e ecaaaeeenue au io a?aiaie aiaoiaai
aeieaa.
a) Iau/iui yaeyaony ia?auaiea no?aiu-aeieaeieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiui
aaieai — ?aaeiiaeueiui, Aaie?iiio aaieo. Iie i?aaeinoaaeytho eueaioiua
e?aaeeou aeey i?aiaeieaiey e?eceniie neooaoeee, ii i?aaeuyaeytho
aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey e yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea, a /anoiinoe yienneiiiie ,
e?aaeeoiie e oeiainiaie, iiiu?aieth eiieo?aioeee, naaaeaieth aei
ieieioia aeaoeoeeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa. Oaeea e?aaeeou nae/an
aa?ao iaoa no?aia.
Aa?iooue eo iiaeii, oieueei n iiiiuueth aeanoeie oeiainiaie iieeoeee e
iieiaeeoaeueiiai naeueaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa. E niaeaeaieth, a
ianoiyuai aiaeo athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo ninoaaeo 8 % io AAI, a aeey aai
iie?uoey iiyoue i?aaeoniio?aiu a iniiaiii aeaa enoi/ieea: aioo?aiiaa
(AEI) e aiaoiaa caeinoaiaaiea.
N?aaee ae?oaeo i?iaeai, i?eoiaeeony eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi ianoiua
athaeaeaou ia iaeaaeatho aeinoaoi/iuie oeiainiauie ?ano?naie, /oi
aucuaaao oaiaeaioeee naia?aoecia, ia?ooaiea iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iaaeiieaou a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao. Yoi
iaoneiaeaii ?yaeii ianoiyoaeuenoa, n?aaee eioi?uo:
— aunieay noaiaiue eiioeaio?aoeee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a oaaea?aeueiii
athaeaeaoa no?aiu, /oi nieaeaao cia/aiea ?aaeiiaeueiuo e ianoiuo
athaeaeaoia;
— aeaenoaothuay i?aeoeea oi?ie?iaaiey oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia,
i?e eioi?ie nio?aiai a naiae iniiaa iaoaieci oeaio?aeeciaaiii
onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ii?iaoeaia io/eneaiee a ianoiua athaeaeaou;
— oaiaeaioeey ia?aaaaeaiey ?anoiaeia aiec aac niioaaonoaothuaai
iaee?aieaiey aeioiaeaie, /oi i?eaiaeeo e aeioaoeee ?aiaa
naaeaine?iaaiiuo ianoiuo athaeaeaoia;
— i?eiyoea oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe oaeeo ?aoaiee, eioi?ua
aae?anothony ieaeanoiyuei oi?aaeai/aneei no?oeoo?ai, ii ia
nii?iaiaeaeathony aeinoaoi/iuie oeiainiauie ?ano?naie;
— aeiieie?othuay ?ieue ?aaoee?othueo aeioiaeia a no?oeoo?a iinooieaiee
n?aaenoa a ?aaeiiaeueiua e ianoiua athaeaeaou e ieceie aeieae
cae?aieaiiuo ca oa??eoi?eyie iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea ?inneeneie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu
oa?aeoa?ecoaony:
noyaeaaieai cia/eoaeueiie aeiee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a oeaio?aeueiue
athaeaeao;
aeaeaieai anao aeioiaeiuo enoi/ieeia ia cae?aieaiiua, ia?aaeaaaaiua a
aaaeaiea n?aaeiaai e ieciaiai o?iaiae ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, e
?aaoee?othuea, iauaiii eioi?uo ?anii?yaeaaony auoanoiyuee i?aai;
oe?ieea ianooaau ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey oeiainiauo ?ano?nia iaaeaeo
caaiueyie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu, i?aaeii?aaeaeeaoea iinoaiaiiia
aic?anoaiea aeiee aeioiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa — a n?aaeiai aei
70-85 %;
noauaeoeaeci i?e ?aoaiee aii?ina ia iauaia n?aaenoa, ia?aaeaaaaiuo
eiie?aoiiio ieaeanoiyuaio athaeaeaoo;
i?eaioe?iaaiiay ia ?anoiaeu iaoiaeieiaey oi?ie?iaaiey oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
athaeaeaoia;
aaeaaiaeiue ia?aniio? i?ioeaioia io/eneaiee io ?aaoee?othueo aeioiaeia,
i?aaeinoaaeythuee aiciiaeiinoue aea?aeaoue a caaeneiinoe ieaeanoiyuee
i?aai aeanoe.
Iiaeaiaey eoia, oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey
athaeaeaoiie ?aoi?iu a no?aia, ca iaiaoiaeeiinoue inouanoaeaiea eioi?ie
oaea aeieaia a?aiy aunooiatho aaaeouea ?inneeneea yeiiiienou. Eie
auaeaeythony oaeea aa aniaeou:
Oai?aoe/aneay ?ac?aaioea e iainiiaaiea i?eioeeiia iino?iaiey
athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
Nicaeaiea ?aaeueiiai athaeaeaoiiai iaoaiecia, iicaieythuaai aiieioeoue
?ac?aaioaiiua i?eioeeiu ia i?aeoeea.
?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoea ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia ii ?aca?aie/aieth iieiiii/ee e
ooieoeee iaaeaeo i?aaiaie aeanoe ?aciiai o?iaiy, ?ani?aaeaeaiea
?anoiaeia iaaeaeo caaiueyie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu e aeaeaie athaeaeaoia a
niioaaonoaee n iieiiii/eyie e ooieoeeyie i?aaiia aeanoe ?aciiai o?iaiy.
Nicaeaiea iiaie nenoaiu iaaeathaeaeaoiiai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey oeiainiauo
?ano?nia ia iniiaa eniieueciaaiey ?acee/iuo oi?i ieacaiey oeiainiaie
iiiiue noauaeoai Oaaea?aoeee e i?aaiai ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
?ac?aaioea iiauo i?eioeeiia ninoaaeaiey, ?anniio?aiey, ooaa?aeaeaiey e
eniieiaiey athaeaeaoa ia eaaeaeii o?iaia oi?aaeaiey.
Iiyoiio i?aaenoiyuay athaeaeaoiay ?aoi?ia ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth — yoi
aanueia aieee eiiieaeniue i?ioeann, aeeth/athuee aeoaeiiua eciaiaiey e
ei?aiiua i?aia?aciaaiey nouanoaothueo iuia athaeaeaoiuo ioiioaiee. Aeey
oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey oaeie ?aaeeeaeueiie ?aoi?iu iaiaoiaeeii
?ac?aaioaoue iiae?iaioth i?ia?aiio aa i?iaaaeaiey n eceiaeaieai
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe yoaiia ?aoi?iu e a?aiaiiuo ?aiie aa ?aaeecaoeee.
2. ?inneeneay oeiainiaay iieeoeea: oaiaeaioeee e ia?niaeoeau
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iniaaiii ino?i i?iyaeeenue iaaeinoaoee oeiainiaie
iieeoeee, naea?aeeaathuea yeiiiie/aneia e nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. E iei ioiinyony:
aeiaiaoe/aneee (iaoai?/aneee) oa?aeoa? oeiainiaie iieeoeee, aa
ianiiniaiinoue auno?i ?aaae?iaaoue ia eciaiythueany oneiaey ?acaeoey
iaoaai ainoaea?noaa;
ionoonoaea no?aoaae/aneeo ?ac?aaioie;
i?iaaaeaiea /anoe/iuo, iaeiiainiiaaiiuo oaeoe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee,
i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia nethieiooioth auaiaeo;
io?ua oeiainiaie iieeoeee io oaeoe/aneiai ninoiyiey aeae a yeiiiieea;
ia?ooaiea naaeaine?iaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee;
inoaoi/iue iiaeoiae i?e ii?aaeaeaiee oeiainiaie aacu oaeiaeaoai?aiey
nioeeaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeai.
Ana yoi i?yii neacuaaaony ia ia?acaeoinoe athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu e
oeiainiaie iieeoeee no?aiu. Oae, io/aoiua aeaiiua Aineiinoaoa ?innee
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi iaia/aiiua a 1994 aiaeo oeaee ia
?aaeeciaaiu, a aaaeiaeoea yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee, iieiaeaiiua a iniiao
oi?ie?iaaiey athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ia aeinoeaioou.
1994 a. (o?ei. ?oa.) I?iaiic i?aaeoaeuenoaa io 25.01.94 Io/ao a % e
i?iaiico
Aaeiaue aioo?aiiee i?iaeoeo 725 630 86.9
Iauai i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee 480 311 64.8
I?eaueue ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa (anaai) 190 95 50
a oii /enea i?iiuoeaiiinoe 121 44 36.4
A ?acoeueoaoa athaeaeao 94 iaaeiiieo/ee cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai
aeioiaeia. Nieaeaiea iioiauo oeai i?iiuoeaiiinoe yaeeinue iaeiie ec
aeaaiuo i?e/ei nie?auaiey iinooieaiey aeioiaeia a oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao. Ii ioeaiea niaoeeaeenoia, a ?acoeueoaoa caiaaeeaiey, ii
n?aaiaieth n i?iaiice?oaiui i?aaeoaeuenoaii, ?inoa o?iaiy oeai a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?eaueue oiaiueoeeanue ia 23,3 o?ei. ?oa., a iaeiaia
iaaeiiinooieei a aeioiaeu oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa aieaa 6 o?ei. ?oa. N
oiaiueoaieai iauaiai?iecaiaenoaa aeioiaeiay /anoue athaeaeaoa oaeaea
oiaiueoeeanue ia noiio aieaa 11 o?ei. ?oaeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, aiaeec iieacuaaao, /oi a 1994 aiaeo i?iaeieaeaeanue
neiaeeaoayny a iineaaeiaa a?aiy iaaaoeaiay oaiaeaioeey ieceiai o?iaiy
i?iaiice?iaaiey aaaeiaeoeo iieacaoaeae, oi?ie?othueo athaeaeaoioth
nenoaio. Aieaa oiai, o?iaaiue oi/iinoe i?iaiica ?yaea ec ieo a
i?ioaaeoai aiaeo ieacaeny ieaea i?aaeoanoaothueo. A ?acoeueoaoa i?ioeann
eniieiaiey oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa i?ioiaeee a neiaeiuo oneiaeyo e, a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a, ioee/aeny io iieacaoaeae onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii i
oaaea?aeueiii athaeaeaoa ia 1994 aiae.
A iniaoth i?iaeaio auaeaeyaony iaaeiiinooieaiea iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae,
aeaaiuie i?e/eiaie eioi?iai noaee:
— oooaeoaiea iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo e oeiainiauo iieacaoaeae ii n?aaiaieth
n i?eiyouie a athaeaeaoa;
— ?ino iaieaoaaeae a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa;
— i?yiia oeeiiaiea io oieaou iaeiaia, oe?uaaoaeuenoai iiiaeie
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeaie naieo aeioiaeia (iaaiciiaeiinoue eiio?iee?iaaiey
anao iaeuo e n?aaeieo i?aaei?eyoee, ooiae io iaeiaiaie iieeoeee ii
n?aaenoaii ?an/aoia ca iaee/iua aeaiueae) .
Yoi aiai?eo i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aniio?aiey oeneaeueiie iieeoeee:
oaeanoi/aiea iaeiaiaie aeenoeeieeiu (ii ?aciui enoi/ieeai, aeioiaeu
oaiaaie yeiiiieee ninoaaeee ieiei 1/4 oaaea?aeueiuo athaeaeaoiuo
aeioiaeia);
oi?iuaiea iaeiaiaie nenoaiu (iai?eia?, nie?auaiea eiee/anoaa
aoi?inoaiaiiuo iaeiaia, oae eae iineaaeieo ian/eouaaaony oaea 85);
aiaae?aiea i?eioeeiia iaeiaiaiai oaaea?aeecia (a 1994 a. aeiey aeioiaeia
oa??eoi?ee nie?aoeeanue e ninoaaeea anaai 56.8 %);
iaeiaiaia noeioee?iaaiea oi?aiaee e i?iecaiaenoaa eiieo?aioiniiniaiuo
ioa/anoaaiiuo oiaa?ia (iaiaoiaeeii aeey anoanoaaiiie noaaeeecaoeee iaoae
aaethou e ?anoe?aiey iaeiaiiaeaaaaiie aacu ia ca n/ao eiaee/anoaa, a
oaaee/aiey niae?aaiinoe iaeiaia).
Ianiio?y ia i?iaiaeyueany nae/an ia?u ii noaaeeecaoeee neooaoeee,
o?iaaiue eniieiyaiinoe athaeaeaoa 1995 aiaea ioeaieaaaony anaai a 60-65
%. Iai?eia?, aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa, i/aaeaeii, aoaeao auoa, /ai yoi
caoeene?iaaii a i?iaeoa ii oie i?e/eia, /oi ?an/ao iieo/eoue aieaa 40
o?ei. ?oaeae ca n/ao auionea oeaiiuo aoiaa i?aaenoaaeythony
ia?aaeenoe/iui.
Oi aea iiaeii neacaoue e i ?aoaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa oaaee/eoue
iinooieaiey a athaeaeao io i?iaeaaee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa. A
nayce n oaaee/aieai oeaiu caiee aei 200-e?aoiie noaaee caiaeueiiai
iaeiaa e ?ac?aoaieai oaaee/eoue aa aei 400-e?aoiie aieaa 90 % cayaie ia
aueoi caiaeueiuo o/anoeia iie i?eaaoece?iaaiiuie i?aaeieyoeyie auee
ioicaaiu cayaeoaeyie, neaaeiaaoaeueii aeaeueiaeoaa iiauoaiea oeaiu caiee
iiaeao i?eaanoe oieueei e oiaiueoaieth ni?ina e aianoa n iei iaueo
iinooieaiee io i?iaeaaee caiaeueiuo o/anoeia.
*oi eanaaony aiaoiaai caeinoaiaaiey, oi naaiaeiy iao noaiu auieaou ii
aiaoiaio aeieao ia 5-7 eao, iioiio ia ynii eae aiaoiea caeiu aoaeoo
aica?auaoueny.
Oaeei ia?acii, ianoiyuay neooaoeey n athaeaeaoiie (oeiainiaie)
iieeoeeie oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieueoie neiaeiinoueth. E i?eia?o, iuiaoiee
iaoaieci ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey n?aaenoa iaaeaeo athaeaeaoaie ?acee/iuo
o?iaiae, aeeth/athuee 6 ?acee/iuo oi?i (io/eneaiey io ?aaoee?othueo
aeioiaeia, noaaaioeee, aeioaoeee, acaeii?an/aou iaaeaeo athaeaeaoaie ,
nnoaeu ec auoanoiyueo athaeaeaoia e o?ainoa?ou), e?aeia iayooaeoeaai.
Aio i?enoue aeaa ei?aiiuo iaaeinoaoea:
ai-i?aauo, iuia aeaenoaothuee iaoaieci ieacaiey oeiainiaie iiiiue
noi?ie?iaaeny a oneiaeyo aeanoeiai oeaio?aeecia aaeeiie athaeaeaoiie
nenoaiu auaoaai Niaaoneiai Nithca; a iniiao aai iieiaeaia oeaeue
aeanoeiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ec oeaio?a;
ai-aoi?uo, iniiaaiiue ia no?aieaiee iaania/eoue aaeain iaaeaeo
aeioiaeaie e ?anoiaeaie ii eaaeaeiio athaeaeaoo, ii iiaeaaeye
eieoeeaoeao ieaeanoiyueo i?aaiia aeanoe e ecuneaieth aeiiieieoaeueiuo
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.
Iaeiaei iieiaeaiea ia aaciaaeaaeii. I?e iineaaeiaaoaeueiii
inouanoaeaiee ?aoi?i a iaieo yeaiaioao oeiainiaie iieeoeee, iieiaeaiea
iiaeao auoue eni?aaeaii. I?aaeoaeuenoaii oaea ?ac?aaioaiu oaeea
iiceoeaiua i?iaeou, eae ia?aoiae eniieiaiey oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia
eacia/aeneoth nenoaio. *oi nie?aoeo /eneaiiinoue i?aaiia ii eiio?ieth ca
eniieueciaaieai athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa, aaeaeo eo iauaaeeiaiey e
?ai?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea aeieaeii iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue eo ?aaiou.
Yoi iiaaoeey ?ac?aaioaia n eniieueciaaieai ca?oaaaeiiai iiuoa e aeieaeia
aianoe naie aeeaae a oneeaiea aeeyiea iieeoeee a iaeanoe ?anoiaeia ia
yeiiiieeo.
?aaeecaoeey i?iaeoa oaea eaeao. Oaaea?aeueiua eacia/aenoaa nicaeaiu a
71 ?aaeiia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a eiee/anoaa aieaa 2000 /ae. A 56
?aaeiiao iie ?aaioatho a iaeanoe ?anoiaeiie /anoe oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa, a 12 — ii eniieiaieth aeioiaeiie /anoe. *a?ac i?aaiu
oaaea?aeueiiai eacia/aenoaa oeiaine?othony ?anoiaeu 62 ieienoa?noa e
aaaeiinoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
Naaiaeiy n?aaenoaa athaeaeaoa ia iiiaaeatho ia n/aoa ieienoa?noa e
aaaeiinoa, a aeiaiaeyony ia iniiaaiee eo ?anii?yaeaiee aei eiie?aoiuo
iieo/aoaeae ia ianoao. I?e yoii iauai ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuo i?aa aaaeiinoa
ia ouaieai, a iiaeeiio?ieueiinoue athaeaeaoiuo ?ano?nia iiiaie?aoia
aic?inea. Ia?aaea/a athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa iaiin?aaenoaaiii iio?aaeoaeyi
/a?ac eacia/aenoaa a ?aaeiiao i?aeoe/anee no?aooao aaethoiue ?uiie
no?aiu io ?aceeo aua?inia ?oaeaaie iannu.
Oa??eoi?ee aea n ia/aeii ?aaeueiie ?aaiou i?aaiia eacia/aenoaa iieo/ao
aieaa oii?yaei/aiioth e iiiyoioth noaio oeiaine?iaaiey iauaeoia,
ia?ii?eyoee, i?ia?aii ca n/ao oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. Yoi
iieiaeeoaeueii neacuaaaony ia oeiainiaii-yeiiiie/aneii e nioeeaeueiii
eeeiaoa ?aaeiiia.
A caeeth/aiea iaaei neacaoue, /oi, ianiio?y ia iaeioi?ua iaaaoeaiua
oaiaeaioeee a ?inneeneie oeiainiaie iieeoeea, i?iaiaeyueany ?aoi?iu
ioe?uaatho oe?ieea ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey, eae ainoaea?noaaiiiai, oae e
/anoiiai naeoi?a yeiiiieee.
Caeeth/aiea
Nae/an ?inney eaeao ii neiaeiiio iooe ?aoi?i. Ianiiiaiii iieeoeea,
i?iaiaeeiay i?aaeoaeuenoaii a iaeanoe oeiainia, iaiaeiicia/ia. Iia
niaea?aeeo eae iieiaeeoaeueiua noi?iiu, oae e iiiai io?eoeaoaeueiuo
iiiaioia. Aieueoia, ca/anooth iaaaoeaiia aicaeaenoaea ia iaa ieacuaatho
iieeoe/aneea aniaeou yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoaiee, n?aaee eioi?uo, iai?eia?,
i?eiyoea athaeaeaoa 1995 aiaea n iiauoaiiie aei 34 ouny/ ?oaeae
ieieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou e ia?aui ?ac?yaeii Aaeeiie oa?eoiie naoee
a ?acia?a 39 ouny/, ianiio?y ia anth yeiiiie/aneoth iaoeaeaniia?aciinoue
oaeiai aeaenoaey, inaiaiaeaeathuaai eioeyoeeth e oaaee/eaathuaai e aac
oiai e?oiiue athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo.
Iaoatho aaeaeaaoiie ioeaiea yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee oaeaea o?aaiaaiey
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai, i?iiuoeaiiiai e aiaiiiai eiaae. A naith
i/a?aaeue no?aieaiea ?acee/iuo ia?oee auiieieoue iaeacu naieo
ecae?aoaeae ethaie oeaiie, ianiio?y ia anth neiaeiinoue yeiiiie/aneie
neooaoeee, iiauoaiea ?anoiaeia ia ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao,
aania?niaeoeaiua ?aoaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia, eaey ia iiaiaeo o
iiuiuo eiaaenoneeo a?oiie?iaie e ii/oanoaiaaaoeo naith neeo noauaeoia
oaaea?aoeee, iuoaaony oaiaeeoue eaaeaeiio ec ieo, i?iii?oeeiiaeueii
?ani?aaeaeyy neoaeiua athaeaeaoiua iinooieaiey e oai naiui ieii/aoaeueii
iaeo?aeecoy ne?iiioth iieueco, /oi iie iiaee au i?eianoe, aoaeue iie
neiioeaio?e?iaaiu ia eaeii-eeai iaeiii i?ei?eoaoiii i?iaeoa, — ana yoi,
aaconeiaii iaaaoeaii neacuaaaony ia iauaeoeaiinoe oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiie
iieeoeee, iauae neooaoeee a no?aia, a a eiia/iii n/aoa — o?iaia aeecie
ianaeaiey.
Eo?ueaciua neo/ae, eiaaea aua ia iieo/aiiua e?aaeeou Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
aaiea ?aeiino?oeoeee e ?acaeoey oaea caeeaaeuaaaony a athaeaeao, oiaea
ia i?eaaaeyao oaa?aiiinoe a caao?aoiai aeia. Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia
o?oaeiinoe, anaaaea nii?iaiaeaeathuea ia?aoiaeioth yeiiiieeo, y oioae au
au?aceoue iaaeaaeaeo, /oi iaia/athueany ?aoi?iu a athaeaeaoiie noa?a, i
eioi?uo iaiaeiie?aoii aiai?ee ieieno? oeiainia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
ieaaeoo naia iiceoeaiia aeeyiea ia iauaa yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea a
no?aia e aeoia n ae?oaeie n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie ?aaoee?othueie
ia?ii?eyoeyie, iaeiiaoe, iinoaayo ia iiae ioa/anoaaiioth yeiiiieeo. Iia
oaeaea aeaeeony, /oi aaniiue aeeaae a oe?aieaiea yeiiiie/aneie aacu
?inneeneiai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ieaaeao ?acaeaathueeny /anoiue naeoi?
yeiiiieee, eioi?iio oeiainiaay iieeoeea aeieaeia i?aaeinoaaeoue
iaeneiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe aeey ?inoa. E?iia yoiai, y iieaaath, /oi
iineeueioth iiiiuue a ?aoi?ie?iaaiee iaoaieciia yeiiiie/aneiai
?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee niiaeao aianoe iiaia iieieaiea yeiiiienoia, ia
ia?aiaiaiiia i?ioeuie noa?aioeiaie aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiiai
oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1) I?iaeo oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia 1995
aiae. Iineaa. 26 ieoya?y 1994. ? 2121i-I13.
2) I?iaeo oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I ninoaaa e no?oeoo?a athaeaeaoiie
eeanneoeeaoeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”. 11 ieoya?y 1994 a. ? 1962i-I13.
3) Caeeth/aiea Eiio?ieueii-athaeaeaoiiai eiieoaoa i?e Ainoaea?noaaiiie
Aeoia Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia eoiae eniieiaiey
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ca aeaayoue ianyoeaa 1994 aiaea. 24 ieoya?y
1994 a.
4) Caeeth/aiea Eiio?ieueii-athaeaeaoiiai eiieoaoa i?e Ainoaea?noaaiiie
Aeoia Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua eoiae eniieiaiey oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa a 1994
aiaeo. 22 oaa?aey 1995 a.
5) Ieaoaaeiue aaeain ?innee ca ia?aia iieoaiaeea 1994 aiaea. 19
ieoya?y 1994 a.
6) Iinoaiiaeaiea Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i i?iaeoa oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I oaaea?aeueiii
athaeaeaoa ia 1995 aiae”.
7) Iinoaiiaeaiea Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i ?anniio?aiee i?iaeoa oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I
oaaea?aeueiii athaeaeaoa ia 1995 aiae”. 19 aeaeaa?y 1994 a.
8) Naiae iii?aaie e i?iaeoo oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I oaaea?aeueiii
athaeaeaoa ia 1995 aiae” ii nie?auaieth e oaaee/aieth ?anoiaeia,
i?eiyouo Eiieoaoii ii athaeaeaoo , iaeiaai, aaieai e oeiainai e
o?aoueaio /oaieth.
9) Naaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?innee i iinooieaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaia e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae a athaeaeao,
ai aiaathaeaeaoiua ainoaea?noaaiiua oiiaeu i iaaeieiea ii ieaoaaeai a
athaeaeao ca yiaa?ue 1995. 13 oaa?aey 1995 a.
10) Noaiia?aiia ia?eaiaioneeo neooaiee, i?iaiaeeiuo Eiieoaoii ii aeaeai
Oaaea?aoeee e ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeea Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu
Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. 21 iiya?y 1994 a. 10
/ania.
* * *
1) Aaeyaa TH. A. Athaeaeaoiue Oaaea?aeeci: ca?oaaaeiue iiuo //
Oeiainu. 1994. N 10.
2) Aieueoaeia C. A. Oeiainiaay iieeoeea e oeiainiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea
yeiiiieee ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea // Oeiainu. 1994. ? 11.
3) Aoeaoiaa A. N. Yeiiiieea: o/aaiee. I.: Aae. 1994. Ae. 16. N. 260
— 277.
4) Eaiaoueaa Ae. Iaeiaiaie iieeoeea ioaeiu /aoeea i?ei?eoaou //
Oeiainiaua ecaanoey. ? 13. 1995.
5) Eiycaa A. A., Iiiia A. A. Iaeiae a Aano?ee // Oeiainu. 1994. ? 8.
6) Ei?ieaa TH. A. Eioeyoeeiiiua i?ioeannu e iae?iyeiiiie/aneea
iieacaoaee // Oeiainu. 1994. ? 11.
7) Iaeeiiiaee E. ?., A?th N. E. Yeiiiieea. Aaeo. 1992. O. 1. Ae. 6,
8, 14, 20. O. 2. N. 206 — 209.
8) Iaineia A. A. Aeaaiia — oeiainiaay noaaeeecaoeey //
Oeiainu. 1994. ? 12.
9) ?iaeeiiiaa A. I. Athaeaeaoiay ?aoi?ia: niaea?aeaiea e i?iaeaiu //
Oeiainu. 1994. ? 8.
10) ?iaeeiiiaa A. I. Oeiainu. I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea. 1993. Ae. 3.
11) Naioyeuenii I. Yeiiiieea. I. 1992. O. 1. A e. 9, 10, 19.
12) Oeoa? N. Aei?iaoo ?. Oiaeueaace ?. Yeiiiieea. I. 1993. Ae. 28, 29.
13) Oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiay iieeoeea a 1995 a. // Oeiainu. 1994. ? 12.
14) *a?iee Ae. A. Ianoiua iaeiae // Oeiainu. 1994. ? 10.
Eaa?ia A. A. Oeiainu e e?aaeeo NNN?. I.: Oeiainu. 1977. N.: 4-8.
Eaa/oe E. A. Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea e e?aaeeo a NNN?. I.: Oeiainu e
noaoenoeea. 1986. N.16.
Iaaeia A. N. Icaei?iaeaiea oeiainia — caaea/a iauay // Oeiainu NNN?.
1990. N 4. N.4-7.
Oa?aiaoueaa I. E. Oeiainu NNN?. I.: Oeiainu. 1977. N. 35,36.
Aeaiiua ec i?iaeoa Oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia
1995 a., i?aaenoaaeaiiiai i?aaenaeaoaeth Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu E. I.
?uaeeio 26 ieoya?y 1994 aiaea.
Ni. oai aea.
Ni. Naaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?innee i iinooieaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaia e ae?oaeo iaycaeoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae a athaeaeao,
ai aiaathaeaeaoiua ainoaea?noaaiiua oiiaeue i iaaeieiea ii ieaoaaeai a
athaeaeao ca yiaa?ue 1995. 13 oaa?aey 1995 a.
Ni. ?iaeeiiiaa A. I. Athaeaeaoiay ?aoi?ia: niaea?aeaiea e i?iaeaiu //
Oeiainu. 1994. ? 8.
Ni. Caeeth/aiea Eiio?ieueii-athaeaeaoiiai eiieoaoa i?e
Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoia Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua eoiae eniieiaiey oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa a 1994
aiaeo. 22 oaa?aey 1995 a.
Ni. oai aea.
Ni. Iiynieoaeueiay caienea e i?aiico iinooieaiee a oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao io i?iaeaaee e eniieueciaaiey i?eiaaeeaaeauaai ainoaea?noao
eiouanoaa a 1995 aiaeo. I.: Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ii oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiui eiouanoaii. 14 oaa?aey 1995
a.
Ni. Oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiay iieeoeea a 1995 a. // Oeiainu. 1994. ? 12.
Ni. Iaineia A. A. Aeaaiia — oeiainiaay noaaeeecaoeey // Oeiainu. 1994.
? 12.
PAGE
PAGE 8
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
