AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE EIIEOAO ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE II AUNOAIO
IA?ACIAAIETH
IIAI*A?EANNEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OAOIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
Naaiei
Aiae?ae Aeaaeeie?iae/
nieneaoaeue eaoaae?u
“I?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee”
?AOA?AO
IA OAIO
“Oaoiieiae/aneay ?aaiethoeey”
eae iiaaeoee yoai nia?aiaiiie IO?
?OEIAIAeEOAEUe II EAOAAe?A OEEINIOEE
Aoeiia A.E.
e.
o. i., aeioeaio
eao. oeeinioee
IAO*IUE ?OEIAIAeEOAEUe
Ai?iioeia A.A.
i?ioanni?, ae.o.i.
IIAI*A?EANNE 1997 a
IOCUA IA ?AOA?AO
ii oeeinioee “Oaoiieiae/aneay ?aaiethoeey” eae
iiaaeoee yoai nia?aiaiiie IO?” nieneaoaey
Naaiei Aiae?ay Aeaaeeie?iae/a
?aoa?ao ninoieo ec aaaaeaiey, oanoe ?acaeaeia, caeeth/aiey e nienea
eeoa?aoo?u, ian/eouaathuaai 15 enoi/ieeia.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa iieacaii, /oi ia aeaiiue iiiaio i?ioiaeeo
i?eioeeieaeueii iiaue ia?eiae iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna –
oaoiieiae/aneay ?aaiethoeey. Yoi iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ii oa?aeoa?iui
i?eciaeai, i?enouei ?acaeoeth iaoee e oaoieee a yoi a?aiy aeey anao
?acaeouo a iaeanoe iaoee e oaoieee no?ai.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue iai?a?uaiue i?ioeann i?aia?aciaaiey iaoee a
iaiin?aaenoaaiioth i?iecaiaeeoaeueioth neeo iauanoaa a ?acoeueoaoa aieaa
iieiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo iaoeie, oaoieeie e i?iecaiaenoaii. Yoi
iicaieyao nie?aoeoue a?aiy io ca?iaeaeaiey iiaie eaeae aei aa
i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeecaoeee.
Aeinoeaeaiey iaoee noeioee?otho ?aaiou ii nicaeaieth iiauo oaoiieiaee,
eee eciaiaieth oaea nouanoaothueo oaoiieiaee ?acee/iiai oa?aeoa?a a
oeaeyo eo niaa?oainoaiaaiey, iai?eia? iiauoaiea yeieiae/aneie /enoiou.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey ieacuaaao ia?iiiia e ana aic?anoathuaa
aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea aoaeouaai /aeiaa/anoaa. A yoie ?aaioa iniaia
aieiaiea oaeaeyaony ia?niaeoeaai iiauo oaoiieiaee, oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa,
iiauo iaoa?eaeia, iiaui iaoiaeai ?aoaiey.
Oaia aeenna?oaoeee “Aiaeeoe/aneia eiino?oe?iaaiea nenoai aeoeaiiai
aaoaiey eieaaaiee iiiaiia?iuo iaaethaeaaiuo eiino?oeoeee” i?aaeiieaaaao
iaoiaeaeaiea iiauo iaoiaeia e niiniaia iioeiaeueiiai ioeaieaaiey e
oi?aaeaiey aunioiuie eee i?ioyaeaiiuie nii?oaeaieyie, iaoiaeyueieny iiae
aeaenoaeai aiaoieo aicaeaenoaee ( caieao?ynaiee, aao?iauo iaa?ocie). Yoi
iicaieyao oaycuaaoue ?aaioo n oaiaoeeie aeenna?oaoeeiiiiai
enneaaeiaaiey.
Iniiauaaynue ia auoa neacaiiii, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi i?aaenoaaeaiiue
?aoa?ao ioaa/aao i?aaeuyaeyaiui e iaio o?aaiaaieyi e nieneaoaeue Naaiei
A. A. iiaeao auoue aeiiouai e naea/a eaiaeeaeaoneiai yecaiaia ii
oeeinioee.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue i?ioanni?, ae.o.i. Ai?iioeia
A.A.
NIAeA?AEAIEA
no?.
Aaaaeaiea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Oaoiieiae/aneay eoeueoo?a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
2. Iiaay oaoiieiae/aneay ?aaiethoeey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
3. Iauea caeiiiia?iinoe iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. . . . . . .
4. I?iaiice?iaaiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. Iiaua ia?niaeoeaiua oaoiieiaee a ioeaiea Ieienoa?noaa
oi?aiaee NOA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
4.2. I?iaiic Aaainoaa yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey ssiiiee. .
5. Nii?yaeaiea oaoiieiaee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Ianouiinoue i?iaeaiu eiino?oe?iaaiey nenoai aaoaiey eieaaaiee e
aiciiaeiua iaoiaeu ?aoaiey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
Caeeth/aiea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
AIIIOAOeEss
Ia ianoiyuai yoaia ?acaeoey i?iiuoeaiiinoe iao/ii-oaoie/aneay
?aaiethoeey ?acaeaaaony i?aaeaea anaai eae oaoiieiae/aneay, oi anoue
aaaeoueie a iae yaeythony nia?aiaiiua oaoiieiaee.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa iieacaiu iauea oaiaeaioeee e caeiiiia?iinoe
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, aai aeaa oi?iu – ?aaiethoeeiiiay e
yaiethoeeiiiay. Cia/eoaeueiia aieiaiea oaeaeaii iiaui ia?niaeoeaiui
oaoiieiaeyi, oaoie/aneei n?aaenoaai e iiaui iaoa?eaeai.
Ia?a/eneaiu ecaanoiua iaoiaeu e niiniaia iioeiaeueiiai ioeaieaaiey e
oi?aaeaiey aunioiuie eee i?ioyaeaiiuie nii?oaeaieyie, iaoiaeyueieny iiae
aeaenoaeai aiaoieo aicaeaenoaee (caieao?ynaiee, aao?iauo iaa?ocie).
AAAAeAIEA
Ianoiyuaa e aoaeouaa yeiiiieee ethaie no?aiu caaeneo ai iiiaii io oiai,
eae iiaaeoea aeinoeaeaiey iaoee e oaoieee aiaae?ythony ai ana noa?u
aeecie. Iiyoiio aaaeii auynieoue, eaeiau a) nouiinoue, a) yoaiu e a)
ia?niaeoeau IO?.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey (IO?) – ei?aiiia ea/anoaaiiia
i?aia?aciaaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee ia iniiaa i?aa?auaiey iaoee a
aaaeouee oaeoi? i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iauai?eciaii, /oi yiioa IO? ianooieea a 40 – 50-a aiaeu. Eiaiii oiaaea
ca?iaeeeenue e iieo/eee ?acaeoea aa aeaaiua iai?aaeaiey: aaoiiaoecaoeey
i?iecaiaenoaa, eiio?ieue e oi?aaeaiea ei ia aaca yeaeo?iieee; nicaeaiea
e i?eiaiaiea iiauo eiino?oeoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia e ae?. N iiyaeaieai
?aeaoii-einie/aneie oaoieee ia/aeinue inaiaiea ethaeueie ieieicaiiiai
einie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa.
Aeey i?ia?anna nia?aiaiiie iaoee e oaoieee oa?aeoa?ii eiiieaeniia
ni/aoaiea eo, ?aaiethoeeiiiuo e yaiethoeeiiiuo eciaiaiee.
I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi ca aeaa – o?e aeanyoeeaoey iiiaea ia/aeueiua
iai?aaeaiey IO? ec ?aaeeeaeueiuo, iinoaiaiii i?aa?aoeeenue a iau/iua
yaiethoeeiiiua oi?iu niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa e
auioneaaiuo ecaeaeee. Iiaua e?oiiua iao/iua ioe?uoey e, ecia?aoaiey 70 –
80-o aiaeia ii?iaeeee aoi?ie, nia?aiaiiue, yoai IO?. Aeey iaai oeie/iu
ianeieueei eeaee?othueo iai?aaeaiee: yeaeo?iiecaoeey, eiiieaeniay
aaoiiaoecaoeey, iiaua aeaeu yia?aaoeee, oaoiieiaey ecaioiaeaiey iiauo
iaoa?eaeia, aeioaoiieiaey. Eo ?acaeoea i?aaeii?aaeaeyao iaeee
i?iecaiaenoaa a eiioea OO-ia/aea OOI aa.
1. OAOIIEIAE*ANEAss EOEUeOO?A
Oa?iei oaoiieiaey eiaao ?yae niuneiauo iaa?ocie: ii i?eiaiyaony a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaoea, eneonnoaa e ae?oaeo iaeanoyo /aeiaa/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. I/aaeaeii, /oi oaoiieiaey icia/aao eioaeeaeooaeueioth
ia?a?aaioeo oaoie/anee cia/eiuo ea/anoa e niiniaiinoae. A nouiinoe yoi
eoeueoo?iia iiiyoea, naycaiiia n iuoeaieai e aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea.
Iii ii?aaeaeyao ianoi /aeiaaea a i?e?iaea, ?aiee aai aiciiaeiiai
aiaoaoaeuenoaa a i?e?iaeiua i?ioeannu.
Oaoiieiae/aneay eoeueoo?a – /aoaa?oay oieaa?naeueiay eoeueoo?a. Iia
ii?aaeaeyao ie?iaicc?aiea e naiiiiieiaiea nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea. I?e
yoii iiae oieaa?naeueiuie eoeueoo?aie iu iiieiaai nenoaiu yienoaie/aneeo
i?eioeeiia, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey ii?aaeaeaiiie yiioe e ii?aaeaeaiiuo o?iaiae
?acaeoey iao/iuo ciaiee e oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa.
Ia?aie oieaa?naeueiie eoeueoo?ie, ioaeaeueiua /a?ou eioi?ie
ainnoaiiaeaiu a oiaea eco/aiey a?oaieiae/aneeo iaoiaeie e ienueiaiiuo
naeaeaoaeuenoa, auea eoeueoo?a ieoieiae/aneay. Iia i?enoua anai
i?e?iaeiui oeeaeeecaoeeyi ae?aaiinoe. Ethaee yoie eoeueoo?u iauyniyee
yaeaiey i?e?iaeu, iie?aynue ia aeaiiua iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo iaaethaeaiee. A
naiae aeecie iie iieueciaaeenue ooieoeeiiaeueii i?eniiniaeaiiuie
iaoo?aeueiuie i?iaeoeoaie e iaoa?eaeaie. Yienoaia oaeie eoeueoo?u
naiaeeeanue e i?aaenoaaeaieth i iaeeo ne?uouo “oaeiuo” neeao,
naienoaaiiuo anai iauaeoai ie?oaeathuaai ie?a e ii?aaeaeythueo eo
nouanoaiaaiea. Yoe neeu, ii i?aaenoaaeaieyi ae?aaieo, ii?aaeaeyee
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue anaai i?ienoiaeyuaai; iie iaaeaeyee niuneii ana
nouaa a ie?a – einiina. Naii nouanoaiaaiea i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea e anoue
Noaeueaa. Ethaee aea, iiaeiaii anaio inoaeueiiio, ieacuaathony eeoue
yeaiaioaie anaiauaiethuae aa?iiiee.
Aoi?ay oieaa?naeueiay eoeueoo?a – einiieiae/aneay – ?anoeaaea a ia?eiae
n?aaeiae i?e?iaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee. Aa yienoaia naiaeeeanue e oiio, /oi
ai anyeii yaeaiee i?iyaeyaony aeaenoaea nee i?e?iaeu a niioaaonoaee n
i?enoueie ei caeiiiia?iinoyie. Ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou, eiiiiiaiou nouanoaa
ia?acotho anoanoaaiiua i?aaieciu, iiiaeanoaa aea anoanoaaiiuo
i?aaieciia, a naith i/a?aaeue, ia?acotho ?aaiiaanea i?e?iaeiiai
ii?yaeea, oo aea “aa?iiieth” ieoieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u.
Yienoaia o?aoueae aio?iiieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u oa?aeoa?ia aeey ?acaeoie
i?e?iaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee. Niaeanii yoie eoeueoo?a, ana yaeaiey e
caeiiiia?iinoe ie?oaeathuaai ie?a aeinooiiu /aeiaa/aneiio iiieiaieth.
Iiuo iicaieyao ?ane?uoue nenoaiioth nouiinoue ?ac?iciaiiuo oaeoia e
yaeaiee. Ea/anoaa oaeeo nenoai niioaaonoaotho ea/anoaai ninoaaeythueo
eo yeaiaioia. Ieaiiaay i?aaiecaoeey aeecie ieacuaaaony aiieia
aiciiaeiie, aa oeaeue – oi aea iaoaie/aneia ?aaiiaanea, eioi?ia a
ae?oaeo eoeueoo?ao aunooiaei eae “aa?iiiey”, eee “ii?yaeie aauae”.
*aeiaae – enneaaeiaaoaeue, nenoaiaoecaoi? e nicaeaoaeue iiaiai – /a?iae
neeu ec naieo aea nee e oaa?aiiinoe. Ie? /aeiaaea iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeny
oeaio?ii aai aieiaiey, noa?ie aai aeinoeaeaiee. Aicieeaee iiaua
i?aaenoaaeaiey ia ioiioaiee e i?e?iaea, iiaua n?aaenoaa iiciaiey,
eioi?ua oaea ia?anoaaaee auoue i?inoi iin?aaeieeaie iaaeaeo iuneueth e
i?e?iaeie. Ia/eiaeinue aeoeaiia aiaoaoaeuenoai /aeiaaea a anoanoaaiiua
i?ioeannu. Oae oei ?acaeoea /aoaa?oie oieaa?naeueiie eoeueoo?u.
Caeanue noieo o/anoue aeaa iiiaioa. Ia?aue – aiaoaoaeuenoai /aeiaaea a
oiae anoanoaaiiuo i?ioeannia i?eieiaao iaauaaei oe?ieea ianooaau,
noaiiaeony iinoiyiiui e, anee eiaoue a aeaeo ?acoeueoaou, iaia?aoeiui.
Aoi?ie – n?aaea iaeoaiey /aeiaa/anoaa – Caiey ia?anoaao auoue
iaennyeaaiui enoi/ieeii ?aciiia?aciuo ?ano?nia, iaeei “?iaii eciaeeey”;
oei?aieaoaany a niciaiee “oea?y i?e?iaeu” iio?aaeoaeueneia ioiioaiea e
ie?o ana /aua noaiiaeony i?e/eiie ?anno?ienoaa i?e?iaeiiai ?aaiiaaney, a
eoiaa iii iiaeao i?eaanoe e ieii/aoaeueiiio aai ia?ooaieth.
2. IIAAss OAOIIEIAE*ANEAss ?AAIETHOeEss
Ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia IO? ia?a?inea a oaoiieiae/aneoth ?aaiethoeeth.
Aianoi o?aaeeoeeiiiiai aeey iaoeiiie eiaeono?ee nicaeaaony ea/anoaaiii
iiaue oaoiieiae/aneee niinia i?iecaiaenoaa – i?eioeeieaeueii eiay
niaieoiiinoue iaoiaeia ecaioiaeaiey iieaciuo aauae. Eia/a aiai?y, IO?
ii?iaeaeaao “aunieea oaoiieiaee”, eioi?ua iaania/eaatho ai?acaei
aic?inoee o?iaaiue yooaeoeaiinoe.
Nia?aiaiiua oaoiieiaee e eo iauaeou i/aiue neiaeiu, /oi ii?aaeaeyao eo
aunieoth iao/ioth e eioi?iaoeeiiioth aieinoue, iaaiciiaeiinoue eo
oi?ie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey aac iniiaaoaeueiie iao/iie aacu, aac
iao/ii-eioi?iaoeeiiiiai iienea. Yoe oaoiieiaee iau/ii aace?othony ia
iiaaeoeo aeinoeaeaieyo ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iaoe e acaeiiaeaenoaotho n
ieie. *anoi iie noaayo ia?aae iaoeie neiaeiua caaea/e, eioi?ua iiaoo
auoue ?aoaiu eeoue ia aaca eioaa?aoeee ?yaea anoanoaaiiuo,
iaoaiaoe/aneeo, oaoie/aneeo e iauanoaaiiuo iaoe. I?e eo oi?ie?iaaiee
onoaiaaeeaathony iiaua nayce iaaeaeo iaoeaie e oaoiieiaeae. E anee
?aiueoa acaeiiaeaenoaiaaee iaoee, niaaeiua ii ea?a?oe/aneiio ?yaeo, oi
oaia?ue ia/aee acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue e iaoee aeaeaeinoiyuea ae?oa io
ae?oaa. Ii nouanoao, aia?aua a na?ueaciua acaeiiioiioaiey n oaoiieiaeae
anooieee aoiaieoa?iua iaoee ( ineoieiaey, nioeeieiaey). I?e yoii ia
i?ienoiaeeo iaoaie/aneiai ia?aiina iiiyoee ec iaeieo iaoe a ae?oaea, a
i?ienoiaeeo oneeaiea acaeiii?iieeiiaaiey iao/iuo aeenoeeieei e
oi?ie?iaaiea iaaeaeenoeeieeia?iuo iaoe, a oii /enea oaoiieiae/aneiai
oeeeea, iauaaeeiythuei oaeoi?ii a eioi?uo yaeythony eae aaeeiua
iiaeoiaeu e ?aoaieth ?acee/iuo i?iaeai, oae e aaeeiua i?iaeaiu, e
?aoaieth eioi?uo i?eaeaeathony ?acee/iua iiaeoiaeu e iaoiaeu iaoe.
Aia?aua nicaeaaony aaciaoeiiay oaoiieiaey – i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua
niiniau ia?aaioee ecaeaeee e iieo/aiey aioiauo i?iaeoeoia: yeaeo?iiii –
eo/aaua, ieaciaiiua, eiioeueniua, ?aaeeaoeeiiiua, iaia?aiiua, oeie/aneea
e ae?. Aaciaoeiiay oaoiieiaey iiiaie?aoii iiauoaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
o?oaea, iiaeieiaao yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia, nieaeaao
cao?aou yia?aee e iaoa?eaeia ia ecaioiaeaiea i?iaeoeoeee.
Ae?oaei aaaeiui iai?aaeaieai niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaoiieiaee yaeyaony
?ano?ninaa?aaeaiea. A yoeo oeaeyo eniieuecothony yeiiiie/iua aeaeu
iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee, neioaoe/aneea e ae?oaea i?ia?anneaiua iaoa?eaeu,
oeo/oathony oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea e iiauoathony i?i/iinoiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee eiino?oeoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia. Aieaa iieiia e eiiieaeniia
eniieueciaaiea nu?ueaauo ?ano?nia e oaoiieiae/aneeo iooiaeia iicaieyao
nicaeaaaoue iaeiiooiaeiia e aaciooiaeiia i?iecaiaenoai.
Aio eaeiaa yooaeoeaiinoue ?ano?ninaa?aaathueo oaoiieiaee: 1 ea
eiino?oeoeeiiiuo ieanoiann caiaiyao ia iaiaa 4-5 ea iaoaeeii?ieaoa; ia
i?iecaiaenoai 1 ea ieanoiann o?aaoaony a 2-3 ?aca iaiueoa yia?aaoe/aneeo
cao?ao. I?eiaiaiea a iaoaeeiia?aaioea aeaoaeae, ecaioiaeaiiuo ec
iaoaeee/aneeo ii?ioeia, yeiiiieo ia eaaeaeoth oiiio 2 o i?ieaoa,
aunaiaiaeaeaao 60 iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathueo noaieia.
Iniiaaiiay ia aeinoeaeaieyo yeaeo?iieee e aaoiiaoecaoeee ia?aaioea
ecaeaeee niiniaia iaaeaaeii iaania/eoue eo aunieia ea/anoai.
A ioee/ea io o?aaeeoeeiiiie oaoiieiaee, aeey eioi?ie oa?aeoa?ii
caa?yciaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, “aunieea oaoiieiaee”, eae i?aaeei,
yaeythony yeieiae/anee /enouie. A yoii neo/aa i?eiaiythony cae?uoua
nenoaiu aiaeiiio?aaeaiey, caieiooua oeeeeu i?iecaiaenoaa, oe?iei
eniieuecoaony aoi?e/iia nu?uea e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iooiaeu, oeo/oaaony
i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiea. Yoi iaania/eaaao ?ino ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneie, ii
e nioeeaeueiie yooaeoeaiinoe oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
3. IAUEA CAEIIIIA?IINOE IAO*II-OAOIE*ANEIAI I?IA?ANNA
Nenoaia “ oaoiieiaey – iaoa?eaeu – iaoeiu “ (OII) yaeyaony, ii nouanoao
oaoiieiae/aneei ioia?aaeaieai i?ioeanna iinoiyiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa
oaoieee, a oii /enea aa iiaea?iecaoeee e nicaeaiey iiauo oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa. Enoiaeiui i?iaeoeoii i?ioeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa oaoieee
anaaaea yaeythony iaoa?eaeu, a eiia/iui i?iaeoeoii – aioiaua ecaeaeey, a
/enea eioi?uo iiaua iaoa?eaeu e iaoeiu. Noaia i?aa?auaiey enoiaeiiai
i?iaeoeoa ii?aaeaeyaony oaoiieiaeae, a iniiaiui n?aaenoaii, n iiiiuueth
eioi?iai inouanoaeyaony i?aia?aciaaiea enoiaeiiai i?iaeoeoa a eiia/iue,
aunooiaao iaoeia. Oaeei ia?acii, nenoaia OII yaeyaony aeeiaie/aneie.
Iineieueeo i?ioeann aini?iecaiaenoaa oaoieee, a oii /enea nicaeaiey
iiaie oaoieee, yaeyaony na?aeoeaaeiie iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna
(IOI), oaiaeaioeee e caeiiiia?iinoe IOI eeai niaiaaeatho n oaiaeaioeeyie
e caeiiiia?iinoyie ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nenoaiu OII, eeai niioiinyony n
ieie ii i?eioeeio “ iauaa – /anoiia “. Ieaea ?anniio?aiu iaeioi?ua
iniaaiiinoe, oaiaeaioeee e caeiiiia?iinoe IOI, ?aaiui ia?acii
oa?aeoa?ecothuea nenoaio OII e aa ioaeaeueiua eiiiiiaiou.
Iauoth noaio oeeeeia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo IOI a oeaeii, iiaeii
i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea /aou?aoo?iaiaaie nenoaiu.
1. Ia?aue, aunoee o?iaaiue ninoaaeytho anaiauea (aeiaaeueiua)
oaoie/aneea ( iao/ii-oaoie/aneea) ?aaiethoeee, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo
ei?aiiui ia?acii i?aia?acoao iauanoai ai anao aai yeaiaioao: e a
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo neeao, e a iieeoe/aneeo oi?iao, e a eaeaieiaee.
Eaaeaeay ec anaiaueo ?aaiethoeee cia/eoaeueii onei?yao oaiiu IOI. E
oaeei ?aaiethoeeyi iiaoo auoue ioianaiu:
1) oaoie/aneee ia?aai?io, naycaiiue n ia?aoiaeii e “aeaeaciiio aaeo” a 1
ouny/aeaoee aei i.y. e caeeth/athueeny a eniieueciaaiee noaeueiuo
i?oaeee a naeueneii oicyenoaa e ?aianea e noaeueiiai i?oaeey;
2) i?iiuoeaiiay ?aaiethoeey eiioea 18-19 aa., naycaiiay n oe?ieei
i?eiaiaieai a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo oieaa?naeueiiai ia?iaiai aeaeaaoaey,
?ani?ino?aiaieai ?aai/eo iaoei e oi?ie?iaaieai iaoeiino?iaiey (ia/eiay
n ecia?aoaiey noiii?oa);
3) iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey (na?aaeeia 20 a.), naycaiiay a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue n ?ani?ino?aiaieai ono?ienoa e nenoai oi?aaeaiey e ia?aaioee
eioi?iaoeee ia aaca YAI ( eiiiuethoa?ecaoeey ) e ae?oaeo n?aaenoa
yeaeo?iieee ( yeaeo?iiecaoeey ) a oii /enea ono?ienoa oi?aaeaiey
?iaioioaoie/aneeie nenoaiaie ( ?iaioecaoeey ). Yoei o?ai ?aaiethoeeyi
i?aaeoanoaiaaea aua aieaa cia/eoaeueiay, eiaaoay oieeaeueiua
iineaaenoaey aeey noaeaa aeecie ia caiea, ?aaiethoeey, naycaiiay n
nicaeaieai eaiaiiuo i?oaeee e inaiaieai iaiy. Yoa ?aaiethoeey
ii?aaeaeeea /aoeoth a?aiue iaaeaeo /aeiaa/anoaii e aeeaioiui ie?ii e n
iaa ia/eiaaony ion/ao ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa e iineaaeothueo
oaoie/aneeo e iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo ?aaiethoeee.
2. Oeeeeu aoi?iai o?iaiy i?aaenoaaeaiu aeeeiiuie aieiaie iiaiaaaaeaiee.
Oaca iiaeuaia eaaeaeie aieiu naycaia n oaoie/aneeie (
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeie) ?aaiethoeeyie iaiueoeo ianooaaia ii n?aaiaieth n
aeiaaeueiuie, i?eaiaeyueie e no?oeoo?iui eciaiaieyi a yeiiiieea a oeaeii
e ea/anoaaiiui naeaeaai a eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aai/ae neeu.
Ia en/a?iuaay ia?a/iy oaeeo ?aaiethoeee, iiaeii oeacaoue ia
iaieeoe/aneoth ?aaiethoeeth, ia?aoiae io iaieeoa e “a?iiciaiio aaeo”,
?acaeoea ?aianea ia aaca oeaoiaie oi?iu aai i?aaiecaoeee, ?acaeoea
i?iecaiaenoaa ia iniiaa iaiooaeoo?iie oi?iu aai i?aaiecaoeee,
oaoie/aneoth ?aaiethoeeth eiioea 19 – ia/aea 20 a. ( ia aaca
yeaeo?eoeeaoeee), iee?ii?ioeanni?ioth ?aaiethoeeth 70-o aiaeia.
3. O?aoee o?iaaiue oeeeeia ia?acotho eeanne/aneea oeeeeu
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa – n?aaeian?i/iua oeeeeu (7-11 eao),
oa?aeoa?ecothueany ianniaui iaiiaeaieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia e
a?aiaiiuie ?aieaie, naycaiiuie ni n?aaeiei n?ieii aeecie iai?oaeiaaiey.
A 20 a. oi?ia oeeeeia iinoaiaiii iaiyaony a nayce n nicaeaieai ( iinea
e?ecena 1929 a.) nenoaiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieeie.
Oeeeeu i?eia?aoatho iaiaa au?aaeaiiue oa?aeoa?, a iniiaiii a ?acoeueoaoa
iiiuoie ainoaea?noaa iieiinoueth yeeieie?iaaoue oaco niaaea e
?aaoee?iaaoue iiaeuai ( noeioee?iaaoue aai eeoue aei ecaanoiuo i?aaeaeia
e ia aeiioneay “ia?aa?aaa” yeiiiieee). Iaeiaei eciaiaiea oi?iu oeeeeia
ia ioiaiyao caeiiiia?iinoe eo niaiu.
4. Iaeua oeeeeu IOI, naycaiiua n eieaaaieyie a eiiiaaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Caeanue iiaeao iiii/ue ia?auaiea e noaoenoeea
ioaeeeaoeee a iao/ii-oaoie/aneie noa?a, eioi?ay, oioy e iiaeao neoaeeoue
eeoue einaaiiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii, ii caoi cia/eoaeueii eaa/a
iiaeaeaaony oi?ie?iaaieth e ia?aaioea /ai noaoenoeea eiiiaaoeee.
Noaoenoeea ioaeeeaoeee iieacuaaao iaee/ea a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo iaoee e
oaoieee ia oieueei e?oiiuo ii ianooaaai e aeeeoaeueiinoe aiei eioa?ana e
oai eee eiui i?iaeaiai, ii e e?aoein?i/iuo eieaaaiee a ?aieao yoeo aiei,
io?aaeathueo oeeeee/aneea eieaaaiey a iiyaeaiee eiiiaaoeee.
4. I?IAIICE?IAAIEA IAO*II-OAOIE*ANEIAI
I?IA?ANNA
*aeiaa/anoai anaaaea no?aieeinue caaeyiooue a caao?aoiee aeaiue. A
?acee/iua enoi?e/aneea ia?eiaeu yoi aeaeaiea iiaeia?aaaeinue ea?ie
aiia?aaeaiey, /oanoaii caei?iaiai ethaiiuonoaa, aa?ie a ?aciiia?aciua
?aeeaeiciua o/aiey, iaaeaaeaeie ia eo/oaa aoaeouaa e oi?aeanoai
nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe.
Naaiaeiy ia ia?aia ianoi a yoii ?yaeo auoee noaoai i?aaiaoe/aneea
niia?aaeaiey. N iaeiie noi?iiu, eae ieeiaaea iaino?eeenue e ii nouanoao
i?eia?aee aeiaaeueiue oa?aeoa? oaeea i?iaeaiu, eae auno?ue ?ino
ia?iaeiianaeaiey caiiiai oa?a, nie?auaiea i?e?inoa ianaeaiey e aai
noa?aiea a i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeouo ?aaeiiao, enoiuaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia,
caa?yciaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iiyaeeenue
ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaeiinueee aeey ?aoaiey iiiaeo aeiaaeueiuo i?iaeai ia
iniiaa aeinoeaeaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, eo onei?aiiiai
aiaae?aiey a yeiiiieeo.
Aeae. Iynaeoo e I. Yao?aeei a naiae eieaa “*oi ian aeaeao a 90-a aiaeu”
ieooo: “A?yaeouaa aeanyoeeaoea – aaaeiaeoaa ec anao a enoi?ee
oeeaeeecaoeee. Yoi aoaeao aeanyoeeaoea aia/aoeythueo oaoiieiae/aneeo
iiaoanoa, aani?aoeaaeaioiuo yeiiiie/aneeo aiciiaeiinoae, iaiau/aeiuo
iieeoe/aneeo ?aoi?i e aaeeeiai eoeueoo?iiai aic?iaeaeaiey” [7,11].
Neacaiiia a iieiie ia?a iauyniyao oi aieueoia aieiaiea e oooi?ieiaee a
oeaeii, e e i?iaiice?iaaieth aeinoeaeaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna
a /anoiinoe, eioi?ia ioia/aaony ia ?oaaaea 90-o aiaeia ai iiiaeo
i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeouo no?aiao.
Iaaethaeaaiue eioa?an eiaao ynii au?aaeaiioth yeiiiie/aneoth
ninoaaeythuoth. O?oaeiinoe i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey, iaino?aiea
eiieo?aioeee ia ie?iaii ?uiea, ia?aie/aiiinoue eiathueony oeiainiauo
aiciiaeiinoae canoaaeytho eneaoue iioeiaeueiua iooe ?aciauaiey ?ano?nia.
A aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii /aoei i?aaenoaaeyoue naaa ea?oeio aoaeouaai.
Eia/a anoue aieueoay iianiinoue oiai, /oi cao?a/aiiua oneeey ia i?eianoo
aeaeaaiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Ieaea eceiaeaiu ?acoeueoaou aeaoo i?iaiicia,
iiaeaioiaeaiiuo e iioaeeeiaaiiuo n?aaieoaeueii iaaeaaii aia?eeaineeie e
yiiineeie niaoeeaeenoaie. Iie aeatho iauaa i?aaenoaaeaiea ia iniiaiuo
iai?aaeaieyo iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey e ia/aeo o?aoueaai ouny/aeaoey
e eo aiciiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo iineaaenoaeyo.
4.1.IIAUA IA?NIAEOEAIUA OAOIIEIAEE A IOeAIEA IEIENOA?NOAA OI?AIAEE
NOA
A 1991 a. ieienoa?noaii oi?aiaee NOA aue iioaeeeiaai iaci? oaoie/aneeo
e yeiiiie/aneeo aiciiaeiinoae, ioe?uaathueony a ?acoeueoaoa iiyaeaiey
iiauo ia?niaeoeaiuo oaoiieiaee. Auyaeaii 12 iiaaeoeo oaoiieiaee,
?acaeoea eioi?uo i?eaaaeao a 2000 a. e nicaeaieth ?uiea iauaiii a 1
o?ei. aeiee. ( aeiey NOA ninoaaeo 356 ie?ae. aeiee.).
1. Iiaua iaoa?eaeu. E a?oiia iiauo iaoa?eaeia ioiinyony
eiino?oeoeeiiiay eee ooieoeeiiaeueiay ea?aieea, iao?e/iua
eiiiiceoeeiiiua iaoa?eaeu ia iniiaa ea?aieee e iaoaeeia,
eioa?iaoaeee/aneea e naa?oeaaeea nieaau, iiaua iieeia?iua iaoa?eaeu,
iaoa?eaeu n iiaeeoeoee?iaaiiuie iiaa?oiinoiuie naienoaaie, oiieea
aeiaciua ieaiee, iaia?aiu e aeiiaoa?eaeu. Eo i?eiaiaiea iicaieeo
oeo/oeoue oa?aeoa?enoeee e ?anoe?eoue ooieoeeiiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe
naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo ecaeaeee.
Iniiaiua iioaioeeaeueiua iio?aaeoaee iiauo iaoa?eaeia – ay?ieinie/aneay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, no?ieoaeuenoai, ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue a
oeaeii, yeaeo?iieea, o?ainii?o, yia?aaoeea.
Aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae e 2000 a. ninoaaeo ai anai ie?a 400 ie?ae.
aeiee., a NOA – 150 ie?ae. aeiee.
2. Iiaua iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua i?eai?u. Aeaaiaea?y niaa?oainoaiaaieth
oaoiieiaee ecaioiaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey iieoi?iaiaeieeia ia iniiaa e?aiiey
e a?naieaea aaeeey oaeanony aeinoe/ue aieaa aunieiai auno?iaeaenoaey,
iaania/eoue ?aaioo a aieaa auniei/anoioiii aeeaiaciia, nieceoue aan,
iiauneoue ieioiinoue eioaa?aoeee, oeo/oeoue oaieiaua oa?aeoa?enoeee (
aeenneiaoeeth oaieiaie yia?aee), iaania/eoue iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueiue
?aaeei ?aaiou e nieceoue noieiinoue ecaeaeee.
Iioaioeeaeueiue ?uiie ioaaouaaao ana io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naycaiiua
n oe?ieei i?eiaiaieai yeaeo?iiiuo eiiiiiaioia: oaea- e
?aaeeii?iiuoeaiiinoue, naycue, au/eneeoaeueioth oaoieeo, i?iecaiaenoai
caoei- e aeaeaicaienuaathueo ono?ienoa, iaaeeoeeineiai iai?oaeiaaiey,
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaenoai
?aciiia?aciuo eino?oiaioia e aeaoneeo ea?ooae, ay?ieinie/aneoth
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, yia?aaoeeo.
Aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae aeinoeaiao e 2000 a. 200 ie?ae. aeiee. Aeiey
NOA – 75 ie?ae. aeiee.
3. Eneonnoaaiiue eioaeeaeo. Yeaeo?iiiua e yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneea nenoaiu n
eniieueciaaieai ano?iaiiuo iiaenenoai eiio?iey ia iniiaa niaoeeaeueiuo
aac ciaiee eiatho oi?ioea ia?niaeoeau a naiuo ?aciuo io?aneyo
i?iecaiaenoaa e iaania/aiey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe: a aeiauaathuae e
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, cae?aaiio?aiaiee, no?ieoaeuenoaa, nayce,
oeiainiaie e aiaiiie noa?ao. Yeaiaiou eneocnoaaiiiai eioaeeaeoa iaeaeoo
i?eiaiaiea i?e i?iecaiaenoaa oceia e aeaoaeae iaoei, ?iaioia,
no?ieoaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey; i?e ia?aaioea iaoa?eaeia e ?aaioa n
oeie/aneeie ?aaeoeaaie; a nenoaiao aaoiiaoe/aneiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey; i?e
ia?aaioea neaiaeia e ecia?aaeaiee; a iaaeeoeeineie aeeaaiinoeea.
Iaeeaeaaiue aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae nenoai eneonnoaaiiiai eioaeeaeoa
ai anai ie?a ioeaieaaaony ia o?iaia 12 ie?ae. aeiee.; a NOA – 5 ie?ae.
aeiee.
4. Aeioaoiieiaey. Ia?niaeoeau aeioaoiieiaee naycaiu n i?iecaiaenoaii a
eiiia?/aneeo ianooaaao oeaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, iaania/eaathueo
i?iecaiaeeoaeyi aunieoth aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue, a oaeaea n
aiciiaeiinoyie iiaeeoeeaoeee aaiaoe/aneeo no?oeoo? eeaoie aeey
i?iaeooee?iaaiey iaiaoiaeeiuo aeioeie/aneeo i?aia?aoia. Aaaeiaeoea
iai?aaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai ?acaeoey – iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe
iee?iaeieiae/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa ( aeii?ioeanneia, iiaua iaoiaeu
?acaeaeaiey e i/enoee aauanoa), eiino?oe?iaaiea eaea?noa, aaiaoe/aneay
eiaeaia?ey, aeiyeaeo?iieea, nicaeaiea aeinaini?ia aeey inouanoaeaiey
eiio?iey ca ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu a ?aaeueiii ianooaaa a?aiaie
e ae?oaeo oeaeae. Auaiaeo io aiaae?aiey iiaaeoeo aeioaoiieiaee iieo/ao,
i?aaeaea anaai, oa?iaoeaaoe/aneay e ieuaaay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Iaeeaeaaony
oi?ie?iaaiea iiauo ?uieia, naycaiiuo n ?aaeecaoeeae aa?ioeie/aneie e
i?aaiieaioe/aneie i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaiaenoaii aeioiieeaa ( aeiaac,
nie?o), caueoie ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu io caa?yciaiey.
Aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae i?iaeoeoeee, iieo/aiiie ia iniiaa i?eiaiaiey
aeioaoiieiaee, aeinoeaiao e 2000 a. 40 ie?ae. aeiee. Aeiey NOA – ia
iaiaa 15 ie?ae. aeiee.
5. Oaoiieiaey oeeo?iaie ia?aaioee ecia?aaeaiee. Aaaeiaeoea iai?aaeaiey
?acaeoey yoie oaoiieiaee – oaoie/aneea nenoaiu n aunieie ?ac?aoathuae
niiniaiinoueth, oaeaaeaeaiea aunieie /aoeinoe, aieueoea aeenieae,
naeaoea aeaiiuo e ia?aaioea ecia?aaeaiee. Eo i?eiaiaiea iaauaao aeaoue
iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo a oaeeo iaeanoyo, eae inouanoaeaiea eiio?iey ca
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie i?ioeannaie, ia?ac?ooathuee eiio?ieue e eniuoaiey,
au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea, oioia?aoey, iieea?aoey, oaeaaeceiiiia aauaiea,
naycue, aiaiiia aeaei, iaaeeoeeineay aeeaaiinoeea.
Aiaeiaie iauai i?iaeaae ia ?uiea yoie oaoiieiaee ninoaaeo ai anai ie?a e
2000 a. ieiei 5 ie?ae. aeiee., i?e/ai a NOA – io 3,3 aei 4,3 ie?ae.
aeiee.
6. Aeaeea aunieiaaoiiaoece?iaaiiua nenoaiu ia iniiaa YAI. Iiaue
iiaeoiae e i?aaiecaoeee ?aaio a ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
no?ieoaeuenoaa, iniiaaiiue ia ni/aoaiee ia?aaeiauo oaoiieiaee e iaoiaeia
oi?aaeaiey, iicaieeo nieceoue noieiinoue e a?aiy ecaioiaeaiey
i?iaeoeoeee, iiauneoue aa ea/anoai, nie?aoeoue ecaea?aeee, naycaiiua n
iaeiieaieai caiania e eo neeaaee?iaaieai. Iiaiaaaaeaiea cao?iiao
aaoiiiaeeueioth e ay?ieinie/aneoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue, i?iecaiaenoai
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee e aa eiiiiiaioia, no?ieoaeuenoai e ?yae ae?oaeo
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae ninoaaeo ii i?iaiico e 2000 a. ai anai ie?a
20-40 ie?ae. aeiee.
7. Caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa n aunieie ieioiinoueth o?aiaiey
eioi?iaoeee. Caiaoiue i?ia?ann a yoie iaeanoe iaeeaeaaony, niaeanii
i?iaiico ieienoa?noaa oi?aiaee, ia iniiaa aeaoo ?acee/iuo iiaeoiaeia:
i?eiaiaiey iaaieoiuo aeeneia, eniieuecothueo oaoiieiaeth oiieiai neiy;
i?eiaiaiey iaaieoi-iioe/aneeo aeeneia. Aeey ia?aiai iiaeoiaea a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy oa?aeoa?iu auno?ua oaiiu ?inoa ieioiinoe caiene ( a 2
?aca ii/oe eaaeaeua o?e aiaea), a oaeaea iaeia a?aiy, a oa/aiea eioi?iai
iaania/eaaaony aeinooi iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeee. Aoi?ie iiaeoiae aeaao
i/aiue aunieoth ieioiinoue o?aiaiey aeaiiuo e oiaiueoaao iianiinoue
iaoaie/aneiai iia?aaeaeaiey caiene.
Noa?a i?eiaiaiey caiiieiathueo ono?ienoa n aunieie ieioiinoueth
o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee – auoiaay e nooaeeeiay aoaeei- e aeaeaioaoieea,
niaoeeaeueiua ono?ienoaa aeey o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee, au/eneeoaeueiay
oaoieea, naycue, oaeaaeaeaiea e i?.
Iaeeaeaaiue aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae a NOA e 2000 a. ninoaaeo io 15
aei 100 ie?ae. aeiee.
8. Auiieiaiea aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo au/eneaiee. Iniiaiua yeaiaiou
iiaie oaoiieiaee, eioi?ua iicaieyo iiauneoue nei?inoue au/eneaiee,
aace?othony ia i?eioeeiao eniieueciaaiey iiaeoeueiiai i?ia?aiiiiai
iaania/aiey, /eneaiiiai iiaeaee?iaaiey e iaeo?iiiuo naoae. Aaaeiaeoea
iaeanoe i?eiaiaiey – i?iaiice?iaaiea iiaiaeu, aeae?iaeeiaieea,
ay?iaeeiaieea, oeceea aunieeo yia?aee, aiaiiua nenoaiu.
Aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae a NOA ninoaaeo e 2000 a. io 50 aei 100 ie?ae.
aeiee.
9. Iaaeeoeeineea i?eai?u e n?aaenoaa aeeaaiinoeee. Ii iiaieth
aia?eeaineeo yenia?oia, a aeeaeaeoaa aeanyoeeaoea ?anoe?yony
aiciiaeiinoe aeey iaia?oaeaiey ?acee/iuo ia?ooaiee a i?aaiecia ( a oii
/enea ia eeaoi/iii o?iaia ) e iiieiaiey iaoaieciia yoeo ia?ooaiee.
Oeo/oeony nenoaia aeeaaiinoeee e ea/aiea caaieaaaiee. Yoiio aoaeao
niinianoaiaaoue i?eiaiaiea iiauo aeieiae/aneeo aeao/eeia,
aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo ciiaeia oa?iaoeaaoe/aneeo i?aia?aoia iai?aaeaiiiai
aeaenoaey, ?aaeeaoeeiiiie oa?aiee, eiiiuethoa?iie oiiia?aoee,
i?iaaaeaiea enneaaeiaaiee n iiiiuueth iaoiaeia iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina.
Iiaua iaaeeoeeineea oaoiieiaee oiaiueoao ?ene aiciiaeiuo o?aai a
i?ioeanna aeeaaiinoeee e ea/aiey.
Iaeeaeaaiue aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae aeinoeaiao e 2000 a. ai anai ie?a
16 ie?ae. aeiee., a NOA – 8 ie?ae. aeiee.
10. Iioiyeaeo?iieea. Ia?niaeoeau yoiai iai?aaeaiey naycaiu n nicaeaieai
i?ioyaeaiiuo e eieaeueiuo aieieiiii-iioe/aneeo nenoai nayce,
eniieueciaaieai a ?acee/iuo oeaeyo yeaeo?e/aneeo, iaoaie/aneeo e
oaieiauo aeao/eeia, oaaee/aieai iauaia o?aiaiey e nei?inoe ia?a?aaioee
eioi?iaoeee, ?ac?aaioeie e aiaae?aieai oaa?aeioaeueiuo eaca?ia.
I?eaeeceoaeueiua ioeaiee eiiiiiaioia aieieiiii-iioe/aneie nayce a 2000
a. ninoaaeytho: ai anai ie?a – 10,8 ie?ae aeiee., a NOA – 4,6 ie?ae.
aeiee. Ni?in ia iioe/aneea aeao/eee ai anai ie?a aeinoeaiao 1 ie?ae.
aeiee.
11. Naini?iua oaoiieiaee. ?anoe?aiea eniieueciaaiey naini?iuo
oaoiieiaee a iaoa?eaeiaaaeaiee, yia?aaoeea, ?acee/iuo io?aneyo
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ( oeie/aneie, oa?iaoeaaoe/aneie, ieuaaie e ae?oaeo)
naycaii n iaeeaeaaiui iiauoaieai oi/iinoe ecia?aiey eiio?iee?oaiuo
ia?aiao?ia a oneiaeyo ?aaeueiiai a?aiaie aeaaiaea?y i?eiaiaieth eo/oeo
iaoa?eaeia, niaa?oainoaiaaieth oaoiieiaee ecaioiaeaiey aeao/eeia,
?ac?aaioea aieaa neiaeiie yeaeo?iieee e nenoai ia?aaioee aeaiiuo.
Aaeaaiaeiue iauai i?iaeaae aeinoeaiao e 2000 a. ai anai ie?a 12 ie?ae.
aeiee., a NOA – 5 ie?ae. aeiee.
12. Naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue. I?iaiice?oaony aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea yoiai
iai?aaeaiey eae ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey ea?aie/aneeo iaoa?eaeia, aeathueo
yooaeo naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe i?e oaiia?aoo?a auoa 77 E, oae e ca n/ao
i?eiaiaiey ieceioaiia?aoo?iuo naa?oi?iaiaeieeia n oeo/oaiiuie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie e naienoaaie. Aiciiaeiua iaeanoe i?eiaiaiey naycaiu n
yeaeo?iieeie e ia?aaioeie eioi?iaoeee, i?iecaiaenoaii
yeaeo?ioaoie/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey, iaaeeoeeineie aeeaaiinoeeie ( iiuiua
iaaieou), o?ainii?oii ( iai?eia?, o?ainii?o ia iaaieoiie iiaeaanea),
oeceeie aunieeo yia?aee ( onei?eoaee ca?yaeaiiuo /anoeoe).
?uii/iue ni?in ia naa?oi?iaiaeyuea ecaeaeey aeinoeaiao e 2000 a. ai anai
ie?a 8-12 ie?ae. aeiee. ( a NOA – 3-5 ie?ae. aeiee.).
4.2. I?IAIIC AAAINOAA YEIIIIE*ANEIAI IEAIE?IAAIEss ssIIIEE
A ethea 1991 a. Aaainoai yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey ssiiiee
iaia?iaeiaaei aeieeaae “Oaoiieiae/aneee i?iaiic aei 2010 aiaea”. A iai
aeaaony ioeaiea 101 ia?niaeoeaiie oaoiieiaee n oi/ee c?aiey oaeeo
e?eoa?eaa, eae a?aiy, iaiaoiaeeiia aeey oe?ieiai aiaae?aiey a i?aeoeeo;
aa?iyoiue ?acia? iioaioeeaeueiiai ?uiea; iaeeaeaaiia aicaeaenoaea ia
iauanoai e ea/anoai aeecie ianaeaiey. Aeaaiay caaea/a iiaeaioiaeaiiiai
i?iaiica – naycaoue oaoiieiae/aneia ?acaeoea n i?iaeaiaie auno?iai
noa?aiey ianaeaiey, yia?aaoe/aneie neooaoeeae e ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu a ssiiiee.
Ieaea a oaaee/iie oi?ia i?eaiaeeony iioaeeeiaaiiue o?aaiaio yoiai
i?iaiica (oaae. 4.2.1.).
Oaaeeoea 4.2.1.
Ia?niaeoeau inaiaiey iiauo oaoiieiaee (i?iaiic Aaainoaa yeiiiie/aneiai
ieaie?iaaiey ssiiiee)
IAEANOUe
I?EIAIAIEss
IA?NIAEOEAIUA
OAOIIEIAEE IA*AEI OE?IEIAI I?AEOE*ANEIAI ENIIEUeCIAAIEss ( AIAe )
IAEEAeAA-IUE ?ACIA? ?UIEA
( A O?EI EAI)
1 2 3 4
Eioi?iaoeea e yeaeo?iieea Aeinaini?u
Nenoaiu aaoiiaoe/aneiai ia?aaiaea 2000
2020 2.0
1.0
Iiaua iaoa?eaeu Noaeeiia?aciua iaoa?eaeu
Eiiieaeniua niaaeeiaiey ia iniiaa ea?aieee n oeo/oaiiuie naienoaaie 2010
2050 1.0
0.1
Iaoee i aeecie N?aaenoai aeey ea/aiey ?aea
Eneonnoaaiiua i?aaiu 2030
2030 0.4
0.4
Yia?aaoeoeea Oiieeaiua yeaiaiou
?aaeoi?u-?aciiiaeeoaee ia auno?uo iaeo?iiao 2015
2025 0.2
0.6
Aaoiiaoecaoeey i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iiecaiaenoaa ?iaiou n eneonnoaaiiui
eioaeeaeoii
Noia?oeueo?aoi/iua ia?aaaouaathuea iaoeiu 2010
2020 0.05
0.015
Naycue Aeaeaioii
Oaeaaeaeaiea aunieie /anoiou 1994
1995 0.01
3.0
O?ainii?o e aei?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea Iaeua ?aaeoeaiua naiieaou n
aa?oeeaeueiui aceaoii e iinaaeeie
Naa?oi?iaiaeyuee eeiaeiue aeaeaaoaeue 2000
2010 0.1
1.0
Oaoiieiaee, iaeneiece?othuea eniieueciaaiea caiee Aeaaoa?iu
Aeoaieea iiaecaiiua aei?iae e aaoiiaaeno?aee 2000 0.02
0.23
Caueoa ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu Iaoiaeu auaeaeaiey e ia?a?aaioee o?aiiia
Iaoiaeu eaoaeeoe/aneie eiiiaeeecaoeee NI2 1995
2010 0.1
0.3
5. NII?ssAEAIEA OAOIIEIAEE
Oaoiieiae/aneea i?i?uau – niauoey y?eea e ciaiaiaoaeueiua, iie ea?atho
aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a onei?aiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, ii
nouanoaoao e ae?oaie niinia, ie/ooue ia iaiaa, a ii?ie e aieaa
yooaeoeaiue, caeeth/athueeny a nii?yaeaiee aeaiiie oaoiieiaee n
iaeioi?ie ae?oaie.
Nii?yaeaiea oaoiieiaee – iaiouaieaiue yeaiaio enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey,
ano?a/athueeny ian?aaiaiii /aua, /ai oaoiieiae/aneea i?i?uau. Iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi anee i?i?uau – ?aaeeea i?acaeieee, oi nii?yaeaiey
oaoiieiaee – aoaeie IOI. Eaaeaeay aaciaay oaoiieiaey ni a?aiaiai
ia?anoaao oeaeoii nii?yaeaiiuo, /anoue ec eioi?uo naycaia e n ae?oaeie
aaciauie oaoiieiaeyie. A ?acoeueoaoa ?iaeaeaaony neiaeiaeoaa
ia?aieaoaiea oaoiieiaee ni naiae oiiieiaeae e ea?a?oeae yeaiaioia e
ethaia eciaiaiea eaeiai-eeai ocea yoie nenoaiu a i?eioeeia aucuaaao
aieio aiciouaiey ai anae naoe.
Nii?yaeaiey oaoiieiaee aeiieie?otho a i?aeoeea IOI iaae
oaoiieiae/aneeie i?i?uaaie aiana ia iioiio, /oi ia?aua o?aaotho iaiueoeo
eioaeeaeooaeueiuo oneeee, – e a yoie iaeanoe anoue naie ino?ioiiua,
iaiau/aeii ecia?aoaoaeueiua ?aoaiey. Oniao iaania/eaaaony yeiiiie/aneei
iaoaieciii: i?e inouanoaeaiee i?i?uaa i?eoiaeeony ia oieueei nicaeaaaoue
iiaia iai?oaeiaaiea aeey aeinoeaeaiey a iauai-oi i?aaeiae oeaee, ii e
aua?anuaaoue iaaeiaii?oece?iaaiiia noa?ia. I?e nii?yaeaiee aea aaciaay,
enoiaeiay oaoiieiaey i?iaeieaeaao ooieoeeiie?iaaoue i?aeoe/anee aac
ia?aiai, aeinoaoi/ii eeoue ?ac?aaioaoue iai?oaeiaaiea aeey iiaie,
nii?yaaaiie oaoiieiaee. Iineieueeo aianoi cao?ao ia iaeo?aeecaoeeth
iooiaeia aicieeaao i?eaueue io eo iieaciiai eniieueciaaiey, noiia?iua
eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey ia nii?yaeaiea ieacuaathony ai?acaei iaiueoa.
I?iaeaiu nicaeaiey aaciooiaeiuo i?iecaiaenoa, ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
eniieueciaaiey iooiaeia a neo/aa eo ia?aciaaiey, yeieiae/aneie /enoiou
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo e aiiaue ?ac?aaaouaaaiuo i?ioeannia i?eia?aoatho
ia?ainoaiaiiia cia/aiea a iao aae, eiaaea auno?i enoiuathony nu?ueaaua
?ano?nu, a io?aia i?e?iaeu e i?aaeioa?auaiey aa caa?yciaiey yaeythony
oneiaeyie nio?aiaiey ii?iaeueiiai nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaa/anoaa oaea a
aeeaeaeoai e oai aieaa a ioaeaeaiiii aoaeouai.
6. Ianouiinoue i?iaeaiu eiino?oe?iaaiey nenoai aaoaiey eieaaaiee e
aiciiaeiua iaoiaeu ?aoaiey
a ?innee aunioiua caeaiey ano?a/athony ?aaeei, e a iniiaiii yoi
oaeaaaoie, oiaaea eae a no?aiao NOA, ssiiiee, A?aceeee e ae?., anoaao
i?iaeaia caueou oaeeo nii?oaeaiee io iia?aaeaeaiee. Iaeiaei oaeay
aeiaaeueiay i?iaeaiu, eae auno?ue ?ino ia?iaeiianaeaiey caiiiai oa?a
iiaeao naeaeaoue ianouiie yoo i?iaeaio a iaoae no?aia.
Iniiaiua iaoiaeu ioeaieaaiey e oi?aaeaiey ninoiyieyie aunioiuo e
i?ioyaeaiiuo eiino?oeoeee:
– iaoiae Eaeiaia-Auethne;
– o?aaiaiey Yeea?a-Eaa?aiaea aeey ?an/aoa iioeiaeueiuo oi?aaeythueo
aicaeaenoaee;
– eiioeueniue iaoiae oi?aaeaiey eieaaaieyie eiino?oeoeee.
Ono?ienoaa aaoaiey eieaaaiee eiino?oeoeee iiaoo auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia o?e
iniiaiua a?oiiu :
– aioeaea?aoi?u (AA) n aeanoeie iano?ieeie ia ii?aaeaeaiiua /anoiou
naiaiaeiuo eieaaaiee eiino?oeoeee e(eee) niaeo?u aiciouathueo nee;
– naiiiano?aeaathueany AA n eciaiyaiuie ia?aiao?aie;
– nenoaiu aaoiiaoe/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey (NA?), aeeth/athuea n?aaenoaa
iaaethaeaiey, aiaeiai-oeeo?iaua e oeeo?iaiaeiaiaua i?aia?aciaaoaee,
eniieieoaeueiua iaoaieciu e YAI, ia?aaaouaathuea iinooiathuoth
eioi?iaoeeth i ninoiyiee eiino?oeoeee e ?ann/eouaathuea iioeiaeueiua
oi?aaeaiey.
CAEETH*AIEA
Oa?aeoa?iay /a?oa nia?aiaiiuo oaoiieiaee oi, /oi a ieo aieueoie
oaeaeueiue aan i?eoiaeeony ia iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey, a oii /enea
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua, e yoe enneaaeiaaiey ana auno?aa e aieaa ei?ioeeie
iooyie aeeth/athony a i?aeoeeo.
A ie?iaii niiauanoaa i?ienoiaeeo ea?aeeiaeueiue ia?aniio? no?aoaaee
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Oai aiciaeaaeaei ioiioaiea e oaoiieiaee
eae e ia/aeo ia/ae nia?aiaiiie iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee. Iii aua
aieaa ie?aiei a ia?eiae yia?aaoe/aneiai e?ecena, eiaaea ia ia?aue ieai
auoea no?aoaae/aneay caaea/a nicaeaiey e oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey
?ano?ninaa?aaathueo oaoiieiaee. I?aeiouanoai oaoiieiae/aneiai iiaeoiaea
e iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaa e nioeeaeueiie noa?u, eae
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i?aeoeea ?acaeouo no?ai, oa?aeoa?ecoaony
eiiieaeniinoueth e i?eaioaoeeae ia eiia/iue ?acoeueoao. Oaeie iiaeoiae
nouanoaaiii iaiyao i?aaiecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaa e noa?u ianeoaeeaaiey.
A oneiaeyo ianuuaiiinoe caiaaeiiai ?uiea oiaa?aie auniei?acaeoua no?aiu
iaiytho i?eaioe?u n i?iecaiaenoaa ianniaie i?iaeoeoeee ia i?iecaiaenoai
iaeeeo na?ee aieueoiai iaai?a oiaa?ia. ?aaeueiinoueth noaiiaeony
oiaiueoaiea iio?aaiinoe a noaiaea?oiuo aeaeao i?iaeoeoeee, ?anoao
?aciiia?acea oiaa?ia, /oi, a naith i/a?aaeue, iaoneiaeeaaao
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua eciaiaiey eae a oi?aaeaiee, oae e a no?oeoo?a
i?iecaiaenoaa e aai oaoiieiaeyo. Aicieeaao iio?aaiinoue a iaaieueoeo
i?aaei?eyoeyo, niiniaiuo eo/oa aaeaioe?iaaoueny e cai?inai iieoiaoaeae.
A ?acoeueoaoa nicaeaaony i?eiao iio?aaeoaey iaae i?iecaiaeeoaeai,
iiauoathony o?aaiaaiey e oiaa?ai, eo ea/anoao, naiaa?aiaiiinoe iinoaaie,
?aciiia?aceth oiaa?ia e oneoa, i?eniiniaeaiiuo e cai?inai eiie?aoiiai
iio?aaeoaey. Oaeie iiaeoiae i?eaae ia oieueei e iiaui oeiai oaoiieiaee,
ii e e onei?aieth eo iaiiaeyaiinoe. I/aaeaeii, /oi yoiai iooe ?acaeoey
oaoiieiaee ia ieiiaaoue e iaoae no?aia.
Iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey o?aaotho aunieeo cao?ao, e noieiinoue yoeo cao?ao
aoiaeeo a oeaio eiia/iiai i?iaeoeoa. Ca ?oaaaeii iiiaea
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey noaneaee?othony eiiia?/aneeie
no?oeoo?aie, caieiathueieny iiaaeoeie oaoiieiaeyie, e iai?aaeaiea
enneaaeiaaiee, eo caaea/e ii?aaeaeythony o?aaiaaieyie oaoiieiaee. Yoi
ioaaao ?yae o/aiuo, oae eae ia?yaeo n iieiaeeoaeueiui yooaeoii –
oaaee/aieai anneaiiaaiee ia iaoeo – iiaeao auoue e io?eoeaoaeueiue –
ia?aeinu a ?acaeoee iaoee, ia?ooaiea aioo?aiiae eiaeee aa ?acaeoey.
Iiaiiy ca aeeceei yooaeoii a ia?niaeoeaa iiaeao i?eaanoe e noaaiaoeee
iaoee e iineieueeo ?ac?aaioea iiaaeoeo oaoiieiaee o?aaoao aieueoeo
anneaiiaaiee, iie /anoi aoaeoo iaaeinooiiu no?aiai, ia niiniaiui
oeiaine?iaaoue enneaaeiaaiey.
EEOA?AOO?A
1. Aa?oeaeue A. Cia/aiea oaoiieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u e oaoiieiae/aneie
eoeueoo?u e oaoiiyoeee / AE.: “Aanoiee aunoae oeieu”, 1991 a., ?12,
54-58n.
2. Aeaoaa?a E.A., Iaioei E.E. E?aoeee neiaa?ue ii oeeinioee / I.: Iaoea,
1982 a. 40n.
3. Aeeieia N.A., Aeeieei N.I. e ae?. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann a
i?iaeoe?iaaiee e no?ieoaeuenoaa i?iiuoeaiiuo caeaiee / I.: No?ieecaeao,
1987 a. 200n.
4. Ai?enia A.O., Aieeia O.I. Iniiau yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee / I.: Aunoay
oeiea, 1993 a. 243n.
5. Aaneeueaa TH.N., Ieoaeeia TH.E., Ieeieaaa A.I. AOC –
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio i?ia?anno / I.: Aunoay oeiea, 1985 a. 56n.
6. Aeaaaaa A.A. Oaeoi? IOI a nia?aiaiiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieea / I.: Iaoea,
1994 a. 207n.
7. Eaiai I.E., Ei?yaei I.E., Aaneeueaa A.E. e ae?. Oaoiieiaey –
iaoa?eaeu – iaoeiu ( enoi?ey, nia?aiaiiinoue, ia?niaeoeau). I., 1994.
8. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann a no?ieoaeuenoaa / iiae. ?aae. Eoeeaaiiaa
E.: Eaiecaeao, 1984a.168n.
9. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann a no?ieoaeuenoaa (yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu)
/ I., 1990 a. 125n.
10. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey e ?acaeoea iao/iiai iiciaiey. Auione
2. Aaeo, 1989.
11. Iynaeoo Ae., Yao?aeei I. *oi ian aeaeao a 90-a aiaeu.
Iaaaoaiaeaioeee: aiae 2000. Aeanyoue iiauo iai?aaeaiee ia 90-a aiaeu /
I.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai “?anioaeeea”, 1992 a. 415 n.
12. Ieeaei-Ianoa?ia A.E., Naioeeia A.I. IO?: nenoaia iaoei e /aeiaae /
I.: Yeiiiieea, 1990 a. 175n.
13. Nie?iia A. Oeeinioey IO? e no?aoaae/aneay ioeaiea oaoiieiaee. AE.:
“Aii?inu yeiiiieee”, 1992 a. ?10, 121-128n.
14. Nieiaueaa A.N. O?e ?acaiai?a: i aieia, i?ia?anna e eiioea anaie?iie
enoi?ee. I.: Oe?ia “Iee”, 1991 a. 40n.
15. *oia/aiei I.A., Anniiia A.O. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann: Aii?inu e
ioaaou. Eeaa: Iieeoecaeao Oe?aeiu, 1988 a.
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