IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?AIOAEEEE AAEA?ONUe
AAEI?ONEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
Eaoaae?a iieeoieiaee
?AOA?AO ia oaio:
«N?aaeiaaaeiaay noieanoeea e a? i?iaeaiu»
Auiieiee nooaeaio I eo?na OAAe: Eeeiaiie I. A.
I?iaa?ee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue: Aaneeueaaa E. E.
Ieine 2001a.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Aaaaeaiea a oeeinioeth: O/aaiee aeey aocia. A 2/. *. 1
/ Iiae iau. ?aae. E. O. O?ieiaa. – I.: Iieeoecaeao, 1989. No?. 118 – 125
2. Oaiiaaeia A. O. «Iniiau oeeinioee. Io eeanneee e nia?aiaiiinoe»:
O/aa. iiniaea aeey aocia. – I.: OAE?-I?ANN, 1999. No?. 164 – 169
Ieai:
1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea noieanoeee
2. Niaoeeoeea n?aaeiaaaeiaie noieanoeee
3. Aa?a e ?acoi – Ia?aaeeaia noieanoe/aneie oeeinioee
4. Noieanoeea e «o?enoeaineia caaiaaaiea ie?a»
5. A?aiy, ethaee, iunee
6. Oiia Aeaeineee – Nenoaiaoecaoi? n?aaeiaaaeiaie noieanoeee
IAUAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA NOIEANOEEE
N?aaeiaaaeiaay caiaaeiay oeeaeeecaoeey – ia?iiiue ii aiaaonoao
niaea?aeaiey e oi?i aeooiaii-eoeueoo?iue ie?, ioia/aiiue iaiiaoi?eiuie
aeinoeaeaieyie e i?inoe?athueeny ai a?aiaiiii aeeaiaciia ianeieueeeo
noieaoee. Aiaaonoai eoeueoo?u n?aaeiaaaeiaiai Caiaaea ia naiaeeony eeoue
e i?iecaaaeaieyi noieanoe/aneiai aiaineiaey. Iaeiaei n?aaeiea aaea ia
oieueei iaiuneeiu aac noieanoeee, ii a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ii?aaeaeythony
ath. Noieanoe/aneia aiaineiaea iaeiaeeei aeoaieee ioia/aoie ia anth
eoeueoo?o caiaaeiiai n?aaeiaaaeiauey. Ecaanoii n?aaiaiea n?aaeiaaaeiaiai
aioe/aneiai o?aia n aiaineianei-oeeinioneeie ni/eiaieyie. Aioe/aneee
o?ai anoue aiaeia «Noiiu oaieiaee» (eiaiii oae iacuaaeenue i?iecaaaeaiey
oaieiaia): oa aea aaee/aaay no?ieiinoue, ni?acia?iinoue /anoae e
anaioaaoiinoue. Niai? n ia iaiueoae iieiioie, /ai aiaineianeee o?aeoao,
au?aaeae niaieoiiinoue i?aaenoaaeaiee naiaai a?aiaie. Ana o?enoeaineia
o/aiea iaaeyaeii ?acaa?ouaaeinue ia?aae aeacaie aa?othuaai. Iii
ia?aaeaaaeinue /a?ac aiaoithth e aioo?aiithth a?oeoaeoo?o, /a?ac
i?aaiecaoeeth i?ino?ainoaa, ono?aieythuoth aeooo /aeiaaea aaunue, /a?ac
ia?iiiia iiiaeanoai ea?athueo no?iai ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue aeaoaeae,
/a?ac neoeueioo?iua ecia?aaeaiey. Aioe/aneee o?ai – noieanoe/aneay
oaieiaey a eaiia. Aeaiiay aiaeiaey ia iiaeao ia naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i
cia/eoaeueiinoe ?iee noieanoe/aneiai aiaineiaey a n?aaeiea aaea.
Noieanoeea (io a?a/. «noiea» – niieieiia caiyoea, o/aaa) –
n?aaeiaaaeiaay o/aiinoue. Iia oanii naycaia ni neeaaeuaathuaeny n VIII-
IX aa. nenoaiie ia?aciaaiey ia Caiaaea. Aianoa n oai yoi e iiaue yoai a
?acaeoee aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u Aa?iiu, i?eoaaeoee ia niaio iao?enoeea. Ii
aace?iaaeny ia nayoiioa/aneie eeoa?aoo?a, yaeyy niaie iaeiia?aiaiii
aiieia naiaia?aciia e niaoeeoe/aneia eoeueoo?iia ia?aciaaiea.
I?eiyoa neaaeothuay ia?eiaeecaoeey noieanoeee. Ia?aue yoai – io VI aei
IX a. – i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue. Aoi?ie yoai – io IX aei XII a. – ia?eiae
eioaineaiiai oi?ie?iaaiey. O?aoee yoai – XIII a. – «cieioie aae
noieanoeee». *aoaa?oue yoai – XIV-XV aa. – oaanaiea noieanoeee.
Eaaeaeue ec yoaiia iiaeii naycaoue n ee/iinoyie iuneeoaeae, iaeaieaa
?aeueaoii au?aaeathueo aai iniaaiiinoe. Ia?aue ia?eiae y?ei
i?aaenoaaeyao E.N. Y?eoaaia (oi. ie. 877 a.); aoi?ie – Ainaeuei
Eaioa?-aa?eeneee (oi. a 1109 a.) e Iuea? Aaaey? (oi. a 1142 a.); o?aoee
– Oiia Aeaeineee (1225-1274) e Aiiaaaioo?a (1221-1274); /aoaa?oue – A.
Ieeai(ie. 1285-1349).
Noieanoe/aneay o/aiinoue ia i?aeoeea i?aaenoaaeyea niaie ?yae nooiaiae,
iiaeieiaynue ii eioi?ui o/aiee iia aeieoe aei naiuo aunoeo. A
iiianou?neeo e oea?eiaiuo oeieao eco/aee «naiue naiaiaeiuo eneonnoa».
Iineaaeiea aeaeeeenue ia «o?eaeoi» (io /enea «o?e») e «eaaae?eaeoi» (io
/enea «/aou?a»). O/aiee aeieaeai aue nia/aea inaieoue o?eaeoi, o.a.
a?aiiaoeeo (eaoeineoth), aeeaeaeoeeo, ?eoi?eeo. Eaaae?eaeoi, eae aieaa
aunieay nooiaiue, aeeth/ae a?eoiaoeeo, aaiiao?eth, iocueo e ano?iiiieth.
O/aaiuie caaaaeaieyie, iaania/eaaaoeie aua aieaa aunieee o?iaaiue
iiaeaioiaee, auee oieaa?neoaou.
Ia?aua oieaa?neoaou aicieeee a XII a. a Ia?eaea e Aieiiuea. A XIII- XV
aa. Aa?iia iie?ueanue oeaeie naoueth oieaa?neoaoia. Iio?aaiinoue a ieo
iaoneiaeeaaeanue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ioaeaeaie e caaea/aie oea?eae.
A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa oieaa?neoaou i?yii iie?aeenue ia iiaeaea?aeeo
oea?eiaiuo aeanoae. Aeaaiay oeaeue oieaa?neoaoneie iaoee ninoiyea a
eco/aiee e enoieeiaaiee Nayuaiiiai Ienaiey e Nayuaiiiai I?aaeaiey (o.a.
i?iecaaaeaiee nayouo Iooeia oea?eae). Enoieeiaaiea nayuaiiuo oaenoia
auei eneeth/eoaeueiie i?a?iaaoeaie oea?eae e naycaiiuo n iae
oieaa?neoaoneeo o/aiuo, n oai /oiau aini?aiyonoaiaaoue ?ani?ino?aiaieth
iaaaaeanoaaiiuo noaeaeaiee i o?enoeaineie aa?a. E enoieeiaaieth
aeiioneaeenue o/aiua ia ieaea iaaenoa?neiai caaiey. A niioaaonoaee n
iniiaiie caaea/ae aieueoeinoai oieaa?neoaoia aeeth/aei a naie ninoaa
aeaa oaeoeueoaoa – oaeoeueoao naiaiaeiuo eneonnoa e oaeoeueoao oaieiaee
(aiaineiaey). Ia?aue aue iaiaoiaeeiie iiaeaioiaeoaeueiie nooiaiueth ei
aoi?iio.
Oaeoeueoao oaieiaee eiae oeaeueth oi/iia eco/aiea Aeaeee iooai aa
oieeiaaiey e nenoaiaoe/aneiai eceiaeaiey o?enoeaineie aeieo?eiu. Eoiaii
yoie ?aaiou auee oae iacuaaaiua «Noiiu oaieiaee». Iaaeno?aie oaieiaee
noaiiaeeenue eeoue oa, eoi ?aiaa i?ioae iao/aiea ia oaeoeueoaoa
naiaiaeiuo eneonnoa. Aia/aoeythueie auee n?iee iao/aiey: ia oaeoeueoaoa
naiaiaeiuo eneonnoa – oanoue eao, ia oaeoeueoaoa oaieiaee – ia iaiaa
ainueie eao. Oaeei ia?acii, /oiau noaoue iaaeno?ii aiaineiaey,
i?eoiaeeeinue cao?aoeoue ia iao/aiea ia iaiaa /aou?iaaeoeaoe eao.
Ai?i/ai, o/aiea ia iiaei ia auoue oaeaeaoaeueiui, iineieueeo
i?aaeiieaaaei aeoeaiia o/anoea a aeeneonneyo e aeeniooao. Eaeoeee
/a?aaeiaaeenue n naieia?aie, ia eioi?uo o/aueany io?aaaouaaee oiaiea
naiinoiyoaeueii i?eiaiyoue iieo/aiiua ciaiey. Auniei oeaieeenue
eiae/aneay aeenoeeieeia oia, e?eoe/aneia iuoeaiea, ino?ay
i?iieoeaoaeueiinoue.
Oieaa?neoaou, oaeei ia?acii, ?aoaee ianeieueei acaeiinaycaiiuo caaea/.
I?aaeaea anaai, iie aioiaeee eaae?u oi?ioi iao/aiiuo e iiaeaioiaeaiiuo
eaeaeiuo caueoieeia o?enoeainoaa. Iie aea i?iecaiaeeee
aiaineianei-oeeinioneoth i?iaeoeoeeth – o?aeoaou ?acee/iiai iacia/aiey,
n eciu?aiii-eiae/aneei eceiaeaieai o?enoeaineiai o/aiey. Ia i?ioyaeaiee
aaeia auea nicaeaia ia?iiiay eeoa?aoo?a (ni/eiaiey iaeiiai Aiiaaaioo?u
ian/eouaatho 50 oiiia, i?e oii /oi ecaeaiu aeaeaei ia ana).
Niaieoiiinoue aeieo?ei (naiaia?aciia «aeieo?eiaeueiia oaei»), nicaeaiiuo
a ia?eiae n?aaeiaaaeiauey, e i?eiyoi iacuaaoue noieanoeeie a nianoaaiiii
niunea.
E?iia i?yiuo ?acoeueoaoia aeayoaeueiinoe o/aiuo, ?acaeoea oieaa?neoaoia
i?eaaei e ?yaeo yooaeoia, eioi?ua iiaeii iacaaoue iiai/iuie. Iaeiaei iie
eiaee aieueoia cia/aiea aeey n?aaeiaaaeiaie e iineaaeothuae aa?iiaeneie
eoeueoo?u. Ai-ia?auo, oieaa?neoaou niinianoaiaaee naeaaeeaaieth
nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee, oae eae aeinooi a ieo aue ioe?uo aeey ethaeae
anao nineiaee e eeannia. E oiio aea o/aueany ec aaaeiuo naiae iiaee
?ann/eouaaoue ia iaoa?eaeueioth iiaeaea?aeeo ia aanue ia?eiae iao/aiey.
Iiiaea ec ieo aiineaaenoaee aeinoeaaee aieueoeo aunio eae a o/aiinoe,
oae e a nioeeaeueiii iieiaeaiee. Ai-aoi?uo, nooaeaiou e i?ioanni?a
oieaa?neoaoia ninoaaeee a naiae niaieoiiinoe iniaia nineiaea –
ei?ii?aoeeth ethaeae, ?aciuo ii naiaio i?ienoiaeaeaieth. I?ienoiaeaeaiea
a ninoaaa yoie ei?ii?aoeee ia?anoaaaei ea?aoue oo ?aoathuoth ?ieue,
eaeoth iii ea?aei a n?aaeiaaaeiaii iauanoaa a oeaeii. Ia ia?aaeiee ieai
auoiaeeee ciaiey e oi. A yoie n?aaea aicieeei iiaia iiieiaiea
aeaai?iaenoaa – aeaai?iaenoai ia ii e?iae e aiaaonoao, a ii oio. Oaeia
aeaai?iaenoai naycuaaeinue n ooii/aiiinoueth oia e iiaaaeaiey,
oiieinoueth ineoeee e ?aoeie?iaaiiinoueth aeona. Iaeiiaoe,
oieaa?neoaoneay o/aiinoue e ciaiey ieeae ia iano?aeaaee ia
iiiiceoeeiiiinoue e aoioa?noai. Iai?ioea, n?aaeiaaaeiaue nooaeaio e
i?ioanni? – eiaiii oa, eoi a iaeaieueoae ia?a caeioa?aniaai a
noaaeeueiinoe nouanoaothuaai ii?yaeea e a aai iinoaiaiiii i?aanoaaiiii
niaa?oainoaiaaiee. Oieaa?neoaoneia nineiaea auei ia iouaieaiiui io
iauanoaa, a i?aaenoaaeyei niaie iaeio ec aai ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iii?.
Oaaaeaiea e ciaieth e eoeueoo?a, noi?ie?iaaiiia n?aaeiaaaeiauie
oieaa?neoaoaie, nua?aei naith ?ieue e a iineaaeothuae enoi?ee.
NIAOeEOEEA N?AAeIAAAEIAIE NOIEANOEEE
N?aaeiaaaeiaay oeeinioey aioea a enoi?eth iunee iiae eiaiai noieanoeee,
eioi?ia oaea n aeaaieo ii? oiio?aaeyaony a ia?eoeaoaeueiii niunea eae
neiaie ioi?aaiiiai io ?aaeueiinoe, ionoiai neiaii?aiey. E aeey yoiai,
ianiiiaiii, eiathony iniiaaiey.
Aeaaiay ioee/eoaeueiay iniaaiiinoue noieanoeee ninoieo a oii, /oi iia
niciaoaeueii ?anniao?eaaao naay eae iaoeo, iinoaaeaiioth ia neoaeao
oaieiaee, eae «neoaeaieo oaieiaee».
Ia/eiay i?eia?ii n XI aaea a n?aaeiaaaeiauo oieaa?neoaoao aic?anoaao
eioa?an e i?iaeaiai eiaeee, eioi?ay a oo yiioo iineea iacaaiea
aeeaeaeoeee e i?aaeiao eioi?ie ninoaaeyea ?aaioa iaae iiiyoeyie.
Aieueoia aeeyiea ia oeeinioia XI—XIV aaeia ieacaee eiae/aneea ni/eiaiey
Aiyoeey, eiiiaioe?iaaaoaai «Eaoaai?ee» A?enoioaey e nicaeaaoaai nenoaio
oiieeo ?acee/aiee e ii?aaeaeaiee iiiyoee, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo oaieiae
iuoaeenue in iuneeoue «enoeiu aa?u». No?aieaiea e ?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneiio
iainiiaaieth o?enoeaineie aeiaiaoeee i?eaaei e oiio, /oi aeeaeaeoeea
i?aa?aoeeanue a iaeio ec aeaaiuo oeeinioneeo aeenoeeieei, a ?an/eaiaiea
e oii/aeoaa ?acee/aiea iiiyoee, onoaiiaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiee e aeaoeieoeee,
caieiaaoaa iiiaea oiu, iiae/an au?iaeaeaeinue a oyaeaeiaaniua
iiiaioiiiua iino?iaiey. Oaea/aiea oaeei ia?acii iiiyoie aeeaeaeoeeie
iaoei naia au?aaeaiea a oa?aeoa?iuo aeey n?aaeiaaaeiauo oieaa?neoaoia
aeeniooao, eioi?ua eiie ?ac aeeeeenue ii 10—12 /ania n iaaieueoei
ia?a?uaii ia iaaae. Yoe neiaii?aiey e oeo?inieaoaiey noieanoe/aneie
o/aiinoe ii?iaeaeaee e naaa iiiiceoeeth. Noieanoe/aneie aeeaeaeoeea
i?ioeainoiyee ?acee/iua ienoe/aneea oa/aiey, a a XV — XVI aaeao yoa
iiiiceoeey iieo/aao ioi?ieaiea a aeaea aoiaienoe/aneie naaoneie
eoeueoo?u, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e iaiieaoiie/aneie iaoo?oeeinioee, n
ae?oaie.
AA?A E ?ACOI – IA?AAeEAIA NOIEANOE*ANEIE OEEINIOEE
Nouanoaiaaiea a ?aieao oieaa?neoaoia aeaoo ii-?aciiio iai?aaeaiiuo
oaeoeueoaoia nicaeaaaei ii?aaeaeaiiia iai?yaeaiea a o/aiuo caiyoeyo.
Caiyoey ia oaeoeueoaoa naiaiaeiuo eneonnoa ia naycuaaeenue
iaiin?aaenoaaiii n oaieiaeae. Naiaiaeiua eneonnoaa eco/aeenue ia iniiaa
aioe/iiai ianeaaeey – o?oaeia Ieaoiia, A?enoioaey, iaiieaoiieeia. Yoe
o?oaeu noaee ecaanoiu aeaaiui ia?acii aeaaiaea?y a?aaneiio caaiaaaieth.
A?aau aea iiciaeiieeenue n ieie /a?ac aecaioeeoeaa. Naiaiaeiua eneonnoaa
i?aaenoaaeyeenue ciaieai, iniiaaiiui eneeth/eoaeueii ia ?acoia. Ia?aoiae
aea e aieaa aunieiio o?iaith iao/aiey – eco/aieth oaieiaee – icia/ae
ainiiaenoai onoaiiaee ia aa?o. Ionthaea aicieeaei i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea
aa?u e ?acoia. Yoi i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea, ia aeioiaeyuaa, ai?i/ai, aei
ioa?anuaaiey iaeiie ec aai noi?ii, i?ioiaeeo /a?ac ana yoaiu
noieanoe/aneie iunee.
Aaaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iiae aa?ie iiieiaeanue aa?a a aaoi?eoao
Nayuaiiiai Ienaiey e nayouo Iooeia oea?eae. Iiyoiio aii?in ia ioiioaiee
aa?u e ?acoia icia/ae ?ac?aaioeo ?acee/iuo o?aeoiaie niaea?aeaiey Aeaeee
e oai?aiee nayouo Iooeia oea?eae n o/aoii aeinoeaeaiee aioe/iie
oeeinioee. Noieanoeea no?aieeanue nio?aieoue aaoi?eoao Ienaiey e
I?aaeaiey. A oi aea a?aiy iia ia iiaea ioa?ineoue o/aiey e o?oaeu
aioe/iuo aaoi?ia. Ionthaea i?iaeaia aa?u e ?acoia noaiiaeeanue aeey iaa
iaono?aieiie, ii ia auea ia?ac?aoeiie. Iai?ioea, noieanoe/aneay iuneue
i?aaeeiaeeea iiiaeanoai aa?eaioia aa ?aoaiey. Naii noieue aeeeoaeueiia
nouanoaiaaiea noieanoeee anoue naeaeaoaeuenoai iiiaeanoaa aiciiaeiinoae
niaeaniaaiey naiaiaeu iuoeaiey n enoeiaie Ioe?iaaiey. A ?aieao
noieanoeee aii?in ia iia auoue iinoaaeai a ieineinoe ieaeeecia –
io?eoeaiey anyeie aa?u. ?a/ue iiaea eaeoe oieueei i noaiaie ?acoiiinoe
Ienaiey e I?aaeaiey. Anee au noieanoe/aneay iuneue i?eoea e auaiaeo ia
eo iieiie ia?acoiiinoe (oaeia iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue oieueei
aeiioaoe/anee), oi iia anoaea au ia?aae i?iaeaiie iienea /aai-oi eiiai,
/oi iiaeii auei au iieiaeeoue a ooiaeaiaio /aeiaa/aneiai auoey e
iuoeaiey. Iaecaaaeiinoue aa?u e iio?aaiinoue a aa?a ia iiaeaa?aaeenue
niiiaieth.
Nouanoaiaae aua iaeei aniaeo noieanoe/aneiai ioiioaiey ?acoia e aa?u. Ii
aue naycai n iio?aaiinoyie ia?auaiey iaaa?othueo, eiaaea iaiaoiaeeia
a?aoiaioaoeey. Noieanoeea auea oaeoe/anee caiyoa au?aaioeie oaeie
a?aoiaioaoeee. Yoi icia/aei au?aaioeo aeieacaoaeuenoa n?aaenoaaie ?acoia
enoeiu, eioi?ay aaaeao e aa?a eee, ii iaiueoae ia?a, iai?ioeai?a/eaa ii
ioiioaieth e ooiaeaiaioaeueiui i?eioeeiai ?acoia.
NOIEANOEEA E «O?ENOEAINEIA CAAIAAAIEA IE?A»
Aeoo yiioe n?aaeiaaaeiauey ioia/ai eiio?anoiinoueth aeaoo ie?ia –
«A?aaea caiiiai» e «A?aaea Aiaeueaai». O/aiea Aaaonoeia i aeaoo a?aaeao
i?eia?aei oe?ieoth ecaanoiinoue. Iii ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyei aeooiaiue
eeeiao noieanoeee. Yoi o/aiea, ioee/aaoaany aicauoaiiui oa?aeoa?ii, auei
ianneienoe/iui ii ioiioaieth e caiiie aeecie e caiiie enoi?ee. Ia caiea
iaono?aieii oea?noaotho neeu nia?oe, eaee e eeoeaia?ey, iiyoiio nianaiea
aeooe iuneeony caeanue eneeth/eoaeueii /a?ac aeooiaiia i?eiauaiea e
aicauoaiiiio «A?aaeo Aiaeueaio». Aaaonoeiianeia i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea aeaoo
ie?ia i?i/ii aioei a naio oeaiue o?enoeaineiai ie?iaicc?aiey. Iaeiaei n
XII a. ia?yaeo n iei aicieeea iiaay eiioeaioeey enoi?ee, ioi?aaeyaoayny
io eaeae o?ie/iinoe. Iia ciaiaiiaaea ia?aoiae io o?aaeeoeeiiiie eaeae
Aaaonoeia «aaanoaa io ie?a» e eaeaa «o?enoeaineiai caaiaaaiey ie?a».
Iiioey?iinoe yoie eaeae niinianoaiaae ia?aoiae oea?eae e aeoeaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe a ie?o. Aaaeiui ?oaaaeii a iieeoe/aneie aeoeaecaoeee
oea?eae noaee ?aoi?iu iaiu A?eai?ey VII (XI a.). Ei auea ioeoeeaeueii
cayaeaia i?aoaicey iainoaa auoue auoa naaoneie aeanoe. Ia a?aiy A?eai?ey
VII i?eoiaeeony iiaeaioiaea e?anoiauo iioiaeia, iaaeaeaiiue ?aiaa oaeo
ioeo/aiey eiia?aoi?a io oea?eae, ioeoeeaeueiia ?acaeaeaiea oea?eaae
(1054) ia ?einei-eaoiee/aneoth e i?aaineaaioth (a?aei-eaoiee/aneoth).
Oneeaiea aeeyiey oea?eae ia iieeoe/aneea aeaea iiaeaeei ca niaie aa
iaie?uaiea. Oea?eiaue ieacaeanue aoyiooie a iieeoe/aneea ?ani?e e
eio?eae, /oi i?aiyonoaiaaei ?aoaieth nianoaaiii ?aeeaeiciuo i?iaeai.
?aaeoeeae ia neiaeeaoaany iieiaeaiea e noaea o?eieoa?iay eiioeaioeey
enoi?ee, auaeaeiooay eoaeueyineei aaaaoii Aeaeiaeeii aea Ouei?a
(1130-1202).
Niaeanii yoie eiioeaioeee, enoi?ey aeaeeony ia o?e yiioe: yiioo Iooea,
yiioo Nuia e yiioo Aeooa Nayoiai. A ia?aoth yiioo o?enoeaineay enoeia
aeaia /aeiaa/anoao a aeaea aiaeanoaaiiiai Caeiia, eioi?iio neaaeoao
oieueei iiae/eiyoueny. Ai aoi?oth – a aeaea Ioe?iaaiey,
i?aaeiieaaathuaai acaeiioth ethaiaue Aiaa e /aeiaaea. Iaeiiaoe, neaaeoao
iaeeaeaoue ianooieaiey o?aoueae yiioe – yiioe Nayoiai Aeooa, eiaaea
ia/iaony i?yiia aeaenoaea aiaeanoaaiiiai a caiiie enoi?ee. Iiaay yiioa
aoaeao ciaiaiiaaoue niaie ia/aei iiaeeeiiiai aeooiaiiai inaiaiaeaeaiey
ethaeae io no?anoae e ii?ieia. O?eieoa?iay eiioeaioeey enoi?ee au?aaeaea
oyao e iaiiaeaieth, inaiaiaeaeaieth io aiaoa aeanoiuo einoeoooia e
yeiiiie/aneiai oaiaoaiey. *a?ac iaa a noieanoeeo aioea nioeeaeueiay
oaia. Aii?inai ni?aaaaeeeaiai nioeeaeueiiai ono?ienoaa noaeaeaii auei
caiyoue aaaeiia ianoi ai anae iineaaeothuae oeeinioee.
A?AIss, ETHAeE, IUNEE
Oioy noieanou oaeaeyee aeaaiia aieiaiea o/aiui caiyoeyi, iie, eiia/ii,
auee aeeauie ethaeueie ni naieie no?anoyie e oaea/aieyie. Noaeueaa
iiiaeo ec ieo neeaaeuaaeanue ae?aiaoe/anee, a eiiaaea o?aae/anee. Oe?iei
ecaanoia ae?aia aeecie iaeiiai ec auaeathueony aeayoaeae XII a. – Iuea?a
Aaaey?a. I. Aaaey? nai iienae aa a «Enoi?ee iieo aaaenoaee». Aai aeeciue
iieia iai?yaeaiiie ai?ueau e no?anoiuo ia?aaeeaaiee. Aieueoia ianoi a
iae caiyea «enoi?ey ethaae». I. Aaaey? noae iaeiei ec iniiaaoaeae
Ia?eaeneiai oieaa?neoaoa, aai eaeoeee niae?aee iiiaeanoai neooaoaeae, a
o?oaeu ioee/aeenue aacoi?a/iinoueth eeoa?aoo?iiai aeona,
iiiaia?aiiinoueth oaiaoeee, no?iaie eiae/iinoueth. Ae?aiaoe/aneie
enoi?ee aai ethaae e iieiaeie Yeieca noaeaeaii auei caeii/eony oai, /oi
aicethaeaiiua auee ?aceo/aiu. Iia i?eiyea iino?ea, ii noae iiiaoii.
Iiiai eao nionoy iinea nia?oe I. Aaaey?a Yeieca, niaeanii aa
i?aaenia?oiiio aeaeaieth, auea caoi?iiaia a iaeiie iiaeea n oai, n eai
?aceo/eea aa noaeueaa. A iaeiii ec aa ienai e I. Aaaey?o anoue oaeea
no?iee: «Naiaio ainiiaeeio, a aa?iaa iooeo, naiaio noi?oao, a aa?iaa
a?aoo, aai neoaeaiea, a aa?iaa aei/ue, aai noi?oaa, a aa?iaa nano?a,
Aaaey?o – Yeieca… Aia naeaeaoaeue, /oi y ieeiaaea ie/aai ia eneaea a
oaaa, e?iia oaay naiiai; y aeaeaea eiaoue oieueei oaay, a ia oi, /oi
i?eiaaeeaaeeo oaaa. ss ia no?aieeanue ie e a?a/iiio nithco, ie e
iieo/aieth iiaea?eia e noa?aeanue… i aeinoaaeaiee ianeaaeaeaiey ia
naaa, a oaaa e ia eniieiaiee ia naieo, a oaieo aeaeaiee». Enoi?ey ethaae
Aaaey?a e Yeiecu noaea o?anoiiaoeeiie. A oa/aiea iiiaeo aaeia iia
neoaeeea enoi/ieeii aaeioiiaaiey aeey iiyoia, ienaoaeae e ooaeiaeieeia.
Ioee/eoaeueiay /a?oa o/aiey I. Aaaey?a – a yoe/aneie iai?aaeaiiinoe. Ii
ia?aoee iniaia aieiaiea ia iioeau iinooieia. N i?aanoaaiiuo iiceoeee
iaeei e oio aea iinooiie iiaeao auoue ioeaiai ii-?aciiio, – a
caaeneiinoe io iioeaa aai niaa?oaiey. I. Aaaey? auaeaeyao einoeieoeaiue
ieai /aeiaa/aneie aeecie. Neeiiiinoe, eiioeuenu, aeaeaiey aicieeatho
naiii?iecaieueii. Eo neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue ioaeaeueii io
?aoeeiiaeueii-niciaoaeueiie noa?u aeooe. A einoeieoeaiii ieaia ia
caeiaeaii /aai-oi ii?i/iiai – iioioe, ae/iinoe e o.ae. Iaeiaei ii iiaeao
noaoue enoi/ieeii ceuo aeayiee. Ana caaeneo io oiaiey /aeiaaea
eiioeaio?e?iaaoueny ia einoeieoeaiuo ninoiyieyo aeooe, aiaeece?iaaoue
eo, ioaeaeyy aeia?ia io ceiai. Iao ieeaeeo iniiaaiee i?ace?aoue
/aeiaa/aneea no?anoe e neeiiiinoe, i?e oii /oi /aeiaae, eiia/ii, ianao
anth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca naie iiiuneu, iinooiee e aeaenoaey. I. Aaaey?
?acei e?eoeeoao no?aieaiea inoaeaeaoue iinooiee i?e iieiii iaiiieiaiee
iaia?aiee e oeaeae. A yoie nayce ii iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi aeaaiia – yoi
«aeoo-aeaeaeeoaeue» iinooieia. Oeeinio aeaeaao aeoeaio ia aioo?aiiae
noi?iia i?aanoaaiiie aeecie. A yoii ii eaeao ii noiiai Nie?aoa. Ia
neo/aeii aai aeaaiue yoe/aneee o?oae icaaeaaeai ethaeiui ec?a/aieai
a?a/aneiai ioae?aoea – «Iiciae naiiai naay». I. Aaaey?a eioa?aniaaea ia
oieueei yoe/aneay i?iaeaiaoeea. Eae e aieueoeinoai e?oiiuo noieanoia, ii
no?aieeny e nicaeaieth anaioaaouaathuaai o/aiey. Oeeinio aue iiaeeeiiui
iiaeaeaeieeii iunee. Ii aeaeae a neoaeaiee enoeia naia i?aaeiacia/aiea.
Aio, ianiiiaiii, auea aeecea eaeay, auneacaiiay ae?oaei ecaanoiui
noieanoii: «Ieeoi ia ainoiaeeo ia iaai eia/a, /ai /a?ac oeeinioeth».
Aaoi?ii yoiai ec?a/aiey aue iaeei ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?aiiaai yoaia
noieanoeee E.N. Y?eoaaia.
Aiiaua aiai?y, eaaeaeue ec iuneeoaeae yiioe iiaeao auoue e?aoei
ioa?aeoa?eciaai eaeie-eeai y?eie iiiaicia/eoaeueiie aeaoaeueth. Yoi
iiaeao auoue oaeo aeia?aoee – eae o I. Aaaey?a, /uea eiy iaaaee naycaii
o?aae/aneie enoi?eae aai ethaae e Yeieca, yoi iiaeao auoue iiaiai?ea,
cae?aieaoayny ca eiaiai oeeinioa. Oae, ia Aaa??iyna aiai?eee:
«A?enoioaeue iauyniee i?e?iaeo, Aaa??iyn – A?enoioaey». Eiaeenue a aeaeo
ouaoaeueiua e aeoaieea eiiiaioa?ee o?oaeia Noaae?eoa, iaienaiiua
Aaa??iynii. Enoaoe aiai?y, A?enoioaeue aue eneeth/eoaeueii iiioey?ai e
auniei oeaieeny a noieanoe/aneoth yiioo. Aai aaoi?eoao aue noieue aunie,
/oi aai iacuaaee «Oeeinio» e auei iiiyoii, /oi ?a/ue eaeao i ciaiaieoii
iniiaaoaea aioe/iie oeieu ia?eiaoaoeeia, caaa?oeoaea aioe/iie eeanneee.
Aeoaieei ciaoieii e aaoi?ii iiaiai i?i/oaiey o?oaeia A?enoioaey noae
Oiia Aeaeineee.
Ainaeuei Eaioa?aa?eeneee (1033-1109) aioae a enoi?eth eae aaoi?
aeieacaoaeuenoaa auoey Aiaa, iieo/eaoaai iacaaiea «iioieiae/aneee
a?aoiaio». A iai aeaeaeanue iiiuoea iainiiaaoue nouanoaiaaiea Aiaa
iin?aaenoaii iiiyoey i iai – eae nouanoaa «naa?o anaai iuneeiiai». Nii?u
ia iioieiae/aneii a?aoiaioa i?iaeieaeathony aei iaoeo aeiae. Oiia
Aeaeineee ioaa?a aeieacaoaeuenoai Ainaeueia, auaeaeioa aianoi iaai iyoue
iiauo. A XX a. A. ?annae n iieiie oaa?aiiinoueth cayaee i eiae/aneie
ianinoiyoaeueiinoe iioieiae/aneiai a?aoiaioa. Nii? auoae ca i?aaeaeu
oaieiaee e ia?aoae a niaoeeaeece?iaaiioth noa?o eiae/aneie naiaioeee –
iaoee i ciaeao e iauaeoao. Iaia?oaeeeinue, /oi Ainaeuei aa?ii iauoiae
iaeio ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo naiaioe/aneeo i?iaeai, ninoiyuoth a
iaaiciiaeiinoe ii?iaa?aeaiey iaeioi?uo oiicaeeth/aiee iin?aaenoaii
naaaeaiey eo e i?ioeai?a/eth eee aano?aeo. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iie eiatho
i?aai ia nouanoaiaaiea ia oieueei eae noaeaeaiey aa?u, ii e eae
eiae/aneea noaeaeaiey.
«Enoeia – aeeoy a?aiaie» e «ciaiea – neea» – yoe ec?a/aiey i?eiaaeeaaeao
?iaeaea?o Ayeiio – noieanoo XIII a. Ii oaea i?aaeaanoiee iicaeiaai yoaia
noieanoeee e aa nei?iai caeaoa. Iinoaiaiii en/a?iuaathony aiciiaeiinoe
oie enoiaeiie ia?aaeeaiu, ia eioi?ie iia no?ieony, o.a. iiiiceoeee
«ciaiea (iiieiaiea) – aa?a». *aoei iaicia/athony aeaa aiciiaeiinoe aa
?aoaiey. Ia?aay eiinoaoe?oao: «iiieiath, /oiau aa?eoue»; aoi?ay no?ieo
auaiae a ia?aoiii ii?yaeea: «aa?th, /oiau iiieiaoue». Iaeiaei
iaia?oaeeaaaony e o?aoee aa?eaio, ninoiyuee a ?acaaaeaiee iaaeaeo niaie
e i?iaaaeaiee ?aca?aie/eoaeueiie eeiee iaaeaeo aa?ie e ciaieai.
Auyniyaony, /oi ciaiea ia oa?yao naiae oeaiiinoe, aoaeo/e auaaaeaiiui
ec-iiae eiio?iey aa?u. E iaiai?io, aa?a a enoeio Ioe?iaaiey iiaeao auoue
aeinoaoi/ii oaeaeaia io ?acaeaoaainy, aanueia iauaiiiai e
iiiaiio?aneaaiai ciaiey. Yoi, iaeiaei, ia oiaeyao cia/aiea enoei
Ioe?iaaiey, iineieueeo iaaeaeo iiieiaieai e aa?ie iao iaeiicia/iie nayce
– oaeay naycue iiiaicia/ia. E oiio aea a iinoiyiiie iiaa?ea aa?u
iiieiaieai ne?uaaaony iaaeiaa?ea e aa?a, eae e iaiai?io, – iaaeiaa?ea e
ciaieth. Oeeinioey euao ciaiea ?aaee ciaiey, oaieiaey inoaaeyao a
noi?iia iaeioi?ua enoeiu, iia caiyoa iiaaaeaieai. E oaeiio auaiaeo
i?eoiaeeo E.Ae. Neioo (1266-1308).
Caiaoei, /oi aeey noaeueau Ae. Neiooa oa?aeoa?ia iinoiyiiay ia?aiaia
no?ai, aaea aeiaaeinue aeeoue e ?aaioaoue. Ia yoii aeaneo iaaea?iaiay
iaaeienue: «Oioeaiaeey iaiy ?iaeeea. Aiaeey iaiy i?eiyea. Aaeeey iaiy
iao/eea. Eaeuei iaiy o?aieo». I/aaeaeii, /oi iaeiei ec iiai/iuo yooaeoia
noieanoe/aneie nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey noaei oaniia acaeiiaeaenoaea eaeae e
ethaeae ?acee/iuo no?ai a ?aieao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Iauiinoue
i?iaeaiaoeee, aaeeiue ycue ia?aciaaiey (eaouiue), aaeeinoai oea?eae,
nenoaia oieaa?neoaoia, iiiaoaneea i?aeaia, ?ani?ino?aiyaoea naia aeeyiea
iacaaeneii io iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?acee/ee, – ana yoi ia iiaei ia
niinianoaiaaoue eoeueoo?iie iauiinoe aa?iiaeneeo no?ai. N?aaeiea aaea
aianee naie aeeaae a neeaaeuaaiea oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiai aaeeinoaa Aa?iiu.
Yoi aaeeinoai ia iioa?yei naiaai cia/aiey e oiaaea, eiaaea aiineaaenoaee
a Aa?iia aicieeee naiinoiyoaeueiua iaoeeiiaeueiua ainoaea?noaa, a
oea?eiaiia aaeeinoai auei ?ac?ooaii ?aoi?iaoeeae.
Ia ecaaa auioaeaeaiiuo iooaoanoaee ii ?acee/iui no?aiai e A. Ieeai
(1280-1349) – y?eee i?aaenoaaeoaeue iicaeiae noieanoeee. Aai eiy
annioeee?oaony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ni ciaiaieoie «a?eoaie Ieeaia». Oae
i?eiyoi iacuaaoue i?eioeei, auaeaeiooue iuneeoaeai: «Ia neaaeoao
oiiiaeaoue nouiinoe naa?o iaiaoiaeeiiai». Yoi i?eioeei yeiiiiee ?acoia.
Niaeanii aio, neaaeoao ecaaaaoue oneiaeiaiiuo oai?aoe/aneeo iino?iaiee,
i?aaeiieaaathueo aaaaeaiea aieueoiai /enea enoiaeiuo aeiiouaiee. Anee
ia/oi iiaeao auoue iauyniaii iaeaieaa i?inoui niiniaii, oi eiaiii yoio
niinia neaaeoao n/eoaoue i?aaeeueiui, ioa?inea ana, /oi oneiaeiyao
iauyniaiea. Oae, A. Ieeai iieaaaao, /oi aeaa ec /aou?ao a?enoioaeaaneeo
i?e/ei – i?e/eia aeaenoaothuay e i?e/eia oeaeaaay (oeiaeueiay) – a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa eceeoie e ie/aai ia aeiaaaeytho e iiieiaieth
yaeaiee. Niaeanii A. Ieeaio, aeaeaeaiea i?aaeiaoia iaiaycaoaeueii
ioaeaeaaony a iauyniaiee i?e iiiiue a?enoioaeaaneie ethaae e Aiao,
eioi?ue i?eoyaeaaao e naaa ie? neeie ethaae, oioy aiciiaeii, /oi oae iii
e anoue. Ai?acaei aieaa aaaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eiie?aoioth i?e/eio,
aeaenoaothuoth ia aeaiiia oaei. A. Ieeai i?ecuaaao e ioeaco io
iaoaoece/aneeo i?aoaicee. Ii aiai?eo i aeiaa?ee oaeoo e oieueei oaeoo. N
aai oi/ee c?aiey, aianoi oiai /oiau ni?aoeaaoue: /oi yoi oaeia? –
neaaeoao auynieoue nia/aea, eae iii auooao. Eia/a aiai?y,
noanoaioeeaeueiiio iiieiaieth i?e?iaeu aauae neaaeoao i?aaeii/anoue
ooieoeeiiaeueiia.
Eaaei caiaoeoue, /oi ieeaiianeee iiaeoiae ninoaaeyao yieeia
n?aaeiaaaeiaie noieanoe/aneie o/aiinoe e iaeiia?aiaiii yaeyaony
aaaaeaieai e iiaiaa?iiaeneie iaoea. Ii ioe?uaaao iiaua ia?niaeoeau
eco/aiey i?e?iaeu ia iooyo ?aoeeiiaeueiuo e yenia?eiaioaeueiuo. A.
Ieeaio aea i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?ei?eoao oai?aoe/aneie caueou anaai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ia?aae eeoeii iauaai. Ii iaeiei ec ia?auo caaiai?ee i
i?aaao e aeinoieinoaa ee/iinoe ia?aae eeoeii aeanoiuo einoeoooia. Yoi
?iaeieo aai n eoeueoo?ie Aic?iaeaeaiey.
OIIA AEAEINEEE – NENOAIAOECAOI? N?AAeIAAAEIAIE NOIEANOEEE
Iaeiei ec iaeaieaa auaeathueony i?aaenoaaeoaeae c?aeie noieanoeee aue
iiiao aeiieieeaineiai i?aeaia Oiia Aeaeineee (1225/26 — 1274), o/aiee
ciaiaieoiai n?aaeiaaaeiaiai oaieiaa, oeeinioa e anoanoaieniuoaoaey
Aeueaa?oa Aaeeeiai (1193— 1280). Eae e aai o/eoaeue, Oiia iuoaeny
iainiiaaoue iniiaiua i?eioeeiu o?enoeainoaa iie?aynue ia o/aiey
A?enoioaey.
I?e yoii iineaaeiaa auei i?aia?aciaaii ei oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iii ia
anooiaei a i?ioeai?a/ea n aeiaiaoaie oai?aiey ie?a ec ie/aai e n o/aieai
i aiai/aeiaa/anoaa Eenona O?enoa. Eae e o Aaaonoeia e Aiyoeey, o Oiiu
aunoaa ia/aei anoue naii auoea Iiae auoeai Oiia ?acoiaao o?enoeaineiai
aiaa. nioai?eaoaai ie?, eae i oii iiaanoaoaony a Aaooii caaaoa. ?acee/ay
auoea e nouiinoue (nouanoaiaaiea e nouiinoue), Oiia oai ia iaiaa ia
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao eo, a aneaae ca A?enoioaeai iiae/a?eeaaao eo iauee
ei?aiue. Nouiinoe, eee noanoaioeee, iaeaaeatho, niaeanii Oiia,
naiinoiyoaeueiui auoeai, a ioee/ea io aeoeeaeaioeee (naienoa, ea/anoa),
eioi?ua nouanoaotho oieueei aeaaiaea?y noanoaioeeyi. Ionthaea auaiaeeony
?acee/aiea oae iacuaaaiuo noanoaioeeaeueiuo e aeoeeaeaioaeueiuo oi?i.
Noanoaioeeaeueiay oi?ia niiauaao anyeie aaue
i?inoia auoea, a iioiio i?e aa iiyaeaiee iu aiai?ei, /oi ia/oi aicieeei,
a i?e aa en/aciiaaiee — /oi ia/oi ?ac?ooeeinue. Aeoeeaeaioaeueiay aea
oi?ia — enoi/iee ii?aaeaeaiiuo ea/anoa, a ia auoey aauae. ?acee/ay
aneaae ca A?enoioaeai aeooaeueiia e iioaioeeaeueiia ninoiyiey, Oiia,
?anniao?eaaao auoea eae ia?aia ec aeooaeueiuo ninoiyiee. Ai anyeie aaue,
n/eoaao Oiia, noieueei auoey, neieueei a iae aeooaeueiinoe.
Niioaaonoaaiii ii auaeaeyao /aou?a o?iaiy auoeeiinoe aauae a caaeneiinoe
io noaiaie eo aeooaeueiinoe, au?aaeathuaeny a oii, eaeei ia?acii oi?ia,
oi anoue aeooaeueiia ia/aei, ?aaeecoaony a aauao.
Ia iecoae nooiaie auoey oi?ia, niaeanii Oiia, ninoaaeyao eeoue aiaoithth
ii?aaeaeaiiinoue aaue (causa formalis); nthaea ioiinyony iai?aaie/aneea
noeoee e ieia?aeu. Ia neaaeothuae nooiaie oi?ia i?aaenoaao eae eiia/iay
i?e/eia (causa finalis) aaue, eioi?ie iiyoiio aioo?aiia i?enoua
oeaeaniia?aciinoue, iacaaiiay A?enoioaeai «?anoeoaeueiie aeooie», eae au
oi?ie?othuae oaei ecioo?e,— oaeiau ?anoaiey. O?aoee o?iaaiue —
aeeaioiua, caeanue oi?ia anoue aeaenoaothuay i?e/eia (causa efficiens),
iiyoiio nouaa eiaao a naaa ia oieueei oeaeue, ii e ia/aei
aeayoaeueiinoe, aeaeaeaiey. Ia anao o?ao nooiaiyo oi?ia ii-?aciiio
i?eaoiaeeo a iaoa?eth, i?aaiecoy e iaeooaaeyy aa. Iaeiiaoe, ia /aoaa?oie
nooiaie oi?ia i?aaenoaao oaea ia eae i?aaiecothuee i?eioeei iaoa?ee, a
naia ii naaa, iacaaeneii io iaoa?ee (forma per se, forma separata). Yoi
aeoo, eee oi, ?acoiiay aeooa, aunoaa ec nioai?aiiuo noueo. Ia aoaeo/e
naycaia n iaoa?eae, /aeiaa/aneay ?acoiiay aeooa ia iiaeaaao ni nia?oueth
oaea. Iiyoiio ?acoiiay aeooa iineo o Oiiu eiy «naiinouaai». A ioee/ea io
iaa, /oanoaaiiua aeooe aeeaioiuo ia yaeythony naiinoueie, a iioiio iie e
ia eiatho niaoeeoe/aneeo aeey ?acoiiie aeooe aeaenoaee, inouanoaeyaiuo
oieueei naiie aeooie, ioaeaeueii io oaea — iuoeaiey e aieaiey; ana
aeaenoaey aeeaioiuo, eae e iiiaea aeaenoaey /aeiaaea (e?iia iuoeaiey e
aeoa aiee), inouanoaeythony n iiiiuueth oaea. Iiyoiio aeooe aeeaioiuo
iiaeaatho aianoa n oaeii, oiaaea eae /aeiaa/aneay aeooa — aannia?oia,
iia anoue naiia aeaai?iaeiia a nioai?aiiie i?e?iaea. Neaaeoy
A?enoioaeth, Oiia ?anniao?eaaao ?acoi eae aunooth n?aaee /aeiaa/aneeo
niiniaiinoae, aeaey e a naiie aiea i?aaeaea anaai aa ?acoiiia
ii?aaeaeaiea, eaeiaui ii n/eoaao niiniaiinoue ?acee/aoue aeia?i e cei.
Eae e A?enoioaeue, Oiia aeaeeo a aiea i?aeoe/aneee ?acoi, oi anoue
?acoi, iai?aaeaiiue ia aeaenoaea, a ia ia iiciaiea, ?oeiaiaeyuee iaoeie
iinooieaie, iaoei aeeciaiiui iiaaaeaieai, a ia oai?aoe/aneie onoaiiaeie,
ia nica?oeaieai.
A ie?a Oiiu iiaeeeiii noueie ieacuaathony a eiia/iii n/aoa
eiaeeaeaeooiu. Yoio naiaia?aciue ia?niiaeeci ninoaaeyao niaoeeoeeo eae
oiienoneie iioieiaee, oae e n?aaeiaaaeiaiai anoanoaiciaiey, i?aaeiao
eioi?iai — aeaenoaea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo «ne?uouo nouiinoae» –
«aeayoaeae», aeoo, aeooia, nee. Ia/eiay n aiaa, eioi?ue anoue /enoue aeo
auoey, e eii/ay iaeaeoae ec nioai?aiiuo nouiinoae, eaaeaeia nouaa
iaeaaeaao ioiineoaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth, eioi?ay oiaiueoaaony ii
ia?a aeaeaeaiey aiec, oi anoue ii ia?a oauaaiey aeooaeueiinoe auoey
nouanoa, ?aniieaaathueony ia ea?a?oe/aneie eanoieoea.
O/aiea Oiiu iieueciaaeinue aieueoei aeeyieai a n?aaeiea aaea, ?eineay
oea?eiaue ioeoeeaeueii i?eciaea aai. Yoi o/aiea aic?iaeaeaaony e a XX
aaea iiae iacaaieai iaioiiecia — iaeiiai ec iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuo
oa/aiee eaoiee/aneie oeeinioee ia Caiaaea.
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