Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue einoeooo ?uiea
Eaoaae?a yeiiiieee
Aeieeaae
ii enoi?ee yeiiiie/aneeo o/aiee
ia oaio:
O. Aaaeai eae i?aaenoaaeoaeue einoeoooeeiiaeecia.
auiieiee nooaeaio a?. I21: Oa?/aa A.A.
i?aiiaeaaaoaeue: Othoaa TH.A.
Naia?a 1997Niaea?aeaiea
E?aoeay aeia?aoey Aaaeaia
Iiaaoi?neea aniaeou oai?ee Aaaeaia
Eeth/aaua iiiaiou oai?ee Aaaeaia Iniiaiiieiaeieeii
einoeoooeeiiaeenoneiai iaipaaeaiey ii ipaao n/eoaaony O. Aaaeai. Aai
iapo ipeiaaeeaaeeo pyae enneaaeiaaiee: “Oaipey ipacaeiiai eeanna”
(1899), “Oaipey aeaeiaiai ipaaeipeieiaoaeuenoaa” (1904), “Einoeieo
ianoapnoaa e opiaaiue pacaeoey oaoiieiaee ipiecaiaenoaa” (1914),
“Epoiiua ipaaeipeieiaoaee e ipinoie /aeiaae” (1919), “Eiaeaiapu e
nenoaia oeaiiinoae” (1921), “Aanaioe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue e
ipaaeipeieiaoaeuenoai a iiaia apaiy” (1923).
Aaaeai piaeeeny a naiuea iipaaaeneiai epanoueyieia-yieapaioa, a
naeueneie ianoiinoe ooaoa Aeneiinei. Iieo/ea aeaaiaeapy auaeathueiny
iniaaiiinoyi aunoaa iapaciaaiea e aeaaea aeieoipneoth noaiaiue, ii oae e
ia noae naiei a aeaaeaie/aneii iepa. Aieueooth /anoue aeecie Aaaeai
ipiaae a nopiaie aipueaa ca oeaa ianouiue, /anoi iaiyy eieeaaeaee e
oieaapneoaou, a eioipuo ipaiiaeaaae. Oiap ii a aaaeiinoe, ca ianeieueei
iaaeaeue aei ia/aea aepaeaaiai epaoa 24 ieoyapy 1929 a. – “/apiiiai
/aoaapaa”, io eioipiai aaaeao ion/ao “aaeeeay aeaipanney”,
iiaeoaapaeeaoay ai iiiaii nioeeaeueiue epeoeoeeci aai oaipee.
Eae iniiaiiieiaeiee einoeoooeeiiaeecia Aaaeai auaiaeeo pyae
yeiiiie/aneeo yaeaiee ec iauanoaaiiie ineoieiaee, a iniiaa aai acaeyaeia
eaaeeo naiaiapaciia iiieiaiea /aeiaaea eae aeinioeeaeueiiai nouanoaa,
poeiaiaeeiiai apiaeaeaiiuie einoeieoaie. E /eneo iineaaeieo O. Aaaeai
ioiineo einoeieo naiiniopaiaiey e niopaiaiey piaea (“piaeeoaeueneia
/oanoai”), einoeieo ianoapnoaa (“neeiiiinoue eee ipaaepaniieiaeaiea e
yooaeoeaiui aeaenoeyi”), a oaeaea neeiiiinoe e niiapie/anoao,
iiaepaaeaieth, ipacaeiiio ethaiiuonoao. Oae, /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue
ipaaenoaao a aai ipiecaaaeaieyo eae neaaenoaea ecia/aeueiie /aeiaa/aneie
neeiiiinoe e eiieopaioeee: iia eciapaaeaaony iaeaieaa caiaoiui
aeieacaoaeuenoaii oniaoa a nipaaiiaaiee e “opaaeeoeeiiiie iniiaie
oaaaeaiey”. Aieaa neiaeiay ineoieiae/aneay iiaeiieaea naienoaaiia
eaoaaipee “caaenoeeaia npaaiaiea”, eapathuae a nenoaia Aaaeaia
/apacau/aeii aaaeioth pieue. Ipe iiiiue yoie eaoaaipee Aaaeai
eioapipaoepoao oaeea yeiiiie/aneea yaeaiey, eae ipeaapaeaiiinoue ethaeae
e ipanoeaeiiio iiopaaeaieth, a oaeaea e iaeiieaieth eaieoaea:
nianoaaiiee iaiueoaai ii paciapo ninoiyiey eniuouaaao caaenoue e aieaa
epoiiiio eaieoaeenoo e nopaieony aeiaiaoue aai; ipe aeinoeaeaiee
aeaeaaiiai opiaiy ipiyaeyaony nopaieaiea iapaaiaoue aepoaeo e oai naiui
ipaacieoe eiieopaioia.
Eieae Aaaeaia niaeapaeao nepuooth, a iipie e yaioth iieaieeo n
yeiiiienoaie iaieeanne/aneiai iaipaaeaiey. Anai naiei oaip/anoaii ii
aeaaae iiiyoue, /oi yeiiiie/aneay iaoea ia aeieaeia auoue oieueei iaoeie
i oeaiao e puieao. Aaaeai ienae, /oi ipaaeiaoii iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee
yaeyaony /aeiaa/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue ai anao aa ipiyaeaieyo,
iauanoaaiiua iaoee ipecaaiu caieiaoueny ioiioaieyie ethaeae aepoa e
aepoao.
Haieeanneee iapaaeei ipaaenoaaeyee /aeiaaea a aeaea eaeaaeueiie n/aoiie
onoaiiaee, iaiiaaiii ioeaieaathuae iieaciinoue oiai eee eiiai aeaaa, n
oeaeueth iaeneiecepiaaoue iauee yooaeo io eniieueciaaiey iaee/iiai
caiana panopnia. Iaeiaei, niaeanii Aaaeaio, yeiiiie/aneia iiaaaeaiea
ethaeae iineo aieaa neiaeiue , /anoi ep?aoeeiiaeueiue oapaeoap, eai
/aeiaae – ia “iaoeia aeey en/eneaiey iuouaiee ianeaaeaeaiey e
nopaaeaiey”. ia iiaaaeaiea ethaeae neacuaaaony, iaipeiap, iioeau
aeaiiinopaoeaiiai ipanoeaeiiai iiopaaeaiey, caaenoeeaiai npaaiaiey,
einoeieo iiaepaaeaiey, caeii nioeeaeueiiai noaoona, e ipi/ea
apiaeaeaiiua e aeaaiipeiapaoaiiua neeiiiinoe. Iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea ia
iiaeao naiaeeoueny e yeiiiie/aneei iiaeaeyi, iniiaaiiui ia ipeioeeiao
ooeeeoapecia e aaaeiiecia. Aeaiiua pannoaeaeaiey O. Aaaeai eniieueciaae
, a /anoiinoe, a iieaieea ipioea iaeiiai ec noieiia iaieeanneee – Aeae.
Eeapea.
Niaeanii Aaaeaio, einoeooou, eee “ipeiyoay a ianoiyuaa apaiy nenoaia
iauanoaaiiie aeecie”, iipaaeaeytho iaiinpaaenoaaiiua oeaee,
iiae/eiythuea iiaaaeaiea ethaeae. Hi aeaaiipeyoiua oneiaey
yeiiiie/aneiai pacaeoey nouanoaotho eeoue a oii neo/aa, eiaaea nenoaia
einoeoooia iaoiaeeony a aapiiiee n eiia/iuie oeaeyie, auoaeathueie ec
einoeieoia.
Aepoaei aaaeiaeoei oaeoipii, eaaeauei a iniiaa eciaiaiey einoeoooia, O.
Aaaeai n/eoae oaoieeo, oaoiieiaeth. Niaeanii aai o/aieth, yoo
aeiieiepothuoth pieue oaoieea auiieiyao ia anaaaea, a eeoue ia noaaeee
iaoeiiiai ipiecaiaenoaa. Oaeei iapacii, a iaoiaeieiaee Aaaeaia,
ipenoonoaotho yeaiaiou enoipecia, oioy ai iiiaii oaoiiepaoe/aneiai
naienoaa: einoeooou eciaiythony iioiio, /oi ia ieo aicaeaenoaoao
/aeiaa/aneay ineoieiaey, n iaeiie noipiiu, e nieioiie iioie oaoie/aneeo
oaeoipia – n aepoaie. Yoa aeaienoaaiiay ineoieiai-oaoiiepaoe/aneay
eiioeaioeey caeiaeeea iniiau niapaiaiiuo oaipee noaaeeeiinoe
yeiiiie/aneiai pinoa e eiaeonopeaeueiie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Oeaiopaeueiia ianoi a ipiecaaaeaieyo Aaaeaia caieiaao aai o/aiea i
“ipacaeiii eeanna”, e iapaciaaieth eioipiai ii oaeaea iiaeoiaeee
enoipe/anee. Eae e iiiaea iieeiiieee eeanne/aneiai opoaea E. Iipaaia
“Aepaaiaa iauanoai”, Aaaeai pacee/ae a enoipee /aeiaa/anoaa ianeieueei
noaaeee: paiiae e iicaeiae aeeeinoe, oeuiiai e iieoiepiiai aapaapnoaa, a
caoai paianeaiioth e ipiiuoeaiioth noaaeee. Ha paiieo noaaeeyo ethaee
aeeee oneiaeyo niopoaeie/anoaa. Oiaaea, eae ipaaenoaaeyeinue Aaaeaio, ia
auei nianoaaiiinoe, iaiaia, iaoaiecia oeai. Iicaeiaa, eiaaea aue
iaeiieai eceeoae iaoapeaeueiuo aeaa, aiaiiiia/aeueieee e aepaoeu iaoee
auaiaeiui ipaaeoue aepoaeie ethaeueie. Oae ia/aeny ipioeann oipiepiaaiey
“ipacaeiiai eeanna”, a aianoa n iei iapaoiae io aeeeinoe e aapaapnoao.
Ii iapa oiai eae iepiua caiyoey onooiaee ianoi aiaiiui iioiaeai e
apaaaaeai, iiaeaaeyeny naienoaaiiue /aeiaaeo einoeieo ianoapnoaa. Anee
paiueoa /aeiaae aipieny a iniiaiii n ipepiaeie, oi oaiapue – n aepoaei
/aeiaaeii. A oeaiopa iiaiai iapaca aeecie iaoiaeeeanue /anoiay
nianoaaiiinoue, o enoieia eioipie noiyee ianeeea e iaiai.
A aieaa iicaeea enoipe/aneea yiioe, ienae Aaaeai, oeipaieaoeany
aapaapneea iaauee eeoue nepuaaeenue iiae ianeie iepiuo oipi iiaaaeaiey.
ieii/aoaeueii onoaiiaeeanue iauanoaaiiay eapapoey n “ipacaeiui eeannii”
ia aapoeia nioeaeueiie iepaieaeu. Aiaoieie i?eciaeaie ioee/ey noaei
aunoaiiaeaiiia iaiieac aacaeaeuea e iio?aaeaiea, ?an/eoaiiia ia
aeaiiino?aoeeth aiaaonoaa (“aeaiiino?aoeaiia ?anoi/eoaeuenoai”). Ao?iue
i?ia?ann oaoieee anooiee a ino?ue eiioeeeo ni no?aieaieai ethaeae e
iieaciie ?ineioe. Oiaa?u noaee oeaieoueny ia ii eo iieaciui naienoaai, a
ii oiio, ianeieueei aeaaeaiea eie ioee/aao /aeiaaea io aai aeeaeieo
(yooaeo “caaenoeeaiai n?aaiaiey”). *ai aieaa ?anoi/eoaeueiui
noaiiaeeinue aeaiiia eeoei, oai auoa iiaeieiaeny aai i?anoeae. Aunoea
ii/anoe aicaeaaaeenue oai, eoi aeaaiaea?y eiio?ieth iaae
nianoaaiiinoueth ecaeaeae ec i?iecaiaenoaa aieueoa aiaaonoaa, ia
caieiaynue iieaciui o?oaeii. Oaeei iapacii, niaeanii eiioeaioeee
Aaaeaia, “ioiioaiea ipacaeiiai (o.a. eiouaai iaipiecaiaenoaaiiiai)
eeanna e ceiiiie/aneiio ipioeanno yaeyaony aeaiaaeiui ioiioaieai –
ioiioaieai noyaeaoaeuenoaa, a ia ipiecaiaenoaa, yenieoaoaoeee, a ia
iieaciinoe…Iau/ae iepa aeciana neiaeeeenue iiae iaipaaeythuei e
ecaepaoaeueiui aeaenoaeai caeiiia oeuie/anoaa eee iapaceoecia. Yoi
iau/ae nianoaaiie/noaa, ipiecaiaeiua, aieaa eee iaiaa ioaeaeaiiua, io
aepaaiae oeuie/aneie eoeueoopu”.
O/aiea i ipacaeiii eeanna aeoia n iaoiaeieiaeae oaoiiepaoecia
(aeineiaii: oaoiiepaoey – aeanoue oaoieee) eaaeeo a iniiaa aaaeaiianeie
eiioeaioeee “eiaeono?eaeueiie nenoaiu”. Niaeanii yoie oaipee eaieoaeeci
(a oapieiieiaee Aaaeaia – “aeaiaaeiia oicyenoai”) ipioiaeeo aeaa nooiaie
pacaeoey: noaaeeth ipaaeipeieiaoaey, a oa/aiee eioipie aeanoue e
nianoaaiiinoue ipeiaaeeaaeao ipaaeipeieiaoaeth, e noaaeeth ainiiaenoaa
oeiainenoa, eiaaea oeiainenou iooaniytho ipaaeipeieiaoaeae. Aeey
iineaaeiae noaaeee iniaaiii oapaeoapia aeeoioiiey (ipioeainoiyiea)
iaaeaeo eiaeonopeae e aecianii, eioapanu eioipuo niaapoaiii pacee/iu.
Iiae eiaeonopeae Aaaeai iiieiae noapo iaoapeaeueiiai ipiecaiaenoaa,
iniiaaiioth ia iaoeiiie oaoieea, iiae aecianii – noapo iapauaiey (
aepaeaauo niaeoeyoeee, oipaiaee, epaaeeoa e o.ae.).
Eiaeonopey, niaeanii eiioeaioeee Aaaeaia, ipaaenoaaeaia ia oieueei
ooieoeeiiepothueie ipaaeipeieiaoaeyie, ii e eiaeaiapii-oaoie/aneei
iapniiaeii, iaiaaeaeapaie, paai/eie. Ana yoe neie caeioapaniaaiu a
niaapoainoaiaaiee ipiecaiaenoaa e iioiio yaeythony iineoaeyie ipiapanna.
Haipioea, ipaaenoaaeoaee aeciana ipeaioepiaaiu eneeth/eoaeueii ia
ipeaueue, e ipiecaiaenoai eae oaeiaia eo ia aieioao.
Aeeoioiiey iaaeaeo eiaeonopeae e aecianii caeeth/aaony, ii Aaaeaio, a
oii, /oi a eiaeonopeaeueiie noapa ooieoeeiiepotho neie, iaiaoiaeeiua
aeey iauanoaa, oiaaea eae aecian iapniieoeoeepiaai a “ipacaeiii eeanna”,
ia ianouai iieaciie iaapocee. A “ipacaeue eeann” Aaaeai caeeth/ae eeoue
iaeaieaa epoiiuo oeiainiauo iaaiaoia; iaeeeo e npaaeieo
ipaaeipeieiaoaeae ii ia n/eoae nioeeaeueiuie eaeaeeaaioeaie e aeaaea (n
ecaanoiuie iaiaipeaie) ca/eneye a ipiecaiaeeoaeueiue eeann.
Aiapeeaineee o/aiue iaiaeiiepaoii auneacuaae aeoaieia oaaaeaiea e
Iapeno, oioy e ia aue ai anai n iei niaeanai (epeoeeiaae iapenenoneoth
oaipeth pacaeoey noieiinoe, o/aiea i pacapaiie apiee opoaea eae
pacoeueoaoa iaeiieaiea eaieoaea). Aeaaiia inopea aaaeaiiaineie epeoeee
auei iaipaaeaii ipioea eioapania epoiiaeoae aopaeoacee. Yoi iauyniyaony
oai, /oi Aaaeai noiye ia eaaii oeaiaa caiaaeiie yeiiiie/aneie iunee e
aue eaeaieiaii paaeeeaeueii ianopiaiiie eioaeeaaioeee.
Aaaeiaeoei eoiaii oaipaoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe Aaaeaia noaei aai o/aiea
ia “aanaioeenoneie nianoaaiiinoe” (aanoeaioeenoneay – ionoonoaothuay,
iainycayaiay). Yoa nianoaaiiinoue aecianiaiia, ia ipeieiathueo
iaiinpaaenoaaiiiai o/anoey a ipiecaiaenoaa. Anee paiueoa, ia noaaeee
“ainiiaenoaa ipaaeipeieiaoaeae”, ipeaueue auea caeiiiiapiui eoiaii
iieaciie ipaaeipeieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, oi a oneiaeyo
“aeaiaaeiiai oicyenoaa” OO a. aeaaiui npaaenoaii ecaea/aiey ipeauee
naeaeaeny epaaeeo. Eiaiii ipe iiiiue e?aaeeoa aecianiaiu (i?aaenoaaeoaee
“i?acaeiiai eeanna”) i?enaaeaatho aeoeee, iaeeaaoeee, ae?oaea oeeoeaiua
oeaiiinoe, eioi?ua i?eiinyo ia?iiiua niaeoeyoeaiua aeioiaeu. A eoiaa
iaiiia?ii ?anoe?yaony ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa, ?ino ?acia?a “aanaioaenoneie”
nianoaaiiinoe ai iiiai ?ac i?aainoiaeeo noieiinoe iaoa?eaeueiuo aeoeaia
ei?ii?aoeee. “Aanaioaenoneay nianoaaiiinoue” – iniiaa nouanoaiaaiey
“i?acaeiiai eeanna”, i?e/eia iaino?ythuaainy eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo
eiaeono?eae e aecianii.
Oaeei ia?acii, Aaaeai aanueia oiiei aiaeece?oao iiiaea ?aaeueiua aniaeou
yeiiiieee NOA ia/aea iuiaoiaai noieaoey: ia?aoiae yeiiiie/aneie aeanoe a
?oee oeiainiauo iaaiaoia, iaieioee?iaaiea oeeoeaiui eaieoaeii eae iaeiei
ec aeaaiuo n?aaenoa i?eoiiiaeaiey oeiainiaiai eaieoaea, cia/eoaeueiue
io?ua eaieoaea-nianoaaiiinoe io eaieoaea-ooieoeee e o.ae. Aianoa n oai
yoio yeiiiieno aue oaaaeaeaiiui noi?iiieeii iaiiaie eiioeaioeee: ei?aiue
nioeeaeueiuo eiioeeeoia ii eneae a noa?a ia?auaiey, a ia i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?ioeai?a/ey iineaaeiae o?aeoiaaeenue ei eae aoi?inoaiaiiua.
Ii Aaaeaio, iniiaioth ?ieue a a?yaeoueo i?aia?aciaaieyo i?ecaaiu
nua?aoue eiaeaia?u – oaoiie?aou (eeoea, eaeouea e aeanoe ia iniiaaiee
aeoaieiai ciaiey nia?aiaiiie oaoieee). Niaeanii aai i?aaenoaaeaieyi,
o/anoea a nicaeaiee ia?aaeiauo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo nee, oi?ie?iaaiea
aunieiyooaeoeaiie oaoiieiaee ?iaeaeaao o oaoiie?aoia no?aieaiea e
iieeoe/aneiio aeiieie?iaaieth.
Iaaethaeay i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo eioa?anaie aeciana e ?acaeoeai
eiaeono?ee, eiaeaia?u i?iieeathony iaiaaenoueth e oeiainenoai. I?aaaea,
“i?acaeiue eeann” no?aieony iiaeeoiaoue eiaeaia?ia, i?aaeinoaaeyao ei
iaoa?eaeueiua aeaaa, iiauoaao aeioiae. *anoue eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai
ia?niiaea, iniaaiii n?aaee eeoe noa?oaai iieieaiey, i?iieeaao aeooii
noyaeaoaeuenoaa, ii aieueoeinoai iieiaeuo eiaeaia?ia ia eaeao ia naeaeeo
n aecianiaiaie, iineieueeo eioapanu iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ipiapanna aeey
ieo aaaeiaa ee/iiai iaiaauaiey.
Eiiepaoii eapoeia onoaiiaeaiey “iiaiai ii?yaeea” auaeyaeeo a
ipiecaaaeaieyo Aaaeaia neaaeothuei iapacii: iao/ii-oaoie/aneay
eioaeeeaaioeey ia/eiaao anaiauoth noa/eo, eioipay iapaeecoao
ipiiuoeaiiinoue. Iapaee/ yeiiiieee canoaaeyao “ipacaeiue eeann”
ionooieoue. Aeanoue iapaoiaeeo a poee oaoiiepaoia, ipenooiathueo e
ipaiapaciaaieth eiaeonopeaeueiie nenoaiu ia iiauo ia/aeao. Aaaeai
ooaapaeaeaao, /oi aeinoaoi/ii iauaaeeieoueny iacia/eoaeueiiio /eneo
eiaeaiapia (aieioue aei iaeiiai ipioeaioa eo iauaai /enea), /oiau
“ipacaeiue eeann” aeiapiaieueii ioeacaeny io aeanoe.
Iaeiaei, ii iiaieth Aaaeaia, nioeeaeecaoeey nianoaaiiinoe ioaeia eeoue
oai, aaea iapaceoeci aunoeo neiaa iniaaiii neeueii caaeapaeeaaao
oaoie/aneee ipiapann. Ipe iienaiee naiaai nioeeaeueiiai eaeaaea Aaaeai
noaaee aeoeaio ia ipiaeaiao oipaaeaiey, a ia ia nianoaaiiinoe. Ii
iieaaae, /oi a oneiaeyo aunieipacaeoiai eaieoaeecia, ia noaaeee
ainiiaenoaa oeiainenoa, aeoeeiiapiay oipia ipaapauaao epoiioth
eaieoaeenoe/aneoth nianoaaiiinoue a ia/oi “aanaioaenoneia”
(ionoonoaothuaa, iainycaaiia).
Oaip/anoai O. Aaaeaia aucaaei a yeiiiie/aneie iaoea aanueia paciipa/eaua
ioeeeee. Oae, ipaaenoaaeoaee eiinapaaoeaiuo e oiapaiiuo epoaia
epeoeeotho aai ca iaiipaaaeaiii paceoth, ii eo iiaieth, iiceoeeth ii
ioiioaieth e epoiiiio aeciano. Iie aea oeacuaatho ia iapaaeenoe/iinoue
iiiaeo aai ipipi/anoa (iaipeiap, i oii, /oi epaaeeo, paaii eae e
iapniieoeoeepothuee aai aaieep, a neipii aoaeothuai “ioaeeaaao naie
aae”). Iaipioea, ipaaenoaaeoaee eaaie eioaeeeaaioeee aiaioaipyo Aaaaeaia
ca aai aeoaieoth, ipeaeiaeueioth epeoeeo “ipacaeiiai eeanna”,
“aeaiaaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee” a oeaeii.
Aaaaeaiianay eiioeaioeey yaiethoeee “eiaeonopeaeueiie nenoaiu” ia ipioea
aanneaaeii aeey eaaioipiaoipneiai epuea aiapeeaineie yeiiiie/aneie
iunee. Iia iieo/eea aeaeueiaeoiaa pacaeoea a enneaaeiaaieyo aeaeiiai
yeiiiienoa e nioeeieiaa Aeae. E. Aaeapaeoa, a pyaea oooopieiae/aneeo
iiaeaeae I. Oiooeapa, ?. Oaeeapiiapa e aep.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiuo enoi/ieeia
ssaeaa?ia ss.N. Enoi?ey yeiiiie/aneeo o/aiee. I: Yeiiiieea, 1996.
Iaaeoe O. Enoi?ey yeiiiie/aneeo o/aiee. I.:Aniaeo I?ann, 1995.
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