Iineianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oaoie/aneee Oieaa?neoao eiaie I.Y.Aaoiaia
?aoa?ao
ii eoeueoo?ieiaee.
Oaia: “Noaiiaeaiea e oi?ie?iaaiea iao/iuo ciaiee a ?innee a XVIII
noieaoee”.
?anno?uaei A.A.
Eo?n I
A?oiia IEO1-21
Eaeeieia?aae, 1995 a.
A i?aaenoaaeaiee nia?aiaiieeia-eiino?aioeaa ?inney a iao/iii ioiioaiee
aua e a ia/aea XVIII aaea “eae au iiaeia, eioi?oth oioyo ?aniaoaoue”.
Oae n/eoae e?oiiue o/aiue Eaeaieoe. Oae aea aeoiaee i aeiiao?ianeii
a?aiaie e a naiie ?innee.
Iaeiaei, Eaeaieoe noaeee i ?innee iiianeuoea. Ciaee iaoo no?aio a Aa?iia
ieioi. ?onneee a?a/ I.Iinoieeia, neoaeeaoee ca a?aieoeae, n aeinaaeie
ienae a ia/aea XVIII aaea ec O?aioeee, /oi o?aioeocu i?aaenoaaeytho
Iineao /ooue ee ia ia “?ath naaoa”, “e aeuyaie eo ciaao, /oi aiai?yo.
Aaeaa neuoaoue Iineao iaoo, /atho, /oi iia n Eiaeeyie a?aie/eo.” A
Iinoieeia iauaeny n aeeieiiaoe/aneeie, i?eaeai?iuie e?oaaie, o.a. n
aa?oooeie o?aioeocneiai iauanoaa.
Iiaiea Oaioaia I?ieiiiae/a e Eiiiiiniaa i iaeieoeueoo?iinoe, /ooue ee ia
aeeeinoe ?innee, auei oa?aeoa?ii aeey ethaeae XVIII aaea. Oaeia
i?aaenoaaeaiea iiaeieiaei a nianoaaiiuo aeacao e iicaieyei no?ieoue
iioaaeueiua “neiaa” e iaeu ia y?eie aioeoaca noa?ie e iiaie ?innee.
Oaioai ooaa?aeaeae, /oi a ?innee aei Iao?a ia auei ieeaeeo
iaoaiaoe/aneeo “i?oaeee”, aeaaea oee?eoeae. Ii ecaanoii e ae?oaia. Anaai
/a?ac ianeieueei eao iinea ecia?aoaiey ano?iiiie/aneie c?eoaeueiie o?oau
auea i?eia?aoaia o iineianeiai ainoy Niuaaeiaa aeey oea?y Ieoaeea
Oaaei?iae/a “o?oai/ea, /oi aeaeueiaa, a a iaa niio?y, aeaeeooea aeenei”.
A a na?aaeeia XVII a. c?eoaeueiua o?oau iiaeii auei eoieoue ia oieueei a
Iineaa, ii e a A?oaiaaeuenea e a Oieiiai?ao. Eioa?an e ano?iiiiee aiciee
o iiiaeo. Ecaanoai iaeei ec ethaeoaeae ano?iiiiee — a?oeaieneii
oieiiai?neee Aoaianee (1641-1702 aa.). O iaai a aeaeeioaea auee eieae ii
ano?iiiiee, ii ?aaoey?ii aae ano?iiiie/aneea iaaethaeaiey /a?ac “o?oaee
ieic?eoaeueiua”.
Eee aio aua naeaeaoaeuenoai iniciaiiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai eioa?ana e
ano?iiiiee e aaia?aoee. Ieoaee Oaaei?iae/ ia?auaeny a 1639 a. e o/aiiio
e iooaoanoaaiieeo A.Ieaa?eth n i?aaeeiaeaieai iinooieoue ia ?onneoth
neoaeao: “Aaaeiii iai o/eieeinue, /oi ou ai?acaei iao/ai e iaau/ai a
ano?ieiiee e aaia?aoon e iaaaniiai aaao e caieaia?eth, e eiui iiiaei
ianoa?noaai e ioae?inoyi; a iai, aaeeeiio ainoaea?th, oaeia ianoa?
aiaeai”.
Oaeoia, aeieacuaathueo, /oi ?inney ioithaeue ia auea aeeeie no?aiie, /oi
a iae ?ani?ino?aiyeenue ciaiey, iiyaeyeinue ana aieueoa ia?aciaaiiuo,
eioa?anothueony iaoeie ethaeae, iiaeii i?eaanoe iaiaei. Iaeiaei,
cia/eoaeueiia ionoaaaiea iao/iuo ciaiee a ?innee io ia?aaeiaie iaoee
iainii?eii.
Iaeiei ec na?ueaciaeoeo i?aiyonoaee ia iooe ?ani?ino?aiaiey iao/iuo
enoei auea oea?eiaue. I?aiyonoaiaaee ?acaeoeth iaoee noa?iaeaaiea iau/ae
e noaaa?ey, ca eioi?ua aua aea?aeaeanue iaiaeay /anoue ianaeaiey no?aiu.
Iao/iua ciaiey iineee ai a?aiaia n?aaeiaaaeiauey, eae i?aaeei,
oceii?aeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?. Oae, eco/aiea naienoa ?acee/iuo ?anoaiee auei
naycaii n i?eiaiaieai eo a ia?iaeiie iaaeeoeeia, aaia?aoe/aneea e
ano?iiiie/aneea ciaiey auee iaiaoiaeeiu aeey eoioeia, i?iieeaaoeo ni
naieie oiaa?aie ai ana aieaa ioaeaeaiiua iaeanoe no?aiu e a ca?oaaaeiua
no?aiu, e o.i. Oaeie oceee i?aeoeoeeci, ionoonoaea oai?aoe/aneie
iinoaiiaee anoanoaaiii iao/iuo i?iaeai ia?aie/eaaee e?oaici? e oiaea
oi?iiceee ?acaeoea iao/iuo ciaiee.
Neiaii, i?aiyonoaee ia iooe ?acaeoey iaoee auei iiiaeanoai. Ii aai
neieue-ieaoaeue iaaethaeaoaeueiui e aeaeueiiaeaeiui ethaeyi noaiiaeeanue
ana aieaa i/aaeaeiie iianiinoue ionoaeinoe ?innee a iao/iii e
oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee.
?acaeoea iaoee — i?ioeann neiaeiue, o?aaothuee e niioaaonoaothuae
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu, e ethaeae, eioi?ua iiaoo e oioyo
caieiaoueny iaoeie, e iauanoaaiiie N?aaeu, niiniaiie i?iyaeoue iiieiaiea
e ieacaoue iiaeaea?aeeo iao/iui ecuneaieyi. A oneiaeyo
oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneiai no?iy auno?uo eciaiaiee i?iecieoe ia iiaei,
aeaaea eiaaea nic?aaaea ianoiyoaeueiay iio?aaiinoue a iao/iuo ciaieyo e
yoa iio?aaiinoue auea iniciaia a i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo e?oaao.
Aeaaiua oneeey iai?aaeyeenue ia ?acaeoea aiaiiiai aeaea, oi?oeoeeaoeee,
iaeaaeaiea ano?iiiie/aneeie ciaieyie, iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey ii?aoiaenoaa,
ia iienee iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, iiauo ?a/iuo e ii?neeo iooae,
ea?oia?aoe?iaaiea no?aiu e o.ae.
Nenoaiaoe/aneia iao/iia enneaaeiaaiea i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee no?aiu,
i?aaieciaaiiia ainoaea?noaii, ia/aeinue oaea i?e Iao?a I.
Eco/aiea i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee e ea?oia?aoe?iaaiea a oeaeii acaeiinaycaiu,
iiyoiio, ia/eiay n ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII a. ainoaea?noai i?aaiecoao
yeniaaeeoeee a ?acee/iua ?aeiiu no?aiu, a /anoiinoe n oeaeueth eo
ea?oia?aoe?iaaiey.
?onneea ?oaeiciaooeu ?acuneaee iaiaei ?acee/iuo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo.
?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ?acei aic?inoea iio?aaiinoe a?iee e oeioa
aucaaee iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?anoe?eoue e naeaeaoue aieaa oeaeaiai?aaeaiiuie
yoe iienee.
Ia O?aea ia ?aeao Oaaee e Iaeaa auei iaeaeaii “naiia aeia?ia” aeaeaci.
Yoi iicaieeei a ia?aua aea aiaeu XVIII a. nicaeaoue ia O?aea
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, iinoaaeyaooth ?onneie a?iee ia?aieeannioth a?oeeea?eth.
Oea ?acaaaeea aiaaonoa e aa?iiaeneiai oeaio?a no?aiu, aannaeia Ia/i?u,
sseooee e ae?oaeo ?aeiiia.
Ia ia?auo ii?ao ana, /oi auoiaeeei ca ?aiee iaiin?anoaaiiie iieaciinoe,
ioaa?aaeinue eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, n/eoaeinue aoi?inoaiaiiui.
Ia?aaiaeeeenue e ia/aoaeenue eieae, iinayuaiiua i?aeoe/aneei, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue oaoie/aneei, aii?inai. Oeieueiia iao/aiea iineei a yoi a?aiy
aieueoae /anoueth oceii?aeoe/aneee, i?ioanneiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Ia?ainoaiaiioth ?ieth ea?aei onaiaiea ia?aaeiaiai oaoie/aneiai iiuoa e
iao/iuo aeinoeaeaiee aa?iiaeneeo no?ai: iinueaee ca a?aieoeo naieo
ethaeae e o/aiuo, i?eaeaoaee eiino?aiiuo ?aianeaiieeia, eiaeaia?ia,
o/aiuo.
Oai?aoe/aneie ?ac?aaioee iao/iuo i?iaeai ia aaeinue aieioue aei
iniiaaiey aeaaeaiee iaoe a 1725 a.
“A enoi?ee ie?iaie eoeueoo?u a i?oeuo aaeao iaeuecy oeacaoue ae?oaie
i?eia? noieue aea auno?iai e yooaeoeaiiai au?aueaaiey iaoee, eae yoi
auei a ?innee a ia?aie iieiaeia XVIII a. /a?ac iin?aaenoai Iaoa?ao?aneie
Aeaaeaiee” — ienae N.E.Aaaeeia. Ianeue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nicaeaiey
Aeaaeaiee iaoe a ?innee auneacuaaeanue a 10-o aiaeao XVIII a. ia ?ac e
?onneeie “i?iaeaeoi?aie” (O.Naeoueiaui, iai?eia?), e eiino?aiiuie
o/aiuie (Eaeaieoeai e ae?.). A oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao yoio aii?in
ianoaeaeaeny n ?acee/iuo noi?ii. Ii?aaeaeyeenue e ooi/iyeenue oeaee e
caaea/e aeaaeaiee, eco/aeny iiuo eiino?aiiuo aeaaeaiee (a iniaaiiinoe
o?aioeocneie, ii/aoiui /eaiii eioi?ie n 1717 a. aue Iao? I). Iaeioi?ua
iiae?acoiaaaee iiae aeaaeaieae o/aaiia caaaaeaiea, ae?oaea aeaeaee a iae
iauanoai o/aiuo, ?ac?aaaouaathueo iao/iua i?iaeaiu.
?inney aeaenoaeoaeueii ioaeaeaeanue a iao/iii oeaio?a, eioi?ue iia au
iaiauaoue aeaiiua eioaineaii i?iaiaeeaoaainy eco/aiey no?aiu.
Iaiaoiaeeii auei oaeaea iao/iia o/?aaeaeaiea, eioi?ia i?aaieciaaei au
ia?aaiae iao/ii-oaoie/aneie eeoa?aoo?u. E?iia oiai, anoaaaee caaea/e,
noi?ioee?iaaiiua a 1724 a. Iao?ii I: “Ai Aeaaeaiee, eioi?ay eiaao auoue,
ianoa?noaai /oia o/eoue anao ianoa?noa…” Iiae ianoa?noaaie eee
“ooaeiaeanoaaie” iiieiaeenue iaoaieea, aeeaiienue, neoeueioo?a,
a?oeoaeoo?a, aaiiao?ey, iioeea e o.ae., “e?iia iaeeeo, eae naiiaeiia e
ii?oiia e i?io/aa oiio iiaeiaiia”.
Nicaeaiea Aeaaeaiee iaoe aeieaeii auei iaaeyaeii iieacaoue ie?o, /oi
?inney — eoithaeue ia aa?aa?neay no?aia, /oi a iae oeaiyo e ?acaeaatho
iaoeo, n oaaaeaieai ioiinyony e o/aiui.
A ?acoeueoaoa anao ?aciuoeaiee e ianoaeaeaiee a ia/aea 20-o aiaeia
noi?ie?iaaeanue iuneue nicaeaoue i?eaeiaeueiia o/?aaeaeaiea, oae eae
“…iaaiciiaeii, /oia caeanue neaaeiaaoue a i?io/eo ainoaea?noaao
i?eiyoiio ia?aco, ii iaaeeaaeeo niio?aoue ia ninoiyiea caeaoiaai
ainoaea?noaa…”. I?eaeiaeueiinoue caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oiau Aeaaeaiey
iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiyea ooieoeee iao/iua e o/aaiua, o.a. auea au e
nianoaaiii Aeaaeaieae, e oieaa?neoaoii, e aeiiaceae.
Eoae, ia Aeaaeaieth aiceaaaeenue aieueoea caaea/e e aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu.
A 1725 a. a ?inneth ia/aee nuacaeaony i?eaeaoaiiua eiino?aiiua o/aiua. A
aaaonoa yoiai aiaea ninoiyeenue ia?aua eiioa?aioeee.
A /enea ia?auo aeaaeaieeia iaoae Aeaaeaiee ieacaeenue e?oiiua o/aiua
oiai a?aiaie. Aeieaea aiaeu a iae ?aaioae e?oiiaeoee iaoaiaoee XVIII a.
Eaiia?ae Yeea? (1707-1783 aa.). Iaeiiaoe, eiaiii a Aeaaeaiee iaoe
?acaa?ioeanue aeayoaeueiinoue Ieoaeea Aaneeueaae/a Eiiiiiniaa.
Eiiiiinianeee ia?eiae — y?/aeoay ne?aieoea a enoi?ee Iaoa?ao?aneie
Aeaaeaiee iaoe.
I.A.Eiiiiinia
Yoi aue ia?eiae ai?ueau ca iao/iia ie?iaicc?aiea. E?ecen n?aaeiaaaeiaiai
ie?iaicc?aiey, ia/aaoeeny a ?innee a XVII a., a a ia?aaeiauo aa?iiaeneeo
no?aiao a yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey, ia i?eaae iaiaaeeaiii e iieiie iiaaaea
iiaiai, ?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneiai iauyniaiey i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee.
N?aaeiaaaeiauea io?eoeaei enneaaeiaaiea i?e?iaeu, iiene i?e/ei e
caeiiiia?iinoae — ana iauyniyeinue aiaeanoaaiiui i?iaeaeaieai.
*oiau inaiaiaeeoue /aeiaa/aneee ?acoi io n?aaeiaaaeiauo ?aeeaeiciuo
ieia, ioaeii auei ana iauynieoue n iiceoeee ?acoia, i?iieeiooue a aeoaue
yaeaiee, o.a., eae ienae Eiiiiinia, “nuneaoue i?e/eiu aeaeeiuo naienoa,
a oaeao ia iiaa?oiinoe i?ienoiaeyueo, io aioo?aiiaai eo neiaeaiey”. Aeey
yoiai o?aaiaaeinue a?aiy e eieinnaeueiia iai?yaeaiea nee. AEao/ay
iio?aaiinoue e no?aieaiea ana enneaaeiaaoue e iauynieoue
?aoeeiiaeenoe/anee e aeaeaei o/aiuo ianooaaa Eiiiiiniaa
yioeeeeiiaaeenoaie. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iao,eaaeaony, oaeie iaeanoe
oiaaeaoiae iaoee, eioi?ie au ia caieiaeny Eiiiiinia. “Eiiiiinia iaiye
ana io?anee i?inaauaiey. AEaaeaea iaoee auea neeueiaeoath no?anoeth nae
aeooe, eniieiaiiie no?anoae. Enoi?ee, ?eoi?, iaoaiee, oeiee, ieia?aeia,
ooaeiaeiee e noeoioai?aoe, ii ana eniuoae e ana i?iee…”1 Ai?ueao n
ia?aaeeoeaie n?aaeiaaaeiaiai ie?iaicc?aiey, n aai caueoieeaie a eeoea
oea?eiaiuo aeanoae, Eiiiiinia aae aiieia niciaoaeueii e ioe?uoi.
Neiieoue aioeiao/ioth ?aaeoeeth a oao oneiaeyo auei iaeaaei, e Eiiiiinia
aeiaeaaeny ii e?aeiae ia?a, /oiau iaaaaeaeu ia iiaee “?oaaoue iaoe a
i?iiiaaaeyo”.
Ioaeii iaiai?eoueny, /oi Eiiiiinia, iiaeiaii aieueoainoao
anoanoaieniuoaoaeae oiai a?aiaie, ia aue aoaenoii. Iaoea XVIII a. ana
aua aeoaiei oaycaao a oaieiaee, oae eae a ea/anoaa iineaaeiae i?e/eiu
iianthaeo euao e iaoiaeeo “oie/ie ecaia, iaiauynieiue ec naiie
i?e?iaeu”. Yoi i?ioeai?a/eei no?aieaieth ana iauynieoue
?aoeeiiaeenoe/anee, ii oaeei auei yoi a?aiy — iii iieii i?ioeai?a/ee.
Aacaea eneaee ?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneeo i?e/ei, ii inoaiaaeeaaeenue — ia?aae
ia?aui oie/eii.
Ecaanoii, neieueei yia?aee ioaeaaae Eiiiiinia ?ani?ino?aiaieth iaoee,
iniiaaieth Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa, i?iaeaiai “nio?aiaiey e
?aciiiaeaiey ?inneeneiai ia?iaea” — i?inaaoeoaeuenoao a naiii aunieii
niunea yoiai neiaa.
I iaoiaeao iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee Eiiiiiniaa aeatho iiiyoea iocuau i aai
?aaioao E.Yeea?a. Yeea? ioia/aao, /oi Eiiiiinia auae?aao aeey
enneaaeiaaiey aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu, ia inoaiaaeeaaynue i?e yoii ia?aae
o?oaeiinoyie: ”…Ii ieoao i iaoa?eyo oece/aneeo e oeie/aneeo aanueia
ioaeiuo, eioi?ua iiiuia ia ciaee e enoieeiaaoue ia iiaee naiua
ino?ioiiua ethaee…” Yeea? aiai?eo ia ino?ioiee iao/iuo aeiioac
Eiiiiiniaa, i niaeinoe aai oai?aoe/aneie iunee, ia caiueathuaeny a
yiie?ecia. Aeiioacu Eiiiiiniaa ia aanii/aaiiu, iie “i?aaaeiiiaeiaiu”,
o.a. iniiaaiu ia iiieiaiee caeiiia i?e?iaeu.
Eiee/anoai auiieiaiiuo Eiiiiiniaui enneaaeiaaiee, oe?ioa ioaaoa ei
?acee/iuo iaoe e iao/iuo i?iaeai ii?aceoaeueiu. Eiiiiinia aue a neeao
naeaeaoue aua aieueoa, a naeaeaiiia ei iiaei au ieacaoue ian?aaiaiii
aieueoaa aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea iaoee. Ii neeoeii iiiai auei i?aiyonoaee,
iaoneiaeaiiuo a eiia/iii n/aoa, oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneei no?iai,
caneeeai ath?ie?aoe/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa iaoeie. ?yae aaaeiaeoeo
o?oaeia Eiiiiiniaa aue aia?aua ecaeai oieueei a XX aaea.
Eiiiiinia ?ac?aaaouaae a oie eee eiie noaiaie ii/oe ana io?anee
oiaaeaoiae iaoee. Ae?oaea o/aiua, ?aaioaaoea oiaaea a ?innee, ia auee
oae yioeeeeiiaaee/iu, ii e iie o?oaeeeenue iaae ?ac?aaioeie aaaeiuo
oai?aoe/aneeo e i?aeoe/aneeo i?iaeai.
Iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ ?onneie iaoee i?iaeieaeaei inoaaaoueny
ananoi?iiiaa eco/aiea i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee no?aiu, ianaeythueo aa
ia?iaeia, iooae niiauaiey e a oii /enea enneaaeiaaiea Aaeeeiai Naaa?iiai
ii?neiai iooe. Aeey eco/aiey no?aiu nia?yaeaeenue iiiai/eneaiiua
yeniaaeeoeee. E?oiiaeoeie enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie i?aaei?eyoeyie a XVIII a.
auee ia?aay (1725-1730 aa.) e iniaaiii aoi?ay (1733-1743 aa.) Eai/aoneea
yeniaaeeoeee ai aeaaa n eaieoai-eiiaiaei?ii Aeoonii Aa?eiaii (1681-1741
aa.). Yeniaaeeoeee aeieaeiu auee aeaoue ioaao ia aii?in, ecaeaaia
aieiiaaaoee i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eoioeia e o/aiuo iiiaeo no?ai: niaaeeiyaony
ee Acey ia naaa?iainoiea n Aia?eeie eee iao? ?acoeueoaou eai/aoneeo
yeniaaeeoeee (aeaaiui ia?acii aoi?ie, eioi?oth caneoaeaiii iacuaatho
Aaeeeie Naaa?iie yeniaaeeoeeae) — i?aeoe/aneea e iao/iua — auee
a?aiaeeiciu. Aue ioe?uo i?ieea, iacaaiiue ii eiaie ia/aeueieea
yeniaaeeoeee Aa?eiaiaui, ioe?uoa naaa?i-caiaaeiay Aia?eea, ananoi?iiia
enneaaeiaaia Eai/aoea ei?eeaaathuea ?aeiiu. A iineaaeothuea aiaeu
yeniaaeeoeee oaeiai ?aciaoa ia i?iaiaeeeenue.
Aeaaiaea?y o?oaeai ?inneeneeo o/aiuo, oaeeo eae E?aoaieiieeia, Aiaeei,
Iaeean, Ica?aoeeianeee, Coaa, iieo/eee cia/eoaeueiia ?acaeoea aaia?aoey,
aioaieea, ciieiaey, ieia?aeiaey. Yoi niinianoaiaaei ?acaeoeth
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneiai oicyenoaa, naeueneiai oicyenoaa, i?iiuneia,
iooae niiauaiey e o.ae.
A naith i/a?aaeue ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ae?oaeo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa noeioee?iaaei iao/ioth e oaoie/aneoth iuneue. Yoi iaoiaeeei
au?aaeaiea a iiiai/eneaiiuo ecia?aoaieyo e oniaa?oainoaiaaieyo iaoei,
noaieia, eino?oiaioia, a nicaeaiee oaoie/aneie eeoa?aoo?u. Oe?iei
ecaanoiu eiaia auaeathueony ecia?aoaoaeae XVIII a.: A.Ia?oiaa,
E.Iiecoiiaa, E.Eoeeaeia, O?ieiauo e iiiaeo ae?oaeo.
Iao/iay e oaoie/aneay iuneue ?onneeo ethaeae iai?yaeaiii ?aaioaea.
Iaeiaei iaoea a oa a?aiaia ieacuaaea ia i?iecaiaenoaaiioth e
oicyenoaaiioth aeeciue ai?acaei iaiueoaa aeeyiea, /ai iiaea au. I?e/eia
yoiai — a e?aiinoie/aneii no?ia, ana aieaa oi?iiceaoai ?acaeoea eae
i?iecaiaenoaa, oae e iaoee.
?onneay iaoea naeaeaea e eiioeo XVIII aaea aieueoie oaa aia?aae.
?acaeaathony ia oieueei anoanoaaiiua iaoee, ii e aoiaieoa?iua. E ana
aea, eae ie aaeeee auee oniaoe, eae ie cia/eoaeueiu aeinoeaeaiey, ?inney
i?iaeieaeaea ionoaaaoue io ia?aaeiauo no?ai. Iniaaiii yoi eacnaaony
aiaae?aiey aeinoeaeaiee iao/iie iunee a i?iecaiaenoai. Iiiai auei
i?aiyonoaee ia iooe ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?aaeiauo iao/iuo acaeyaeia.
Cai?auaeinue eee caaea?aeeaaeinue ecaeaiea eiea, i?ioeai?a/aueo o/aieth
oea?eae, eo niaea?aeaiea iiaeaa?aaeinue aeanoeie oeaico?a. A Iineianeii
oieaa?neoaoa oea ino?ay ai?ueaa iaaeaeo ia?aaeiaie iao/iie iuneueth e
?aaeoeeiiiie. Iiiiuue ?aaeoeeiia?ai ioioii e aeayoaeueii ieacuaae
Neiiae.
E a caeeth/aiea ianeieueei neia ia enoi?e/aneie iaoea. E eiioeo XVII a.
eaoiieniay oi?ia eceiaeaiey enoi?e/aneiai iaoa?eaea ecaeeea naay.
Ia?anoaei oaeiaeaoai?youe o?aaeeoeeiiiia iauyniaiea enoi?e/aneeo niauoee
e yaeaiee aiaeueae aieae (i?iaeaeaioeeaeeci). Aicieeea iio?aaiinoue
iaeoe caiiua i?e/eiu neiaeiuo e ia anaaaea ?iiyoiuo nia?aiaiieeai
niauoee, ia?aiai, i?ienoaaeoeo a XVII a. e iniaaiii a ia/aea XVIII a.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. A.E.E?aniiaaaa. I/a?ee enoi?ee ?onneie eoeueoo?u XVIII a. I.,
“I?inaauaiea”, 1972 a.
1 A.N.Iooeei. Iiei.nia?.ni/., a 10-oe o., o. VII. I., 1985, no?. 28.
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