Niaea?aeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea
Athaeaeaoii-oeiainiaay nenoaia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?innee:
Enoi/ieee oeiainiaiai iaania/aiey iainee;
I?e/eiu oeiainiaiai e?ecena iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
Aeueoa?iaoeaiua nenoaiu oeiaine?iaaiey:
Iaineiiiay nenoaia ia iniiaa iaeiieoaeueiuo i?eioeeiia
oeiaine?iaaiey:
Iaoaieci inouanoaeaiey ia/aeueiiai yoaia ?aoi?iu;
Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iaeiieoaeueiie iaineiiiie nenoaiu;
I?iaeaia eueaioiuo iainee.
Eaeoth nenoaio iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey aua?aoue:
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth eee iaeiieoaeueioth ?:
Caaeneiinoue io yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo eciaiaiee;
Aeeyiea ia yeiiiie/aneee ?ino;
Caaeneiinoue io niaoeeoeee aeaiia?aoe/aneiai ?acaeoey;
Eaeoth nenoaio i?aaeii/anoue?
Iaineiiiay ?aoi?ia.
Caeeth/aiea.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
I?eeiaeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea .
Iaineiiiay nenoaia, yaeyynue i?aaie/aneie /anoueth oeiainiaie
nenoaiu ainoaea?noaa, ia?acoao iauaiiua oeiainiaua iioiee nioeeaeueiuo
o?ainoa?oia a e?oaiiai?ioa aeioiaeia, ?ano?nia e oiaa?ia. Oae a 1996
aiaeo athaeaeao Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?O ninoaaee ieiei 40 % aeioiaeia
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay iaineiiiay nenoaia a ?O eiaao anaiauee oa?aeoa?.
N iaeiie noi?iiu, i?aaeoniao?eaathony ana aeaeu iainee, eioi?ua a
niioaaonoaee n eiiaaioeeyie e ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea i?eiaiythony a ie?iaii niiauanoaa – ii noa?inoe, ca
auneoao eao, ii eiaaeeaeiinoe, naiueyi a neo/aa iioa?e ei?ieeueoea. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu i?aai, ia iaineth i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo
i?aaeinoaaeyaony anai a?aaeaeaiai, caiyoui o?oaeiaie,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie e eiie iauanoaaiii-iieaciie aeayoaeueiinoueth eee
i?ioiaeyuei ainoaea?noaaiioth, aeeth/ay aiaiioth neoaeao. A?aaeaeaia,
eioi?ua ii ?aciui i?e/eiai ia i?eia?aee i?aaa ia oeacaiiua iainee,
onoaiaaeeaathony nioeeaeueiua iainee.
Iaineiiiia iaania/aiea iniiauaaaony ia iaoe?iie caeiiiaeaoaeueiie
aaca, ian/eouaathuae nauoa 50 iniiaiuo oaaea?aeueiuo ii?iaoeaiuo
i?aaiauo aeoia . Iaeaieaa iaueie e aaaeiuie ec ieo yaeythony caeiiu «I
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaineyo a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.», «I iaineiiiii
iaania/aiee eeoe, i?ioiaeeaoeo aiaiioth neoaeao, neoaeao a i?aaiao
aioo?aiieo aeae e eo naiae», «I nioeeaeueiie caueoa a?aaeaeai,
iiaeaa?aoeony aicaeaenoaeth ?aaeeaoeee aneaaenoaea eaoano?iou ia
*a?iiaueueneie AYN», eioi?ua ?aaoee?otho oneiaey e ii?iu iaania/aiey
ainoaea?noaaiiuie iaineyie.
A oi aea a?aiy iieiaeaiea a iaineiiiii iaania/aiee ia iiaeao
oaeiaeaoai?youe ie iaineiia?ia, ie aeanoiua no?oeoo?u, ie ?aaioieeia
i?aaiia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea e nioeeaeueiie caueou ianaeaiey. Eaeao
aieaciaiiue iiene eiie?aoiuo ?aoaiee e ia? ii iooe ?aoi?i, eioi?ua auee
i/a?/aiu a Eiioeaioeee ?aoi?iu nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey a ?O,
iaeia?aiiii I?aaeoaeuenoaii a 1995 aiaeo.
?aoi?ie?iaaiea iaineiiiie nenoaiu iai?aaeaii ia au?aaioeo iaeaieaa
ni?aaaaeeeauo n oi/ee c?aiey iuiaoiaai ninoiyiey iauanoaa niiniaia
iiaeeecaoeee aciinia a iaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiea iaineiiiiai athaeaeaoa
iaaeaeo iaineiia?aie, ?aoeeiiaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey oeiainiauie iioieaie e
ianeoaeeaaieai iaineiia?ia.
Ioiioaiea iauanoaa e iaineiiiie nenoaia oa?aeoa?ecoaony aeaoiy
?acee/iuie oaeoi?aie. N iaeiie noi?iiu aaaeaony iiene ia?, eioi?ua
iicaieytho i?ioeaiaeaenoaiaaoue iaaaoeaiiio aeeyieth e?eceniiai
ninoiyiey yeiiiieee ia aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue iaineiia?ia. Iineieueeo
iaeaieaa i?inoi e auno?i yoi i?ioeaiaeaenoaea iiaeao naay i?iyaeoue
/a?ac ei??aeoe?iaeo i?aaee e ii?i ?ani?aaeaeaiey n?aaenoa, oi aieiaiea
ianaeaiey e iieeoeeia i?eaea/aii e aii?inai eiaeaenaoeee iainee e
eciaiaieth ii?yaeea eo iacia/aiey.
A 1996 aiaeo aeaaaeaeu ( 01 yiaa?y e n 01 iay ) eiaeaene?iaaeenue
iainee a niioaaonoaea n i?eieiaaoeieny Oaaea?aeueiuie caeiiaie e
aeaaaeaeu oaaee/eaaeenue eiiiainaoeeiiiua auieaou ( n 01 oaa?aey e n 01
iay ). *eneaiiinoue iaineiia?ia ca auneoao eao oaaee/eeanue a 1.8 ?aca a
nayce n i?eiyoeai Oaaea?aeueiuo caeiiia i auieaoa iainee ?aaioieeai
ia?aciaaiey e cae?aaiio?aiaiey.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu eaeao i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee,
a /anoiinoe, ?acaeoea e ?ani?ino?aiaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe.
A oi aea a?aiy iaoaieciu iaineiiiie nenoaiu e aa acaeiiaeaenoaea n
inoaeueiie /anoueth iauanoaa a oiaea yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee
iineaaeieo eao eciaieeenue iaei. Yoi ii?iaeaeaao aeenaa?iiieth ioiioaiee
noauaeoia yeiiiieee e iaineiiiie nenoaiu Ii anae aeaeeiinoe, iiaeii
i?eciaoue, /oi a oiaea o?ainoi?iaoeee yeiiiieee eiaea ianoi iaaeiioeaiea
aeeyiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey ia yeiiiie/aneea
i?ioeannu a ainoaea?noaa.
1.Athaeaeaoii-oeiainiaay nenoaia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?innee.
Iaineiiiay nenoaia ?innee yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth
ainoaea?noaaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey. Yoa nenoaia oieeaeueia e
aeeth/aao no?aoiaaiea ii noa?inoe, eiaaeeaeiinoe, iioa?a ei?ieeueoea,
a?aiaiiie iao?oaeiniiniaiinoe, aa?aiaiiinoe e ?iaeai, ia neo/ae
aac?aaioeoeu e iaaeeoeeineia no?aoiaaiea. Iaineiiiia iaania/aiea
aace?oaony ia iauaiaoeeiiaeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, aai oeiaine?iaaiea
inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa iaycaoaeueiuo no?aoiauo aciinia ?aaioiaeaoaeae,
?aaioieeia e naiicaiyoiai ianaeaiey.
Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey o ian a no?aia naaiaeiy
niioaaonoaotho iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea e ia o?aaotho eaeie-eeai eiiee,
iaeiaei i?aaiecaoeey iaineiiiie nenoaiu, aa iaoaieciu aeieaeiu auoue
aaeaioe?iaaiu e naaiaeiyoiae ?aaeueiinoe.
Ia?aue oaa a i?aaiecaoeee iiaie aeey ?innee, ii oniaoii
aeaenoaothuae a ?acaeouo no?aiao iaineiiiie nenoaia aue naeaeai a 1991
aiaeo n nicaeaieai Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?O: athaeaeao iaineiiiie nenoaiu
ioaeaeai io athaeaeaoa ainoaea?noaa. Yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
i?aaeoaeuenoao, ia?eaiaioo e anaio iauanoao aeaeaoue, neieueei
niae?aaony aciinia iaycaoaeueiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey e eae iie
?anoiaeothony, a oaeaea yaeyaony caeiaii oiai, /oi yoe n?aaenoaa
o?aoyony ia iainee e iiniaey no?iai a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii. E?iia
oiai, a?aiaiii naiaiaeiua n?aaenoaa Iaineiiiiai oiiaea iiaoo
eaieoaeece?iaaoueny e aeioiaeu iai?aaeyoueny ia nicaeaiea ?ano?nia i?e
oooaeoaiee yeiiiie/aneie e aeaiia?aoe/aneie neooaoeee.
Iaineiiiia iaania/aiea inoaaony a /enea aeaaiuo nioeeaeueiuo
aa?aioee a?aaeaeai ?innee, a iaineiiiay nenoaia ?O i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
iiiaicaaiiue eiiieaen ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia nioeeaeueiie caueou,
ioaaonoaaiiuo ca iacia/aiea e auieaoo iainee e i?aaiia Iaineiiiiai
oiiaea ?innee ( IO? ).
Iaineiiiue oiiae iaania/eaaao auiieiaiea neaaeothueo iniiaiuo
ooieoeee a iaineiiiie nenoaia:
nai? e aeeoioeyoeey no?aoiauo aciinia io ieaoaeueueeia a niioaaonoaee ni
no?aoiauie oa?eoaie, i?eiyouie a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea;
oeiaine?iaaiea auieaou iainee.
A aieueoeinoaa ?aaeiiia ?O iacia/aiea e auieaoa iainee i?iaiaeyony
o/?aaeaeaieyie nioeeaeueiie caueou ianaeaiey, eioi?ua iieo/atho
n?aaenoaa io Iaineiiiiai oiiaea e aeiaiaeyo eo aei iaineiia?ia.
Auieaoa iainee inouanoaeyaony iooai eo aeinoaaee a oi?ia
iaee/iinoe eee iooai ia?aaiaea ia n/aoa iaineiia?ia a aaieao.
E?iia oiai, IO? inouanoaeyao:
ia/eneaiea e nai? oo?aoia e iaie i?e ianaiaa?aiaiiie e iaiieiie oieaoa
no?aoiauo aciinia ieaoaeueueeaie;
iiaeaioiaeo i?iaeoa athaeaeaoa iaineiiiie nenoaiu, eioi?ue iacaaenei io
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa, eiio?ieue ca aai eniieueciaaieai e
ninoaaeaiea io/aoa ia eniieiaiee athaeaeaoa iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
A neeo neiaeeaoeony iauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei ?acaeoey e ?aciauaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa , i?e?iaeii-eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee eiioeaio?aoeey
iaineiia?ia ?acee/ia: io 15 aei 20 % e o?oaeiniiniaiiio ianaeaieth ia
Naaa?a , aei 50 – 60 % a oeaio?aeueiuo e thaeiuo ?aeiiao ?innee. A
nayce n yoei Iaineiiiue oiiae inouanoaeyao:
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia iaaeaeo ?aaeiiaie.
I?aaenoaaeaiea ia iauaiao n?aaenoa, eioi?ua niae?aao e iai?aaeyao
ia oeiaine?iaaiea auieaou iainee IO? iiaeii ioeaieoue ii athaeaeaoo
oiiaea ca o?e aiaea.1 Eiia/ii aea, ia?aii/a?aaeiie caaea/ae Iaineiiiiai
oiiaea ?innee yaeyaony iaania/aiea oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe iaineiiiie
nenoaiu, nicaeaiea oneiaee aeey ?aaoey?iie auieaou iainee a onoaaeaiiua
n?iee e iiauoaiea eo ?acia?ia n o/aoii eciaiaiey iio?aaeoaeueneeo oeai.
Aeinoaaeie iainee caieiathony i?aaiu oaaea?aeueiie ii/oiaie nayce
Ieinayce ?innee, ioaeaeaieyie Naa?aaiea ?innee e ae?oaeie aaieianeeie
o/?aaeaeaieyie, a oaeaea aeinoaai/iuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
Ioia/aiiia ?acaeaeaiea ooieoeee iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie i?aaiaie
nicaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe a ?aaioa iaineiiiie nenoaiu. Iaeiaei
iniiaiie eo i?e/eiie yaeyaony oeiainiaay ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoue
iaineiiiie nenoaiu, aneaaenoaea /aai iauai n?aaenoa . iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
auieaou iainee, oaea aeaaii nieceaoeeny aei e?eoe/aneie /a?ou ( n?aaeiee
?acia? iainee aeecie e i?iaeeoi/iiio ieieioio iaineiia?a, a ieieiaeueiue
– ninoaaeyao eeoue /aoaa?oue ieieioia ), ia iaania/eaaaony iinooieaieai
no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae.
__________
1Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 1.
1.1.Enoi/ieee oeiainiaiai iaania/aiey iainee.
Enoi/ieeaie oeiainiaiai iaania/aiey iainee yaeythony:
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao a ioiioaiee iainee a?aaeaeaiai, i?ioiaeeaoei
aiaiioth neoaeao, neoaeao a i?aaiao aioo?aiieo aeae, ioaeaeueiui
eaoaai?eyi eeoe a nayce n iniaaiiinoyie i?ioiaeaeaiey eie
ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau ( oaaea?aeueiui ainoaea?noaaiiui neoaeauei,
aeaiooaoai, noaeueyi, i?ieo?i?neei e oaiiaeaiiui ?aaioieeai e ae?oaei )
, a?aaeaeaiai a nayce n aaa?eae ia *a?iiaueueneie AYN e aneaaenoaea
ae?oaeo ?aaeeaoeeiiiuo aaa?ee e eaoano?io, a oaeaea nioeeaeueiuo iainee;
Iaineiiiue oiiae ?innee – a ioiioaiee «o?oaeiauo» iainee a?aaeaeaiai,
?aaioaaoei ii o?oaeiaiio aeiaiai?o, ii aeiaiai?ai a?aaeaeainei –
i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a, i?aaeiaoii eioi?uo yaeythony auiieiaiea ?aaio e
ieacaiea oneoa, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, /eaiai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia e e?anoueyineeo ( oa?ia?neeo ) oicyenoa,
eeoeai naiaiaeiuo i?ioannee ( ienaoaee, eiiiiceoi?u, ooaeiaeieee e o.i.
) e ae?oaei a?aaeaeaiai, iiaeeaaeauei ainoaea?noaaiiiio iaineiiiiio
no?aoiaaieth.
Oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa IO? ninoiyo ec:
iaycaoaeueiuo aciinia ?aaioiaeaoaeae;
iaycaoaeueiuo aciinia iaaiiuo ?aaioieeia;
iinooieaiee ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa;
Ia?aua no?aootho ?aaioieeia, auiea/eaay a Iaineiiiue oiiae 28 %
oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou. Aeiey yoeo n?aaenoa a aeioiaeiie /anoe
athaeaeaoa IO ninoaaeyao 85-90 %. Naie ?aaioieee aiinyo 1 %
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca naith o?oaeiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue . A aeioiaeao IO?
eo aeiey ia i?aauoaao 2-3 %. E?iia oiai ainoaea?noai ia?a/eneyao
iaiaoiaeeiua n?aaenoaa ia auieaoo nioeeaeueiuo iainee, iainee
aiaiiineoaeauei e /eaiai eo naiae, iiniaee iino?aaeaaoei io
/a?iiaueueneie eaoano?iou e o.i. Aeeaae ainathaeaeaoa a aeioiaeu IO?
aaeaa aeinoeaaao 5-6 %.
Nianai iacia/eoaeueioth /anoue a athaeaeaoa Iaineiiiiai oiiaea
ninoaaeytho oaeea iinooieaiey, eae noiiu iaie e oo?aoia, oeiainiaua
naieoeee, aaieianeea ia/eneaiey ii inoaoeai n?aaenoa ia n/aoao
?aaeiiaeueiuo ioaeaeaiee IO? e i?.
Iacia/aiea iainee ii caeiio «I ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaineyo a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee», a o./. nioeeaeueiuo, ii /a?iiaueueneie
i?ia?aiia, a oaeaea eeoeai, i?ioiaeeaoei aiaiioth neoaeao ii i?ecuao,
e eo naiueyi i?e oo?aoa ei?ieeueoea inouanoaeyaony i?aaiaie nioeeaeueiie
caueou ianaeaiey noauaeoia ?O, oeiaine?oao ia yoe oeaee Iaineiiiui
oiiaeii ?innee.2
Iacia/aiea iainee ioaeaeueiui eaoaai?eyi iaineiia?ia
inouanoaeyaony i?aaiaie Ieiiai?iiu ?innee, IAAe ?innee, ONA ?innee, NA?
?innee, Ainiaeianeoaeau ?innee, ONII ?innee, Aaia?aeueiie i?ieo?aoo?u
?innee e ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie n auaeaeaieai n?aaenoa
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ii niioaaonoaothuei ieienoa?noaai e
aaaeiinoaai.
N ia/aeii ?aaeeeaeueiuo ?uii/iuo ?aoi?i yeiiiie/aneia e
nioeeaeueiia niaea?aeaiea iaineiiiie nenoaiu ei?aiiui ia?acii
eciaieeinue, oioy aeey naieo iieo/aoaeae iainee e ieaoaeueueeia
no?aoiauo aciinia yoi inoaaaeinue e ai iiiaii ana aua inoaaony
iacaia/aiiui. Ca 70 aei?aoi?iaiiuo eao iaineiia?u naueeenue n iuneueth,
/oi iaineiiiia iaania/aiea eneeth/eoaeueiay i?a?iaaoeaa ainoaea?noaaiiie
nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey. Ieaoaeueueee aea, eae i?aaeei, ioiaeaeanoaeytho
no?aoiaua aciinu a IO? n ae?oaeie oaaea?aeueiuie iaeiaiauie iiai?aie.
Aea e aeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa iaycaoaeueiua aciinu a
iaineiiioth nenoaio oaeaea i?aaenoaaeyaony ia?aiaieoaeueiui.
I?e/eiu oeiainiaiai e?ecena iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
Iaeiei ec naiuo aieaciaiiuo nioeeaeueiuo yaeaiee naaiaeiy noaee
caaea?aeee n auieaoie iainee. A ?acoeueoaoa neiaeiie oeiainiaie
neooaoeee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiiaea ?aaeiiu ia iiaoo iaania/eoue
naiinoiyoaeueii naiaa?aiaiioth e a iieiii iauaia auieaoo iainee. Ia?aue
iee caaea?aeae iaineiiiuo auieao i?eoaeny ia aaaono-naioya?ue 95 aiaea,
eiaaea iaeiieaiiue aeaoeoeeo ( iaaeinoaoie nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa ) IO
aaeaa ee ia aeinoea iieiaeiu aai iany/iiai athaeaeaoa.
I?e/ei auei ianeieueei. Ia?aia. ?ino i?in?i/aiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee ii no?aoiaui aciinai. Iaeiieaiiay ca
1992-1996 aiaeu caaeieaeaiiinoue ninoaaeea ia ia/aei 1997 aiaea 61
o?ei. ?oaeae, i?e/ai ca iineaaeiee aiae oaaee/eeanue a 3 ?aca.
__________
2Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 2,3
A naith i/a?aaeue ia?aciaaiea i?in?i/aiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe ia?aae
Iaineiiiui oiiaeii iiaeii ioianoe:
?ino caaeieaeaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee ii auieaoa ca?aaioiie
ieaou naiei ?aaioieeai, eioi?ay a naith i/a?aaeue aucaaia ?yaeii i?e/ei,
a o./. iaaeioeiaine?iaaieai ec athaeaeaoia anao o?iaiae;
oyaeaeia oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee a nayce n ionoonoaeai
caeacia eee o?oaeiinoyie ni nauoii (iacaaa?oaiiinoue no?oeoo?iie
ia?ano?ieee );
oeeiiaiea i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee io oieaou no?aoiauo aciinia iooai
auieaou aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ?aaioieeai einaaiiui iooai (/a?ac aei/a?iea eee
auoanoiyuea i?aaiecaoeee, aaieianeea aeaiiceou, no?aoiaaiea
nio?oaeieeia, auieaoo aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, ieioy ?an/aoiue n/ao, ec au?o/ee
eee iaoo?ie, iooai eniieueciaaiey iiiaeanoaa n/aoia ).
A oeaeyo iiaeeecaoeee ?ano?nia e iaania/aiey naiaa?aiaiiinoe
auieaou iainee a niioaaonoaee n ?aoaieai A?aiaiiie /?acau/aeiie eiiennee
i?e I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii oe?aieaieth iaeiaiaie e
athaeaeaoiie aeenoeeieeiu io 26.12.96 Iaineiiiui oiiaeii niaianoii n
Ainiaeianeoaeaie ?innee, Aaieii ?innee e ae?oaeie oaaea?aeueiuie
ieienoa?noaaie e aaaeiinoaaie, a oaeaea n i?aaiaie eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i?eieiathony ia?u ii nieaeaieth
oeacaiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe ii ieaoaaeai a Iaineiiiue oiiae, aeeth/ay
oneeaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea aeenoeeieeiu ?an/aoia, a o./.
iaania/aiea eiio?iey ca aeayoaeueiinoueth eiiia?/aneee aaieia ii
iaycaoaeueiiio ia?a/eneaieth ieaoaaeae naieo eeeaioia a oiiae.
Ni?aai/ii : I?eiaiaiea Iaineiiiui oiiaeii iaoaieciia
yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey i?aaiecaoeee e iiaaoaieth caaeieaeaiiinoe
ii no?aoiaui aciinai a ni/aoaiee n aeanoeeie ia?aie eiio?iey e
i?eioaeeoaeueiiai acuneaiey aeatho ii?aaeaeaiiue ?acoeueoao. Oae, a 1996
aiaeo a n/ao iiaaoaiey yoie caaeieaeaiiinoe a oiiae iinooieei 11 o?ei.
?oaeae.
Ae?oaie i?e/eiie oooaeoaiey oeiainiaie aacu iaineiiiie nenoaiu –
?anoe?aiea ianooaaia aac?aaioeoeu, eioi?ay ana aieaa ieacuaaao
aicaeaenoaea ia iaineiiioth nenoaio iooai nieaeaiey aeioiaeiie /anoe
?uiea o?oaea e ?anoe?aiea ?anoiaeiie /anoe iaineiiiiai athaeaeaoa ca
n/ao oaaee/aiey /enea iaineiia?ia – «aein?i/ieeia», eioi?ua ii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao eiatho i?aai aueoe ia iaineth aei enoa/aiey
o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiui iiaiaeii aicieeiiaaiey oeiainiaiai aeaoeoeeoa
athaeaeaoa IO? yaeeinue i?eiyoea Ainaeoiie ?O caeiia i aiai/a?aaeiie
eiaeaenaoeee iainee n ethiy 1995 a. a 1.2 ?aca. Yoi iiaeaeei ca niaie
oaaee/aiea ?anoiaeiie /anoe iaineiiiiai athaeaeaoa.
Niioaaonoaaiii, aic?inee aaeaiany/iua ?anoiaeu Iaineiiiiai oiiaea,
/oi ia iiaei ia neacaoueny ia aai oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe. Aneaae ca
oai iacaiaaeeeoaeueii iineaaeiaaei ?aceia nie?auaiea iaee/iuo iai?ioiuo
n?aaenoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey naiaa?aiaiiiai iaania/aiey aeaiueaaie
i?aaiia nioeeaeueiie caueou e ioaeaeaiee nayce. Iaeiaei ecuyoea
iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa, eniieueciaaiiuo ia iie?uoea oaeouaai aeaoeoeeoa
iaineiiiiai athaeaeaoa, ia oieueei ia ?aoeei i?iaeaiu naiaa?aiaiiie
auieaou iainee, ii i?eaaei e oiio, /oi aieueoeinoai aeioaoeeiiiuo
oa??eoi?ee ieacaeenue aac n?aaenoa aeey auieao iainee ia i/a?aaeiie
ia?eiae.
E iauaeoeaiui i?e/eiai e?eceniiai ninoiyiey iaineiiiie nenoaiu
ioiinyony iauaa iinoa?aiea ianaeaiey no?aiu: i?e iauai aai ?inoa ca
iineaaeiea 10 eao ia 7.7 % /eneaiiinoue eeoe iaineiiiiai aic?anoa
oaaee/eeanue ia 33.4 %, a aeiey eo a ninoaaa ianaeaiey iiaeiyeanue n
16.3 aei 20.2 %.
Iaa?ocea ia caiyoia yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiia ianaeaiea, eioi?ia ianao
anth oyaeanoue ii nioeeaeueiiio iaania/aieth iaineiia?ia, ca 1990 – 1996
aiaeu aic?inea ia 27 %: ia 1000 caiyouo naaiaeiy i?eoiaeeony 565
iaineiia?ia.
I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay iieeoeea iieaou o?oaea a iniiaiii iaoeaeaia ia
naea?aeeaaiea aa ?inoa. Oiiae iieaou o?oaea ( OIO ), i?aaenoaaeythuee
niaie aaco aeey ia/eneaiey aciinia a Iaineiiiue oiiae, eiaao
oaiaeaioeeth e naeaoeth. Aeiey OIO a AAI nieceeanue n 27.1 % (1992a. )
aei 23.5 ( 1995 a. ). Iaeiia?aiaiii nie?auaaony e aeiey a AAI
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia ia iainee.
Ni?aai/ii: Ca 1996 aiae a athaeaeao Iaineiiiiai oiiaea
iinooieei oaeoueo aeioiaeia ( aac i?eaea/aiiuo e?aaeeoia e n?aaenoa
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ) a noiia 118.1 o?ei. ?oaeae, ec ieo 113.2
o?ei. ?oaeae no?aoiauo aciinia ( 97.7 % ) e 5 o?ei. ?oaeae i?i/eo
iinooieaiee ( 4.3 % ).
Ieieiaeueiay iainey ii noa?inoe n onoaiiaeaiiie eiiiainaoeeae
aic?inea n 342 ?oaey a 1991 aiaeo aei 219.6 oun. ?oaeae e eiioeo 1996
aiaea, a n?aaeiyy iainey ii noa?inoe n 438 ?oaeae aei 337.2 oun. ?oaeae.
Aeiey ?anoiaeia ia iainee a AAI ia iainee eieaaaeanue a i?aaeaeao io 4
aei 6 % , a 1996 aiaeo ninoaaeea 6.2 %.
Ae?oaie aiciiaeiie i?e/eiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe n?aaenoa aeey
naiaa?aiaiiie auieaou iainee, yaeyaony oi, /oi neiaeeaoeeny iaoaieci
acaeiiioiioaiee oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa e Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?innee ii
aiciauaieth ?anoiaeia ia iainee iiaeeaaeauea oeiaine?iaaieth ec
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ( nioeeaeueiua iainee, iainee aiaiiineoaeauei
ii i?ecuao e eo naiueyi, iainee ii /a?iiaueueneie i?ia?aiia ),
i?aeoe/anee ia aa?aioe?otho naiaa?aiaiiiai iie?uoey aeaiiuo ?anoiaeia.
Ni?aai/ii: A 1996 aiaeo iinooieaiey ec oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa a Iaineiiiue oiiae ninoaaeee 9.28 o?ei. ?oaeae, ec eioi?uo
4.16 o?ei. ?oaeae – /anoe/iay eiiiainaoeey ?anoiaeia ia auieaoo iainee
1996 aiaea; 3.48 o?ei. ?oaeae – athaeaeaoiay nnoaea; 1.64 o?ei. ?oaeae –
n?aaenoaa a n/ao iiaaoaiey aeieaa ca 1992 – 1994 aiaeu. Iaeiaei
iaeiieaiiay caaeieaeaiiinoue oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia?aae Iaineiiiui
oiiaeii ia ia/aei 1997 aiaea ninoaaeea 14.1 o?ei. ?oaeae.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a nayce n oyaeaeui oeiainiaui
iieiaeaieai e iaaica?aoii aeieaia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa Iaineiiiue
oiiae auioaeaeai i?eaeaeaoue e?aaeeou ia iaaeaaieianeii ?uiea, /oi aua
aieaa onoaoaeyao aai iieiaeaiea, eiay aaeaeo ia oieueei iaiaoiaeeiinoue
aica?aoa e?aaeeoia, ii e ?anoiaeu ii eo ianeoaeeaaieth.
I?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaay nenoaia iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ni/aoaiea iaeioi?uo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo oi?i no?aoiaie
oiiaee?oaiie nenoaiu e athaeaeaoiiai iaania/aiey. Nicaeaiea aaoiiiiiiai
Oiiaea, o/?aaeaeaiea iinoiyiiiai enoi/ieea iinooieaiey a oi?ia no?aoiauo
aciinia, iaaeaeaiea Oiiaea iieiiii/eyie ii eaieoaeecaoeee n?aaenoa i?e
ionoonoaee caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai cae?aieaiey ca Oiiaeii aeieaia?aiaiiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae aeoeaiuie ieaoaeueueeaie aciinia noi?ie?iaaee
?aaeueiua i?aaeiinueee aeey iaaeieaia?aiaiiie oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe
Iaineiiiiai Oiiaea.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay i?ia?aiia a iaeanoe iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey n oao
ii? ia ?ac iaiyeanue. Ii a yoeo eciaiaieyo ia i?ineaaeeaaeinue
i?iaeoiaiiie no?aoaae/aneie eeiee. Ana iiiaie?aoiua ia?aiaiu a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a «?aaioaee» ia nieaeaiea iaaeaaeiinoe
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey, oae eae i?eaaee e
?acaaeaine?iaaieth oaeoueo iaycaoaeuenoa e ?ano?niiai iaania/aiey.
A eiia/iii n/aoa ieacaeinue, /oi o?iaaiue iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey
iniiaiie /anoe iaineiia?ia ia iaania/eaaao ei i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia. E
na?aaeeia 1995-ai n?aaeiyy iainey nieceeanue aei 94 % i?iaeeoi/iiai
ieieioia, a a n?aaeiai ca aiae ninoaaeea 98 % io iaai.3
Aiaeec i?e/ei aicieeiiaaiey oeiainiaiai e?ecena iaineiiiie nenoaiu
iieacae , /oi iie cia/eoaeueii aeoaaea e na?ueaciaa, /ai oieueei
iai?aaeaeaeaiiue ?acoeueoao iiioeenoneie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee. A /ai
aea e?ithony yeiiiie/aneea i?e/eiu e aaea eneaoue iooe noaaeeecaoeee
iaineiiiie oeiainiaie nenoaiu?
Oeiainiaay nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiuo oiiaeia iaycaoaeueiiai
nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey e , a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue IO?, oioy e yaeyaony
__________
3Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 4.
aiaathaeaeaoiie nenoaiie, ii aoiaeeo ninoaaiie /anoueth a oeiainiaoth
nenoaio no?aiu. E auioaeaeaiii ?acaeaeyao ana iauea i?iaeaiu yoie
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu, ioyaiuaiiua o?oaeiinoyie ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea,
eioi?ua anai oi?ioi ciaeiiu: iaauiieiaiea oeiainiauo iaycaoaeuenoa ii
oicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ai , iaauieaoa ca?ieaou ii o?oaeiaui aeiaiai?ai,
caaea?aeee auieaoe caii?aaeeaaiea anao aeaeia athaeaeaoiuo ieaoaaeae e
o.i.
Ec yoiai aeieaeii neaaeiaaoue, /oi iieoaea ia eciaieony neooaoeey
a oeiainiaie nenoaia no?aiu, iaeuecy iaaeayoueny ia niieieioth e
oaa?aiioth ia?niaeoeao e iaineiiiie oeiainiaie nenoaiu, oioy iia
oi?iaeueii e eciee?iaaia io ainathaeaeaoa.
Eae ecaanoii, iinea ?aoi?iu iaineiiiie nenoaiu a 1991 aiaeo
n?aaenoaa ia auieaoo iainee iinooiaee a aeaea no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae,
ia/eneyaiuo a caaeneiinoe io ?acia?a oiiaea iieaou o?oaea. Iiiyoii, /oi
/ai aieueoa aoaeao ca?ieaoa o?oaeiniiniaiuo a?aaeaeai, oai aieueoa
aoaeao aeioiaeia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea e, niioaaonoaaiii, n?aaenoa ia
auieaoo iainee e, iaiai?io. A yoii caeeth/aaony i?inoaeoay oi?ioea
onoie/eaiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
*oi aea i?ienoiaeeo, eiaaea ia yoio aaciaue iaoaieci
iaeeaaeuaathony iiiaea ae?oaea oaeoi?u? Ia?aue ec ieo – iainey ia/eiaao
iiauoaoueny ia a nayce n ?inoii aeioiaeia iaineiiiie nenoaiu, a ii
iaineiiiiio caeiio – «a niioaaonoaee n ?inoii noieiinoe aeecie».
Iii?inoo aiai?y, a niioaaonoaee n eiyooeoeeaioii eioeyoeee.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n yoei aeaenoaoao e aoi?ie oaeoi? – ia?aoiue: ca?ieaoa,
aeaaea ieieiaeueiay, ia iiauoaaony a niioaaonoaee n ?inoii
iio?aaeoaeueneeo oeai.
Ia/eiay n 1994 a. ca?ieaoa auea oaeoe/anee caii?iaeaia, o.a.
ieieiaeueiue ?acia? iieaou o?oaea eciaiai iaeei ?ac – a ethea 1994 a. A
/enoi iiieiaeueiia «iiauoaiea» ieieiaeueiie ca?ieaou a 1995 a. ia
nii?iaiaeaeaeinue aaeaeaaoiuie aeaiaaeiuie auieaoaie, iineieueeo ii
aieueoeinoao io?aneae e noa? oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, naycaiiuie n
i?iecaiaenoaii, iii ia auei iaania/aii oeiainiauie enoi/ieeaie. I?iua
aiai?y, ca?ieaoa ia/eneyeanue, ii ia auiea/eaaeanue.
N?aaiei aeeiaieeo eiaeaenia eioeyoeee, iainee e ca?ieaou.4
Aeaiiua oaaeeoeu naeaeaoaeuenoaotho, /oi aeaaea oi?iuaiiia
niiinoaaeaiea o?ao acaeiinaycaiiuo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia,
ii?aaeaeythueo o?iaaiue aeecie: eioeyoeee ( ?inoa
__________
4Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 5.
iio?aaeoaeueneeo oeai ), ii?aaeaeythuaai ?inoa noieiinoe aeecie, ?inoa
n?aaeiaiany/iie ca?ieaou, n?aaeiae iacia/aiiie o?oaeiaie iainee
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i iaee/ee iauaeoeaiiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ioeai?a/ey.
I?e yoii oaiiu ?inoa ca?ieaou i?aeoe/anee ia o?aoue ionoaee io
?inoa noieiinoe aeecie, a iainee aieaa /ai a 2 ?aca iia?aaeeee ?ino
ca?ieaou. Yeiiiie/aneee niune yoiai i?ioeai?a/ey caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
oieueei ca o?e aiaea i?iaaaeaiey oaeie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee a noa?a
aeioiaeia ?acei nie?aoeeanue yeiiiie/aneay aaca iaania/aiey iaineiiiie
nenoaiu.
Oaeei ia?acii, yeiiiie/aneei i?e/eiaie oeiainiaiai e?ecena
iaineiiiie nenoaiu yaeythony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iiiaoa?enoneea i?eaioe?u
i?iaiaeeiie ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee ?aaoee?iaaiey aeioiaeia ianaeaiey,
eioi?ua ii?aaeaeeee ia?iaiaioiia ionoaaaiea oeaiu ?aai/ae neeu a oeaeii
e ca?ieaou a /anoiinoe, io ?inoa noieiinoe aeecie. N ae?oaie noi?iiu –
yoi i?eioeeiu oi?ie?iaaiey athaeaeaoiie e oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu
no?aiu, iai?aaeaiiua ia caaeaoea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia e iai?ioiuo
n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, /oi auioaeaeaao eo eniieueciaaoue
iiiaiia?aciua niiniau iaaeaiaaeiiai i?iaaaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo iia?aoeee.
Oieueei i?e eciaiaiee yoeo iaueo oneiaee ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oicyenoaa
iiaeii ?ann/eouaaoue ia aunieoth yooaeoeaiinoue ia? ii oii?yaei/aieth
iinooieaiee no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae, oaaee/aiea eo ?acia?ia e naiaa?aiaiioth
auieaoo iainee. *oi eanaaony oi?ie?iaaiey n?aaenoa, oi caeanue aac
oneeaiey no?aoiaiai i?eioeeia ia iaieoenue. I?aaenoaaeyaony
oeaeaniia?aciui eciaieoue ii?yaeie ?an/aoia n IO? e oe?aieoue ieaoaaeiua
aeenoeeieeiu.
Iniaaiii aaaeii naiaa?aiaiii ooaa?aeeoue iaineiiiue athaeaeao ia a
iineaaeiea aeie aiaea, /oi iacuaaaony «ii oaeoo», a aia?aua, /oi
iicaieeo oaeaeaoue ana i?iaeaiu , eioi?ua iaeeaeatho eae iaineiiioth
nenoaio, oae e ?yaeiauo iaineiia?ia.
Aue i?eiyo oeaeue iaeao iiauo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia, n?aaee
eioi?uo oeaio?aeueiia ianoi anoanoaaiii caieiaao oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao, a oaeaea Oaaea?aeueiue caeii «I oa?eoao no?aoiauo aciinao a
Iaineiiiue oiiae ?O, Oiiae nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey ?O,
Ainoaea?noaaiiue oiiae caiyoinoe ianaeaiey ?O e Oiiaeu iaycaoaeueiiai
iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey».
I?e oi?ie?iaaiee i?iaeoa athaeaeaoa IO auee o/oaiu aeaenoaothuea
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou, Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O «I aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?ao ii
oe?aieaieth ieaoaaeiie aeenoeeieeiu ii ?an/aoai n IO ?O» e ae?oaea
ii?iaoeaiua aeieoiaiou a iaeanoe iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey.
A ?an/aoao aeioiaeia ia 1996a. ?acia? no?aoiaiai oa?eoa aue
onoaiiaeai ia o?iaia, ooaa?aeaeaiiii Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii «I oa?eoao
no?aoiauo aciinao a Iaineiiiue oiiae ?O, Oiiae nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey
?O, Ainoaea?noaaiiue oiiae caiyoinoe ianaeaiey ?O e Oiiaeu
iaycaoaeueiiai iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey ia 1996aiae».5
Aeey ?an/aoa iinooieaiey no?aoiauo aciinia oiiae iieaou o?oaea ia
1996a. aue i?eiyo ii ooi/iaiiiio i?iaiico iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae
no?aiu ia 1996a. a noiia 570 o?ei. ?oa.
A aeioiaeiie /anoe e?iia no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae ,en/eneyaiuo ec
oiiaea iieaou o?oaea, cia/eoaeueiia ianoi caieiaee i?i/ea aeioiaeu,
aeeth/athuea noiiu iaie e oo?aoia ca ia?ooaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a
oaeaea n?aaenoaa, aiciauaaiua IO? ca auieaoo aein?i/iuo iainee
aac?aaioiui a?aaeaeaiai.
A 1996 aiaeo cia/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe niaea?aeaony a ?anoiaeiie
/anoe athaeaeaoa Iaineiiiiai oiiaea.6
Iniaoth i?iaeaio oeiaine?iaaiey i?aaenoaaeyao iaania/aiea
iiauoaiiie iainee o/anoieeai aieiu, eioi?ay, ia/eiay n 95 aiaea,
aaaaeaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i aaoa?aiao, /oi ?acei oaaee/eei ?anoiaeu
IO? ia auieaoo iainee e iaineiiiuo iiniaee niioaaonoaothuei eaoaai?eyi
o/anoieeia aieiu e eo naiueyi.
Oae, ?anoiaeu ia auieaoo aoi?ie iainee aaeiaai iiaeaoeo ia aieia
oaeaea iiaeeaaeaee oeiaine?iaaieth ec oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa a noiia
0,6o?e.?oa. ia 1996a.
Oaeei ia?acii, noiia?iay aaee/eia ?anoiaeia, iiaeeaaeauay ii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao aiciauaieth iaineiiiiio athaeaeaoo a ?an/aoa ia
1996a.ec oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ninoaaeoue 15,7o?e.?oa.
A aeioiaeiie /anoe athaeaeaoa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony 2000ie?a.?oa
i?i/eo iinooieaiee, ec ieo 1650 ie?ae. ?oa. noiiu iaie e oo?aoia ca
ianaiaa?aiaiiia ia?a/eneaiea n?aaenoa e ia?ooaiea ii?yaeea ia/eneaiey e
oieaou no?aoiauo aciinia e 350 ie?ae. ?oaeae aeioiaeu, iieo/aaiua ii
oaeouaio ianeoaeeaaieth i?aaiia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea a eiiia?/aneeo
aaieao.
?anoiaeu ii i?iaeoo athaeaeaoo a noiia 148.3 o?ei. ?oaeae
ni?iaeoe?iaaiu n o/aoii i?iaiice?iaaiiiai ?inoa /eneaiiinoe iieo/aoaeae
iainee, eo n?aaeieo ?acia?ia, a oaeaea ooi/iaiiiai n?aaeiaaiaeiaiai
?inoa eiaeaena oeai a 1.6 ?aca.
Iniiaiay noiia ?anoiaeia athaeaeaoa (87 %) i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ia
__________
5Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 2.
6Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 6.
auieaoo o?oaeiauo iainee.
Ca aaco ?an/aoia ?anoiaeia ia auieaoo o?oaeiauo iainee i?eiyoa
n?aaeiaaiaeiaay /eneaiiinoue iaineiia?ia o?oaea n o/aoii aa
aaeaiany/iiai i?e?inoa e n?aaeiee ?acia? iacia/aiiie o?oaeiaie iainee n
o/aoii aa eiaeaenaoeee.
?anoiaeu, i?iecaiaeeiua ca n/ao n?aaenoa oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa, ii?aaeaeaiu a iauae noiia 11.1 o?ei. ?oaeae, a o. /. Ii
aeaeai iainee e eiiiainaoeee. Iie i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea 7.7
_________
7Ni. I?eeiaeaiea oaaeeoea 7.
2. Aeueoa?iaoeaiua nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey
Ecaanoiu aeaa nenoaiu oeiaine?iaaiey iaania/aiey a?aaeaeai a
noa?inoe: ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay e iaeiieoaeueiay.
Ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay nenoaia oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi ia
auieaou iainee iiaeeeui ethaeyi eniieuecothony aeooaeueiua iinooieaiey a
oiiaeu iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey ( aaaeiinoai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey ).
Eeoea, ieaoeaoea no?aoiaua aciinu, iieo/atho i?e aeinoeaeaiee
iaineiiiiai aic?anoa i?aai ia iaineth, eioi?ay oeiaine?oaony a naith
i/a?aaeue neaaeothueie iieieaieyie ieaoaeueueeia no?aoiauo aciinia. A
oaeii neo/aa aiai?yo i oae iacuaaaiii aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo iieieaieyie.
I?e eniieueciaaiee aea iaeiieoaeueiie nenoaiu oeiaine?iaaiey
iinooiathuea no?aoiaua aciinu ia n?aco ?anoiaeothony ia auieaoo iainee,
a iaeaieeaathony a aeaea ii?aaeaeaiiiai ( ?aca?aiiai ) eaieoaea.
Aeeoioee?iaaiiua n?aaenoaa eaeoo ia i?eia?aoaiea ?acee/iuo oeooeia
nianoaaiiinoe ( aeoeee, iaaeaeaeeiinoe, oeaiiuo aoiaa e o.ae. ). I?e
aeinoeaeaiee iaineiiiiai aic?anoa cano?aoiaaiiua eeoea iieo/atho
iaineth, eioi?ay oeiaine?oaony ec i?eauee eee ec n?aaenoa io i?iaeaaee
?aca?aiiai eaieoaea, o.a. i?eia?aoaiiuo oeooeia nianoaaiiinoe.
2.1. Iaineiiiay nenoaia ia iniiaa iaeiieoaeueiuo
i?eioeeiia oeiaine?iaaiey.
Ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea oaeoueo aeioiaeia io ?aaioathueo
(ieaoaeueueeia) e iao?oaeiniiniaiui (iaineiia?ai) i?aaeiieaaaao
aeinoaoi/ii yooaeoeaiia niioiioaiea aeaoo oeacaiiuo eaoaai?ee.
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua nenoaiu aane?ecenii nouanoaotho i?e niioiioaiee
10-11 ?aaioathueo ia iaeiiai iaineiia?a: neooaoeey, oa?aeoa?iay aeey
yeiiiieee 50-60-o aiaeia. ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay nenoaia ia/eiaao aeaaaoue
naie i?e aieaa ieceii niioiioaiee. O/eouaay, /oi naaiaeiy a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ia iaeiiai iaineiia?a i?eoiaeeony 1.7 ?aaioathueo, o?oaeii
iaeeaeaoue iieiaeeoaeueiuo naeaeaia i?e nio?aiaiee i?aaeieo i?eioeeiia
iino?iaiey nenoaiu. Noieue ieceay i?iii?oeey aucaaia ia oieueei
aeaiia?aoe/aneeie oaeoi?aie e o?iaiai caiyoinoe a yeiiiieea, ii e
oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai nenoaiu aein?i/iiai auoiaea ia iaineth, ii
nouanoao nieaeathuei oaeoe/aneee aic?ano auoiaea ia iaineth ii
n?aaiaieth n iauaonoaiiaeaiiui 1.5-2 aiaea.
I?aaeioa?aoeoue oaeoaeaiea e?ecena iaineiiiie nenoaiu no?aiu e
iaeiia?aiaiii nicaeaoue i?aaeiinueee aeey auno?iai e onoie/eaiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa iiaeii oieueei /a?ac iiyoaiiue ia?aoiae io anaiauae
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu, iino?iaiiie ia i?eioeeia « nieeaea?iinoe
iieieaiee », e iaeiieoaeueiui i?eioeeiai oeiaine?iaaiey iainee.
*A ea/anoaa ?aaeueiie aeueoa?iaoeau aeaenoaothuae
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaia i?aaeeaaaaony i?eiyoay ai iiiaeo no?aiao
niaoaiiay iaineiiiay nenoaia, iino?iaiiay ia ?aaeecaoeee o?ao o?iaiae
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey a?aaeaeai.
Ia?aue o?iaaiue-nenoaia oieoeoee?iaaiiuo ii ?acia?ai e oneiaeyi
nioeeaeueiuo iainee, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo ca n/ao iaueo iaeiaia e iinea
iaycaoaeueiie i?iaa?ee ioaeaeaaiinoe eeoue oai eeoeai, eoi ia eiae
aiciiaeiinoe iaeiieoue iaiaoiaeeiua n?aaenoaa e ia eiaao eiuo enoi/ieeia
n?aaenoa nouanoaiaaiey a iaineiiiii aic?anoa.
Aoi?ie o?iaaiue – iaycaoaeueiay iaeiieoaeueiay nenoaia,
ioaaouaathuay anao eeoe, ?aaioathueo ii iaeio, iino?iaiiay ia i?eioeeia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai oeiaine?iaaiey iainee eaaeaeui ?aaioieeai ca n/ao
ioeiaeaiiiai i?ioeaioa io ca?aaioiie ieaou e eiaanoeoeeiiiie i?eauee,
?acia? iainee aoi?iai o?iaiy caaeneo eneeth/eoaeueii io ?acia?a
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai naa?aaeaiey e eiaanoeoeeiiiiai aeioiaea ia
i?ioyaeaiee o?oaeiaiai noaaea.
O?aoee o?iaaiue – aeiiieieoaeueiua iaineiiiua nenoaiu eae e
iaycaoaeueiua aeey ioaeaeueiuo eaoaai?ee ?aaioiaeaoaeae. Oae e iinyueo
aeia?iaieueiue oa?aeoa?, iicaieythuea iaineiiiia iaania/aiea a aieueoai
?acia?a, /ai aoi?ie o?iaaiue.
I?e yoii yae?ii iiaie nenoaiu aeieaeia yaeyoueny iaycaoaeueiay
iaeiieoaeueiay nenoaia aoi?iai o?iaiy, a ?aieao eioi?ie eaaeaeue
?aaioathuee nai iaeaieeaaao a oa/aiea aeoeaiie o?oaeiaie aeecie noiio
n?aaenoa, iaiaoiaeeioth aeey oeiaine?iaaiey iainee. Yeaiaiou
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey ?eneia a ?aieao nenoaiu aoi?iai o?iaiy i?enoonoaotho
ia yoaia i?eia?aoaiey eeoeii, auoiaeyuei ia iaineth, aiioeoaoa.
Nicaeaiea iaeiieoaeueiie nenoaiu niiniaia noaoue iaoaieciii
auoiaea ec iaineiiiiai e?ecena a ?innee. Iaeiaei nai ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae
naycai n aeiiieieoaeueiuie cao?aoaie. I?e/ai aieaa ?aaeeeaeueiua e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiua i?aia?aciaaiey, i?eaeeaeathuea ia?eiae ?aceiai
nieaeaiey aeey ?aaioiaeaoaeae e ?aaioieeia a?aiaie oeiaine?iaaiey
iaineiiiie nenoaiu, ieacuaathony ia ia?aii yoaia iaeiia?aiaiii e aieaa
aei?iainoiyueie.
A ?aieao ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea i?aaeiieaaaaony i?aaeinoaaeaiea
i?aaa a?aaeaeaiai a aic?anoa io 30 aei 40 eao n 1999 aiaea ia?a/eneyoue
/anoue no?aoiauo aciinia ia a Iaineiiiue oiiae ?O, a ia nianoaaiiua
eiaiiua iaineiiiua n/aoa. I?e yoii oa a?aaeaeaia, eioi?ua aua?aee
iaeiieoaeueiue aa?eaio, ioeacuaathony io i?aaa iieo/aiey a aoaeouai
ainoaea?noaaiiie iainee ec Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?O.
A?aaeaeaia, iaoiaeyueany a aic?anoa, i?aauoathuai 40 eao, ia
ioaaouaathony aeaiiui yeaiaioii ?aoi?iu aiiaua. Ii aeinoeaeaiee
niioaaonoaothuaai aic?anoa iie aoaeoo iieo/aoue ainoaea?noaaiioth
iaineth oae aea, eae naaiaeiyoiea iaineiia?u, ii ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiui
i?eioeeiai. I?e yoii ia i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aaaaeaiea eaeeo-eeai
iaoaieciia inia?aiaieaaiey ?acia?a auiea/eaaaiuo iainee e eo oaycee n
o?iaiai ca?aaioiie ieaou, ia eioi?ue ia/eneyeenue no?aoiaua aciinu a
Iaineiiiue oiiae ?O. A ia?niaeoeaa yoi i?eaaaeao e oieoeeaoeee o?oaeiauo
iainee, auiea/eaaaiuo /a?ac ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth nenoaio anao
iieo/aoaeae.
Ia?aoiae i?aaeiieaaaao iaycaoaeueiinoue auai?a iaeiieoaeueiiai
aa?eaioa iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey aeey iieiaeuo ethaeae, eae oieueei iie
aeinoeaioo 30-eaoiaai aic?anoa. A oi aea a?aiy i?aaeeiaeaiiay ?aoi?ia ia
20-eaoiee ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae inoaaeyao ca i?aaeaeaie aiciiaeiinoae
auai?a iaaeaeo iaeiieoaeueiui e ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiui aa?eaioaie
a?aaeaeai, ia aeinoeaoeo 30-eaoiaai aic?anoa. Iie naie e eo
?aaioiaeaoaee aeieaeiu aoaeoo a iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea ia?a/eneyoue
aciinu a Iaineiiiue oiiae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a ia ia eiaiiie
iaineiiiue n/ao – ia?a, iinyuay oeneaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
A ?aieao nicaeaaaaiie nenoaiu i?aaeiieaaaaony onoaiiaeaiea
ieieiaeueiie, aa?aioe?iaaiiie ainoaea?noaii iainee ia?aiai o?iaiy
(nioeeaeueiie iainee), i?aai ia eioi?oth eiaao eaaeaeue a?aaeaeaiei
no?aiu. ?acia? yoie iainee aeieaeai auoue ieceei (ia o?iaia 70-80 %
i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia iaineiia?a), aeinoaoi/iui eeoue aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey ieieiaeueiuo, iaeaieaa ianouiuo aeeciaiiuo iio?aaiinoae.
Yoa iainey aeieaeia auiea/eaaoueny ec athaeaeaoa eae ia?a nioeeaeueiie
caueou e oeiaine?iaaoueny ca n/ao iaueo iaeiaia.
I?aaeiieaaaaony nicaeaiea iainee o?aoueaai o?iaiy a aeia?iaieueiii
ii?yaeea aeey anao a?aaeaeai e a iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea aeey iaeioi?uo
eaoaai?ee o?oaea. Aeey oiai, /oiau ?ani?ino?aiaiea o?aoueaai o?iaiy
iainee noaei ?aaeueiinoueth, iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeinoaaeaiea eueaio ii
iiaeioiaeiiio iaeiao. I?ia?aiia i?aaeiieaaaao inaiaiaeaeaiea iaineiiiuo
aciinia a iaainoaea?noaaiiua iaineiiiua oiiaeu (anoanoaaiii, a iaeioi?uo
i?aaeaeao) io iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa. Iiaeiaiay eueaioa noaiao noeioeii
aeey io/eneaiey iaineiiiuo naa?aaeaiee aunieiiiea/eaaaiui ?aaioieeai.
Aeey a?aaeaeai aic?anoiie eiai?ou, ia ioaa/aiiie iaeiieoaeueiie
nenoaiie aoi?iai o?iaiy (nauoa 40 eao), aeiiieieoaeueiay
iaainoaea?noaaiiay iainey oaeaea iicaieeo niya/eoue iaaaoeaiua
iineaaenoaey oieoeeaoeee ?acia?ia auiea/eaaaiuo iainee.
Iaoaieci inouanoaeaiey ia/aeueiiai yoaia ?aoi?iu.
Iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai caeeth/aaiuo n 1999 aiaea o?oaeiauo
eiio?aeoia aeieaeii noaoue oeacaiea ia iaycaiiinoue ?aaioiaeaoaey
ia?a/eneyoue no?aoiaua aciinu eeai iieiinoueth a Iaineiiiue oiiae (a oii
neo/aa anee ?aaioiee i?aaeii/ae inoaoueny a ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaia
eee ii aic?anoo ia eiaao i?aaa ia auai?), eeai iaeiia?aiaiii a
ii?aaeaeaiiie i?iii?oeee e a Iaineiiiue oiiae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, e
ia eiaiiie iaeiieoaeueiue n/ao (a oii neo/aa anee ?aaioiee eca?ae
iaeiieoaeueioth iaineiiioth nenoaio).
Ioe?uoea eiaiiuo iaineiiiuo n/aoia ia?aiia/aeueii i?eaeaony
inouanoaeyoue a ioaeaeaieyo Naa?aaaoaeueiiai aaiea, iaeaaeathuaai
iaiaoiaeeiie eio?ano?oeoo?ie aeey aaaeaiey cia/eoaeueiiai /enea
aeaiiceoiuo n/aoia ii anae oa??eoi?ee ?innee, anee ia aoaeao iaeaeai
eiie aa?eaio ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu. I?e yoii neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi
nouanoaothuea iaainoaea?noaaiiua iaineiiiua oiiaeu ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia
ia niiniaiu ni?aaeoueny n caaea/ae inouanoaeaiey iaycaoaeueiiai
no?aoiaaiey.
Eiia/ii, aa?eaio eniieueciaaiey Naa?aaiea iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue
eneeth/eoaeueii a ea/anoaa eiii?iienna iaaeaeo iio?aaiinoueth a
onei?aiee ia/aea ?aoi?ie?iaaiey iaineiiiie nenoaiu e aicieeiiaaieai
iaiaoiaeeiie aeey yoiai eio?ano?oeoo?u. Nicaeaiea iaineiiiuo oiiaeia,
i?eniiniaeaiiuo aeey ?aoaiey aeiaaeueiuo caaea/, iio?aaoao
cia/eoaeueiiai a?aiaie: a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a nayce n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
nicaeaiey e i?iaaaeaiey /a?ac Ainoaea?noaaiioth Aeoio iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
iaania/aiey eo aeayoaeueiinoe caeiiia. A neo/aa ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e
aa?eaio ia/aea ia?aoiaea e iaeiieoaeueiie nenoaia ia iniiaa iaineiiiuo
oiiaeia yaeyaony aieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeueiui.
Iineieueeo eaaeaeue a?aaeaeaiei aeieaeai eiaoue i?aai ia ioe?uoea
oieueei iaeiiai eiaiiiai n/aoa n iaeiia?aiaiiui eneeth/aieai oaeiai
eeoea ec ?aano?a iieo/aoaeae ainoaea?noaaiiuo iainee, eioi?ue aeieaeai
aanoe Iaineiiiue oiiae ?O, i/aaeaeii, /oi i?iaeaia o/aoa cano?aoiaaiiuo
yaeyaony iniiaiie oaoie/aneie i?iaeaiie ia ia/aeueiii yoaia
?aoi?ie?iaaiey iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
A ?aieao i?iaiaeeiie ?aoi?iu iaeiei ec eeth/aauo aii?inia
noaiiaeony aii?in aa?aioee nio?aiiinoe iaeiieaiee o/anoieeia nenoaiu.
I?aaeiieaaaaony nicaeaiea /aou?aocaaiiie nenoaiu oeiainiauo aa?aioee,
?aaeecaoeey eioi?uo iaania/eaaaony /a?ac iaoaieciu ii?iaoeaiuo
ia?aie/aiee, oaeouaai ioaee/iiai e ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?iey.
Ia?aay nooiaiue – nicaeaiea iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia
iaainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai oiiaea, ?acia? eioi?iai aoaeao
onoaiiaeai niioaaonoaothueie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. Oeacaiiua ?aca?au
aoaeoo eniieueciaaoueny ia iie?uoea naa?oii?iaoeaiuo eieaaaiee
aeioiaeiinoe e oaeoueo oauoeia.
Aoi?ay nooiaiue – eiouanoai naiiai oiiaea e eiouanoai aai
o/?aaeeoaey eeai iaycaoaeuenoaa ii nieeaea?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
O?aouey nooiaiue – nicaeaiea aa?aioeeiiai ia?ano?aoiai/iiai
oiiaea, ii?iaoeau io/eneaiee a eioi?ue onoaiaaeeaathony a niioaaonoaee n
ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie e iiaeeaaeao aeanoeiio ainoaea?noaaiiiio eiio?ieth.
O/anoea a aaeeiii ia?ano?aoiai/iii oiiaea, nicaeaaaaiii ia
i?eioeeiao acaeiiiai no?aoiaaiey i?e iaycaoaeueiii o/anoee ainoaea?noaa
aoaeao iaycaoaeueiui aeey anao oiiaeia, inouanoaeythueo iaycaoaeueiia
iaineiiiia no?aoiaaiea a iaeiieoaeueiie nenoaia aoi?iai o?iaiy, a oaeaea
– aeey iaineiiiuo oiiaeia e eiuo no?aoiaueeia, iaania/eaathueo o?aoee
o?iaaiue iaineiiiie nenoaiu. Ca n/ao io/eneaiee oiiaeia onoaiaaeeaaaony
oiiae no?aoiaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe iaainoaea?noaaiiuo iaineiiiuo oiiaeia,
ec eioi?iai iiaeao auoue iie?uo aeaoeoeeo n?aaenoa ii?aaeaeaiiiai
oiiaea a oii neo/aa, anee aai oi?aaeythuay eiiiaiey ieacaeanue ia
niiniaia naeaeaoue yoi naiinoiyoaeueii. Anee aeey iie?uoey aeaoeoeeoa
i?eoeinue i?eiaiyoue yoio ?u/aa, oiaaea aaiaeeony aiaoiaa oi?aaeaiea
aeaiiiai oiiaea. E?eceniue oiiae eeeaeaee?oaony iooai eiei?ii?e?iaaiey
aai a ninoaa eiiai oiiaea.
*aoaa?oay nooiaiue – aa?aioey iie?uoey eaoano?ioe/aneeo iioa?ue ec
ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa a ?acia?a aei 70 % iaineiiiuo iaeiieaiee.
2.1.2. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iaeiieoaeueiie iaineiiiie
nenoaiu.
Aeey yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou iaycaoaeueiie iaeiieoaeueiie iaineiiiie
nenoaiu iaiaoiaeeii aaeaeaaoiia ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea.
Iineieueeo ainoaea?noai o?aaoao io/eneaiee ia eiaiiua iaineiiiua n/aoa
a?aaeaeai, iii iaycaii ouaoaeueii ?aaoee?iaaoue oa i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua
aoaeoo inouanoaeyoue iaeiieaiea e eiaanoe?iaaiea iaineiiiuo aciinia
a?aaeaeai.
I?aaeioa?auaiea oeiainiauo ceioiio?aaeaiee /anoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie
yaeyaony iniiaiie oeaeueth ?aaoee?iaaiey. A ioee/ea io neo/aaa iioa?e
naa?aaeaiee a?aaeaeaiaie a iaeioi?uo aaieao e iioaiie/aneeo oeiainiauo
eiiiaieyo ainoaea?noai ia iiaeao aeiionoeoue iioa?e a?aaeaeaiaie
iaineiiiuo iaeiieaiee, naeaeaiiuo a iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea.
Iniiaiie caueoie a?aaeaeai io ceioiio?aaeaiee yaeythony /aou?a
iaoaiecia:
i?ioanneiiaeueiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa;
io/aoiinoue e i?ic?a/iinoue anao oeiainiauo iia?aoeee;
i?aai nianoaaiiinoe;
no?aoiaaiea.
2.1.3. I?iaeaia eueaioiuo iainee.
Nouanoaiaaiea nenoaiu eueaioiuo iainee yaeyaony na?ueaciie
i?iaeaiie aeey ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie iaineiiiie nenoaiu. Noiia?iay
iano?aoiaay iaa?ocea ii eueaioiui iaineyi ninoaaeyao ieiei /aoaa?oe
anaai iauaia oaeoueo auieao Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?O.
A oeaeii i?iaeaia eiiiainaoeee ca oyaeaeua oneiaey o?oaea, e
iniaaiii i?iaeeaaiey ia E?aeiai Naaa?a, ia ioiineony e noa?a
eiiiaoaioeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey. A aieueoeinoaa
?acaeouo no?ai iia ?aoaaony ca n/ao aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy ca?aaioiie
ieaou, ia?ii?eyoee ii oeo/oaieth oneiaee i?iecaiaenoaa, aaeaeaaoiiai
iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey, aeeth/ay e ?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiua ia?ii?eyoey.
Oyaeaeua oneiaey o?oaea aeieaeiu eiiiaine?iaaoueny ia iauei
ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii, a i?aaei?eyoeyie e, eiia/ii, oaeaea
iio?aaeoaeyie yoiai i?iecaiaenoaa iooai iiauoaiey oeai ia i?iecaiaenoai.
A oneiaeyo ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey
?ano?oeoo?e?iaaiea nenoaiu eueaio yaeyaony iaeaieaa i/aaeaeiui e
aeinooiiui eino?oiaioii a?aiaiiie noaaeeecaoeee neooaoeee . Ioeac io
i?aeoeee i?aaeinoaaeaiey eueaio iicaieeo onei?eo nie?auaiey iio?aaiinoae
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu a oeiainiauo ?ano?nao ia iaania/aiea oaeoueo
iaineiiiuo auieao.
I?aaeiieaaaaony a ?aieao ?aoi?ie?iaaiey nenoaiu onoaiiaeoue aeey
?aaioiaeaoaeae, eiathueo ?aai/ea ianoa n a?aaeiuie oneiaeyie o?oaea ii
Nieneai N 1 e N 2, aieaa aunieee oa?eo iaycaoaeueiuo aciinia a IO? n
iaeiia?aiaiiui i?aaeinoaaeaieai ei i?aaa eneeth/aiey niioaaonoaothueo
?aai/eo iano e niaoeeaeueiinoae ec oeacaiiuo nieneia. I/aaeaeii , /oi a
aeinoaoi/ii ei?ioeee n?ie nouanoaaiiia nie?auaiea /enea eueaioieeia.
A iineaaeothuai i?aaeiieaaaaony i?iecaanoe yienneth niaoeeaeueiuo
eoiiiiuo na?oeoeeaoia, a eioi?ua aoaeoo eiiaa?oe?iaaiu oaea iaeiieaiiua
ia iiiaio ia/aea ?aoi?iu i?aai ii eueaioiui iaineyi.
I?aaeeaaaaiue iiaeoiae ieeae ia cao?aaeaaao oneiaey auieaou iainee
aeey iaineiia?ia, eioi?ua yaeythony iieo/aoaeyie eueaioiuo iainee ii
ninoiyieth ia yiaa?ue 1998a. .
I?iaeaiie, aeeceie ii nooe auoa oeacaiiie, yaeythony iainee ca
auneoao eao, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua a?a/aie a naeueneie ianoiinoe e o/eoaeyi.
A aeeaeaeoea aiaeu iaeeaeaaony, /oi iainee ca auneoao eao aoaeoo
iacia/aoueny aeey 30-60 ouny/ /aeiaae aaeaaiaeii. ?aoi?ie?iaaiea iainee
ca auneoao eao iio?aaoao oaaee/aiey ?anoiaeia oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
athaeaeaoia a ?acia?a 0.5-1.0 % oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou iaaeeoeeineeo
?aaioieeia a naeueneie ianoiinoe e o/eoaeae.
Anee iainee ca auneoao eao ia oi?acaeieoue ia aeaiiii yoaia, iie
oae eee eia/a ia?anoaioo auoue aeaenoaeoaeueiuie a oa/aiea 20 eao, o.e.
ia?aoiae e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui iaeiieoaeueiui n/aoai iaania/eo
oeiaine?iaaiea iainee naieie ?aaioieeaie aeey anao aic?anoiuo eiai?o,
ioaa/aiiuo iniiaiie iaineiiiie ?aoi?iie.
I?aaeeiaeaiiue eiiieaen ia? niiniaai iaania/eoue ?aoeeiiaeueiue
ia?aoiae io ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie iaineiiiie nenoaiu e iaeiieoaeueiie i?e
niaethaeaiee iaiaoiaeeiuo aa?aioee aeey ianaeaiey no?aiu, a oaeaea
noeioee?iaaoue onoie/eaue yeiiiie/aneee ?ino a aeieain?i/iie
ia?niaeoeaa.
2.2 Eaeoth nenoaio iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey aua?aoue:
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth eee iaeiieoaeueioth ?
Auae?ay niinia oeiaine?iaaiey iaania/aiey a?aaeaeai iiaeeeiai
aic?anoa, ia noieo ioaeaaaoue i?aaeii/oaiey iaeiiio ec ieo. A
aieueoeinoaa no?ai ie?a aeaenoaoao niaoaiiay nenoaia, eioi?ay niaea?aeeo
yeaiaiou eae iaeiieoaeueiie, oae e ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu,
i?e/ai, eae i?aaeei, yeaiaiou ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu
i?aiaeaaeatho.
Oai ia iaiaa. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy ai iiiaeo no?aiao na?ueacii
ianoaeaeaaony aii?in : ia neaaeoao ee oeiaine?iaaoue iaania/aiea
a?aaeaeai iiaeeeiai aic?anoa a iniiaiii ca n/ao eee eneeth/eoaeueii ca
n/ao iaeiieoaeueiie nenoaiu. I?e yoii noi?iiieee oneeaiey ?iee
iaeiieoaeueiie nenoaiu i?eaiaeyo a aa caueoo o?e iniiaiuo a?aoiaioa :
iaiueoay caaeneiinoue io yeiiiie/aneeo e/eee iieeoe/aneeo eciaiaiee a
no?aia ;
oaaee/aiea aeiee iaeiieaiey a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, a neaaeiaaoaeueii,
aiciiaeiinoe ?inoa yeiiiieee ;
iacaaeneiinoue io aeaiia?aoe/aneie neooaoeee.
Ia ia?aue acaeyae, yoe a?aoiaiou oaaaeeoaeueiu. Iiyoiio o nenoaiu
oeiaine?iaaiey iaania/aiey a?aaeaeai iiaeeeiai aic?anoa iaeiieoaeueiui
niiniaii iaoiaeeony iiiai i?eaa?aeaioeaa. Iaeiaei aeaoaeueiue aiaeec
yoiai iiaeoiaea iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi auoaiacaaiiua aeiaiaeu
yaeythony. Ii e?aeiae ia?a, niiieoaeueiuie, a eiiaaea e aiana iaaa?iuie.
2.2.1. Caaeneiinoue io yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo
eciaiaiee.
Aeiaiae i iacaaeneiinoe iaeiieoaeueiiai niiniaa oeiaine?iaaiey io
eciaiaiee a yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie neooaoeee no?aiu iiaeii
ii?iaa?aiooue. Anee ia?aoeoueny e enoi?ee ?acaeoey nenoaiu iaineiiiiai
no?aoiaaiey. Iaycaoaeueiia iaineiiiia no?aoiaaiea, aaaaeaii a Aa?iaiee a
eiioea XIX aaea, oeiaine?iaaeanue iaeiieoaeueiui niiniaii. A ia?aua 20
eao naiaai nouanoaiaaiey ( o.a. e ia/aeo ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu )
aa?iaineay nenoaia iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey iaeiieea ia?iiiue eaieoae. A
1913 aiaeo iauai aai aue aeinoaoi/ai aeey auieaou iainee a iineaaeothuea
13 eao. Iaeiaei, ai a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ainoaea?noai
ainiieueciaaeinue yoei aeaiaaeiui enoi/ieeii aeey oeiaine?iaaiey aiaiiuo
?anoiaeia. A ?acoeueoaoa cia/eoaeueiay /anoue iaeiieaiiiai a nenoaia
iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey eaieoaea i?eoeinue aeiaeeoue a aeoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeia, eioi?ua iaanoeaieeenue, iineieueeo aieia auea
i?iea?aia. E oiio aea a no?aia ?ac?aceeanue neeueiaeoay eioeyoeey,
i?aa?aoeaoay inoaaoeany a oiiaea iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey n?aaenoaa a
ionoua aoiaaeee. Io /enoiai eaieoaea, n eioi?ui nenoaia iaineiiiiai
no?aoiaaiey ?aaioaea aei ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, e 1924 aiaeo inoaeinue
i?eaeeceoaeueii 15 %.
Iioa?y eaieoaea, iaoneiaeaiiay aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiie e
iineaaeothuae ca iae eioeyoeeae, auea aua iuooeiaa, o.e. a ?acoeueoaoa
aieiu iaanoeaieeanue e oa /anoue eaieoaea, eioi?ay auea aeiaeaia a
iaaeaeaeeiinoue. Iiyoiio iinea ieii/aiey aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu Aa?iaiey
ioioea io eaeae oeiaine?iaaiey iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey iaeiieoaeueiui
niiniaii.
Yoio e?aoeee enoi?e/aneee iaci? iieacuaaao, ianeieueei eeethci?ia
aa?a a oi, /oi iaeiieoaeueiay nenoaia oeiaine?iaaiey aeaeaao iacaaeneiie
nenoaio iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey io iieeoe/aneee e yeiiiie/aneee
eciaiaiee a no?aia.
2.2.2. Aeeyiea ia yeiiiie/aneee ?ino.
?ino yeiiiieee ?anniao?eaatho eae iieiaeeoaeueiue iiiaio a
eniieueciaaiea iaeiieoaeueiiai i?ioeanna eae ?ac a oao no?aiao, a
eioi?uo oieueei ia/eiatho nicaeaaaoueny eiieo?aioiniiniaiua
yeiiiie/aneea no?oeoo?u: iai?eia?, a ainoaea?noaao Eaoeineie Aia?eee.
Iaeiaei iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea ?anniao?eaaaiiai niiniaa oeiaine?iaaiey
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey ia ?ino yeiiiieee eiaao ianoi eeoue i?e
niaethaeaiee ecaanoiuo oneiaee, eioi?ua ia anaaaea iiaoo auoue
auiieiaiu. Iaeii ec ieo – iiauoaiea o?iaiy naa?aaeaiee ianaeaiey, anee
iiieceony aeiey iio?aaeoaeueneeo ?anoiaeia. Ii inoaaony ia yniui, iiaeao
ee yoi auoue aucaaii eiaiii aaaaeaieai nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey,
oeiaine?oaiie iaeiieoaeueiui niiniaii, e anee aea, oi a eaeie noaiaie ?
E aua aii?in: iiaeii ee aiiaua iaeeaeaoue io a?aaeaeai oie eee eiie
no?aiu ioeaca io i?eia?aoaiey oiaa?ia oe?ieiai iio?aaeaiey e a eaeii
iauaia ? Anee e i?eciaoue, /oi iaeiieoaeueiay nenoaia oeiaine?iaaiey
niinianoaoao ?anoe?aieth ?aaeeia yeiiiiee ai anao noa?ao oicyenoaiaaiey,
oi yoi aua ia i?eaiaeeo iaeiicia/ii e iiaeuaio yeiiiieee.
Niaoeeoeea iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey i?aaeiieaaaao aaciianiia, aac
?enea, aeiaeaiey eaieoaea, iaeaieeaaaiiai n oeaeueth oeiaine?iaaiey
auieaou iainee. A oneiaeyo auno?uo eciaiaiee e ?inoa yeiiiieee ?ene
aeiaeaiey eaieoaea oaaee/eaaaony.
2.2.3. Caaeneiinoue io niaoeeoeee aeaiia?aoe/aneiai
?acaeoey.
Ie o eiai ia aucuaaao niiiaiey, /oi eciaiaiey aeaiia?aoe/aneiai
no?oeoo?u ianaeaiey aeeytho ia ?acaeoea nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey.
I?aeoe/anee ai anao no?aiao ie?a iaeeaeaaony oaaee/aiea aeiee ethaeae
iiaeeeiai aic?anoa a iauae no?oeoo?a ianaeaiea. Yoi iaoneiaeaii aeaoiy
oneiaeyie: oaaee/aiea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie e iaaeaiea
?iaeaeaaiinoe, iaaethaeaaiuo ia i?ioyaeaiea iineaaeieo eao. Iiyoiio
aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaeaioe?iaaoue ?acaeoea nenoaiu iaineiiiiai
iaania/aiey e ianooiathuei eciaiaieyi. Yoi ioiineony e nenoaiai,
oeiaine?oaiui eae ii ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiiio, oae e ii iaeiieoaeueiiio
i?eioeeiai.
Anee i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie oaaee/eaaaony, a aic?ano auoiaea
ia iaineth ia iiauoaaony, oi e a n?aaeiai ia?eiae a?aiaie, a oa/aiea
eioi?iai iiaeeeua ethaee iieo/atho iaineth, oaaee/eaaaony. A yoii neo/aa
nouanoaoao oieueei aeaa aiciiaeiinoe aaeaioaoeee e ianooieaoei
eciaiaieyi: iacaaeneii io auai?a niiniaa oeiaine?iaaiey i?e
aic?anoathuae i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie neaaeoao eeai iiieceoue ?acia?
i?aaeinoaaeyaiie iainee, eeai oaaee/eoue ?acia? io/eneaiee ia iaineiiiia
iaania/aiea.
Iaaeaiea ?iaeaeaaiinoe i?eaiaeeo e iinoaiaiiiio nie?auaiiiio
eiee/anoao ethaeae, o/anoaothueo a o?oaeiaii i?ioeanna. Aieaa oiai,
oooaeoaaony e /eneaiiia niioiioaiea iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaiaie, eioi?ua iiaoo
aeoeaii ?aaioaoue, e iiaeeeuie. I?e ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiii niiniaa
oeiaine?iaaiey, i?e i?i/eo ?aaiuo oneiaeyo, iaania/eaaoue iaineiia?ia
aoaeao ana iaiueoaa eiee/anoai ieaoaeueueeia no?aoiauo aciinia. E yoi,
ianiiiaiii, neaaeaony ia nenoaia iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey. Iaeiaei
iaiythuayny aic?anoiay no?oeoo?a ianaeaiey aeeyao e ia nenoaiu,
oeiaine?oaiua iaeiieoaeueiui niiniaii. Auieaoa iainee a yoii neo/aa
iai?yioth naycaia n iieo/aieai i?eauee io eaieoaea, nicaeaiiiai aeoeaii
?aaioathuei ianaeaieai, eee n aioiaiinoueth aeoeaii ?aaioathuaai
ianaeaiey i?eia?aoaoue oeooeu nianoaaiiinoe ec ?aca?aiiai eaieoae,
aeaeay aai eeeaeaeiui.
2.2.4. Eaeoth nenoaio i?aaeii/anoue ?
Aaaaeaiea eee ?anoe?aiea nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey,
oeiaine?oaiie ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiui niiniaii i?ioaeaao aac i?iaeai.
Iineieueeo iainee oeiaine?othony ec aeooaeueiuo iinooieaiee no?aoiauo
aciinia, a i?eioeeia auieaoo iainee iiaeii ia/aoue n oiai ianyoea, ca
eioi?ue auee nia?aiu no?aoiaua aciinu.
I?e aaaaeaiee nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey, oeiaine?oaiie
iaeiieoaeueiui niiniaii, iaaethaeaaony ae?oaay ea?oeia. Oiea/aiiua
no?aoiaua aciinu eniieuecothony a ia/aea a iniiaiii aeey oiai, /aoiau
nicaeaoue ?aca?aiue eaieoae, a iioiio iainee iiaeii ia/aoue auiea/eaaoue
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea oi iieieaiea, eioi?ia aeoeaii ?aaioaao nae/an e
nicaeaao yoio ?aca?aiue eaieoae ca n/ao oieaou no?aoiauo aciinia,
aeinoeaiao iaineiiiiai aic?anoa, o.a. noaiao neaaeothuei iieieaieai
iaineiia?ia.
Iaeiaei ie iaeii oeeaeeeciaaiiia ainoaea?noai ia iicaieeo naaa
inoaaeoue aac iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey nia?aiaiiia iieieaiea iaineiia?ia:
yoi iinoaaeei au iiae oa?ico nioeeaeueiia niaeanea a iauanoaa.
Iineieueeo aaiaeeiay nenoaia iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey, oeiaine?oaiay
iaeiieoaeueiui niiniaii, ia a ninoiyiee iaania/eoue auieaoo iainee
nia?aiaiiiio iieieaieth iaineiia?ia, ioaeiu eiua enoi/ieee n?aaenoa –
iai?eia?, ec ainathaeaeaoa eee iniaua io/eneaiey ( oaea?aeaiey ) ec
ca?ieaou aeoeaii ?aaioathuaai ianaeaiey. A ethaii neo/aa iieieaiea,
?aaioathuaa naaiaeiy, aoaeao iiaeaa?aaoueny aeaieiie iaa?ocea: n iaeiie
noi?iiu, ia iaai eiaeeony a?aiy au/aoia ec ca?ieaou, ec eioi?uo aoaeao
nicaeaaaoueny ?aca?aiue eaieoae, ioeoaea a aeaeueiaeoai aoaeao
oeiaine?iaaoueny auieaoa eo nianoaaiiuo iainee; n ae?oaie noi?iiu, ca
n/ao oieaou iaeiaia eee ae?oaeo io/eneaiee ec ca?ieaou aeieaeii
inouanoaeyoueny oeiaine?iaaiea iainee nia?aiaiiiai iieieaiey
iaineiia?ia.
A?aiy aeaieiuo au/aoia, eiia/ii aea, nieaeaao iioeaaoeeth e
o?oaeo, /oi /?acau/aeii ?eneiaaiii a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeey no?ai. Aaea
aua oieueei oi?ie?othony nia?aiaiiua yeiiiie/aneea no?oeoo?u.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?e ia?aoiaea io ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu e
iaeiieoaeueiie iaecaaaeai ia?eiae nouanoaiaaiey aeaoo nenoai, a ?aieao
eioi?iai ainoaea?noao iio?aaoaony aiciauaoue iioa?e iinooieaiee a
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth nenoaio, aieioue aei iieiiai eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoa.
Aaeaeo ninouanoaiaaiey aeaoo nenoai a iaiaoiaeeiinoe
aeiiieieoaeueiiai oeiaine?iaaiey ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu iaiaoiaeeii
niecia?youe oaiiu ia?aoiaea n aiciiaeiinoyie aeioe?iaaiey
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu ca n/ao enoi/ieeia, ioee/iuo io no?aoiauo
aciinia.
Iioeiaeueiia ni/aoaiea.
Aii?in eniieueciaaoue oieueei iaeiieoaeueiue eee oieueei
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiue niinia ia neaaeoao noaaeoue eaoaai?e/ii. Iiuo
Aa?iaiee caeanue aeinoaoi/ii iieacaoaeai: nenoaia oeiaine?iaaiey
iaania/aiey ethaeae iiaeeeiai aic?anoa aeieaeia niaea?aeaoue yeaiaiou
eae iaeiiai, oae e ae?oaiai niiniaa; iia iacuaaaony « nenoaiie o?ao
o?iaiae ». Ia?aue o?iaaiue ( ieiei 80 % anao iaineiiiuo auieao, a
iniiaiii oeiaine?oaiuo ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiui niiniaii ) ioaaouaaao
i?aaeaea anaai iaycaoaeueiia iaineiiiia no?aoiaaiea anao ?aaioieeia ii
iaeio. Yoi icia/aao, /oi yoei ethaeyi i?e aeinoeaeaiee iaineiiiiai
aic?anoa aeieaeia auoue i?aaeinoaaeaia iainey, eioi?ay iau/ii
aeinoaoi/ia, /oiau iaania/eoue o?iaaiue aeecie a niioaaonoaee n
cai?inaie iiaeeeiai /aeiaaea. Aoi?ie e o?aoee o?iaie, a eiaiii –
iaineiiiia iaania/aiea ec oiiaeia i?aaei?eyoee e /anoiua iaeiieaiey –
oeiaine?othony iaeiieoaeueiui niiniaii. Iainey io i?aaei?eyoey eee
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iaineiiiua iaeiieaiey yaeythony aeiiieiaieai e
ainoaea?noaaiiie iainee. Eiioeaioeey o?ao o?iaiae, iniiaaiiay ia
eiiaeiaoeee iieiaeeoaeueiuo /a?o ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiiai e
iaeiieoaeueiiai niiniaia, oi?ioi ca?aeiiaiaeiaae naay.
3. Iaineiiiay ?aoi?ia.
I?eieiaaiua iia?aoeaiua ia?u ii noaaeeecaoeee neooaoeee n
iaineiiiui iaania/aieai a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia iiaoo caiaieoue
iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeoaeiiiai ?aoi?ie?iaaiey iaineiiiie nenoaiu a oeaeyo aa
aaeaioaoeee e oi?ie?othueiny ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi.
Iiiaea i?iaeaiu, iaeiieaoeany a iaineiiiii iaania/aiee,
iaoneiaeaiu oai, /oi aeaenoaothuay iaineiiiay nenoaia aua a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iineo nioeeaeueii-eaeaeeaai/aneee oa?aeoa?,
oianeaaeiaaiiue io neeaaeuaathuaeny aeanyoeeaoeyie oeaio?aeeciaaiii
?aaeaiaioe?oaiie yeiiiieee. Ia?aoiae e iiiaioeeaaeiie yeiiiieea,
?acaeoea ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee o?aaoao nicaeaiey i?eioeeieaeueii eiie
oeiainiaie e i?aaiaie iiaeaee iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey, iniiaaiiie ia
aieaa iieiii aiieiuaiee i?eioeeiia nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey.
Iio?aaiinoue a iaineiiiie ?aoi?ia aucuaaaony oaeaea e
?anoi/eoaeueiui oa?aeoa?ii aeaenoaothuaai iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey.
Iiiai/eneaiiua eueaiou e i?eaeeaaee aeey ioaeaeueiuo eaoaai?ee
?aaioieeia a ioiioaiee oneiaee auoiaea ia iaineth e aa auieaou,
aaaaeaiey aiciiaeiuo iaaeaaaie e iiauoaiee, onoaiiaeaiey eueaioiiai
ii?yaeea en/eneaiey noaaea, aeeth/aiey a noaae, ia?yaeo n ?aaioie, eiuo
ia?eiaeia e o.i., i?aa?aoeeenue a iaeei ec nouanoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia,
i?eaiaeyueo e ieceiio o?iaith iainee.
?anoi/eoaeueiinoue iaineiiiie nenoaiu naycaia n ecauoi/iie
/eneaiiinoueth iaineiia?ia, ia?aciaaaoaeny a ?acoeueoaoa eneonnoaaiiiai
nio?aiaiey ieceeo aic?anoiuo oneiaee auoiaea ia iaineth ( aei 25 % iauae
/eneaiiinoe iaineiia?ia iieo/eee iaineth aein?i/ii ). Yoi oneeeaaao
oaiaeaioeeth iai?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai oaaee/aiey /enea iaineiia?ia ii
ioiioaieth e o?oaeiniiniaiiio ianaeaieth.
Ni?aai/ii: A 1996 aiaeo niioiioaiea /eneaiiinoe caiyoiai
ianaeaiey e iaineiia?ia ii noa?inoe ninoaaeyei 1.99 i?ioea 2.21 a 1992
aiaeo. Aeey n?aaiaiey yoio iieacaoaeue ninoaaee a Oaaoeee – 2.8;
Aaeeeia?eoaiee – 3.1; NOA – 4.0; Eaiaaea – 4.6.( 1993 a. )
A nia?aiaiiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaeyo iiauneoue o?iaaiue
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey e aeiaeoueny iauaeoeaiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee
?acia?ia iainee iiaeii oieueei /a?ac aioo?aiiaa ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
eiathueony ?ano?nia iin?aaenoaii iioeiecaoeee e ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee oneiaee
e ii?i iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey e ono?aiaiey iaii?aaaeaiiuo « eceeoanoa »
( iano?aoiaua eueaiou e i?eaeeaaee ) iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
Nooue i?ioeanna iioeiecaoeee e ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee iaineiiiiai
iaania/aiey iiaeii naanoe, oaeei ia?acii, e o?ai iniiaiui iieiaeaieyi.
Ia?aia – iaiaoiaeeiinoe aieaa /aoeiai ii?aaeaeaiey e?oaa eeoe,
ioaeaeathueony a ainoaea?noaaiiuo aa?aioeyo ii iaineiiiiio iaania/aieth.
Aoi?ia – aieaa oaniie oaycea o?iaiy iainee ?acee/iuo eaoaai?ee
iaineiia?ia n eo aeeaaeii a oeiaine?iaaiea iaineiiiie nenoaiu. O?aouea –
inaiaiaeaeaieth iaineiiiie nenoaiu io i?aaeinoaaeaiey iaineiiiuo
i?eaeeaaee iaeiei eaoaai?eyi ?aaioieeia ca n/ao ae?oaeo.
Eiaiii oaeie iiaeoiae iicaieeo oe?aieoue oeiainiaoth
noaaeeueiinoue iaineiiiie nenoaiu e ia yoie iniiaa oneeeoue
ainoaea?noaaiiua aa?aioee iaineiiiuo i?aa a?aaeaeai.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey iaineiiiie nenoaiu ii?aaeaeaiu a
niioaaonoaothuae eiioeaioeee, iaeia?aiiie I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, eioi?ay i?aaeiieaaaao oi?ie?iaaiea o?aoeaiaeueiie aoaeouae
iaineiiiie nenoaiu i?e aaaeouae ?iee ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai
no?aoiaaiey. Ia?yaeo n yoei aoaeao oniaa?oainoaiaaii ainoaea?noaaiiia
iaineiiiia iaania/aiea, ioaaouaathuaa ioaeaeueiua eaoaai?ee a?aaeaeai a
nayce n iniaaiiinoyie i?ioiaeaeaiey eie ainoaea?noaaiiie, aeeth/ay
aiaiioth, neoaeao, a oaeaea eeoe, eioi?ua a neeo ?aciuo i?e/ei ia
i?eia?aee i?aaa ia «no?aoiaoth» iaineth. I?aaenoieo nicaeaoue oneiaey
aeey ?acaeoey iaainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai aeiiieieoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe aeey iaoa?eaeueiiai
iaania/aiey i?e auoiaea ia iaineth.
Aeey ono?aiaiey ianiioaaonoaey iaoaieciia iaineiiiie nenoaiu
?acaeaathueiny ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi, nicaeaiey caeioa?aniaaiiinoe e
iioeaaoeee e iieiie oieaoa no?aoiauo aciinia ?aaioathuei ianaeaieai
iaia/aaony oaniaa oaycaoue ?acia? iacia/aaiie iainee n aeeaaeii
eiie?aoiiai eeoea a athaeaeao iaineiiiie nenoaiu. Nicaeaiea
eioi?iaoeeiiiie iniiau aeey oaeie nayce i?aaeoniio?aii Oaaea?aeueiui
caeiiii «I eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii (ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiii) o/aoa a nenoaia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey». Caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aia
oeenaoeey e nio?aiaiea Iaineiiiui oiiaeii iaineiiiuo i?aa ?aaioathueo,
o.a. naaaeaiee i noaaea e ca?aaioea eaaeaeiai, a oa/aiea anae aai
aeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?e ianooieaiee iaineiiiiai aic?anoa ia
iniiaaiee yoeo naaaeaiee aoaeao iacia/aoueny iainey.
Ni?aai/ii: I?aaeoniio?aiiua oeacaiiui caeiiii oaoiieiaee
io?aaioaiu a 1996 aiaeo a ?aieao ieeioiiai i?iaeoa a iyoe ?aaeiiao
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. N 01 yiaa?y 1997 aiaea ia/aoa ?aaeecaoeey
ii?aaeaiee caeiia ia anae oa??eoi?ee no?aiu. Iiuo aiaae?aiey
ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiiai o/aoa iieacae, /oi ii iieiaeeoaeueii
aini?eieiaaony ianaeaieai e ?aaioiaeaoaeyie e iiaeao auoue aei 2000
aiaea inouanoaeai aeey anao 67 iei. ?aaioathueo a?aaeaeai.
I?iaaaeaiea iaineiiiie ?aoi?iu i?aaeiieaaaao oi?ie?iaaiea iaoe?iie
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aacu a ianoiyuaa a?aiy I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie eiienneae
aaaeaony ?aaioa ii eo iiaeaioiaea. E /eneo aaaeiaeoeo ec ieo iiaeii
ioianoe iiaeaioiaeaiiua a /anoe ?aaeecaoeee ?aoaiey A?aiaiiie
/?acau/aeiie eiiennee i?iaeoa oaaea?aeueiuo caeiiia «Ia iniiaao
iaineiiiie nenoaiu ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee» e «I ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaineyo
a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee».
Caeiiii?iaeo «Ia iniiaao iaineiiiie nenoaiu a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee» i?aaeoniao?eaaao ii?aaeaeaiea iiaie iaineiiiie nenoaiu a
oeaeii e aa no?oeoo?iuo ninoaaeythueo, onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaiaua e
oeiainiaua iniiau, a oaeaea iauaa ia/aei e iniiaiua i?eioeeiu
i?aaiecaoeee yoie nenoaiu.
N o/aoii aiaeeca iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iiuoa e oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey a
iauanoaa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony i?aaiecaoeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai
no?aoiaaiey, ioaaouaathuaai aieueoeinoai aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey no?aiu, ia
iniiaa nioeeaeueiie nieeaea?iinoe iaoa?eaeueiuo iaycaoaeuenoa e
oeiainiaiai iaania/aiey ca n/ao oaeoueo iinooieaiee a athaeaeao
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey. Iaeiieoaeueiua i?eioeeiu
eaaeao a iniiaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey, aeeth/ay
iaycaoaeueiua i?ioanneiiaeueiua nenoaiu ( eoaea eiaaony aaeaeo
iinoaiaiii ia?aaeaoue eueaioiua iainee ), /oi niioaaonoaoao iieiaeaieyi
eiioeaioeee.
I?e yoii eiaaony a aeaeo, /oi oeiainiaay onoie/eainoue
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey aoaeao iaania/eaaoueny ia
oieueei oi?ie?iaaieai aai athaeaeaoa ia aeooa?iie iniiaa, ii e
oii?yaei/aieai oaaea?aeueiiai e «iaineiiiiai» athaeaeaoia, nieaeaieai
iano?aoiaie ia no?aoiaoth iiaenenoaio, eioi?ay a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii
?aciui ioeaieai ninoaaeyao 25-30 % athaeaeaoa Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?innee.
I?ei?eoaoiia ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey a
naiae iniiaa aoaeao eiaoue Oaaea?aeueiue caeii «Ia i?aaiecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey», eioi?ue nenoaiaoece?oao
i?aaiaua ii?iu, aeaenoaothuaa a yoii iniiaiii caaia iaineiiiie nenoaiu,
ii?aaeaeyao iaycaiiinoe e i?aaa o/anoieeia iaineiiiiai i?ioeanna,
iioeiece?oao i?aaiecaoeeiiioth no?oeoo?o ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaineiiiiai
i?ioeanna, eiinieeaee?oy niioaaonoaothuea iaycaiiinoe e ioaaonoaaiiinoue
a ?aieao oaaea?aeueiie iaineiiiie neoaeau.
*oi eanaaony iaainoaea?noaaiiiai ( aeiiieieoaeueiiai ) iaineiiiiai
iaania/aiey, oi iii ?acaeaaaony iiea aannenoaiii.
Ionoonoaea niaoeeaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iao?aaoee?iaaiiinoue
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe oiiaeia, neaaia ?acaeoea
niioaaonoaothueo oi?aaeai/aneeo no?oeoo?, naycaiiuo n ainoaea?noaaiiui
?aaoee?iaaieai eo ooieoeeiie?iaaiey, nouanoaaiiui ia?acii naea?aeeaatho
?acaeoea iaainoaea?noaaiiuo iaineiiiuo oiiaeia, aeeoioee?iaaiea a ieo
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey oeo/oaiey iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey a?aaeaeai oeiainiauo
?ano?nia, aunooiathueo iaeiia?aiaiii e iiuiui eiaanoeoeeiiiui oaeoi?ii.
I?aaeoniao?eaaaony aeaooyeaiaioiay no?oeoo?a no?aoiaie iainee,
eioi?ay aoaeao ninoiyoue ec aaciaie /anoe a ?acia?a 80 % i?iaeeoi/iiai
ieieioia iaineiia?a e /anoe iainee, en/eneaiiie a caaeneiinoe io
ca?aaioea, i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe no?aoiaiai noaaea e aaee/eiu
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai eiyooeoeeaioa iaineiia?a.
I?e ii?aaeaeaiee ?acia?a yoie iainee aoaeoo o/eouaaoueny, eae
i?aaeei, oieueei ia?eiaeu, eiaaea oiea/eaaeenue no?aoiaua aciinu, a
o/aoiue ia?eiae, ca eioi?ue aa?aony ca?aaioie, aoaeao oaaee/ai n 2 aei 5
eao n iineaaeothuei oaaee/aieai ia 1 aiae ca eaaeaeue aiae iinea
aaaaeaiey caeiia a aeaenoaea.
Oeacaiiua ia?u a ni/aoaiee n nenoaiie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
(ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiiai) o/aoa aoaeoo iiaoaeaeaoue ethaeae ia oieueei a
i?aaeiaineiiiii aic?anoa, ii e aieaa iieiaeuo e ca?aaaouaaieth iainee (
iieiiio io?aaeaieth a o/aoa aeaiiuo i noaaea, ca?aaioea, oiea/aiiuo
aciinao ), /oi iaeiia?aiaiii aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue oe?aieaieth
aeenoeeieeiu no?aoiauo aciinia.
I?aaeoniao?eaathony nio?aiyoue nouanoaothuea a?aieoeu iaineiiiiai
aic?anoa aeey iainee ii noa?inoe – 55 eao aeey aeaiuei e 60 eao aeey
ioae/ei. Aieaa iicaeiee auoiae ia iaineth noeioee?oaony aiciiaeiinoueth
iieo/eoue aieaa aunieoth iaineth.
Caeiiii?iaeo i?aaeoniao?eaaao iineaaeiaaoaeueiua ia?u ii ia?aaiaeo
eueaioiuo iainee, iacia/aaiuo ?aiaa iauaai iaineiiiiai aic?anoa, a
i?aaeiao aeayoaeueiinoe i?ioanneiiaeueiuo iaineiiiuo nenoai. Ia ia?aii
yoaia iaia/aaony aaanoe e?eoa?ee o?iaiae i?ioanneiiaeueiuo ?eneia, /oi
iicaieeo ia?aeoe io oi?iaeueiuo iniiaaiee i?eciaiey i?aaa ia eueaioioth
iaineth e aa iacia/aieth a caaeneiinoe io ninoiyiey oneiaee o?oaea ia
eiie?aoiii ?aai/ai ianoa. A ea/anoaa ia?u, iiaoaeaeathuae e oeo/oaieth
oneiaee o?oaea aeey ?aaioiaeaoaeae onoaiaaeeaaaony aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue
oa?eo no?aoiauo aciinia a caaeneiinoe io iaee/ey a i?aaiecaoeeyo ?aai/eo
iano n iniauie oneiaeyie o?oaea.
I?eiyoea caeiiii?iaeoa i?aaeiieaaaao ieaaiue ia?aoiae e iiaui
i?eioeeiai i?aaeinoaaeaiey iainee e ia i?eaaaeao e oooaeoaieth ii?i
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey aeey iuiaoieo iaineiia?ia, a, iai?ioea, iicaieeo
nouanoaaiiui ia?acii iiauneoue eo iainee. O?oaeiaie noaae, au?aaioaiiue
a i?aaeiea aiaeu, aoaeao i?e?aaieaaoueny e no?aoiaiio noaaeo, a noaae, n
o/aoii eioi?iai iacia/aaony iainey ia ia?aniao?eaaaony.
I?aaeoniio?aiiua a caeiiii?iaeoa iieiaeaiey o?aaotho i?iaaaeaiey
i?iaiiciuo oeiainiauo ?an/aoia e iainiiaaiee, ?anoe?aiiuo noaoenoe/aneeo
aeaiiuo, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue iieo/aiu oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiey
niaoeeaeueiuo ianeaaeiaaiee, ananoi?iiiae ioeaiee
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo iineaaenoaee i?aaeeaaaaiuo ?aoaiee.
I?e yoii i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi aiciiaeiinoue aaaaeaiey caeiia a
oeaeii eee aai ioaeaeueiuo iieiaeaiee aoaeoo ii?aaeaeyoueny
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneei iieiaeaieai a no?aia a aeeaeaeoea aiaeu e a
n?aaeian?i/iie ia?niaeoeaa, a ?aaeecaoeey o?aaiaaiee iaineiiiiai
no?aoiaaiey, caeiaeaiiuo a caeiiii?iaeoa, iiaeao auoue iaania/aii iinea
iieiiai aaaaeaiey nenoaiu eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai (ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiiai)
o/aoa a 2000 aiaeo.
.
Caeeth/aiea.
Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea iaineiia?ia nii?yaeaii n ?aoaieai oeaeiai
eiiieaena yeiiiie/aneeo i?iaeai, n?aaee eioi?uo aaaeiaeoay –
oeiainiaia iaania/aiea iieiioeaiiie e naiaa?aiaiiie auieaou iainee.
A oneiaeyo ?uii/iuo nioeeaeueii-o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee nioeeaeueiia
iaania/aiea iaineiia?ia i?eia?aoaao ?yae iniaaiiinoae, aeaaiay ec
eioi?uo caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iaineiiiay nenoaia noaiiaeony oeiainiai
iacaaeneiie io ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa. Yoi aeinoeaaaony aeaaiaea?y
oiio, /oi oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa Iaineiiiiai oiiaea oi?ie?othony ca n/ao
no?aoiauo io/eneaiee io ca?aaioiie ieaou anao cano?aoiaaiiuo iaaiiuo
?aaioieeia.
Aeey ?aaeecaoeee i?eiyoie iiaeaee nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey
iaineiia?ia ainoaea?noao iio?aaiaaeinue nicaeaiea oeaeiai eiiieaena
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aa?aioee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia onoie/eaia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
aeaiiie nenoaiu:
i?aaiaay aaca;
i?eioaeeoaeueiia aceiaiea no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae;
i?yiia athaeaeaoiia oeiaine?iaaiea /anoe iainee a niioaaonoaee n
aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e o.i.
Iaeiaei aeoaieee yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen e a iniaaiiinoe oeiainiaue
e?ecen, ii?aceaoee iaoo no?aio a ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae ia iaioae noi?iiie
e iaineiiioth nenoaio. Oae ni aoi?iai eaa?oaea 1995 aiaea a iaineiiiie
nenoaia ia/aeenue e?eceniua yaeaiey, naycaiiua n iaaeaieai nai?a
no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae e ?inoii i?in?i/aiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe ii eo oieaoa.
Oeiainiaue e?ecen iaineiiiie nenoaiu naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?iaaaeaiey i/a?aaeiiai ?aaeeeaeueiiai ?aoi?ie?iaaiey
iaineiiiie nenoaiu n oeaeueth iaeaieaa iieiiai aa i?eaeeaeaiey e
iniaaiiinoyi ooieoeeiie?iaaiey a oneiaeyo iaonoie/eaie ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee.
A nayce n yoei ii eieoeeaoeaa Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ia/aou yenia?eiaiou ii ?aoi?ie?iaaieth iaineiiiie nenoaiu,
nicaeaiea aaeeiuo iaineiiiuo neoaea, eioi?ua iicaieytho cia/eoaeueii
oeo/oeoue iaoaieci oi?aaeaiey n?aaenoa ia auieaoo iainee. Aua aieaa
aaaeiia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao ia?aoiae ia ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiue o/ao
ieaoaeueueeia iaineiiiuo aciinia.
No?aoaaey ?aoi?iu iaineiiiie nenoaiu aeieaeia aace?iaaoueny ia
iaeioi?uo enoiaeiuo i?aaeiinueeao eiioeaiooaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, a oaeaea
iieiaeaieyo Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee:
iiiaio?iaiaaue oa?aeoa? iaineiiiie nenoaiu e aiciiaeiinoue aa ?acaeoey;
a iiaie nenoaia iaineiie?iaaiey aeieaeiu ni/aoaoueny ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiue
iaoiae ni no?aoiaui, /oi aaoiiaoe/anee o?aaoao iaeiia?aiaiiiai
eniieueciaaiey i?eioeeiia nieeaea?iinoe e iaeiieoaeueiinoe iaineiiiuo
aciinia;
iniiaiay enoiaeiay i?aaeiinueea ninoieo a iaiaoiaeeiinoe niioaaonoaey
iaaeaeo yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaeie oi?ie?iaaiey enoi/ieea oeiaine?iaaiey
iainee e yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaeie oi?ie?iaaiey naiie iainee;
i?iaeoe?oaiay nenoaia ii?aaeaeyao ?iee, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noauaeoia
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey (ainoaea?noaa, ?aaioiaeaoaeae e ?aaioieeia),
onoaiaaeeaay ia iniiaa nioeeaeueiiai eiinainona ?ani?aaeaeaiea
oeiainiaiai «a?aiaie».
Neaiciui i?eioeeiii anae nenoaiu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey aunooiaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue cae?aieaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii eaaeaeie iiaeaee
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey ca eiie?aoiie i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?ie:
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay iiaeaeue ?aaeecoaony aaaeiinoaaie
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe;
no?aoiaay iaycaoaeueiay iiaeaeue ?aaeecoaony Iaineiiiui oiiaeii;
no?aoiaay aeia?iaieueiay iiaeaeue ?aaeecoaony /anoiui
no?aoiaueeii.
Ana yoi yaeyaony ninoaaiui yeaiaioii ?aaeecaoeee ?aoi?ie?iaaiey
iaineiiiie nenoaiu. Aeaaiia i?e yoii, /oiau eiinoeoooeeiiiua aa?aioee
o?iaiy aeecie iaineiia?ia ia oieueei ia nieaeaeenue, ii e oe?aieyeenue,
a ia ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae ainoaea?noai aeieaeii iiieii no?aoiaie
iaineiiiie iiaeaee i?aaeoniao?eaaoue eiiieaen ?aca?aiuo ia?ii?eyoee,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia oi?aaeaeaiea nioeeaeueiuo e oeiainiauo e?ecenia
iaineiiiie nenoaiu.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u:
Nieiaueaa A.E. «Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea iaineiia?ia a oneiaeyo ?uiea.»-
I: «I?ioecaeao», 1996a. – 112 n.
«Oeiainu. Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea. E?aaeeo.»: O/aaiee aeey aocia // iiae
?aae. i?io. E.A. Ae?iaiceiie – I.: Oeiainu, THieoe, 1997a. – 479 n.
Nieiaueaa A.E. «Athaeaeaoii-oeiainiaay nenoaia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea
?innee» // «Oeiainu» ?5, 1996a.
?eiaoaaneay I. , Ai/ea?aaa A. «Iaineiiiay nenoaia» // «Naiaiaeiay
iuneue» ?5, 1997a.
Iie?a? A. «Eaeoth nenoaio iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey aua?aoue:
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueioth eee iaeiieoaeueioth?» // «*aeiaae e o?oae» ?2,
1997a.
Aeieo?eaa I.Y. «Iaineiiiay nenoaia ia iniiaa iaeiieoaeueiuo i?eioeeiia
oeiaine?iaaiey» // «Nioeeaeueiay caueoa» ?7, 1997a.
Ethaeei TH.C. «I ninoiyiee iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee» // «Iainey» ?3 (6), 1997a.
Nieiaueaa A.E. «Iaineiiiay nenoaia: i?iaeaiu ieaoaeueueeia e
iaineiia?ia» // «*aeiaae e o?oae» ?6, 1996a.
Aa?/oe A.A. «Iaineiiiue oiiae ?innee naaiaeiy» // «Yeiiiieea e aeeciue»
?29 etheue, 1995a.
Eieaniee A.I. «Oaiaeaioeey ?acaeoey iaineiiiie nenoaiu e aa aaeaioaoeey
e oneiaeyi ?uii/iie yeiiiieee» // «Iainey» ?1 (4), 1997a.
Nieiaueaa A.E. «Iaineiia?u e athaeaeao iieaeoo a iaeiii ?yaeo» // «Aaoa
i?aai» ?? 33-34, 1996a.
I?eeiaeaiea
Oaaeeoea 1.
Athaeaeao Iaineiiiiai oiiaea ca 1993-1995 aiaeu:
1993 1994 1995
Aeioiaeu – anaai (ie?ae. ?oa.) 11 057,84 39 002,26 80 295,5
?anoiaeu – anaai (ie?ae. ?oa.) 10 385,99 37 413,36 80 295,5
ec ieo ia niaea?aeaiea e ?acaeoea anae nenoaiu IO? 44.0 327,54
514,3
% ia ioaeaeu IO? 0.42 0,88 0,64
Oaaeeoea 2.
Iinooieaiey aeioiaeia a athaeaeao Iaineiiiiai oiiaea a
1996 aiaeo.
(o?ei. ?oa.)
Athaeaeao ia 1995 a. Athaeaeao ia 1996 a.
No?aoiaua aciinu 79.7 137.3
N?aaenoaa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ?O, iai?aaeaiiua /a?ac IO? ia
oeaeaaia oeiaine?iaaiea auieaou ainoaea?noaaiiuo iainee 6.1
4.4
Aeioiaeu io ?aaeecaoeee oeaiiuo aoiaa Ieioeia ?O a n/ao iiaaoaiey aeieaa
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia?aae IO? ca 1992-1994 aa. –
1.63
N?aaenoaa Oiiaea nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey e Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oiiaea
caiyoinoe ianaeaiey ?O 1.5 –
I?i/ea iinooieaiey 3 2
Iiaeeecaoeey n?aaenoa a nayce n inouanoaeaieai ia? ii eeeaeaeaoeee
i?in?i/aiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe ii no?aoiaui aciinai –
3.1
Anaai aeioiaeia 91.4 148.4
Oaaeeoea 3.
Iinooieaiey aeioiaeia a iaineiiioth nenoaio a 1997 aiaeo
(ie?ae. ?oa.) %
No?aoiaua aciinu 169 088.9 91.11
N?aaenoaa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa, iai?aaeyaiua /a?ac oiiae ia
oeaeaaia oeiaine?iaaiea auieaou ainoaea?noaaiiuo iainee 7
692.0 4.15
Iinooieaiey a oiiae a n/ao iiaaoaiey aeieaa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ca
1992-1994 aa. 6 381.0 3.44
Iiaaoaiea oaaea?aeueiui athaeaeaoii aeieaa ia?aae oiiaeii ca 1996 a.
ainoaea?noaaiiuie oeaiiuie aoiaaaie 1 418.0
0.76
Aeioiaeu ii ianeoaeeaaieth aeieaa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia?aae
oiiaeii 1 000.0 0.54
Anaai aeioiaeia 185 579.9 100.0
Oaaeeoea 4.
N?aaeiee ?acia? iacia/aiiuo iainee e aai niioiioaiea n ca?aaioiie
ieaoie ?aaioathueo e aaee/eiie i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia iaineiia?a.
1992 1993 1994 1995
1. N?aaeiee ?acia? iainee* (oun.?oa.) 1.5 19.7 75.9 183.4
N?aaeiee ?acia? iainee a % io:
n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou; 26 34 34 38
aaee/eiu i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia iaineiia?a. 116 137 124 98.5
3. N?aaeiee ?acia? iainee a ?aaeueiii au?aaeaiee a % e aeaeaa?th 1991 a.
44.8 56.3 49.5 41.6
* N o/aoii eiiiainaoeeiiiuo auieao.
Oaaeeoea 5.
Aeeiaieea eiaeaenia eioeyoeee, iainee e ca?aaioiie ieaou, a % e
i?aaeuaeouaio aiaeo.
Aiaeu Ca?ieaoa Iainee Eioeyoeey Eiyooeoeeaio ionoaaaiey ca?ieaou io
eioeyoeee Eiyooeoeeaio iia?aaeaiey
iainee e ca?ieaoa
1993 877 1 210 940 93 138
1994 250.8 280 315 80 112
1995 218.8 242.8 231 94.7 111
Oaaeeoea 6.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey ?anoiaeiaaiey n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa IO? a 1996a.
(o?ei. ?oa.)
Athaeaeao ia 1995 a. Athaeaeao ia 1996 a.
?anoiaeu ia iaineiiiia iaania/aiea, inouanoaeyaiua ca n/ao no?aoiauo
n?aaenoa
1. O?oaeiaua iainee 78.7 129.4
2. Eiiiainaoeeiiiua auieaou ia?aaioathuei o?oaeiniiniaiui eeoeai,
inouanoaeythuei ooiae ca iao?oaeiniiniaiuie a?aaeaeaiaie 0.03 0.07
3. ?anoiaeu ia ?aaeecaoeeth A?aiaiiiai Niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo
I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O e I?aaeoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu i aa?aioeyo i?aa a?aaeaeai,
?aaioathueo a ?aeiiao E?aeiaai Naaa?a a iaeanoe iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey
0.0016 0.002
4. Auieaoa iainee a?aaeaeaiai, auaoaaoei ia iinoiyiiia ianoi
aeeoaeuenoaa ca a?aieoeo – 0.002
5. ?anoiaeu ia iiauoaiea iainee o/anoieeai Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu
0.096 4.6
6. Auieaoa ?eooaeueiiai iiniaey 0.45 0.85
7.?anoiaeu ia auieaoo ainoaea?noaaiiuo iainee, oeiaine?oaiuo IO? ia
aica?aoiie iniiaa 6.9 8.1
8.?anoiaeu ii aeinoaaea e ia?anueea iainee, inouanoaeyaiua ca n/ao
ainoaea?noaa e oeiaine?oaiua IO? ia aica?aoiie iniiaa 2.2 2.987
Eoiai ia iaineiiiia iaania/aiea 88.9 146
?anoiaeu ia niaea?aeaiea aiia?aoa IO? e ?acaeoea
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu – –
Niaea?aeaiea i?aaiia Iaineiiiiai oiiaea 0.56 0.854
?anoiaeu ia yenieoaoaoeeth e ?acaeoea aaiea aeaiiuo ieaoaeueueeia e
iiaeaioiaeo ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiiai o/aoa cano?aoiaaiiuo eeoe 0.04 0.06
Iiaaoaiea a?aiaiii ia?aaeaaaaiuo n?aaenoa Oiiaea nioeeaeueiiai
no?aoiaaiey ?O e Oaaea?aeueiie neoaeau caiyoinoe ?O – 1.16
Anaai ?anoiaeia 89.6 148.8
Oaaeeoea 7.
No?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia 1996 a.
(o?ei. ?oa.)
Athaeaeao ia 1995 a. Athaeaeao ia 1996 a.
Iainee aiaiiineoaeauei e i?e?aaiaiiui e iei ii iaineiiiiio iaania/aieth
a?aaeaeaiai e eo naiueyi 2.5 3.99
Nioeeaeueiua iainee 1.64 2.72
?anoiaeu ia aoi?oth iaineth aaeiaai aiaiiineoaeaueo, iiaeaoei a AIA –
0.64
Auieaoa eiiiainaoeee a?aaeaeaiai, iiaeaa?aoeiny aicaeaenoaeth ?aaeeaoeee
aneaaenoaea eaoano?iou ia *a?iiaueueneie AYN 0.44 0.76
?anoiaeu ii aeinoaaea anao aeaeia iainee 2.2 2.99
PAGE
PAGE 39
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
