Nioenou: /aeiaae ia?a anao aauae.
*aeiaae e niciaiea — aio oaia, eioi?ay aoiaeeo a a?a/aneoth oeeinioeth
aianoi n nioenoaie (nioenou — o/eoaey ioae?inoe). Iaeaieaa ecaanoiuie
n?aaee ieo auee I?ioaai? (490–420 aiaeu aei e. y.) e Ai?aee (ie.
480—ie. 380 aiaeu aei i. y.).
Yoe oeeiniou oaeoaeytho e?eoe/aneia ioiioaiea ei anaio. /oi aeey
/aeiaaea aunooiaao eae iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeaiiia, eae i?aaeiao
iiae?aaeaiey eee aa?u. Iie o?aaotho i?iaa?ee ia i?i/iinoue anyeiai
ooaa?aeaeaiey, aanniciaoaeueii i?eia?aoaiiiai oaaaeaeaiey. iae?eoe/anee
i?eiyoiai iiaiey. Nioenoeea aiaaaea i?ioea anaai oiai. /oi aeeei a
niciaiee ethaeai aac oaeinoiaa?aiey aai caeii ianoe. Nioenou aunooieee n
e?eoeeie iniiaaiee noa?ie oeeaeeicaoeee. Iie aeaeaee ii?ie coeo
iniiaaiee — i?aaia, iau/aaa-onoiaa – i eo iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe, eioi?ay
ninoaaeyao iaiouaieaiue yeaiaio o?aaeeoeee. Ioiuia i?aai ia
nouanoaiaaiea iieo/aei oieueei oaeia niaea?aeaiea niciaiey, eioi?ia auei
aeiiouaii naiei yoei niciaieai, oianoue iainiiaaii, aeieacaii ei. Oai
naiui eiaeeaeae noaiiaeeny noaeueae iaae anai oai. /oi ?aiueoa
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai noaea ia aeiioneaei.
Nioenoia ni?aaaaeeeai iacuaatho i?aaenoaaeoaeyie a?a/aneiai I?inaauaiey:
iie ia noieueei oaeoaeyee oeeinioneea o/aiey i?ioeiai, neieueei
iiioey?ece?iaaee ciaiea, ?ani?ino?aiyy a oe?ieeo e?oaao naieo
iiiai/eneaiiuo o/aieeia oi. /oi oaea auei i?eia?aoaii e oiio a?aiaie
oeeinioeae e iaoeie. Nioenou auee ia?auie n?aaee oeeinioia, eoi noae
iieo/aoue aiii?a?u ca iao/aiea. A V aaea a aieueoeinoaa a?a/aneeo
ai?iaeia-ainoaea?noa aue aeaiie?aoe/aneee no?ie, a iioiio aeeyiea
/aeiaaea ia ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea, eae noaeaaiua, oae e iieeoe/aneea, a
aieueoie noaiaie io aai e?anii?a/ey, aai i?aoi?neiai eneonnoaa, oiaiey
iaoiaeeoue a?aoiaiou a iieueco naiae oi/ee c?aiey e oaeei iaacii
neeiiyoue ia naith noi?iio aieueoeinoai nia?aaeaeai. Nioenou eae ?ac e
i?aaeeaaaee naie oneoae oai, eoi no?aieeny o/anoaiaaoue a iieeoe/aneie
aeecie naiaai ai?iaea: iao/aee a?aiiaoeea, noeeenoeea, ?eoi?eea, oiaieth
aanoe iieaieeo, a oaeaea aeaaaee iauaa ia?aciaaiea. Aeaaiui eo
eneonnoaii auei eneonnoai neiaa, e ia neo/aeii eiaiii iie au?aaioaee
ii?iu eeoa?aoo?iiai a?a/aneiai ycuea.
I?e oaeie i?aeoe/anee-iieeoe/aneie iai?aaeaiiinoe eioa?ana
iaoo?oeeinioneea i?iaeaiu ionooieee ia caaeiee ieai;
a oeaio?a aieiaiey ieacaeenue /aeiaae e aai ineoieiaey: eneonnoai
oaaaeaeaoue o?aaiaaei ciaiey iaoaieciia, oi?aaeythueo aeeciueth
niciaiey. I?iaeaiu iiciaiey i?e yoii auoiaeeee ia ia?aue ieai.
Enoiaeiue i?eioeei nioenoia, noi?ioee?iaaiiue I?ioaai?ii, oaeia:
“*aeiaae anoue ia?a anao aauae: nouanoaothueo, /oi iie nouanoaotho, e
ianouanoaothueo, /oi iie ia nouanoaotho”. Oi, /oi aeinoaaeyao /aeiaaeo
oaeiaieuenoaea, oi?ioi, a oi, /oi i?e/eiyao no?aaeaiey, ieioi. E?eoa?eai
ioeaiee oi?ioaai e aeo?iiai noaiiayony caeanue /oanoaaiiua neeiiiinoe
ioaeaeueiiai eiaeeaeaea.
Aiaeiae/ii e a oai?ee iiciaiey nioenou i?eaioe?othony ia ioaeaeueiiai
eiaeeaeaea, iauyaeyy aai — ni anaie aai iniaaiiinoyie — noauaeoii
iiciaiey. Ana, /oi iu ciaai i i?aaeiaoao, ?annoaeaeatho iie, iu iieo/aai
/a?ac i?aaiu /oanoa; ana aea /oanoaaiiua aini?eyoey noauaeoeaiu: oi, /oi
caei?iaiio /aeiaaeo
eaaeaony neaaeeei, aieueiiio iieaaeaony ai?ueeei. Cia/eo, anyeia
/aeiaa/aneia ciaiea oieueei ioiineoaeueii. Iauaeoeaiia, enoeiiia
iiciaiea, n oi/ee c?aiey nioenoia, iaaeinoeaeeii. Oaeay iiceoeey a
oai?ee iiciaiey iieo/eea iacaaiea noauaeoeaiiai eaeaaeecia.
Eae aeaeei, anee e?eoa?eai enoeiu iauyaeoue ioaeaeueiiai eiaeeaeaea, a
oi/iaa, aeaaea aai i?aaiu /oanoa, oi iineaaeiei neiaii oai?ee iiciaiey
aoaeao noauaeoeaeci, ?aeyoeaeci e neaioeoeeci, n/eoathuee iauaeoeaioth
enoeio iaaiciiaeiie.
Ia?aoei aieiaiea, /oi i?eioeeio, i?iaicaeaoaiiiio yeaaoaie — ie? iiaiey
?aaeueii ia nouanoaoao,— nioenou i?ioeaiiinoaaeyee ia?aoiue: oieueei ie?
iiaiey e nouanoaoao, auoea -yoi ia /oi eiia, eae eciai/eaue /oanoaaiiue
ie?, eaeei ii yaeai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio aini?eyoeth. I?iecaie eiaeeaeaea
noaiiaeony caeanue ?oeiaiaeyuei i?eioeeiii.
?aeyoeaeci a oai?ee iiciaiey neoaeee iainiiaaieai e i?aanoaaiiiai
?aeyoeaecia: nioenou iieacuaaee oneiaiinoue i?aaiauo ii?i,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiiia e ii?aeueiuo ioeaiie. Iiaeiaii oiio eae /aeiaae
anoue ia?a anao aauae, anyeia /aeiaa/aneia niiauanoai (ainoaea?noai)
anoue ia?a ni?aaaaeeeaiai e iani?aaaaeeeaiai.
Nie?ao: eiaeaeaeoaeueiia e iaaeuiaeeaeaeoaeueiia a niciaiee
Naiae e?eoeeie iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo aeaiiinoae niciaiey, o?aaiaaieai
ioiineoue anyeia niaea?aeaiea ciaiey e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio noauaeoo
nioenou i?ieeaaeuaaee iooue e ia?aoaieth oaeiai ciaiey, eioi?ia, aoaeo/e
iiin?aaeiaaii noauaeoeaiinoueth eiaeeaeaea, ia naiaeeeinue au, iaeiaei,
e yoie noauaeoeaiinoe. Eiaiii aeayoaeueiinoue nioenoia,
?aeyoeaece?iaaaoay anyeoth enoeio, iieiaeeea ia/aei iieneai iiauo oi?i
aeinoiaa?iinoe ciaiey — oaeeo, eioi?ua iiaee au onoiyoue ia?aae noaeii
e?eoe/aneie ?aoeaenee. Yoe iienee i?iaeieaeee aaeeeee aoeineee oeeinio
Nie?ao (ie. 470— 399 aiaeu aei e. y.). nia?aa o/aiee nioenoia, a caoai
eo e?eoee.
Iniiaiii oeeinioneee eioa?an Nie?aoa nin?aaeioi/eaaaony ia aii?ina i
oii. /oi oaeia /aeiaae, /oi oaeia /aeiaa/aneia niciaiea. “Iiciae naiiai
naay” ethaeiia ec?a/aiea Nie?aoa. (Yoi ec?a/aiea auei iaienaii ia
noaia o?aia Aiieeiia a Aeaeueoao. i, aa?iyoii, ia neo/aeii aei ian
aeioei i?aaeaiea, /oi aeaeueoeeneee i?aeoe, aoaeo/e ni?ioai i oii. eoi
yaeyaony ioae?aeoei ec yeeeiia. iacaae Nie?aoa.)
A niciaiee /aeiaaea Nie?ao iaia?oaeeaaao eae au ?aciua o?iaie, ?aciua
neie, ninoiyuea n eiaeeaeaeii, iineoaeai niciaiey. a aanueia neiaeiuo
ioiioaieyo, eiiaaea aeaaea anooiathuea n iei e ia?ac?aoeioth eieeeceth.
Caaea/a Nie?aoa — iaia?oaeeoue ia oieueei noauaeoeaiia, ii e iauaeoeaiia
niaea?aeaiea niciaiey e aeieacaoue, /oi eiaiii iineaaeiaa aeieaeii auoue
noaeueae iaae ia?aui. Yoa aunoay einoaioeey eiaioaony ?acoiii; iia
niiniaia aeaoue ia i?inoi eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia iiaiea, a anaiauaa,
iauaiaycaoaeueiia ciaiea. Ii yoi ciaiea /aeiaae iiaeao ia?anoe oieueei
nianoaaiiuie oneeeyie, a ia iieo/eoue ecaia a ea/anoaa aioiaiai.
Ionthaea no?aieaiea Nie?aoa eneaoue enoeio niiaua, a oiaea aanaae
(aeeaeiaia). eiaaea niaanaaeieee, e?eoe/anee aiaeece?oy oa iiaiey, /oi
n/eoathony iauai?eiyouie, ioa?anuaatho eo iaeii ca ae?oaei, iiea ia
i?eaeoo e oaeiio ciaieth, eioi?ia ana i?eciatho enoeiiui. Nie?ao
iaeaaeae iniaui eneonnoaii — ciaiaieoie e?iieae, n iiiiuueth eioi?ie ii
eniiaeaieue ii?iaeaeae o naieo niaanaaeieeia niiiaiea a enoeiiinoe
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee, no?aiynue i?eaanoe eo e oaeiio ciaieth, a
aeinoiaa?iinoe eioi?iai iie oaaaeeeenue au naie. Oeaeueth e?eoe/aneie
?aaiou oia Nie?ao n/eoae iieo/aiea iiiyoey, iniiaaiiiai ia no?iaii
ii?aaeaeaiee i?aaeiaoa. Oae, ii iuoaeny ii?aaeaeeoue, /oi oaeia
ni?aaaaeeeainoue, /oi oa eia aeia?i, a /ai ninoieo eo/oaa
ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai e o.ae.
Nie?ao ia neo/aeii noieue iiiai aieiaiey oaeaeye auyniaieth niaea?aeaiey
iiiyoee “ni?aaaaeeeainoue”, “aeia?i” e o. ae. A oeaio?a aieiaiey o iaai,
eae e o nioenoia, anaaaea noiyee aii?inu /aeiaa/aneie aeecie, aa
iacia/aiey e oeaee, ni?aaaaeeeaiai iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa. Oeeinioey
iiieiaeanue Nie?aoii eae iiciaiea oiai /oi oaeia aeia?i e cei.
Iouneeaaiea ciaiey i aeia?ii e ni?aaaaeeeaii niiaua, a aeeaeiaa n iaeiei
eee ianeieueeeie niaanaaeieeaie naii ii naaa nicaeaaaei eae au iniaueth
yoe/aneea ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie, nia?aaoeieny aianoa ia ?aaee
?acaea/aiey e ia ?aaee i?aeoe/aneeo aeae, a ?aaee ia?aoaiey enoeiu.
Ii oeeinioey – ethaiaue e ciaieth – iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae
i?aanoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue a oii oieueei neo/aa, anee ciaiea naii ii
naaa oaea e anoue aeia?i. Eiaiii oaeie yoe/aneee ?aoeeiiaeeci ninoaaeyao
nouiinoue o/aiey Nie?aoa. Aaci?aanoaaiiue iinooiie Nie?ao n/eoaao
ieiaeii iaciaiey enoeiu: anee /aeiaae ciaao, /oi eiaiii oi?ioi, oi ii
ieeiaaea ia iinooieo aeo?ii — oaeiai oaaaeaeaiea a?a/aneiai oeeinioa.
Aeo?iie iinooiie ioiaeaeanoaeyaony caeanue n caaeoaeaeaieai, n ioeaeie,
a ieeoi ia aeaeaao ioeaie aeia?iaieueii, iieaaaao Nie?ao. E iineieueeo
i?aanoaaiiia cei eaeao io iaciaiey, cia/eo, ciaiea – enoi/iee
i?aanoaaiiiai niaa?oainoaa. Aio ii/aio oeeinioey eae iooue e ciaieth
noaiiaeony o Nie?aoa n?aaenoaii oi?ie?iaaiey aeia?iaeaoaeueiiai /aeiaaea
e niioaaonoaaiii ni?aaaaeeeaiai ainoaea?noaa. Ciaiea aeia?iai — yoi, ii
Nie?aoo, oaea e cia/eo neaaeiaaiea aeia?iio, a iineaaeiaa aaaeao
/aeiaaea e n/anoueth.
Iaeiaei noaeueaa naiith Nie?aoa, anth aeeciue no?aieaoaainy iooai ciaiey
naeaeaoueny aeia?iaeaoaeueiui e iiaoaeaeaaoaai e oiio aea naieo
o/aieeia, naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaea i oii, /oi a aioe/iii iauanoaa V aaea oaea
ia auei aa?iiiee iaaeaeo aeia?iaeaoaeueth e n/anoueai. Nie?ao,
iuoaaoeeny iaeoe i?ioeaiyaeea io i?aanoaaiiiai ?aeyoeaecia nioenoia, a
oi aea a?aiy iieueciaaeny iiiaeie ec i?eaiia, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey ieo. A
aeacao aieueoeinoaa aoeineeo a?aaeaeai, aeaeaeeo io oeeinioee e
?acae?aaeaiiuo aeayoaeueiinoueth i?eacaeeo e naieo nianoaaiiuo nioenoia,
Nie?ao iaei ioee/aeny io inoaeueiuo “ioae?aoeia”, iiaeaa?aaaoeo e?eoeea
e ianoaeaeaieth o?aaeeoeeiiiua i?aaenoaaeaiey e ?aeeaeiciua eoeueou. A
399 aiaeo aei i. y. naieaeanyoeeaoiaai Nie?aoa iaaeieee a oii, /oi ii ia
/oeo aiaia, i?eciaiiuo ainoaea?noaii, e aaiaeeo eaeeo-oi iiauo aiaia;
/oi ii ?aca?auaao iieiaeaaeue, iiaoaeaeay thiioae ia neooaoue naieo
iooeia. Ca iiae?ua ia?iaeiie i?aanoaaiiinoe Nie?aoa i?eaiai?eee ia noaea
e nia?oiie eacie. Oeeinio eiae aiciiaeiinoue oeeiieoueny io iaeacaiey,
aaaeaa ec Aoei. Ii ii i?aaeii/ae nia?oue e a i?enoonoaee naieo ae?ocae e
o/aieeia oia?, auiea eoaie n yaeii. Oai naiui Nie?ao i?eciae iaae niaie
caeiiu naiaai ainoaea?noaa — oa naiua caeiiu, a iiae?uaa eioi?uo ii aue
iaaeiai. Oa?aeoa?ii. /oi oie?ay Nie?ao ia ioeacaeny io naiaai
oaaaeaeaiey a oii, /oi oieueei aeia?iaeaoaeueiue /aeiaae iiaeao auoue
n/anoeeaui: eae iiaanoaoao Ieaoii, Nie?ao a oth?ueia aue niieiai e
naaoae, aei iineaaeiae ieioou aanaaeiaae n ae?ocueyie e oaaaeaeae eo a
oii, /oi ii n/anoeeaue /aeiaae.
Oeao?a Nie?aoa a aunoae noaiaie ciaiaiaoaeueia: ia oieueei aai aeeciue
ii e aai nia?oue neiaiee/anee ?ane?uaaao iai i?e?iaeo oeeinioee Nie?ao
iuoaeny iaeoe a naiii niciaiee /aeiaaea oaeoth i?i/ioth e oaa?aeoth
iii?o, ia eioi?ie iiaei au noiyoue caeaiea i?aanoaaiiinoe, i?aaa e
ainoaea?noaa iinea oiai, eae noa?ue – o?aaeeoeeiiiue ooiaeaiaio aue oaea
iiaeoi/ai eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneie e?eoeeie nioenoia. Ii Nie?aoa ii iiiyee
e ia i?eiyee ie nioenou-iiaaoi?u, ie o?aaeeoeeiiaeenou-eiina?aaoi?u:
nioenou oaeaeaee a Nie?aoa “ii?aeenoa” e “aic?iaeeoaey onoiaa”, a
caueoieee o?aaeeoeee – “ieaeeenoa” e ?ac?ooeoaey aaoi?eoaoia.
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