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Русская религиозная философия XIX – XX веков (Контрольная)

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EAEOAENEEE EIIIOIAEUeII-NO?IEOAEUeIUE OAOIEEOI

IEINO?IE ?INNEE

CAI*IIA IOAeAEAIEA

Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ? I aa?eaio ? 8

ii i?aaeiaoo “Oeeinioey “

ii oaia: “?onneay ?aeeaeiciay oeeinioey XIX – XX aaeia.”

eo?n 3 a?oiia CA31-O oeo? A-96-128

?aaioa auneaia a oaoieeoi 7 ethiy 1997 aiaea

Oaieeey Ea?anaa

Eiy Aiae?ae

Io/anoai Aeeoi?iae/

Aeiiaoiee aae?an: a. Eaeoaa, ia?. Eeoaeiue, ae.7, ea. 92

Ioeaiea _______________ Aeaoa _____________

Iiaeienue i?aiiaeaaaoaey ________________________

Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa i?aaeuyaeyaony i?e naea/a yecaiaia.

Iaeaaeaiea :

1. Oi?ie?iaaiea ?onneie ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee: neaayiioeeueneia o/aiea i
ianneaineie ?iee ?onneiai ia?iaea e niai?iinoe.

2 . Oeeinioey anaaaeeinoaa A. N. Nieiaueaaa: iioieiaey e aiinaieiaey.

3. I?iaeaia aa?u e ?acoia a i?aaineaaiii ?aeeaeiciii
aioeeioaeeaeooaeecia (E. Oanoia, N. Aoeaaeia, I. Oei?aineee, N.
O?aie).

Oi?ie?iaaiea ?onneie ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee: neaayiioeeueneia o/aiea i
ianneaineie ?iee ?onneiai ia?iaea e niai?iinoe.

Oeeinioneay iuneue a ?innee ia/eiaao ca?iaeaeaoueny a OI a. iiae
aeeyieai i?ioeanna o?enoeaiecaoeee. A yoi a?aiy Eeaaneee ieo?iiieeo
Eeea?eii nicaeaao ciaiaieoia «Neiai i caeiia e aeaaiaeaoe», a eioi?ii
?acaeaaao aiaineianei-enoi?e/aneoth eiioeaioeeth, iainiiauaathuoth
aeeth/aiiinoue «?onneie caiee» a iauaie?iaie i?ioeann oi?aeanoaa
aiaeanoaaiiiai naaoa. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ?onneie oeeinioneie iunee
i?ioiaeeei a ?onea ?acaeoey i?aanoaaiii-i?aeoe/aneeo ianoaaeaiee e
iainiiaaiey iniaiai i?aaeiacia/aiey i?aaineaaey ?one aeey ?acaeoey
ie?iaie oeeaeeecaoeee. Iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iui, a yoii niunea, yaeyaony
nicaeaiiia ai a?aiaia i?aaeaiey Aaneeey III o/aiea eaoiaia
Aeeaca?ianeiai iiianou?y Oeeioay i «Iineaa eae o?aoueai ?eia».

I?eaeiaeueiua iienee ?onneie oeeinioneie iunee i?iaeieaeaeenue
ia i?ioyaeaiee OVI – OVIII aa. Yoe iienee i?ioiaeeee a aoiinoa?a
i?ioeaiai?noaa aeaoo oaiaeaioeee. Ia?aay aeoeaioe?iaaea aieiaiea ia
naiiauoiinoe ?onneie iunee e naycuaaea yoo naiiauoiinoue n iaiiaoi?eiui
naiaia?aceai ?onneie aeooiaiie aeecie. Aoi?ay aea oaiaeaioeey au?aaeaea
no?aieaiea aienaoue ?inneth a i?ioeann ?acaeoey Aa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?u.
I?aaenoaaeoaee yoie oaiaeaioeee n/eoaee, /oi iineieueeo ?inney anoaea ia
iooue ?acaeoey iicaea ae?oaeo no?ai Aa?iiu, oi iia aeieaeia o/eoueny o
Caiaaea e i?ieoe oio aea enoi?e/aneee iooue.

Iaeaieaa /aoeia oai?aoe/aneia e iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneia ioi?ieaiea yoe
aeaa oaiaeaioeee iieo/eee a 40 – 60-o aa. OIO a. Ia?aoth oaiaeaioeeth
i?aaenoaaeyee neaayiioeeu, a aoi?oth – caiaaeieee. Eaeaieiaeth
caiaaeieeia iiaeaea?aeeaaee oaeea aaoi?eoaoiua iuneeoaee e iauanoaaiiua
aeayoaee eae A. A. Aaeeineee, I. A. *a?iuoaaneee, A. E. Aa?oeai .

NEAAssIIOEEUeNOAI

Neaayiioeeuenoai eae iaeii ec aeaaiuo iai?aaeaiee iieeoe/aneie e
oeeinioneie iunee OIO a. inoaaeei caiaoiue neaae a aeooiaiie enoi?ee
no?aiu. Neaayiioeeu nicaeaee nioeeieiae/aneoth e oeeinioneoth
eiioeaioeee, a eioi?uo i?eaeaee naiaia?acioth oi?io ?onneiio
iaoeeiiaeueiiio naiiniciaieth. Iie iinoaaeee i?iaeaiu ?innee e Caiaaea,
iniaiai iooe ?innee, iaueiu e ainoaea?noaa, iieiaeeee iniiaaiea
?onneie ?aeeaeicii-eaeaaeenoe/aneie oeeinioee aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX a.

Aeaaiay oieone?othuay caaea/a neaayiioeeuenoaa caeeth/aia a iieneao
ianoa eoeueoo?u ?onneiai ia?iaea a nenoaia eoeueoo? Caiaaea e Ainoiea.
A ioaao ia ieaeeeci *aaaeaaaa e einiiiieeoeci caiaaeieeia neaayiioeeu
ooaa?aeaeaee, /oi ?onneay enoi?ey, nioeeaeueiua no?oeoo?u, auo,
iaoeeiiaeueiia niciaiea, o. a. any eoeueoo?a, ia aeieaeiu iiaeaiaeeoueny
iiae ae?oaea, iaaaeaeaaoiua ae iiaeaee. Iia iaeaaeaao nianoaaiiuie
aeeciaiiuie oeaiiinoyie e nianoaaiiuie ia?niaeoeaaie.

Iaiaei ieue aeey ?aciuoeaiee ?onneiai /aeiaaea i naiai iaoeeiiaeueiii
aeinoieinoaa aeaaaea e iaeanoue iieeoe/aneeo ioiioaiee, neiaeeaoeony
iinea nia?oe Iao?a I. I?aa?auaiea aeiia ?iiaiiauo a iaiaoeeoth
aeeianoeth, ae?iiiaueia, aieueo-oeioeu, ioe?iaaiiua neiiaoee Iao?a III
e Iaaea I e i?onna/anoao, iiae/eiaiea eie aiaoiae iieeoeee
aeeianoe/aneei eioa?anai, io?aioeoaeeaaiea aeai?yinoaa – oaeiau oaeou
naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i nouanoaiaaiee iiiaeo i?e/ei, aieaciaiii
cao?aaeaathueo ?onneia iaoeeiiaeueiia /oanoai.

Neeueiia aicaoaeaeaiea /oanoaa iaoeeiiaeueiinoe o iiiaeo aa?iiaeneeo
ia?iaeia auei aucaaii iaiieaiiianeeie aieiaie. Aeey ?innee a yoii
niunea ?aoathuaa cia/aiea eiaea aieia 1812 a., eioi?ay aneieuoioea
ia?iaeioth yia?aeth e canoaaeea ia?aaeiauo ethaeae oiai a?aiaie
ii-iiaiio acaeyiooue ia enoi?e/aneoth ?ieue ?onneiai ia?iaea e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia cia/aiea ?innee. N yoiai a?aiaie iiiyoea
«ia?iaeiinoue» i?i/ii aoiaeeo a ?onneoth eeoa?aoo?o e iauanoaaiioth
iuneue.

Eiia/ii, ia?a/eneaiiua auoa oaeou ia iiaoo oieeiaaoueny eae nenoaia eee
eaeaieiaey neaayiioeeueneiai oeia. Ii iie caeeth/atho a naaa iiiai
iiiaioia, iineoaeeaoeo ecaanoiie ii/aie, ia eioi?oth iie?aeenue
neaayiioeeu i?e au?aaioea naiae enoi?eei-nioeeieiae/aneie eiioeaioeee e
iniaaiii naiaai acaeyaea ia enoi?eth ?innee. Eaeaieiaey neaayiioeeuenoaa
i?aoa?iaea ecaanoioth yaiethoeeth. Ia 30-a e ia/aei 40-o aiaeia iaaeaao
noaiiaeaiea iieeoe/aneie e oeeinionei-nioeeieiae/aneie oai?ee noa?oeo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae neaayiioeeuenoaa – A. N. Oiiyeiaa e E. A. Ee?aaaneiai,
caeiaeeaoeo iniiau yoiai o/aiey. Iie nio?aiytho ?oeiaiaeyuaa iieiaeaiea
a e?oaeea aieioue aei 60-o aiaeia. A 40-a e 50-a aiaeu neaayiioeeu
ioi?ieythony a a?oiio aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia, noaaooth cia/eoaeueiie neeie a
eaeaeiie ai?ueaa. A yoi a?aiy aie?oa Oiiyeiaa e E. Ee?aaaneiai
iauaaeeiythony a?aouey Aenaeiau, Naia?ei, I. Ee?aaaneee, Eioaeaa e
ae?oaea iaiaa aeeyoaeueiua eeoea. Iinea e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu 1861 a.,
eioi?ay ii-iiaiio iinoaaeea ana iauanoaaiiua aii?inu,
neaayiioeeuenoai ia?aaeeaaao oiaaeie e iinoaiaiii oo?a/eaaao aueoth
iauanoaaiioth cia/eiinoue. A ea/anoaa aeaaiuo aeayoaeae ii?aoi?iaiiiai
neaayiioeeuenoaa ia?yaeo n E. Aenaeiaui, Naia?eiui e Eioaeaaui
aunooiatho iiaua aeayoaee: Ai. A?eai?ueaa, I. ss. Aeaieeaaneee, I. I.
No?aoia, E. I. Eaiioueaa. E iei i?eiueaao O. I. Aeinoiaaneee e io/anoe
Ae. Nieiaueaa.

Ia?aiia/aeueioth oeeinioneoth iiaeaioiaeo eeaea?u neaayiioeeuenoaa
Oiiyeia e E. Ee?aaaneee iieo/eee a e?oaeea iineianeeo ethaiioae?ia.
Eaeaaeeci Oaeeeiaa niioaaonoaiaae eo ia?aco iuoeaiey, neiaeeaoaiony a
?acoeueoaoa ?aeeaeiciiai aeiiaoiaai ainieoaiey. Iicaea eie auea
eniieueciaaia «oeeinioey ioe?iaaiey» aeey iainiiaaiey i?eiaoa aa?u iaae
ciaieai e ianinoiyoaeueiinoe ?aoeeiiaeueiiai iuoeaiey. Nenoaia
iicaeiaai Oaeeeiaa e ni/eiaiey aecaioeeneeo aiaineiaia ninoaaeee aeaaiua
oai?aoe/aneea enoi/ieee oeeinioee neaayiioeeia.

Neaayiioeeuenoai inoaaeei neaaeu ia oieueei a eiina?aaoeaiuo e
?aeeaeicii-eaeaaeenoe/aneeo o/aieyo aoi?ie iieiaeiu OIO a. Ii e?aeiae
ia?a, o?e ioieoa enoi?eei-nioeeieiae/aneie eiioeaioeee neaayiioeeia auee
eniieueciaaiu e iieo/eee – eiia cao/aiea a eaeaieiae e ?onneie
?aaiethoeeiiiie aeaiie?aoee aoi?ie iieiaeiu OIO a., a eiaiii: iaueia eae
nioeeaeueii-yeiii-ie/aneay oi?ia ia?iaeiiai auoey, iniaue iooue
?innee – eaeay, aicieeoay ec oaeoa aa ionoaeinoe, e io?eoeaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, yaeaoaa niaie oi?io i?ioanoa i?ioea naiiaea?aeaaiiai
aeaniioecia.

Neaayiioeeu iie?aeenue ia «naiiauoieeia», ia i?aaineaaii-?onneia
iai?aaeaiea a iauanoaaiiie iunee ?innee. A iniiaa eo oeeinioneiai
o/aiey eaaeaea eaeay i ianneaineie ?iee ?onneiai ia?iaea, i aai
?aeeaeiciie e eoeueoo?iie naiiauoiinoe e aeaaea eneeth/eoaeueiinoe.
Enoiaeiue oacen o/aiey neaayiioeeia ninoieo a ooaa?aeaeaiee ?aoathuae
?iee i?aaineaaey aeey ?acaeoey anae ie?iaie oeeaeeecaoeee. Ii iiaieth
A.N. Oiiyeiaa, eiaiii i?aaineaaea noi?ie?iaaei «oa eneiiii ?onneea
ia/aea, oio «?onneee aeoo», eioi?ue nicaeae ?onneoth caieth a aa
aaneiia/iii iauaia».

A. N. OIIssEIA

Aeaenae Noaiaiiae/ Oiiyeia (1804 – 1860) aue, ii ii?aaeaeaieth Aa?oeaia,
«Eeueae Io?iioeai neaayiioeeuenoaa». Ii i?ienoiaeee ec naiuee aiaaoiai
ooeueneiai iiiaueea, a eioi?ie iiaeaea?aeeaaeny noa?ue iao?ea?oaeueiue
auo e aeoaieay ?aeeaeiciinoue. A naiuea ec iieieaiey a iieieaiea
ia?aaeaaaeny eoeueo oea?y Aeaenay Ieoaeeiae/a, o eioi?iai neoaeee
nieieueie/ueei aeaeueiee i?aaeie. Oiiyeia n ?aiiaai aeaonoaa
ainieouaaeny a aeooa iaaiaeiinoe; aa?iiiiaeaeaie/anoaa e nineiaiuo
o?aaeeoeee. aeai?yinoaa. Aianoa n oai a ?iaeeoaeueneii aeiia ii iieo/ee
ioee/iia ia?aciaaiea: iaeaaeae ianeieueeeie eiino?aiiuie ycueaie, iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii i?ioanni?ia Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa eco/ae oeeinioeth,
enoi?eth, iaoaiaoeeo e ae?oaea iaoee. A iicaea ieii/ee oieaa?neoao
eaiaeeaeaoii ii iaoaiaoe/aneiio ioaeaeaieth.

A ia/aea 20-o aiaeia Oiiyeia iiciaeiieeny n Aaiaaeoeiiaui e naeeceeny n
e?oaeeii «ethaiioae?ia», iniaaiii n a?aoueyie Ee?aaaneeie e Eioaeaaui. A
Iaoa?ao?aa Oiiyeia ano?a/aeny ni iiiaeie aeaeaa?enoaie, nio?oaeie/ae a
«Iiey?iie caacaea». Aio aeaaea auee ecaanoiu caiuneu ?aaiethoeeiiii
iano?iaiiiai ioeoea?noaa, iaeiaei iieeoe/aneia a?iaeaiea iaeaioia
ainnoaiey aeaeaa?enoia ia cao?iioei aoaeouaai neaayiioeea. A nii?ao n
/eaiaie oaeiiai iauanoaa Oiiyeia aeieacuaae iainouanoaeiinoue eo ieaiia
e a i?eioeeia ioaa?aae aiciiaeiinoue ?aaiethoeeiiiiai ia?aono?ienoaa
?innee, a iicaea ainnoaiea 14 aeaeaa?y 1825 a. iacaae «caaiai?ii
thioeia», ia iiiyaoeo aeooa.

A ia/aea 1825 a. Oiiyeia inoaaee aiaiioth neoaeao e oaoae ca a?aieoeo. A
ienueiao e ae?ocueyi a ?inneth ii auneacuaae iai?eyciue e aa?iiaeneiio
ia?aco aeecie e ainoeuaeny neaayineeie no?aiaie, aaea i?eieiaee aai eae
«a?aoa e aaeeiiaa?oea». Ii aica?auaiee ia ?iaeeio Oiiyeia aioae a
eeoa?aoo?iua e?oae Iineau e Iaoa?ao?aa, iioaeeeiaae ?yae noeoioai?aiee e
iiyio «A?iae». Iinea e?aoeia?aiaiiiai aica?auaiey ia aiaiioth neoaeao
ai a?aiy oo?aoeeie aieiu a 1829 a. Oiiyeia ieii/aoaeueii auoae a
ionoaaeo e iinaeeeny a iiaeiineiaiii eiaiee, i?iaiaey ceiiea ianyoeu a
Iineaa. Caeanue, a Iineaa, ii e ?acaa?ioe ao?ioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii
neiea/eaaieth e?oaeea naieo aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia, iacaaiiiai anei?a
neaayiioeeueneei.

Ia i?ioyaeaiee anae naiae iineaaeothuae aeecie Oiiyeia nio?oaeie/ae a
?acee/iuo ia?eiaee/aneeo ecaeaieyo, i?aeiouanoaaiii neaayiioeeueneiai
iai?aaeaiey, aunooiae ni noaoueyie ii aii?inai e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu,
nioeeieiaee e oeeinioee. Ec ieo iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuie yaeythony: «I
noa?ii e iiaii» (1839), «I naeueneeo oneiaeyo» e «Aua ?ac i naeueneeo
oneiaeyo» (1842), «Ii iiaiaeo Aoiaieueoa» (1849), «Ii iiaiaeo noaouee
Ee?aaaneiai i oa?aeoa?a i?inaauaiey Aa?iiu e aai ioiioaiee e
i?inaauaieth ?innee» (1852), «Ii iiaiaeo io?uaeia, iaeaeaiiuo a aoiaaao
E. A. Ee?aaaneiai» (1857),

«I nia?aiaiiuo yaeaieyo a iaeanoe oeeinioee (ienueii Naia?eio)»,
«Aoi?ia ienueii i oeeinioee e TH. O. Naia?eio» (1859). Oiiyeiao
i?eiaaeeaaeeo aieueoia /enei aiaineianeeo ni/eiaiee, iaienaiiuo eae
?acoeueoao iieaieee n oai?aoeeaie eaoieeoeecia. Ii aeaaiue aai o?oae –
«Caienee ii anaie?iie enoi?ee, eee Naie?aieaea», eioi?ue inoaeny
iacaeii/aiiui. Aeaaea oaeie ai?y/ee iieeiiiee Oiiyeiaa, eae Naia?ei,
oniio?aaoee a «Naie?aieaea» «iiiai naaaeeo e naaoeuo iuneae»,
auioaeaeai aue i?eciaoue, /oi a «Caieneao» iaaeinoaao oi/iuo aeaiiuo e a
yoii ioiioaiee o?oae 6aci?oaeai.

Ana nia?aiaiieee – aaeeiiiuoeaiieee e i?ioeaieee – ioia/aee ia?iiiua
iiciaiey Oiiyeiaa, ?aaeeoth ia/eoaiiinoue, iieaie/aneee oaeaio e
aaaeouoth ?ieue a au?aaioea neaayiioeeueneie eaeaieiaee. Aa?oeai, ia
?ac eiaaoee neo/ae iiia?youeny neeaie n Oiiyeiaui a aea?eeo nii?ao,
i?ienoiaeeaoeo a iineianeeo naeiiao, aeae aio neaaeothuoth
oa?aeoa?enoeeo: «Oi neeueiue, iiaeaeaeiue, aiaaoue n?aaenoaaie e
ia?acai?/eaue ia ieo, aiaaoue iaiyoueth e auno?ui niia?aaeaieai, ii
ai?y/i e iaooiieii i?inii?ee anth naith aeeciue». Yoi aue
«aeaenoaeoaeueii iianiue i?ioeaiee; caeaeeaoeeny a?aoa? aeeaeaeoeee, ii
iieueciaaeny iaeaeoei ?annayieai, iaeaeoae onooieie. Iaiaueiiaaiii
aea?iaeoue /aeiaae, iaeaaeaaoee no?aoiie y?oaeeoeeae, ii, eae
n?aaeiaaaeiaua ?uoea?e, ea?aoeeaoea aiai?iaeeoeo, niae aii?oaeaiiue. Ai
anyeia a?aiy aeiy e ii/e ii aue aioia ia caiooaiiaeoee nii? e
oiio?aaeye aeey oi?aeanoaa naiaai neaayineiai aicc?aiey ana ia naaoa –
io eacoenoeee aecaioeeneeo aiaineiaia aei oiieinoae ecai?ioeeaiai
eaaenoa. Ii aeaaiie /a?oie yoie ee/iinoe auea aeoaieay ?aeeaeiciinoue.
Ia ana ii niio?ae aeacaie i?aaineaaiiai o?enoeaieia. TH. O. Naia?ei a
i?aaeeneiaee ei aoi?iio oiio ni/eiaiee Oiiyeiaa oae e ienae: «Oiiyeia
aeee a oea?eae». *a?ac i?ecio i?aaineaaiie aeiaiaoeee i?aeiieyeinue o
iaai ?aoaiea anao ei?aiiuo i?aeoe/aneeo e oai?aoe/aneeo aii?inia.

?aeeaeiciui aeooii i?iiecaia aai enoi?eei-nioeeieiae/a-neay eiioeaioeey,
eioi?ay caieiaao aaeaa ee ia oeaio?aeueiia ianoi a ?aaioao Oiiyeiaa. Iia
anaoeaei iiae/eiaia iniiaiie aeey neaayiioeeia i?iaeaia ei?aiiiai
?acee/ey enoi?e/aneeo iooae ?innee e Caiaaea e aeieacaoaeuenoao
naiiauoiie eneeth/eoaeueiinoe ?onneiai ia?iaea, /oi auaiaeeeinue ec
iaiaeeiaeiainoe aioo?aiieo «ia/ae» ?onneie e caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie aeecie.
Ca «ia/aea» i?eieiaeenue oi?iu ?aeeaeiciiai ie?iaicc?aiey: a ia?aii
neo/aa – i?aaineaaea eae enoeiiia o?enoeainoai, ai aoi?ii –
eaoieeoeeci, a eioi?ii, ii aai oaaaeaeaieth,. o/aiea O?enoa
iiaeaa?aeinue eneaaeaieth. ?aeeaey ?anniao?eaaaony ia oieueei eae
aeaeaeouay neea, ii e eae oaeoi?, ii?aaeaeythuee iauanoaaiiia e
ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai, ia?iaeiue auo, ii?aeue, neeaae oa?aeoa?a
e iuoeaiea ia?iaeia.

Aeey iainiiaaiey naieo auaiaeia Oiiyeia ia?auaaony e oai?aoe/aneei e
enoi?e/aneei a?aoiaioai, i?ineaaeeaay enoi?eth caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo,
neaayineeo, iniaaiii ?onneiai, ia?iaeia n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai. I?e yoii
enoiee nia?aiaiiie aeecie ii iuoaaony iouneaoue a aeaeaeneeo eaaaiaeao i
«ia?aie iaueia», «iiaaii eia/aaa», «aeayieyo Oaia» e o. ae., iaoiaey
aua oai ca/aoee aoaeoueo eiioanneiiaeueiuo iai?aaeaiee.

Ia?auie ae?aaieie ainoaea?noaaie, i?eiyaoeie o?enoeaineia aa?io/aiea,
auee A?aoeey e ?ei. A aeooiaiii iaeeea a?aeia, ianiio?y ia iiiaiaiaeea,
iineaoaa caiiie oa?aeoa?, e io?eoeaoaeueioth ?ieue oeeinioee, eioi?ay
i?eieiaea «ana nouaa ca iaiaoiaeeii nouaa», ana-oaee i?aiaeaaeaee
«aioo?aiiyy aeooiaiinoue» e aioo?aiiyy naiaiaea /aeiaaea. Iiyoiio
Ae?aaiyy A?aoeey i?eiyea o/aiea O?enoa a /enoioa, ia?aaeaa aai a oaeii
aeaea Aecaioee. Aecaioey iiaeaea, ii oniaea inayoeoue ?onue, a /ai e
ninoieo aa aaeeeay enoi?e/aneay ?ieue. Ae?oaay eeiey, ii eioi?ie oei
?acaeoea, aa?ao ia/aei io ae?aaieo ?eieyi, eioi?ua ia ciaee ?aeeaee
eae aiaiiiciaiey. Aeey ieo aa?oiaiui aiaeanoaii auei ainoaea?noai e
i?aai, a o?enoeainoai, aicaaaeaiiia a ?aia ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaee,
auei iiae/eiaii caiiui oeaeyi.

A aa?iaineii ie?a caiaaeiia o?enoeainoai iiaeaa?aeinue aua aieueoei
eneaaeaieyi a aeooa th?eaee/aneiai oi?iaeecia e eiae/aneiai
?aoeeiiaeecia. Ia?ooaiea neiaiea aa?u ia Caiaaea iiaaei ca niaie
?acaeaeaiea oea?eaae ia eaoiee/aneoth e i?aaineaaioth e e ?acuaaeeiaieth
iooae Ainoiea e Caiaaea.

A Caiaaeiie Aa?iia ana aieaa e aieaa ?acaa?ouaaeanue aioo?aiiyy
ai?ueaa, noaaoay aeaaiie /a?oie aa enoi?ee. Ia/aei yoie ai?ueaa
iieiaeeea naia eaoiee/aneay oea?eiaue no?aieaieai iai e naaoneie
aeanoe, i?aaiecaoeeae aiaiii-iiiaoaneeo i?aeaiia, e?anoiauie iioiaea ie,
ianeeuenoaaiiui ianaaeaeaieai eaoieeoeecia. Aicieeoaa i?ioanoaionoai
oieueei iaino?eei aioo?aiithth ai?ueao, a ?aoi?iaoeey aua aieueoa
oneeeea iaeiinoi?iiia ?annoaei/iue oa?aeoa? caiaaeiiai i?inaauaiey, /oi
i?eaaei e iieiiio aacaiaeeth. Aaaaeue aeiaae aei iineaaeiae e?aeiinoe
eiae/aneee ?aoeeiiaeeci e iiaeaioiaee iaoa?eaeeci, ?ani?ino?aiaiea
eioi?iai naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia ieii/aoaeueiii iaaeaiee Caiaaea a
nioeeaeueiii e eoeueoo?iii ioiioaieyo. ?acoeueoaoii aeooiaiiai e?aoa
aa?iiaeneeo ia?iaeia yaeythony ?aaiethoeee eiioea OVIII e ia?aie
iieiaeiu OIO noieaoee. Eia/a, ii iiaieth Oiiyeiaa, i?ioaeaea enoi?ey
?innee, eioi?ay iiaeaa?aaaony ei i?aaeaeueiie eaeaaeecaoeee. Neaayi ii
auaiaeeo io ae?aaiae e?aineie ia?iaeiinoe – aaiaeia, io eioi?uo iie
oianeaaeiaaee aunieoth aeooiaiinoue, i?aanoaaiioth /enoioo e
iieeiiaiea naiaiaeii oai?yuaio aiaeanoao. Neaayia ioee/aeenue
e?ioinoueth, aeeee naiaiaeiuie iaueiaie; ei auee /oaeaeu no?aieaiey e
caoaaoo e iiae/eiaieth ae?oaeo ia?iaeia, aeaaeaea aeanoe e
a?enoie?aoeci. A eiioea O a. «ie?iie i?iiiaaaeueth», aac ianeeey ia ?one
auei i?eiyoi o?enoeainoai eae aa?a, aeeceay aeooiaiiio neeaaeo ?onneiai
ia?iaea.

A ioee/ea io eaoiee/aneie oea?eae, aaoi?eoao eioi?ie iie?aeny ia
naaoneoth aeanoue e aiaoithth neeo, i?aaineaaea n naiiai ia/aea
ioee/aeinue aeaiie?aoeciii e iieiui neeyieai n aeooii ia?iaea. Oiiyeia
i?e yoii, eiia/ii, ia oi/ao aeaeaoue nioeeaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee i?eiyoey
o?enoeainoaa e iieeoe/aneeo eioa?ania aaeeeieiyaeaneie aa?oooee,
«e?anoeaoae» ?onue. Aai ia niouaao ie i?iaieaoee eiia?aoi?neee ?aaeei
Aecaioee O – O1 aa., eioi?iio iiae?aaeaee ?onneea eiycuey, a iicaeiaa
oea?e, ie aioeie?neie, iieoienoe/aneee oa?aeoa? aecaioeeneiai
i?aaineaaey, ?acaee?aaiiai a?anyie e oaycoaai a ai?ueaa n ieie.
Iai?ioea, ii ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi eiinoaioeiiiieueneay oea?eiaue (eioi?ay
a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe auo?aaeyea e i?aneaaeiaaea yeeeineoth eoeueoo?o) a
/enoioa ia?aaeaea ?innee aeooiaiua ia/aea ae?aaieo a?aeia. Ianoie/eai e
iineaaeiaaoaeueii ii ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi enoeiiia aecaioeeneia
o?enoeainoai iieiaeioai?eei ?onue, i?eaaei aa e auno?iio iauanoaaiiiio
e eoeueoo?iiio iiaeuaio, iinoaaeei auoa Aecaioee e anae Aa?iiu.

Iaeiaei a iienaiee aeaeueiaeoae enoi?ee ?onneiai ia?iaea Oiiyeia
noieeioeny n aieueoeie o?oaeiinoyie. E a naiii aeaea, eae iauynieoue,
/oi, ia/eiay n OIII a., ?onue ana caiaoiaa ionoaao io no?ai Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiu a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u e i?inaauaiey. ?aeeaey – aeaaiue,
ii?aaeaeythuee oaeoi? ?acaeoey – inoaaony iaeiie e oie aea, a ae?oaea
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iai?eia? oaiaeaeueiay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue,
oaoa?i-iiiaieueneea caaiaaaiey, cae?aiiuaiea e?anoueyi e o. ae.,
Oiiyeiaui ai aieiaiea ia i?eieiathony eee ioiinyony e ?ac?yaeo
niioonoaothueo, neo/aeiuo. Aaaeue anee i?aaineaaea, i?eeiaeaiiia e
aeaanoaaiiie ii/aa ?one, ia aeaei aeeeoaeueiiai e onoie/eaiai
aeaeaeaiey e aeinoeaeaieth aunoeo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, oi iii ia
iiaei auoue aaniethoiui ia/aeii eoeueoo?u. Oiiyeia ia iaoae
oaaaeeoaeueiiai ?aoaiey yoie aioeiiiee e auioaeaeai aue i?eaaaaoue e
?acee/iiai ?iaea iaiai?eai e niia?aaeaieyi, auoiaeyuei ca ?aiee aai
?aeeaeiciie eiioeaioeee, anooiay a i?ioeai?a/ea n nianoaaiiuie
enoiaeiuie iinueeaie. Ieacuaaaony, ?onue e iiiaioo i?eiyoey o?enoeainoaa
oaea i?aoa?iaea ecaanoiia aeeyiea ni noi?iiu ieaiai eiiai neeaaea e ia
auea «aeaanoaaiiie». Iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue caeanue nua?ae e nai oa?aeoa?
aini?eyoey iiaie aa?u: aaeaeo ieceiai eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey ia?iae ia
iiiye ie aunieie nayoinoe, ie enoeiiie nouiinoe i?aaineaaey, eioi?ia
auei aini?eiyoi nei?aa /oanoaaiii, ni noi?iiu ia?yaeiinoe, a ia
aiaeeoe/anee, eae aiaiiiciaiea. Eoae, aicieeaao caeieaeiaaiiue e?oa. N
iaeiie noi?iiu, Oiiyeia ianoaeaaao ia oii, /oi a iniiaa ia?iaeiiai
i?inaauaiey e eoeueoo?u eaaeeo enoeiiay aa?a, eioi?ay ana ii?aaeaeyao, n
ae?oaie – aeey aeoaieiai onaiaiey aa?io/aiey e iiieiaiey aai
iiaeeeiiiai niunea iaiaoiaeei ii?aaeaeaiiue eoeueoo?iue o?iaaiue e
ecaanoiay noaiaiue a ?acaeoee i?inaauaiey.

I?e iauyniaiee ionoaeinoe ?innee n?aaieoaeueii ni no?aiaie Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiu Oiiyeia ana aea ia?auaaony e ?acae?iaeaiiinoe, i?e/eio eioi?ie
aeaeeo ia a ionoonoaee ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaeeinoaa, a a ?acee/ee
oaiaeaioeee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e naeueneeo iauei. Ainoaea?noai
anaaaea no?aieeinue e iieeoe/aneie oi?iaeueiie oieaa?naeueiinoe, o. a.
auei ioi?aaii io ia?iaea; iaueiu, iai?ioea, i?aaenoaaeyy nai ia?iae,
no?ieeenue ia i?eioeeia iainiaeaiiinoe e aioo?aiiae naiaiaeu,
caeeth/athuai a na6a «aeeaia», nioeeaeueiia ia/aei, neeoia n ?aeeaeiciie
aa?ie. Ia?iaeiia ia/aei a eiia/iii n/aoa iiaaaeeei: ?inney ia?aciaaea
aaeeioth iaueio e naiaiaeii eca?aea ia?iaeiiai oea?y Ieoaeea ?iiaiiaa,
eioi?ue e niaaeeiee aeanoue n aioo?aiiae i?aaaeie.

A yoie nayce ?aoi?iu iao?ianeiai ainoaea?noaa iieo/atho o Oiiyeiaa
naioth io?eoeaoaeueioth ioeaieo. Iao? I, oioy e i?iaoaeee a ?innee
niciaiea naiae neeu e ecea/ee iaeioi?ua canoa?aaoea aieacie, ii iai?aaee
no?aio ii eiaeiiio iooe. N iiiiuueth a?oauo aauanoaaiiuo n?aaenoa ii
ii?aaioee anao ai eiy ainoaea?noaa, ia iiiya aeaaiiai, /oi neea
caeeth/aaony a caeiia i?aanoaaiiie ethaae, o.a. a enoeiiie aa?a. A oiaea
aai i?aia?aciaaiee eaii?e?iaaeanue ?onneay naiiauoiinoue; ai anao
iaeanoyo aeecie noaei oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiyoueny /oaeaeia ia?iaeo
caiaaeie/anoai, e n/anoueth, iaeiaei, ia oniaaoaa eneaceoue ei?aiiua
ia/aea ?onneie aeecie – i?aaineaaea e iaueio.

Eae i?ioeia, oae e aoaeouaa ?innee Oiiyeia naycuaaao n i?aaineaaeai,
eioi?ia e noaiao enoi/ieeii enoeiii ?onneiai i?inaauaiey. Yoi aiciiaeii
iioiio, /oi ana ainoaea?noaaiiua aii?inu ?ac?aoaiu, a eoeueoo?iue
o?iaaiue ia?iaea aeinoea iaiaoiaeeiiai ieieioia. Ec yoie eiioeaioeee
auaiaeeony e i?ia?aiia aoaeouaai eaeaaeueiiai ie?iono?ienoaa ia
?aaeueiii. iniiaaiee ?onneie aeecie, nio?aiaiiii ia?iaeii, – ia iaueia,
eioi?oth Oiiyeia ?anniao?eaaao aia yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee, oieueei eae eaoaai?eth «ia?aca aeecie», iaiieiaiioth
aeooiaii-i?aanoaaiiui, ?aeeaeiciui, «niai?iui» niaea?aeaiiai. A yoii
any nooue neaayiioeeueneiai iiieiaiey iaueiu.

Iiieiaiea ia?iaea eae «aeeaiai» nioeeaeueiiai oaea, eae iineoaey ia/ae
enoi?e/aneie aeecie naeeaeaao Oiiyeiaa n A?aiianeei, oeacuaay ia iaeei
ec iaueo enoi/ieeia eo nioeeieiaee – i?aaie/aneoth oai?eth. Ii
ioee/ea iaaeaeo ieie ninoieo a oii, /oi iiiyoea A?aiianeiai
«ia?iaeiue aeoo» Oiiyeia caiieiyao i?aaineaaeai, ne?aieaiiui ia?o/ai
«niai?iinoe».

Iie?aynue ia naie nioeeieiae/aneea iino?iaiey, Oiiyeia iiaeoiaeeo e
?aoaieth e?anoueyineiai aii?ina, eioi?ue noiye a oeaio?a aieiaiey
iauanoaaiiie iunee ?innee na?aaeeiu O1O a. Ia/aei e?aiinoie/aneeo
ioiioaiee ii auaiaeee ec «iiethaiaiie», «acaeiiauaiaeiie» naeaeee
iaaeaeo e?anoueyieiii e iiiaueeii. TH?eaee/aneia aea ioi?ieaiea
e?aiinoiiai i?aaa yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii neo/aeiiai noa/aiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa e iaaaaeanoaa. Ii aai neiaai, «e?aiinoiia i?aai anoue ia
/oi eiia, eae a?oaay iieeoeaeneay ia?a, auaeoiaiiay ioaeaeith
ainoaea?noaaiiith, ii ia oie/oiaeeaoay a?aonoaa /aeiaa/aneiai».

Ia?aiia/aeueii aeai?yia iieo/aee caiee eae ieaoo ca neoaeao, e ?acaea/a
caiee i?iaiaeeeanue ia aeiaiai?iuo ia/aeao n iaueiaie.

Iiyoiio caieaaeaaeaeaoe-aeai?yiei noaiiaeeny aeaaith iaueiu. Iaeiaei i?e
Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa ia/aeny ianniaue ooiae e?anoueyi io iiiaueeia, oi
aucaaei ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa ioaaoiua ia?u: aue ioiaiai TH?ueaa
aeaiue, e e?anoueyi oai naiui cae?aieee ca iiiaueeaie, eioi?ua,
aoaeo/e caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie, ?ani?ino?aieee naia i?aai ia aeaaeaiea
ethaeueie. A yoii e ninoiyea nooue ainoaea?noaaiiuo iieeoeaeneeo ia?,
ioithaeue ia auoaeaaoeo ec nouanoaa eneiiiuo iaueiiuo ia/ae.

Neiaeeaoaiony ii?yaeeo aauae Oiiyeia i?eaeaao niya/aiioth oi?io,
iaieioee?oy iiiyoeyie «nianoaaiiinoue» e «aeaaeaiea». Ii io?eoeaao
aaniethoiia i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth. *anoiay nianoaaiiinoue ia
caieth anoue eeoue «iieueciaaiea», ?acee/athuaany ii noaiaiyi, a
noauaeoii i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe aunooiaao oieueei ainoaea?noai. Yoi i?aai
iieueciaaiey aeey anao yaeyaony ianeaaenoaaiiui. Ionthaea Oiiyeia
aeaeaao auaiae, /oi e iiiaueee, e e?anoueyia a nouiinoe iaeeiaeiai
yaeythony caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie. Oaeei ia?acii, io e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
inoaaony /enoi th?eaee/aneay oi?ia, a ?aoaiea e?anoueyineie i?iaeaiu,
eae iieaaae Oiiyeia, aiciiaeii iooai i?eciaiey naieie iiiaueeaie i?aaa
e?anoueyi ia caieth. Eiuie neiaaie, yoi auei oaeia ?aoaiea, eioi?ia
anaoeaei noaaeeinue a caaeneiinoue io aiee iiiaue/ueaai eeanna,
nio?aiyei iiiaue/uea caieaaeaaeaiea e i?eaeeaaee aeai?yinoaa. Iiaeiaiua
niia?aaeaiey eaaee a iniiao i?iaeoa inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi, eioi?ue
Oiiyeia ninoaaee iaeaioia ?aoi?iu. A iai, a /anoiinoe, e?anoueyiai
i?aaeinoaaeyeanue ee/iay naiaiaea e aeaooaeanyoeiiue iaaeae ia aeooo ca
aueoi. I?e ?aoaiee e?anoueyineiai aii?ina ii o/eouaae iaiaoiaeeiinoue
nio?aiaiey iaueiu, eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyeanue aio iniiaie aoaeouaai
iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa ?innee ia oieueei a iaeanoe naeueneiai auoa,
ii e a ai?iaea.

Oeeinioey Oiiyeiaa iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?eiueaao e aai nioeeieiaee,
iino?iaia ia oao aea ?aeeaeiciuo i?eioeeiao e yaeyaony aeiiieiaieai
neaayiioeeueneiai o/aiey i «e?aoa» caiaaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee. Ii n/eoaao,
/oi ana oeeinioneea oeieu, ?acaeaoeany ia Caiaaea, eae
eaeaaeenoe/aneea, oae e, oai aieaa, iaoa?eaeenoe/aneea, yaeeenue noaeii
iaae aa i?inaauaieai, aiaaoei a ?annoaei/ioth iaeiinoi?iiiinoue.

Aua a ia/aea 40-o aiaeia, a ii?o oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey a ?innee
aaaaeueyinoaa, Oiiyeia auneacuaae e?aeia e?eoe/aneia ioiioaiea e
oeeinioee Aaaaey. Oiaaea aai e?eoeea ia auoiaeeea ca i?aaeaeu naeiiiuo
nii?ia, oioy noieeiiaaiey n Aa?oeaiii aeinoeaaee aieueoie ino?iou. A
neaaeothuai aeanyoeeaoee Oiiyeia nenoaiaoece?iaae naith iiceoeeth a
ioiioaiee caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeinioee e aunooiee a ia/aoe n ?yaeii
noaoae, a eioi?uo eceiaeee oaeaea nianoaaiioth i?ia?aiiioth oi/eo
c?aiey.

Ai?ueaa Oiiyeiaa i?ioea Aaaaey e Oaea?aaoa aiieia anoanoaaiia aeey
oeeinionoaothuaai aiaineiaa. Ii iia eiaea e ae?oaoth noi?iio.
Nenoaiu auaeathueony iaiaoeeeo iuneeoaeae nua?aee aaaeioth ?ieue a
oeeinioneii ?acaeoee ?innee eae aeaaiua oai?aoe/aneea enoi/ieee
aeeaeaeoe/aneiai e iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiai ie?iaicc?aiey oi?ie?iaaaoaeny
?aaiethoeeiiiie aeaiie?aoee. A yoii ioiioaiee acaeyaeu Oiiyeiaa
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaaaoeaioth ?aaeoeeth ia oeeinioeth Aa?oeaia e
Aaeeineiai.

Oeeinioey Aaaaey aucuaaao aic?aaeaiea Oiiyeiaa a iniiaiii a aeaoo
ioieoao: ai-ia?auo, ni noi?iiu eiae/aneiai ?aoeeiiaeecia e, ai-aoi?uo,
ni noi?iiu aa aannoano?aoiinoe. A yoie nayce aieueoie eioa?an
i?aaenoaaeyao aeiaaieeiaay caienue Aa?oeaia, ioiinyuayny e 1842 a. e
naeaeaiiay oio/an aea iinea iaeiie ec noaaoie n Oiiyeiaui. Ioaeaaay
aeieaeiia iiieiaieth ei aeaenoaeoaeueii neaauo noi?ii aaaaeaaneie
nenoaiu, Aa?oeai iieacuaaao oiae aai eiae/aneeo ?annoaeaeaiee,
ecai?ioeeainoue e i?iieoeaoaeueiinoue iunee. Oiiyeia inoaaeyao a
noi?iia iauea ?acoeueoaou e /anoiua auaiaeu, «eaeao a naioth aeoaue, a
naiia na?aeoea, o. a. a ?acaeoea eiae/aneie eaeae». Iaiaaeeai
iiaeaa?aaaony i?iaeaia eiae/aneiai e enoi?e/aneiai. Ii iiaieth Oiiyeiaa,
iaaiciiaeai ia?aoiae io oaeoa e iunee e ia?aoii, oae eae oaeo
iiiaia?aiai e aiaa/a ii niaea?aeaieth, /ai iuneue, eioi?ay eeoaia
neo/aeiiai e eiie?aoiiai. Oi/ii oae aea ec aano?aeoeee ia iiaeao auoue
ainnicaeaii aeeaia yaeaiea, iineieueeo a iae iaaeinoaao iieiiou
aeaenoaeoaeueiiai niaea?aeaiey. Ia yoii iniiaaiee Oiiyeia cayaeye,
eae, ieoao Aa?oeai: «AEeaie oaeo iiaeao oieueei a aano?aeoeee ciaai
iuneueth, iiei?yai ath, ii eae eiie?ao auiaaeaao ec iaa. Eoae,
eiae/aneei iooai iaeiei iaeuecy ciaoue enoeio. Iia a naiie aeecie –
ionthaea ?aeeaeiciue iooue». Oiiyeia, oaeei ia?acii, aa?ii noaaouaaao
nooue ia?aoiaea io eiie?aoiiai e aano?aeoiiio e iaoiaeeo neaaia ianoi o
Aaaaey, eioi?ue i?eaeaao aano?aeoeeyi noanoaioeeiiaeueiia cia/aiea.
I?e yoii Oiiyeia caieiaao aieaa i?aaoth iiceoeeth, io?eoeay
aiciiaeiinoue eiae/aneiai iiciaiey e iiae/eiyy ?acoi aa?a.

Ii nouanoao yoe aea iunee, auneacaiiua a nii?a n Aa?oeaiii, Oiiyeia
?acaeaaao a noaoueyo «Ii iiaiaeo io?uaeia, iaeaeaiiuo a aoiaaao E. A.
Ee?aaaneiai» e «I nia?aiaiiuo yaeaieyo a iaeanoe oeeinioee». A ieo ii
niiaa aica?auaaony e e?eoeea aaaaeaaneiai ?aoeeiiaeecia e e naiae
ecethaeaiiie eaeaa i iaaiciiaeiinoe eiae/aneiai ciaiey, i?aaaea,
eniieuecoy oaea ianeieueei ae?oaoth a?aoiaioaoeeth. Enoiaey ec oiai,
/oi i?aaeiaoiue ie? nicaeai aiaii, Oiiyeia aeieacuaaao, /oi /aeiaae ia a
ninoiyiee iiciaoue aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue i?e iiiiue ?acoia, iioiio /oi,
ai-ia?auo, a i?ioeanna iiciaiey ioaeaeaaony io neo/aeiiai e oai naiui
oa?yao aiaaonoai niaea?aeaiey aauae; ai-aoi?uo, iiciaaaaiua aaue ia
niaea?aeao ia?aiia/aea ai anae iieiioa aai nee (aiaeanoai eeoue /anoe/ii
i?iyaeyao naay a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa), a aia eae nouiinoue ie?a
inoaaony aia iiciaiey, oae eae ia ia?aoiaeeo ia noaiaiue iiciaaaaiiai
i?aaeiaoa. E a aeaiiii neo/aa niciaoaeueii ioe?uaaaony aei?iaa aa?a.

Oeeinioeth Aaaaey Oiiyeia iauyaee aannoano?aoiie ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi
ec /enoie eaeae (/enoia auoea) iaeuecy auaanoe iiiaiia?acea
aauanoaaiiiai ie?a. E niiaa ii iiiaaeaao a oeaeue, oae eae
ia?aiia/aeueiue iiiaio aeaeaeaiey eaeae aeaenoaeoaeueii yaeyaony iaeiei
ec naiuo oaiiuo iano a eiaeea Aaaaey. Iaeiaei Oiiyeia «eni?aaeyao»
Aaaaey a iieueco aiaineianeiai oieeiaaiey. Ii iieaaaao, /oi ca iniiao
ie?a aeieaeii i?eiyoue «aiaaoue aeoo», niaea?aeauee a naaa iuneue eae
iieiioo ie?a e aieth eae enoi/iee, aeayoaeueioth neeo aai
nouanoaiaaiey. Ii aieaa anaai aiciouaao Oiiyeiaa oi, /oi
«aannoano?aoiay» nenoaia Aaaaey ii?iaeeea iaoa?eaeenoe/aneea o/aiey,
eioi?ua aeiaeeee a iaa a ea/anoaa noano?aoa aauanoai. «Ia aeiaeee
aaeeeee iuneeoaeue, – ienae ii i Aaaaea, – aei oaeiai iin?aieaiey, ii
iiaeao auoue e ia iniaeeeenue au aai o/aieee ?aoeoueny ia oaeia
iin?aieaiea o/eoaey, anee au a?ia ia ne?ue aai a?iciiai eeoea».

Anee a nenoaia Aaaaey Oiiyeia oniao?eaaao neaaua noi?iiu, iaaeinoaoee e
ioeaee, i?aaeeaaay ono?aieoue eo n iiiiuueth aa?u, ia ianoi aaniethoiie
eaeae noaaeo aiaa, oi iaoa?eaeeci ii io?eoeaao n ii?iaa, n/eoay aai
«a?oaui» e «iaiao/iui» acaeyaeii ia ie?. Iaoa?e y ia iiaeao auoue
noano?aoii, iioiio /oi aauanoai, ec eioi?iai ninoiyo i?aaeiaou aiaoiaai
ie?a, eiia/ii e ecia?eii. Noano?ao aea aaneiia/ai e ianiecia?ei. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu, aauanoai iuooeii eae eiia/iia, a aaneiia/iue noano?ao
ia iiaeao auoue iauaeoii iuouaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, ii Oiiyeiao,
iieo/aaony aioeiiiey: «..ia?aie/aiiia aaca?aie/ii, ecia?eiia iaecia?eii,
iuooeiia iaiuooeii e o.ae. Eee eia/a aauanoai – ia aauanoai» Oiiyeia
caeeth/aao, /oi «iaoa?eaeeci, iiaeaa?aiooue eniuoaieth eiaeee,
ia?auaaony a aanniuneaiiue caoe». A yoeo auiaaeao i?ioea iaoa?eaeecia
iao?oaeii oniio?aoue e?aeithth iaoaoece/iinoue aeiaiaeia Oiiyeiaa. Ii
caeanue eaii?e?oao aeeaeaeoeeo eiia/iiai e aaneiia/iiai, iauaai e
aaeeie/iiai, aaeeiiai e iiiaiai. Iiiyoea iaoa?ee o iaai
ioiaeaeanoaeyaony n iiiyoeyie noano?aoa, noanoaioeee e a oaeii
ioi?aaiiii io ?aaeueiuo aauae aeaea iiaeaa?aaaony e?eoeea.

Ae?oaie eeieae iaiaaeie ia iaoa?eaeeci ni noi?iiu Oiiyeiaa yaeyaony
i?iaeaia iaoa?ee e niciaiey. Iaoa?eaeenou, n/eoathuea niciaiea
naienoaii iaoa?ee, ii aai iiaieth, i?aaei?eieiatho iaeaioth iiiuoeo
ia?aa?ineoue iino /a?ac aacaeio, ?acaeaeythuoth iaoa?eth e iuoeaiea.

Nnueaynue ia oi, /oi aauanoai e iuneue ia eiatho ieeaeeo iaueo naienoa,
ii io?eoeaao aaiaoe/aneoth naycue iaaeaeo ieie. E a yoii neo/aa
Oiiyeia aunooiaao eae iaoaoecee, ia iiieiathuee iiiaiia?acey oi?i
iaoa?ee e ia?aoiaea io iaoa?ee ia iuouathuae e iaoa?ee iuouathuae
e iuneyuae. Ii caueuaao o?aaeeoeeiiioth ?aeeaeicioth oi/eo c?aiey,
iiaoi?yy aeaaiea a?aoiaiou aiaineiaia e eaeaaeenoia, niaeanii eioi?ie
iaaeaeo iaoa?eae e iuoeaieai, ieioueth e aeooii nouanoaoao iai?ioiaeeiay
i?iianoue. Aai iiceoeey i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeia iiiecio Oaea?aaoa,
Aa?oeaia e *a?iuoaaneiai. Iaeiiaoe, Oiiyeia ia?aoeeny e e oaeiio
iauaineiio iaaeiaieth iaoa?eaeenoia, /oi iie aoaeoi au eioa?anu
aeaeoaeea noaayo i?aauoa anaai.

Nianoaaiiay oeeinioneay eiioeaioeey Oiiyeiaa iaiiiaineiaeia. Oai?oeii e
enoi/ieeii ie?a ooaa?aeaeaaony ei ?acoiiay aiey, eee, eia/a, «aieyuee
?acoi». Iuneyuee ?acoi iioiio iaaeaeyaony ao?eaooii aiee, /oi, ii
iiaieth Oiiyeiaa, ?acoiiinoue aua ia niaea?aeeo a naaa iaiaoiaeeiinoe;
iuneeiinoue – yoi oieueei aiciiaeiinoue; aeey aa ?aaeecaoeee a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue ioaeia aiey, eioi?ay aiieiuaao iunee aiaa a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. «Aiey, – ienae ii, – yoi iineaaeiaa neiai aeey
niciaiey, oae aea eae iii ia?aia aeey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe». Aiey
aaniethoii naiaiaeia. Naiaiaea – iiiyoea io?eoeaoaeueiia, aicieeathuaa
iooai io?eoeaiey aiaoiaai i?eioaeaeaiey. Iieiaeeoaeueia oieueei aiey, a
naiai aeaeaeaiee oai?yuay ie?. Iia eneeth/aao anyeoth iaiaoiaeeiinoue
e aiieiuaao iunee aiaa a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
«aieyuee ?acoi» oai?eo ie? i?aaeiaoiue e /aeiaaea. I?aaeiaou e yaeaiey
naie aeey naay neo/aeiu, ii ?acoiiu a ioiioaiee e «aieyuaio ?acoio» e
nouanoaotho ii aai caeiiai. ?acoiiinoue ie?a, auaiaeeiay ec aiaa,
niaa?oaiii naeeaeaao oeeinioeth Oiiyeiaa n ?aeeaeiciui aeiaiaoii i
i?iiunea aiaeeai.

A oaeii aea aeooa auaea?aeai acaeyae Oiiyeiaa ia /aeiaaea.

A aai ni/eiaieyo i?yii ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi /aeiaae nicaeai ii ia?aco e
iiaeiaeth naiiai aiaa, a niune aai aeecie – a no?aieaiee e aiaeanoao
iooai iiciaiey e naiiniaa?oainoaiaaiey. *aeiaae ecia/aeueii iaaeaeai
aieae, ?annoaeeii e aa?ie, /oi a niaieoiiinoe ninoaaeyao oae iacuaaaiue
«oeaeinoiue» ?acoi. Aiey eae iaeia ec ooieoeee /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia
ninoaaeyao oieueei /anoeoeo aiaeanoaaiiie aiee. Iiyoiio /aeiaae
inoaaony nouanoaii ia?aie/aiiui e a naieo aeaenoaeyo iiae/eiai aa?oiaiie
neea. A ?annoaeea nin?aaeioi/aia eiae/aneay niiniaiinoue, eioi?ay
iaiaoiaeeia aeey ia?aaioee iiciaaaoaeueiiai iaoa?eaea, ii enoeia
ioe?uaaaony oieueei «oeaeinoiiio ?acoio» aioo?e naay. Aeaaiay ?ieue a
iiciaiee i?eiaaeeaaeeo aa?a, eioi?ay aiineo niaea?aeaiea a iiciaaaaioth
enoeio. Iiyoiio aeaaiay caaea/a, noiyuay ia?aae oeeinioeae, eae
oi?ioee?oao aa Oiiyeia, ninoieo a oii, /oiau ?acoi iiaeiyoue aei o?iaiy
aa?u, oioy aiieia iie ia iiaoo n?aaiyoueny ii cia/eiinoe. Iaeiaei
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue /aeiaa/aneee ?acoi, aeaaea aeiiieiaiiue aa?ie e
eiooeoeeae, ia iiaeao iinoeaiooue aiaa, eae nouiinoue ie?a. Aeey yoiai
iaiaoiaeei eieeaeoeaiue «niai?iue» ?acoi, niaaeeiaiiue a oea?eae ia
iniiaa i?aanoaaiiie ethaae.

Aia, eae nouiinoue ie?a, eieeaeoeaiue «niai?iue» ?acoi ia?iaea, aai
iee?iaiaeia – eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue “oeaeinoiue” ?acoi ninoaaeytho
noa?aeaiue iioieiaee e aiinaieiaee, aio?iiieiaee e nioeeieiaee Oiiyeiaa.
Iie auaaaeaiu ec naiaia?acii eioa?i?aoe?iaaiiie i?aaie/aneie oai?ee.

TH. O. NAIA?EI

TH?ee Oaaei?iae/ Naia?ei (1819 – 1876) – iaeei ec aeoeaiuo i?aeoe/aneeo
aeayoaeae neaayiioeeuenoaa a ii?aoi?iaiiie ?innee. Anee E. Aenaeiaa
iiaeii iinoaaeoue ia naiii e?aeiai eaaii oeaiaa neaayiioeeueneiai
niiauanoaa, oi Naia?ei caieiaao n?aaee neaayiioeeia, iiaeaeoe, naioth
i?aaoth iiceoeeth. Ia aai aeieth auiaei caueuaoue eaeae naieo noa?oeo
nia?aoueaa a iiauo oneiaeyo, e ii iioae ii eeiee oneeaiey
eiina?aaoeaiuo noi?ii o/aiey Oiiyeiaa, Ee?aaaneiai e Aenaeiaa.

Naia?ei i?ienoiaeee ec a?enoie?aoe/aneie naiuee, aeeceie e oea?neiio
aeai?o. ?iaeeoaee aeaee aio aeanoyuaa ia?aciaaiea; aai ainieoaoaeai aue
ecaanoiue ioaeeoeeno i?ioanni? I. E. Iaaeaaeaeei. A 1834 a. Naia?ei
iinooiee ia neiaaniia ioaeaeaiea Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa. A
nooaeai/aneea aiaeu ii eniuoae ia naaa aeeyiea i?ioanni?ia Iiaiaeeia e
Oaau?aaa – eaeaieiaia ioeoeeaeueiie ia?iaeiinoe. Aioiaynue e iao/iie
aeayoaeueiinoe, Naia?ei iaienae iaaenoa?neoth aeenna?oaoeeth “Noaoai
ssai?neee e Oaioai I?ieiiiae/”, a eioi?ie no?aieeny aeieacaoue
i?aainoiaenoai ?onneie oea?eae iaae eaoieeoeeciii e i?ioanoaioeciii.
Ia?auaiea e oaia ec oea?eiaiie enoi?ee eae iaeuecy eo/oa oa?aeoa?ecoao
oaea a ia/aea 40-o aiaeia aai ia?ac iuoeaiey, aeeceee ?aeeaeiciui
eioa?anai neaayiioeeia.

N 1844 a. Naia?ei ninoieo ia ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeaa e iiia?aiaiii
caieiaao ?yae ioaaonoaaiiuo iinoia a ?acee/iuo aaaeiinoaao noieeoeu e
i?iaeioeee. Iaeaioia e a ia?eiae e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu ii aeoeaii
i?iaiaeeo iiiaue/uea-i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue eo?n eae /eai aeai?yineeo
eiieoaoia e eiiennee. ?aoi?ia 1861 a. aiieia niioaaonoaiaaea aai
nianoaaiiui caiuneai, nooue eioi?uo ninoiyea a oii, /oi inaiaiaeaeaiea
e?aiinoiuo aeiioneaeinue n caiaeueiui iaaeaeii ca aueoi e i?e oneiaee
nio?aiaiey iiiaue/ueaai caieaaeaaeaiey e yeiiiie/aneie caaeneiinoe
e?anoueyi. Eae e i?aaeoaeuenoai Aeaenaiae?a 11, Naia?ei aeaeae a ?aoi?ia
ia?o, aeieaeainoaiaaaooth i?aaeioa?aoeoue ia?anoaaooth e?anoueyineoth
?aaiethoeeth.

N na?aaeeiu 40-o aiaeia ia/aeanue eeoa?aoo?ii-ioaeeoeenoe/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue Naia?eia. E?iia oiiiyiooie aeenna?oaoeee aio
i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeiaieueii aieueoia /enei ni/eiaiee, i?aeiouanoaaiii
noaoae, ia naiua ?acee/iua oaiu iauanoaaiiie aeecie e oai?ee. Ec ieo
aieaa cia/eoaeueiu “Ienueia ec ?eae” (1845), a eioi?uo iiaeaa?aiooi
e?eoeea caneeuea iaioeaa a /eiiaiie n?aaea Inocaeneiai e?ay e
i?eoaniaiey, /eieiua eie i?aaineaaiie oea?eae. E?aeia iaee/eoaeueiay
iiceoeey Naia?eia ia iii?aaeeanue i?aaeoaeuenoao, /oi iiaeaeei ca niaie
e?aoeia?aiaiiue a?ano. A 1847 a. ii aunooiee ni noaoueae i?ia?aiiiiai
cia/aiey “I iiaieyo «Nia?aiaiieea” enoi?e/aneeo e eeoa?aoo?iuo».
Iauaeoii aai iaiaaeie ia yoio ?ac noaee Ieeeoaiei, Eaaaeei e aeaaiui
ia?acii Aaeeineee. Ei Naia?ei i?ioeaiiinoaaee neaayiioeeueneoth oi/eo
c?aiey ii aii?inai ?onneie enoi?ee, eeoa?aoo?u e ynoaoeee. Ec ?aaio, a
eioi?uo cao?aaeaathony oeeinioneea aii?inu, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue:
“Ienueia i iaoa?eaeecia” (1861), “I?aaeeneiaea e ni/eiaieyi Oiiyeiaa”
(1867), «?acai? ?aaiou Eaaaeeia «Caaea/e ineoieiaee»» (1872) e “Ii
iiaiaeo ni/eiaiey Iaena Itheea?a ii enoi?ee ?aeeaee” (1876). Iaeiiaoe,
Naia?eio i?eiaaeeaaeeo eioa?aniay ?aaioa “Ienueia ia eacoeoao”. A iae ii
– neaayiioeeuenee, ii n aieueoie neeie e ciaieai aeaea iaiaaeaaony
aioeiauanoaaiiay oai?ey e i?aeoeea aaaeouaai i?aeaia aieinoaothuaai
eaoieeoeecia.

Naia?ei aue aa?iui o/aieeii e iineaaeiaaoaeai Oiiyeiaa. A ienueia e
a?aoo ii ienae: “Iuneue a?ineoue ana e eiaeiyoue n caiee ieoue
?aciuoeaiee, auiaaooth ec ?oe oie?aaoaai Oiiyeiaa, iaiy iiiai ?ac
caieiaea: ii y niciath neeoeii aeoaiei, /oi aei yoie caaea/e y aeaeaei
ia aei?in oinoaaiii e ia iiaeaioiaeai aeooith (yoi aeaaiia)». Naia?ei
ie/aai iiaiai ia aian a neaayiioeeueneoth eaeaieiaeth. Aai ?ieue
ninoieo, aeaaiui ia?acii, a iainiiaaiee e caueoa iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia, a
oaeaea a ecaanoiie eiie?aoecaoeee yoiai o/aiey. Ii aeeaea, /ai
eoi-eeai ec oai?aoeeia neaayiioeeuenoaa, noiye e eaeaieiaee
ioeoeeaeueiie ia?iaeiinoe n aa eicoiaii “I?aaineaaea, naiiaea?aeaaea e
ia?iaeiinoue” e a iieeoe/aneii ioiioaiee au nooiae eae aieaa ioe?iaaiiue
iiia?oeno e caueoiee iiiaue/ueeo eioa?ania.

A aii?inao nioeeieiaee, iiaeiaii noa?oei neaayiioeeai, Naia?ei enoiaeee
ec ei?aiiiai ?acee/ey enoi?e/aneeo iooae e ia?niaeoea Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu
e neaayineiai ie?a, iiaoi?yy ?annoaeaeaiey Oiiyeiaa e Ee?aaaneiai ia
iaeiinoi?iiiinoe ?einei-aa?iaineie oeeaeeecaoeee, i eiaeiinoe
eaoieeoeecia e i?ioanoaioecia e aiieiuaiee enoeiiuo ia/ae iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeoey a aecaioeenei-?onneii i?aaineaaee. Aeey iaai oaeaea
oa?aeoa?iu eaeaaeecaoeey aeiiao?ianeie ?one e i?ecua e aic?iaeaeaieth
?innee ia iniiaa i?aaineaaey. A oaea ei noaaeony aiaeanoaaiiay aiey,
eioi?ay e iauyaeyaony aeaeaeouae neeie enoi?ee; naiiauoiinoue ?innee, aa
aoaeouiinoue e ?ieue a noaeueaao /aeiaa/anoaa naycuaathony n aeaenoaeai
eneiiiuo ia/ae, yaeythueony iaiin?aaenoaaiiui i?iyaeaieai aunoae
neeu: n i?aaineaaeai, naiiaea?aeaaeai e iaueiiui auoii, eioi?ua a
?acee/iuo ioiioaieyo au?aaeatho ia?iaeioth aeeciue. I?aaineaaea
eiioeaio?e?oao ana /a?ou aeooiaiiai iaeeea ia?iaea e i?eaeaao niune anai
iauanoaaiiui yaeaieyi. Iiae aai aicaeaenoaeai neiaeeeanue naia ?onneay
caiey, iaueia, naiaeiua ioiioaiey, i?aanoaaiiinoue e o. i. A
i?aaineaaiie oea?eae neaayineia ieaiy “naiaiaeii aeuoeo e aeaeaeaony, a
aia aa iiaeiaaeaao ?aaneiio iiae?aaeaieth e eneaaeaaony a naiuo ei?aiiuo
iniiaao naiaai auoey”. Naiiaea?aeaaea Naia?ei ?anniao?eaae eae
niaa?oaiioth oi?io ainoaea?noaa, nicaeaiioth naiei ia?iaeii, e
iinoiyiii iiae/a?eeaae “ia?iaeiue oa?aeoa? oea?neie aeanoe”. Iaueiu
aoaeoi au aeia?iaieueii ioaeaaaee naay iiae aeanoue nia/aea eiycae, a
iioii oea?y. E aoaeouiinoue ?innee ii naycuaaao n naiiaea?aeaaeai,
ooaa?aeaeay, /oi “i?eioeei iiia?oe/aneee – aaeeeia aeaei iaoae enoi?ee.
Iia any anoue ia /oi eiia, eae ?acaeoea yoiai i?eioeeia”. Anoanoaaiii,
/oi e aiaoiyy, e aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea naiiaea?aeaaey a iniiaiii
iiaeaea?aeeaaeanue Naia?eiui. Iai?eia?, eaeay iaineaaecia, aeeceay anai
neaayiioeeai, o iaai i?eia?aea aieaa ii?aaeaeaiiia iieeoe/aneia
au?aaeaiea. Ii aiieia ?acaeaeye i?aoaicee ?onneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia
ainiiaenoai a neaayineii ie?a e n yoeo iiceoeee aunooiee y?ui a?aaii
iieueneiai inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey.

Aeeth/aieai ainoaea?noaa a ?ac?yae “ia/ae” ?onneiai auoey Naia?ei
i?aiaeieaaaao aenaeianeee aia?oeci e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aioeenoi?eci,
eioi?ue au?aaeai a oii, /oi oneiaey inouanoaeaiey eaeaaea ?aeeaeiciie
eoeueoo?u ?anniao?eaathony eae aac?acee/iua e “ie?neei”, iauanoaaiiui
oi?iai, e ainoaea?noao i?aaeaea anaai. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?ecaieyy
neaayiioeeueneoth ooiieth e ?aaeueiui ioiioaieyi ?innee na?aaeeiu O1O
a., eiaaea io?eoeaoue ana iiaeaaeythuoth ?ieue naiiaea?aeaaiiai
ainoaea?noaa auei i?inoi iaoianoiui, Naia?ei ac?uaaao ecioo?e ana
caeaiea enoi?einioee naieo o/eoaeae e i?aaeoanoaaiieeia. Ii
aeiaiaeeo aa aei ii/oe iieiiai naeeaeaiey n oi?ioeie “i?aaineaaea,
naiiaea?aeaaea e ia?iaeiinoue”. Eiaiii yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai, a oaeaea
niaiaaeaiea neaayiioeeueneeo i?iaeoia inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi n eo?nii
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e iiiaueeia-e?aiinoieeia aeaee iniiaaiea Ieaoaiiao
cayaeoue, /oi iaaeaeo neaayiioeeaie e eaeaieiaaie ioeoeeaeueiie
ia?iaeiinoe nouanoaiaaee ia ?iaeiaua, a eeoue aeaeiaua ?acee/ey.
Noaeaeaiea Ieaoaiiaa, iaeiaei, eceeoia ?anoe?eoaeueii, eai cao?oaeiyao
iiieiaiea iiiiceoeeiiiinoe neaayiioeeia.

A ea/anoaa o?aoueaai ia/aea auaeaeaaaony iaueia, ninoaaeythuay, ii
iiaieth Naia?eia, “iniiao, a?oio anae ?onneie enoi?ee, i?ioaaeoae,
ianoiyuae e aoaeouae”. Iaueia – yoi inayuaiiay i?aaineaaeai oi?ia
ia?iaeiiai auoa. Iia au?aaeaao ia oieueei iaoa?eaeueiia, ii e aeooiaiia
aaeeinoai ?onneiai ia?iaea. Nio?aiaiea iaueiu iuneeeinue ei eae
n?aaenoai i?aaeioa?auaiey a ?innee “ycau i?ieaoa?eaonoaa” e eeanniauo
noieeiiaaiee, aaa?aioaoeo Aa?iio a ?aaiethoeeiiiua iio?ynaiey e
ii?iaeeaoeo eiiioieci, eioi?ue ii iuoaaony i?aaenoaaeoue a ea/anoaa
“ioaaea aeey anao”, eae i?eoycaiea “iaeioueo e ia aeaeaaoeo ?aaioaoue”.

?aaiethoeeiiiua aeaiie?aou 60-o aiaeia oaeaea iie?aeenue ia iaueio,
eioi?ay aeey ieo auea ca/aoeii aoaeouaai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa,
a?aaeaeaaiiai anyeie yenieoaoaoeee. A oieeiaaiee Naia?eia iaueia
icia/aea eeoue oaeiaioth oi?io aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
e?anoueyiaie e iiiaueeaie. Iaaea?ii neaayiioeeueneay “?onneay aanaaea”,
a eioi?ie nio?oaeie/ae e Naia?ei, ni/ea ioaeiui ioiaaeaaaoueny a yoii
aii?ina io “Nia?aiaiieea”: “A. *a?iuoaaneee niio?eo ia iuiaoithth
iaueio eae ia nooiaiue e ae?oaie, aaea yaeony iaueiiue o?oae ni anaie
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoyie, ooaea ca a. *a?iuoaaneei iu neaaeiaaoue ia
?aniieiaeaiu”. Noieue aea i?ioeaiiieiaeiue niune aeeaaeuaaeny a
iiiyoea “ia?iaeiinoue”. Anee *a?iuoaaneee e aai aaeeiiiuoeaiieee aeaeaee
a ia?iaea aeoeaioth neeo iauanoaaiiiai i?ia?anna, no?ieee ana naie
?an/aou ia ?aaiethoeeiiiie yia?aee e?anoueyinoaa, no?aiynue i?inaaoeoue
e aicaeaaeoue aai, oi aeey Naia?eia ia?iae i?aaenoaaeye niaie
nie?aiioth, aiaiaiyciaiioth e aa?iiiiaeaeaiie/anee iano?iaiioth ianno.

A eaeaeiie ai?ueaa 50 – 60-o aiaeia ii oeeinioneei aii?inai Naia?ei
aunooiee ia noi?iia I. Ae. TH?eaae/a. Aoaeo/e nai noi?iiieeii
aiaineianei-eaeaaeenoe/aneiai acaeyaea ia ie?, iainiiaaiiiai a
ni/eiaieyo Oiiyeiaa, ii auniei ioeaiee ai?ueao TH?eaae/a i?ioea
*a?iuoaaneiai e nai i?eiye o/anoea a “ii?iaa?aeaiee” iaoa?eaeecia. A
oe?ieii ?ani?ino?aiaiee iaoa?eaeenoe/aneeo eaeae Naia?ei oaeaeae
iianiinoue aeey ?aeeaee e anaai nouanoaothuaai ?aaeeia. A 1861 a. a
“Ienueiao i iaoa?eaeecia”, eca?aa iauaeoii e?eoeee eieao Athoia?a “Neea
e iaoa?ey”, ii iinoaaee ia?aae niaie caaea/o neiii?iiaoe?iaaoue
iaoa?eaeeci aiiaua. Naia?ei iiaoi?yao aeiaiaeu Oiiyeiaa i?ioea iiiyoey
iaoa?ee eae iniiau iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?ee, ii iiieii yoiai
iaiaaeaao ia “caeii aauanoaaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe”. I?eienuaay
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiio iiieiaieth iaiaoiaeeiinoe oaoaeenoe/aneee oa?aeoa?,
ii aeaeeo a yoii iieiia io?eoeaiea naiaiaeu /aeiaaea a
oeceei-aeieiae/aneii e iieeoe/aneii ioiioaieyo. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeiai
nioecia iaoa?eaeeci ecia?aaeaaony eae ?iae oaiaoaiey /aeiaa/aneie
ee/iinoe e ii?aaaeaiey aeaniioecia. Ae?oaei ioieoii e?eoeee oeeinioee
Aa?oeaia e *a?iuoaaneiai yaeeny aii?in i nayce iaoa?eaeecia n
anoanoaiciaieai. Ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi eaaeaeay ec anoanoaaiiuo iaoe
eco/aao naith oceoth iaeanoue, ca iaoa?eaeeciii ia i?eciaaony i?aai
ia oeeinioneia iaiauaiea naaaeaiee i i?e?iaea. Anyeay iiiuoea
iaoa?eaeenoia e iaiauaieth ?anniao?eaaaony eae iai?aaiia?iia
iaoaie/aneia ia?aianaiea caeiiia ec iaeiie iaoee a ae?oaoth.

Eae Oiiyeia, i?ienoiaeaeaiea iaoa?eaeecia Naia?ei naycuaaao n
aaaaeueyinoaii. Aaaaeue ia niaeaaeae n aeaenoaeoaeueiui ie?ii yaeaiee e
ioian aai e noa?a neo/aeiiai. E aio, ii caeiio eiae/aneiai aiciacaeey,
iaoa?eaeeci anooieeny ca iaeaeaiiiai e, ia auoiaey ec e?oaa iiiyoee
aaaaeaaneie oeeinioee, iaoae ii?aaaeaiea naiinouiinoe iaoa?ee a oii
aea caeiia iaiaoiaeeiinoe, oieueei ia eiae/aneie, a aauanoaaiiie”.
Nic?aa iiae e?ueuoeii eaeaaeecia, iaoa?eaeeci caeeaaae naiaai
?iaeeoaey e, “inoaaoenue aac ?iaeo e ieaiaie, i?eniaaeeieeny ii/oe
ianeeuenoaaiii e anoanoaaiiui iaoeai”. Iaeiaei Naia?ei n/eoaao
?ani?ino?aiaiea iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oeeinioee neaaenoaeai
e?aoeia?aiaiiiai oaea/aiey iieiaeaaee, e iioiio, anee aeaoue naiaiaeo
?acaeoueny aio aei eiioea, iaoa?eaeeci i/aiue nei?i iaia?oaeeo naith
ianinoiyoaeueiinoue. Oai aieaa, /oi iineaaeiaaoaeueiui iaoa?eaeenoii
iiaeao auoue oieueei “aanneiaaniia aeeaioiia”, a aeeyiea iaoa?eaeenoia
ia?aie/eaaaony oai, /oi a ?innee i?i/ee «aeaa a?ioth?u Athoia?a, aea
aeaa eee o?e eieaeee Iieaoiooa e Oiaoa, aea aeeciue O?enoa ?aiaia
(aeaaea ia Oo?aona), aea aeanyoie noaoae Aeia?iethaiaa e Aa?oeaia
…».

ssnii, /oi oaeiai ?iaea o?aaeeoeeiiiua eee, eo/oa neacaoue, i?aeeia?iua
“a?aoiaiou” ia i?aaenoaaeyee iianiinoe aeey iaoa?eaeecia 60-o aiaeia.
Naia?eineay e?eoeea oeeinioee Aa?oeaia, *a?iuoaaneiai e Aeia?iethaiaa
auea noieue aea aaconiaoia, eae e aoaee TH?eaae/a.

Iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie eeiee a ?onneie oeeinioee Naia?ei i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao
oaieiae/anee ia?ae?aoaiiiai Aaaaey, oeeinioeth ioe?iaaiey Oaeeeiaa,
aiaineianeea eaeae Oiiyeiaa e Ee?aaaneiai. Aaaeiui aii?inii aeey iaai,
eae e aeey iineaaeieo, auei aeieacaoaeuenoai auoey aiaeey. A naieo
noaoueyo ii ?annoaeaeaao i aiaeanoaaiiie aiea, ia iauiinoe ?aeeaee e
iaoe, i nouanoaiaaiee aeooe, naiaiaeu aiee e ae?oaeo Naia?ei eae
ieaaeoee i?aaenoaaeoaeue iieieaiey neaayiioeeia-eeanneeia ieeoeaoai?yao
ia?a?anoaiea neaayiioeeueneie aeieo?eiu ec ?aciiaeaeiinoe i?aaiai
iiiaue/ueaai eeaa?aeecia a ninoaaioth /anoue eiina?aaoeaiie eaeaieiaee
ii?aoi?iaiiiai aeai?yinoaa.

Iniiauaaynue ia i?eioeeieaeueiie onoaiiaea, /oi iaueia yaeyaony eo/oae
oi?iie nioeeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee aeecie, neaayiioeeu o?aaiaaee
naeaeaoue iaueiiue i?eioeei anaiauaiethuei, oi anoue ia?aianoe aai a
noa?o ai?iaeneie aeecie, a i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Iaueiiia ono?ienoai aeieaeii
auoue oaeaea iieiaeaii a iniiao ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie e niiniaii, ii
eo neiaai, caiaieoue niaie “ia?cinoue aaeieieno?aoeaiinoe a ?innee».

Neaayiioeeu aa?eee, /oi, ii ia?a ?ani?ino?aiaiey “iaueiiiai i?eioeeia” a
?inneeneii iauanoaa, aoaeao ana aieaa oe?aieyoueny “aeoo niai?iinoe”,
Aaaeouei i?eioeeiii nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee noaiao naiiio?a/aiea
eaaeaeiai a iieueco anao. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio, a aaeeiue iioie nieuethony
?aeeaeiciua e nioeeaeueiua ono?aieaiey ethaeae. A ?acoeueoaoa, aoaeao
auiieiaia caaea/a iaoae aioo?aiiae enoi?ee, ii?aaeaeyaiay eie eae
«i?inaaoeaiea ia?iaeiiai iaueiiiai ia/aea ia/aeii iaueiiui, oea?eiaiui».

Oeeinioey anaaaeeinoaa A.N. Nieiaueaaa: iioieiaey e aiinaieiaey.

A. N. Nieiaueaa (1853 – 1900) – e?oiiaeoee ?onneee oeeinio, caeiaeeaoee
iniiau ?onneie ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee. A. N. Nieiaueaa iiiuoaeny
nicaeaoue oeaeinoioth ie?iaicc?ai/aneoth nenoaio, eioi?ay naycaea au
aiaaeeii cai?inu ?aeeaeiciie e nioeeaeueiie aeecie /aeiaaea. Iniiaie
oaeiai ie?iaicc?aiey, ii caiuneai Nieiaueaaa, aeieaeii noaoue
o?enoeainoai. ?aeeaeiciua iuneeoaee e aei, e iinea Nieiaueaaa ia ?ac
auneacuaaee yoo eaeath, ii iie, eae i?aaeei, aiai?y i o?enoeainoaa eae
iniiaa ie?iaicc?aiey, iiae?acoiaaaee eaeoth oi iaeio o?enoeaineoth
eiioanneth: i?aaineaaea, eaoieeoeeci eee i?ioanoaioeci. Iniaaiiinoue
iiaeoiaea Nieiaueaaa caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ii ?aoiaae ca
iauaaeeiaiea anao o?enoeaineeo eiioannee. Iiyoiio aai o/aiea iineo ia
ocei iai?aaeaiiue, a iaae eiioanneiiaeueiue, yeoiaie/aneee oa?aeoa?.
Ae?oaie, aaaeiie iniaaiiinoueth oeeinioee A. N. Nieiaueaaa, yaeyaony oi,
/oi ii iiiuoaeny aeeth/eoue a o?enoeaineia ie?iaicc?aiea iiaaeoea
aeinoeaeaiey anoanoaiciaiey, enoi?ee e oeeinioee, nicaeaoue neioac
?aeeaee e iaoee.

Oeaio?aeueiay eaeay oeeinioee Nieiaueaaa – eaeay anaaaeeinoaa. I?e
?ac?aaioea yoie eaeae Nieiaueaa iooaeeeaaaony io neaayiioeeueneie
eaeae niai?iinoe, ii i?eaeaao yoie eaeaa iioieiae/aneoth ie?aneo,
anaioaaouaathuaa, einie/aneia cia/aiea. Ii aai o/aieth, nouaa anoue
aaeeiia, anaiauaiethuaa. Iecoea e aunoea o?iaie auoey acaeiinaycaiu, oae
eae iecoaa iaia?oaeeaaao naia oyaioaiea e aunoaio, a eaaeaeia aunoaa –
“aae?aao a naay” iecoaa. Iioieiae/aneie iniiaie anaaaeeinoaa aunooiaao
o Nieiaueaaa aiaeanoaaiiay O?ieoea a aa nayce ni anaie aiaeanoaaiiuie
oai?aieyie e aeaaiia n /aeiaaeii. Iniiaiie i?eioeei anaaaeeinoaa: “Ana
aaeeii a Aiaa”. Anaaaeeinoai – yoi, i?aaeaea anaai, aaeeinoai oai?oea
e oai?aiey. Aia o Nieiaueaaa eeoai aio?iiiii?oeeueiuo /a?o. Oeeinio
oa?aeoa?ecoao Aiaa eae «einie/aneee ?acoi», «nouanoai naa?oee/iia»,
“iniaoth i?aaiecothuoth neeo, aeaenoaothuoth a ie?a”.

Ie?oaeathuee ian ie?, ii iiaieth A. N. Nieiaueaaa, ia iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoueny eae niaa?oaiiia nicaeaiea, iaiin?aaenoaaiii enoiaeyuaa
ec oai?/aneie aiee iaeiiai aiaeanoaaiiiai ooaeiaeieea. Aeey i?aaeeueiiai
iiieiaiey Aiaa iaei aua i?eciaaaoue aaniethoiia nouanoai. Iaiaoiaeeii
i?eiyoue aai aioo?aiithth i?ioeai?a/eainoue. «Aaniethoiia, /oiau auoue
anai, o?aaoao iiiaiai”. Iiyoiio Nieiaueaa, neaaeoy iaiieaoiie/aneie
o?aaeeoeee, aaiaeeo a naith nenoaio iiiyoea “eaeae” e “ie?iaie aeooee.
“Aiaeanoaaiiue oi, «i?aaie/aneay neea», ii oiaieth Nieiaueaaa,
?aniaaeaaony ia iiiaeanoai yeaiaioa?iuo nouiinoae eee aa/iuo e
iaeciaiiuo i?e/ei, eioi?ua eaaeao a iniiaaiee anyeiai i?aaeiaoa eee
yaeaiey. Yoe yeaiaioa?iua nouiinoe ii iacuaaao aoiiaie, eioi?ua naieie
aeaeaeaieyie e eieaaaieyie ia?acotho ?aaeueiue ie?. Naie aoiiu Nieiaueaa
o?aeooao eae iniaua yiaiaoeee Aiaeanoaa, «aeeaua yeaiaioa?iua nouanoaa”
eee eaeae. E?ay eaeay iaeaaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiie neeie, /oi i?aa?auaao aa a
aeayoaeueiia nouanoai.

Nieiaueaa aue noi?iiieeii aeeaeaeoe/aneiai iiaeoiaea e
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Ii aai iiaieth, aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue iaeuecy
?anniao?eaaoue a canouaoeo oi?iao. Naiue iauee i?eciae anaai
aeeaouaai ninoieo a iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eciaiaiee. Aeey oiai, /oiau
iainiiaaoue iai?a?uaioth aeeiaieeo auoey, ii, ia?yaeo n aeoeaiuie
nouiinoyie eaeayie, aaiaeeo oaeia aeoeaiia ia/aei eae ie?iaay aeooa. E
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui noauaeoii anao eciaiaiee a ie?a aunooiaao o
Nieiaueaaa eiaiii ie?iaay aeooa. Iniiaiui i?eciaeii aa yaeyaony iniaay
yia?aey, eioi?ay iaeooioai?yao ana nouanoaothuaa. Iaeiaei, ie?iaay
aeooa, ii o/aieth Nieiaueaaa, aeaenoaoao ia naiinoiyoaeueii.
Aeayoaeueiinoue aa ioaeaeaaony a aiaeanoaaiiii eiioeuena. Yoio
eiioeuen i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi Aia aeaao ie?iaie aeooa eaeath
anaaaeeinoaa eae ii?aaeaeythuoth oi?io anae aa aeayoaeueiinoe.

Yoa aa/iay aiaeanoaaiiay eaeay a nenoaia Nieiaueaaa iieo/eea iacaaiea
Nioee – ioae?inoe. Nioey – eeth/aaia iiiyoea nenoaiu Nieiaueaaa.
Iiyoiio aai o/aiea iineo oaeaea iacaaiea nioeeiaey. Iiiyoea Nioee
caeinoaiaaii Nieiaueaaui ec iaiieaoiiecia. Ii ii i?eaeaao yoiio
iiiyoeth naiaia?acioth eioa?i?aoaoeeth. Iiiyoea Nioee aaiaeeony
Nieiaueaaui aeey oiai, /oiau cayaeoue, /oi ie? – yoi ia oieueei
oai?aiea Aiaa, aaconeiaii, aio eii?iaeiia. Iniiaie e nouanoaii ie?a
yaeyaony “aeooa ie?a” – Nioey, eioi?oth neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae
naycothuaa caaii iaaeaeo oai?oeii e oai?aieai, i?eaeathuaa iauiinoue
Aiao, ie?o e /aeiaa/anoao.

Iaoaieci naeeaeaiey Aiaa, ie?a e /aeiaa/anoaa ?ane?uaaaony a
oeeinioneii o/aiee Nieiaueaaa /a?ac eiioeaioeeth aiai/aeiaa/anoaa.
?aaeueiui e niaa?oaiiui aiieiuaieai aiai/aeiaa/anoaa, ii Nieiaueaao,
aunooiaao Eenon O?enoin, yaeythueeny, niaeanii o?enoeaineiio aeiaiaoo, e
iieiui Aiaii, e iieiui /aeiaaeii. Aai ia?ac neoaeeo ia oieueei
eaeaaeii, e eioi?iio aeieaeai no?aieoueny eaaeaeue eiaeeaeae, ii e
aunoae oeaeueth ?acaeoey anaai enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna.

Ia yoie oeaee aace?oaony nieiaueaaneay enoi?einioey. Oeaeueth e niuneii
anaai enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony iaeooioai?aiea /aeiaa/anoaa,
niaaeeiaiea /aeiaaea n aiaii, aiieiuaiea aiai/aeiaa/anoaa.
Iaaeinoaoi/ii, n/eoaao Nieiaueaa, /oiau niaiaaeaiea aiaeanoaaiiiai n
/aeiaa/aneei i?iecioei oieueei a eeoea Eenona O?enoa, o. a. /a?ac
iin?aaenoai “aiaeanoaaiiiai neiaa”. Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau niaaeeiaiea
ninoiyeinue ?aaeueii – i?aeoe/anee e, i?eoii, ia a ioaeaeueiuo ethaeyo
(a “nayouo”), a a ianooaaao anaai /aeiaa/anoaa. Ia?ae/iui oneiaeai ia
iooe e aiai/aeiaa/anoao yaeyaony o?enoeaineia ia?auaiea, oi anoue
i?eiyoea aa?io/aiey o?enoeainoaa. I?e?iaeiue /aeiaae, oi anoue /aeiaae
ia i?inaaoeaiiue aiaeanoaaiiie enoeiie, i?ioeainoieo ethaeyi eae
/oaeaeay e a?aaeaeaaiay neea. O?enoin ioe?ue /aeiaaeo anaiauea
ii?aeueiua oeaiiinoe, nicaeae oneiaey aeey aai i?aanoaaiiiai
niaa?oainoaiaaiey. I?eiauaynue e o/aieth O?enoa, /aeiaae eaeao ii iooe
naiaai iaeooioai?aiey. Yoio i?ioeann caieiaao aanue enoi?e/aneee
ia?eiae aeecie /aeiaa/anoaa. *aeiaa/anoai i?eaeao e oi?aeanoao ie?a e
ni?aaaaeeeainoe, i?aaaeu e aeia?iaeaoaee, eiaaea aai iauaaeeiythuei
ia/aeii noaiao aiieiuaiiue a /aeiaaea Aia, ia?aianoeaoeeny ec oeaio?a
aa/iinoe a oeaio? enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna. Nia?aiaiiia iauanoaaiiia
ono?ienoai i?aaeiieaaaao, n oi/ee c?aiey Nieiaueaaa, aaeeinoai
“anaeaineie oea?eae” e iiia?oe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa, neeyiea eioi?uo
aeieaeii i?eaanoe e ia?aciaaieth «naiaiaeiie oaie?aoee».

A aiinaieiae/aneii aniaeoa i?eioeei ana aaeeinoaa ?aaeecoaony /a?ac
eiioeaioeeth oeaeueiiai ciaiey, i?aaenoaaeythuaai niaie ia?ac?uaioth
acaeiinaycue o?ao ?aciiaeaeiinoae yoiai ciaiey: yiie?e/aneiai
(iao/iiai), ?aoeeiiaeueiiai (oeeinioneiai) e ienoe/aneiai
(nica?oeaoaeueii-?aeeaeiciiai). A ea/anoaa i?aaeiinueee,
iniiaiiieaaathuaai i?eioeeia oeaeueiia ciaiea i?aaeiieaaaao aa?o a
nouanoaiaaiea aaniethoiiai ia/aea – Aiaa. Oeaeueiia ciaiea, ii
Nieiaueaao, ia iiaeao auoue iieo/aii oieueei yiie?e/aneeie e
?aoeeiiaeueiuie n?aaenoaaie. Yiie?e/aneia ciaiea niiniaii ?ane?uoue
eeoue aiaoithth noi?iio yaeaiee, a ?aoeeiiaeueiia – iniaaiiinoe naiiai
iuoeaiey. Iaeiaei, enoeia eee nouaa ia aeaiu /aeiaaeo ie a iiuoa, ie a
iuoeaiee. Enoeia iinoeaaaony /a?ac iaiin?aaenoaaiiia nica?oeaiea,
eiooeoeeth. Oaeei ia?acii, A. N. Nieiaueaa a naiae eiioeaioeee
oeaeueiiai ciaiey iiiuoaeny niaianoeoue i?eioeei aaoiiiiee ?acoia, ia
eioi?ii iniiauaaaony ?aoeeiiaeeci, n i?eioeeiii aiai-ioe?iaaiiinoe
o?enoeaineiai aa?io/aiey, yaeythueiny iniiaie aiaineiaey.

N oi/ee c?aiey Nieiaueaaa, ioaea/aiiia ciaiea – iaiaoiaeeiue iiiaio eae
a aeecie eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai eiaeeaeaea, oae e a aeecie anaai
/aeiaa/anoaa. Aac iaai iaaiciiaeii aeinoe/ue eiae/anee naycaiiie iunee.
Iaeiaei, n/eoaao Nieiaueaa, iaeiinoi?iiiyy aaniethoecaoeey yoiai
iiiaioa, i?aa?auaiea aai a naiinoiyoaeueiue e naii iiaeaaeythuee
i?eioeei caaiaeeo oeeinioeth a ooiee. Auoiae ec yoiai ooieea iaoiaeeony,
ii aai iiaieth, a iniuneaiee iiciaiey ia iniiaa eaeae eae oi?iu
nouanoaiaaiey oeaeueiie iunee. Eaeath iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue eae
i?iaeoeo iuoeaiey. Iuoeaiea ia niiniaii i?iieeiooue a eaeath. Eaeae
aeinooiiu eeoue eioaeeaeooaeueiiio nica?oeaieth eee eioaeeaeooaeueiie
eiooeoeee. “Anee yaeaiey, ieoao Nieiaueaa, naie ii naaa ia
i?aaenoaaeytho iai oieaa?naeueiuo enoei, eee eaeae, oi yoe iineaaeiea,
oioy iaoa?eaeueii naycaiiua n yaeaieyie, aeieaeiu oi?iaeueii io ieo
?acee/aoueny, eiaoue naia nianoaaiiia, iacaaeneiia io yaeaiee auoea e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeey iiciaiey eo iaiaoiaeeia iniaaiiay oi?ia
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?oth iu aianoa ni iiiaeie i?aaeieie
oeeinioaie iacuaaai oinoaaiiui nica?oeaieai eee eiooeoeeae e eioi?ay
ninoaaeyao ianoiyuoth ia?ae/ioth oi?io oeaeueiiai ciaiey. (Nieiaueaa
A.N. Nia?. ni/. NIa. 1901 – 1910. O. 1. N. 290). Iaeiaei ioaea/aiiia
iuoeaiea, – e aeaaea eioaeeaeooaeueiay eiooeoeey, n oi/ee c?aiey
i?aaineaaiiai oeeinioa, ia aeatho ciaiey anaai aiaaonoaa ?aaeueiinoe.
Aeey i?iieeiiaaiey a nie?iaaiiua aeoaeiu auoey iaiaoiaeeia iniaay
iiciaaaoaeueiay niiniaiinoue, iaania/eaathuay i?i?ua a noa?o
iioonoi?iiiaai, cai?aaeaeueiiai, o?ainoeaiaeaioiiai. Yoa niiniaiinoue
anoue ninoiyiea iaea?aeeiinoe, ii?aaeaeyaiia aiciiaeiinoyie
o?ainoeaiaeaioiiai nouanoaa. Nieiaueaa iacuaaao yoi ninoiyiea yenoacii,
y?inii, aaeioiiaaieai.

Ooaa?aeaeaiea Nieiaueaaa ia enoeiiii ciaiee eae neioaca yiie?e/aneiai,
?aoeeiiaeueiiai e ienoe/aneiai iiciaiey yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey auaiaea
i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aaeeinoaa iaoee, oeeinioee e ?aeeaee. Iiaeiaiia
aaeeinoai, eioi?ia ii iacuaaao «naiaiaeiie oainioeae», iicaieyao
?anniao?eaaoue ie? eae caaa?oaiioth nenoaio, iaoneiaeaiioth
anaaaeeinoaii eee Aiaii.

I?iaeaia aa?u e ?acoia a i?aaineaaiii ?aeeaeiciii aioeeioaeeaeooaeecia
(E. Oanoia, N. Aoeaaeia, I. Oei?aineee, N. O?aie)

A. N. Nieiaueaa au?aaeae a ?onneie ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee
eioaeeaeooaeueioth oaiaeaioeeth. Ii no?aieeny iinoaaeoue ?acoi ia
neoaeao aa?a, aeaoue aiciiaeiinoue ?aeeaee iia?aoueny ia ?aoeeiiaeueiia
ia/aei /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey, i?eaea/ue e iainiiaaieth ?aeeaeiciiai
ie? i aicc?aiey aeinoeaeaiey iaoee e aiia?ao oeeinioee. Eioaeeaeooaeecio
A. N. Nieiaueaaa a ?onneie ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee i?ioeainoiyea
aioeeioaeeaeooaeueiay oaiaeaioeey.

Aioeeioaeeaeooaeenou iaia?aiu eoeueoeae?iaaoue oaeoth ?aeeaeiciinoue, a
eioi?ie /oanoaa i?aiaeaaeaee au iaae ?annoaei/iui ia/aeii. Iie no?aiyony
caieiooue ?aeeaeicioth aeeciue a ?aiee yiioeeiiaeueiie noa?u, naeaeaoue
aa iaaeinooiiie e?eoeea n iiceoeee eiae/aneiai iuoeaiey. A nia?aiaiiie
?onneie ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee iiaiea aioeeioaeeaeaoaeecia iaeaieaa
iineaaeiaaoaeueii au?aaeae E. Oanoia (1866 – 1938). Ii?aaeaeythuei
iiiaioii aai o/aiey yaeyaony oacen i ei?aiiie i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe e,
aeaaea, ianiaianoeiinoe aa?u e ?acoia. Aa?a, n aai oi/ee c?aiey, – yoi
iniaay, iaeaieaa iieiay, aunoay ieineinoue auoey /aeiaaea, ei?aiiie
iiai?io e iiaie aeecie, a eioi?ie ia aeaenoaotho caeiiu /aeiaa/aneiai
iauaaeeoey, aaoi?eoao, ?acoiiua aeiaiaeu. Aa?a anoue aioiaiinoue
au?aaoueny ec e?oaa anao oao eaeae, a eioi?uo aeeaao /aeiaae. Enoeiii
aa?othuei yaeyaony oieueei oio /aeiaae, eoi ii/oanoaiaae, /oi ana
ia?aie/eoaeueiua caeiiu, eee onoie, ana iii?u, ia eioi?uo aea?aeaeny
/aeiaae, ?acaeou, ?acae?iaeaiu, oie/oiaeaiu, en/acee, /oi ana naaoi/e
iiaanee, ana oeacaiey en/acee. “Aia iaoeo iaueo i?eioeeiia, iiieii
iaoaai iniciathuaai ?acoia, i?ioaeatho iaeaieaa caia/aoaeueiua e
cia/eoaeueiua niauoey iaoaai” nouanoaiaaiey. Iiaeii neeueiaa
neacaoue – i?e anyeie iiiuoea iaoaai ?acoia i?iaa?eoue naieie e?eoa?eyie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue oaeeo ia?aaeeaaiee iaoe naie ia?aaeeaaiey
iaiiaaiii i?aa?auathony a ie/oi, neiaii au eo ieeiaaea ia auei. Caeanue
iaeuecy i?iaa?eoue, iaeuecy oeene?iaaoue… Io anyeie iiiuoee
i?eeiniooueny uoiaeueoeaie ?acoia e aa?a – aa?a aeaiao. Iia iiaeao
aeeoue eeoue a aoiinoa?a aacoiey. Iia ia aeaeeony naiae aeanoueth ie n
eai. E aii?in noaaeony eiaiii oae: eeai ?acoi, eeai aa?a” – ieoao a
naiae ciaiaieoie eieaa E.Oanoia “Oieueei aa?ith”. (Oanoia E. Sola fidei
– Oieueei aa?ith. N. 259, 270).

A naieo aiaineianeeo ecuneaieyo E. Oanoia, ii nooe aeaea, ia?aoiaeeo
ia iiceoeee i?oiaeienaeueiiai i?ioanoaioecia. Aa?a, ii aai iiaieth,
aeaaony ia oiio, eoi aa eneae, ia oiio, eoi aa aeiaeaaeny, a oiio, eiai
aia eca?ae, i?aaeaea /ai ii oioue /ai-oi i?iyaee naay. Oio, eoi
?ann/eouaaao ia naith ioae?inoue, ia naith ni?aaaaeeeainoue, ia naie
neeu, oio ieeiaaea ia nianaony. Oio, eoi ?ann/eouaaao ia naie caneoae,
ia naie aeaea, oio yoei naiui cayaeyao i naiai iaaa?ee. No?aiynue
oaaaeeoue /aeiaaea ioeacaoueny io ?aoeeiiaeueiuo iniia ?aeeaeiciie aa?u,
E. Oanoia aeiaiaa?eaaaony aei oiai, /oi iaeaeoea oneeey /aeiaaea, aai
iii?o ia naie nianoaaiiua neeu iacuaaao aiaiionooiie/anoaii. *ai aieueoa
oeiii/ao /aeiaae, /ai aieueoa iai?yaaaony, /oiau ioee/eoueny, ia a
i?eia? ae?oaei, naieie aeaeaie, naiei iiaeaeaii i?ieiaeeoue naaa iooue a
oea?noai iaaaniia, oai aieueoa ii ooiaeeo io Aiaa, ooaa?aeaeaao Oanoia.
Neaaeoy yoie eiaeea, ?onneee ?aeeaeiciue iuneeoaeue caiaoeaaaony
aeaaea ia iaeie ec naiuo neeueiuo yeaiaioia a o?enoeaineie nenoaia
?aeeaeiciie aeecie – eoeueo nayouo. Nayoua, aeey iaai, – yoi ethaee,
eioi?uo iaoyea ai?aeuiy, o. a. oaa?aiiinoue a naaa, oaa?aiiinoue a oii,
/oi iie ciatho eoaea eaeoe e eae eaeoe, /oi ?ann/eouaatho ia naie ?acoi
e naia eneonnoai au?aaoueny ec oao oaniuo i?aaeaeia, a eioi?ua
caeeth/aii nia?oiia nouanoai – /aeiaae. “Nayoua iaaeathony no?iaei
aicaea?aeaieai e naiiae/aaaieai, e eiuie iiaeaeaaie caneoaeeoue
nianaiea. O ieo iao aa?u a Aiaa, o ieo aa?a a naie neeu” (Oanoia E. Sola
fidei – Oieueei aa?ith. N. 269.). Ii anee /aeiaae ia iiaeao naieie
oneeeyie aeinoe/ue nianaiey, caeeth/aao E. Oanoia, oi o iaai inoaaony
aaeeinoaaiiia n?aaenoai – oiiaaoue ia ieeinoue Aiaa. E eiaaea /aeiaae
ieii/aoaeueii io/aaony a naaa, eiaaea o iaai iioneathony ?oee, eiaaea
ii ie/aai ia aeaeeo ia?aae niaie, e?iia oueiu e oaeana, oiaaea aio
i?eoiaeeo ia iiiiuue Aia. «Aa?eoue – cia/eo iieeiooue iaaeaaeaeu ia naie
neeu, naie ?acoi, naia eneonnoai, a?ineoueny n cae?uouie aeacaie ooaea,
aaea, ii iaoaio ?acoiaieth, auoue ie/aai ia iiaeao, eai oai aanue
ii?yaeie, aanue no?ie ia eiaao ie/aai iauaai e n oai ii?yaeeii, eioi?ue
iu i?eaueee oeaieoue a naiae aeecie eae aunoaa aeaai» ( Oanoia E. Sola
fidei – Oieueei aa?ith N.238.).

Aioeeioaeeaeooaeenoneea onoaiiaee iaoeaeaiu ia oi, /oiau eeeaeaee?iaaoue
oaeiai iaoaeiaiiai iin?aaeieea, eaeei yaeyaony aeey ?aeeaee
/aeiaa/aneee ?acoi e naycaiiua n iei ?aoeeiiaeueiua iniiaaiey i?eiyoey
?aeeaeiciuo oaaaeaeaiee: iineaaeiaaoaeueioth a?aoiaioaoeeth,
eiae/aneoth iai?ioeai?a/eainoue e o. ae. Iiyoiio iaeia ec aaaeoueo oai a
?aaioao ?aeeaeiciuo aioeeioaeeaeooaeenoia – yoi oaia ia?aie/aiiinoe,
oua?aiinoe ?acoia, aai ianiiniaiinoe io?aceoue iiiaiia?acea auoey,
nie?iaaiioth /anoue /aeiaa/aneie aeecie. Aeeneo?neaiia iuoeaiea,
ooaa?aeaeaao E. Oanoia, nouanoaoao oieueei aeey oiai, /oiau /aeiaae eiae
eeethceth niaa?oaiiiai ciaiey. Ia naiii. aea aeaea ioaea/aiiua iiiyoey
?acoia ia oieueei ia aeatho ciaiey i aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ii, iaiai?io,
io aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe oaiaeyo.

Aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue e??aoeeiiaeueia, aaniethoii iaiiciaaaaia. E iaoiae,
e eiaeea, e ?acoi, ii aai iiaieth, ana yoi – n?aaenoaa, ne?uaathuea io
ian aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. *oiau iiciaoue enoeio, ioaeia niiniaiinoue
ecaaaeoueny io iaoiaea, io anyeiai eiio?iey, iaeaaaaiiai ia ian
eiaeeie, ioaeai ii?ua, ainoeuaiea. Oa enoeia, eioi?ay iinoeaaaony /a?ac
i?e/anoiinoue e aiaeanoaaiiiio, ieeaeei ia?acii, ii naiiio naiaio
nouanoao, ia iiaeao iiaeaeaoueny eiae/aneie ia?aaioea, o. a. i?eiyoue
oi?io iauaiaycaoaeueiuo, eneeth/athueo naay, i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo
noaeaeaiee. I?iua aiai?y, – ienoe/aneay eiooeoeey.

N iiaieai E. Oanoiaa i ei?aiiie oua?aiinoe ?aoeeiiaeueiiai iiciaiey e
nouanoaiaaiee iniaie, aiaeiae/aneie niiniaiinoe iinoeaeaiey
/aeiaa/aneiai auoey nieeaea?ece?oaony aeaeiue i?aaineaaiue oeeinio N.
I. Aoeaaeia (1871 – 1944). Eiae/aneia iuoeaiea, ii aai neiaai,
niioaaonoaoao eeoue oaia?aoiaio, a?aoiaiiio /aeiaaeo, iii anoue
aieaciue, ii?iaeaeaiea ianiaa?oainoaa. Aaca?aoiiio /aeiaaeo naienoaaiii
iaoa – eiae/aneia iuoeaiea, naiaai ?iaea yniiaeaeaiea, e iiyoiio aunoay
?aeeaeiciay caaea/a aeey /aeiaa/anoaa – iiaeiyoueny iaae oiii, noaoue
auoa oia. Yoei aeaoi i?ioeaiiieiaeiui oeiai inaiaiey ?aaeueiinoe
niioaaonoaotho, n oi/ee c?aiey aioeeioaeeaeooaeenoia, e aeaa
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua oai?aoe/aneea oi?iu au?aaeaiey -?aoeeiiaeeci e
o?enoeaineay oeeinioey. «?aoeeiiaeeci, o. a. oeeinioey iiiyoey e
?annoaeea, oeeinioey aauae e aacaeeciaiiie iaiiaeaeaeiinoe, ii
oa?aeoa?enoeea i?aaineaaiii aiaineiaa I. Oei?aineiai (1882 – 1943),
anaoeaei naycai n caeiiii oiaeaeanoaa – yoi oeeinioey eaeae e ?acoia,
oeeinioey ee/iinoe e oai?/aneiai iiaeaeaa, iie?aaony, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
ia aiciiaeiinoue i?aiaeieaiey caeiia oiaeaeanoaa – yoi oeeinioey
aeooiaiinoe. (Oei?aineee I.A. Noiei e ooaa?aeaeaiea enoeiu. I., 1914. N.
80).

Oaeay ioeaiea aeaoo oeiia iinoeaeaiey auoey e i?aaeii?aaeaeeea
iniiaiia iai?aaeaiea e?eoeee ?aoeeiiaeecia. I?aeiouanoaaiiui iauaeoii
aoae aioeeioaeeaeooaeenoia noae caeii oiaeaeanoaa, ia eioi?ue iie?aaony
?aoeeiiaeueiia iuoeaiea /aeiaaea, any eeanne/aneay eiaeea.
Aioeeioaeeaeooaeenou ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi caeii oiaeaeanoaa ia
oieueei aaniieacai aeey i?iieeiiaaiey a oaeiu auoey, ii yaeyaony ia yoii
iooe iai?aiaeieeiui i?aiyonoaeai. Iiae oaeii c?aiey caeiia oiaeaeanoaa,
ana auoea, aeaeay ooaa?aeaeaoue naay, ia aeaea oieueei oie/oiaeaao naay,
i?aa?auaynue a, niaieoiiinoue oaeeo yeaiaioia, ec eioi?uo eaaeaeue
anoue oeaio? io?eoeaiee e i?eoii oieueei io?eoeaiee. Oaeei ia?acii, ana
auoea yaeyaony niaeaniui io?eoeaieai, iaeiei aaeeeei “IA”. Caeii
oiaeaeanoaa, ii iiaieth I. Oei?aineiai, aeaenoaoao ia i?inoi eae
?ac?ooeoaeueiay neea, oaeaaao oai?/aneia ia/aei a /aeiaaea, i?aa?auaao
ee/iinoue a aauue. A iioiio iiaaaea iaae yoei caeiiii iaeii ec
aeaaiaeoeo oneiaee aic?iaeaeaiey aeooiaiiai eciaiaiey /aeiaaea,
noaiiaeaiey ee/iinoe.

Iaeia ec aeaaiuo i?aoaicee, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo I.
Oei?aineei e caeiio oiaeaeanoaa, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi yoio caeii, ii
aai iiaieth, ooaa?aeaeaao naiioiaeaeanoaaiiinoue “ss” e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, naiiaeinoaoi/iinoue “ss”. A yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue,
n/eoaao i?aaineaaiue aiaineia, ii?iaeaeaao yaieci e aoaeci. Iinoaaea a
oanioth, iaeiicia/ioth caaeneiinoue ?aoeeiiaeueiia iiciaiea, iniiaaiiia
ia caeiia oiaeaeanoaa, i?aanoaaiioth e ie?iaicc?ai/aneoth iiceoeeth;
I. Oei?aineee aeaeaao auaiae, /oi ioeac io yaiecia e aoaecia
i?aaeiieaaaao ioeac io caeiia oiaeaeanoaa. Inouanoaeoue yoio ioeac,
cia/eo i?eiyoue eioth, aieaa aunieoth eiaeeo ioiioaiey e
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe – “eiaeeo” a?o/aiey naiae noaeueau a ?oee Aiaa.
«O?iyeei iiaeaeaii aa?u, iaaeaaeaeu e ethaae, – ieoao ii, –
i?aiaeieaaaaony eiia/iinoue caeiia oiaeaeanoaa. ss ia?anoath auoue
“ss”, iiy iuneue ia?anoaao auoue iiae iuneueth, iaiinoeaeeiui aeoii,
ioeacuaaynue io naiiooaa?aeaeaiey «ss»= «ss»… Eae ?aiueoa a?aoiaiay
naiinooue noaaeea naay ia ianoi Aiaa, oae oaia?ue n iiiiuueth aiaeeae y
noaaeth ia ianoi naay Aiaa” (Oei?aineee I.A. Noiei e ooaa?aeaeaiea
enoeiu. N. 68). Caiaoioth ?ieue a iainiiaaiee iaoiaeieiaee ?aeeaeiciiai
aioeeioaeeaeooaeecia i?aaineaaiuie aiaineiaaie N. Aoeaaeiaui e I.
Oei?aineei ea?aao i?eioeei aioeiiiecia. N iiiiuueth yoiai i?eioeeia iie
iuoathony ii?aaaeaoue, naeaeaoue ninoiyoaeueiui iai?eaieaiia, n oi/ee
c?aiey cae?aaiai /aeiaa/aneiai ?annoaeea, niaea?aeaiea
o?enoeaineiai aa?io/aiey e, i?aaeaea anaai, aeiaiao i Aiaeanoaaiiie
O?ieoea. I. Oei?aineee iauyaeyao yoio aeiaiao enoiaeiui i?eioeeiii anae
o?enoeaineie oeeinioee. Eiaiii aeaaiaea?y yoiio aeiaiaoo o?enoeainoai
aeaei aeaeaiea ie?a, iiaue ianooaa ioeaiee anaai auoey, a oii /enea e
ii?i /aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey. Aeiaiao i o?eaaeeinoaa Aiaa, niaeanii
Oei?aineiio; ioiaiyao aieiaiie caeii eiaeee – caeii oiaeaeanoaa e
ooaa?aeaeaao i?ioeai?a/ea a ea/anoaa aeaaiiai i?eioeeia iuoeaiey. Aia
aaeeiue a o?ao eeoeao, ii aai oaaaeaeaieth, yoi aiieiuaiiia
i?ioeai?a/ea. Aaeeiinouiinoue eeoe Aiaeanoaaiiie O?ieoeu oeacuaaao eae
ia ?aaeueiia eo aaeeinoai, oae e ia iaiaa ?aaeueiia eo ?acee/ea.

Eae ecaanoii, aioeiiiee – yoi i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo aeaoiy noaeaeaieyie,
oiicaeeth/aieyie, caeiiaie, iaeeiaeiai iainiiaaiiuie e eiae/anee
aeieacuaaaiuie. Iaeaieaa iieii i?eioeei aioeiiiecia ?ac?aaioae E. Eaio a
naiae ciaiaieoie “E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia”. Aioeiiiee, n oi/ee c?aiey
Eaioa, iaia?oaeeaathony oiaaea, eiaaea ?acoi iuoaaony aueoe ca i?aaeaeu
/oanoaaiiiai iiuoa e iiciaoue a i?eioeeia iaiiciaaaaioth «aauue a
naaa». I?aaineaaiua aiaineiau N. Aoeaaeia e I. Oei?aineee
i?eniiniaeee eaioianeoth iaoiaeieiaeth aeey iainiiaaiey iieiaeaiey i
ianiiniaiinoe /aeiaaea ?aoeeiiaeueiui iooai iinoe/ue o?ainoeaiaeaioiia
ia/aei, eiia/iua oaeiu auoey. *aeiaae, ii eo iiaieth, inoaeaeai ia
iinoiyiioth neooaoeeth aioeiiiecia. Aioeiiieci «iaia?oaeeaaao
iaaeinoaoi/iinoue nee /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia , eioi?ue ia ecaanoiie oi/ea
i?eioaeaeaiey inoaiaaeeaaaony, eai ia?aoiaeeo e ia?uao e i?iianoe, a
aianoa n oai, ia iiaeao ia eaeoe aei yoie oi/ee» ( Aoeaaeia N.I. Naao
iaaa/a?iee. N. 39).

Iaaiciiaeiinoue iiciaoue i?e?iaeo Aiaa, nouanoaiaaiea aiaeanoaaiiie
oaeiu – yoi iaeei ec aeaaiuo i?eioeeiia anaai o?enoeaineiai
e??aoeeiiaeecia. Niaoeeoeea iiaeoiaea e ?aoaieth yoie i?iaeaiu
i?aaineaaiuie aiaineiaaie, n iiceoeee aioeiiiecia, ninoieo ia a oii, /oi
yoio i?eioeei eeoue aiaoia naycai n ooaa?aeaeaieai aeey /aeiaa/aneiai
oia o?ainoeaiaeaioiie ?aaeueiinoe. Aeaaiay aea oeaeue anao yoeo
?annoaeaeaiee aeieacaoue, /oi yoa ianiiniaiinoue ia i?inoi au?aaeaiea
neaainoe e ia?aie/aiiinoe /aeiaa/aneiai oia, ii aai i?eioeeieaeueiie
oua?aiinoe, a?aoiaiinoe. “Yoa i?ioeaiai?noaaiiinoue eiia/iinoe e
aaneiia/iinoe a a?aoiaiii ?acoia eee ?annoaeea, anoue au?aaeaiea
aeoai/aeoaai i?ioeai?a/ey ei?aiiuo ii?i naiiai ?acoia a aai nia?aiaiiii
iaaeoai ninoiyiee”. (Aoeaaeia N.I. Naao iaaa/a?iee. N. 98). Iaeiaei,
i?aaineaaiua aioeeioaeeaeooaeenou ia iiaoo inoaiiaeoueny ia eiinoaoaoeee
yoie iunee. A?aoiaiiio, ia?aie/aiiiio eiae/aneiio iuoeaieth
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony iniaay aeooiaiay niiniaiinoue aeaeaiey ie?a. Yoa
niiniaiinoue eiaao ?acee/iia iaicia/aiey – aa?a, ethaiaue, ?aeeaeiciue
iiuo e o. ae.

?aeeaeiciue iiuo, aa?a, n oi/ee c?aiey aioeeioaeeaeooaeenoia, – yoi ia
iiciaiea a no?iaii cia/aiee yoiai neiaa, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycue
/aeiaaea n Aiaii, aioo?aiiaa /oanoai, aicieeathuaa ec iio?aaiinoe a
o?ainoeaiaeaioiii. Oaeie acaeyae ia aa?o, ii eo iiaieth, ia iicaieyao
nionoeoueny aei o?aeoiaee aa eae nenoaiu eaeae eee einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo
oi?i au?aaeaiey, a, iai?ioea, aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ?anniao?eaaoue eae
aeeaoth, iinoiyiii iaiiaeythuothny naycue n Eenonii O?enoii. I?e iiiiue
?aeeaeiciiai iiuou, eae aaeeinoaaiiie oi?iu i?iieeiiaaiey /aeiaaea e
eiia/iui oaeiai auoey, ?aeeaeiciua aioeeioaeeaeooaeeenou no?aiyony
ia?aaeeoue aa?io/aiea io e?eoe/aneie iunee n iiceoeee aeaiiuo iao/iiai
iiciaiey. “?aeeaeiciue iiuo, ii ooaa?aeaeaieth N. O?aiea (1877 -. 1950),
niaea?aeeo niciaiea aaniethoiiai iiaouanoaa aiaeanoaaiiie nayouie,
ianiio?y ia aa yiie?e/anee ia?aie/aiioth neeo. Iiuo i aa?oiaainoaa,
anaiiaouanoaa, nayouie yaeyaony ianoieueei iaiin?aaenoaaiiui, ianoieueei
naiii/aaeaeiui iaoaio na?aeoeo, /oi – iineieueeo iu aai aiiaua eiaai –
ii ia iiaeao auoue iieieaaeai ieeaeeie “oaeoaie”, ieeaeeie enoeiaie
yiie?e/aneiai ii?yaeea” (O?aie N. Naao ai oueia. N. 86). A eiia/iii
n/aoa, ?aeeaeiciue aioeeioaeeaeooaeeci i?eoiaeeo e ioe?iaaiiiio
ienoeoeecio. ?aeeaeiciue iiuo iieo/aao enoieeiaaiea, eae
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia neeyiea /aeiaa/aneie aeooe n Aiaii, ia?aoiae
/aeiaa/aneeo ia?aaeeaaiee, /oanoa a cai?aaeaeueiia, o?ainoeaiaeaioiia
ecia?aiea.

0 i?e?iaea iunee

Nouanoaoao anoanoaaiiay i?iaeaiaoeea aeey oeeinioneie iunee, aianoa n
iaecaaaeiuie aeey iaa aii?eyie, ec eioi?uo iia auoiaeeo oeaiith
oyaeaeuo aea?oa, aiaaeay a iaeiinoi?iiiinoue “ioaea/aiiuo ia/ae”,
oeeinioneie a?ane (anee iiae a?anueth ?acoiaoue i?iecaieueiia eca?aiea
/aai-oi iaeiiai, /anoe aianoi oeaeiai, o. a. eiaiii iaeiinoi?iiiinoue).
Yoi eca?aiea, – a?anue, ii?aaeaeyao iioea e oa?aeoa? oeeinioneie
nenoaiu, aeaeaao aa eae oacenii, oae e aioeoacenii ii ioiioaieth e
ae?oaei nenoaiai e oai aeeth/aao a oeaeue aeeaeaeoeeo iunee, a eaeiaoth
naeaeae iiiuoeo – e i?eoii ia iainiiaaoaeueioth – aianoeoue anth
enoi?eth oeeinioee Aaaaeue.

Ana oeeinioneea nenoaiu, eioi?ua oieueei ciaao enoi?ey oeeinioee,
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie oaeea «a?ane», niciaoaeueiua e caaaaeiiua
iaeiinoi?iiiinoe, i?e/ai ai anao ieo iaeia noi?iia oi/ao noaoue anai,
?ani?ino?aieoueny ia ana.

Iiaeii aeaoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue ioaao ia aii?in, /ai aucuaaaony oaeay
eo iaeiinoi?iiiinoue, eee iaeiiiioeaiinoue, ec eioi?ie iioii i?eoiaeeony
auaiaeeoue e ?acaeaaoue iiiaiia?acea anaai. I?e/eio yoo oeacaoue ia
o?oaeii: iia iaeeoei. Yoi aeoo nenoaiu e iaoin nenoaiu, a nenoaia anoue
ia /oi eiia, eae naaaeaiea iiiaiai e anaai e iaeiiio e, ia?aoii –
auaaaeaiea yoiai anaai eee iiiaiai ec iaeiiai. Eiae/aneay iai?a?uaiinoue
eee, /oi oi aea, iai?a?uaiia eiae/aneia auaaaeaiea anaai ec iaeiiai,
eioi?ia aeaeaao anth nenoaio e?oaii ieiei iaeiiai oeaio?a, iai?a?uaii
i?ioiaeeiui ai anao iai?aaeaieyo e ia ciathuei ieeaeeo ia?a?uaia, aio
caaeaiea, e eioi?iio anoanoaaiii e iaecaaaeii no?aieony /aeiaa/aneay
iuneue, ia inoaiaaeeaaynue i?aae ianeeeai e naiiiaiaiii, iaoiaeaie e
eeethceyie.

Eiae/aneee iiieci, yaeythueeny anoanoaaiiie iio?aaiinoueth ?acoia –
ratio – e oaea iiae?acoiaaathuee aiciiaeiinoue aaeaeaaoiiai,
iai?ioeai?a/eaiai ie?iiiciaiey, ninoaaeyao iaono?aieioth /a?oo anyeie
oeeinioneie nenoaiu, eioi?ay niooii eee io/aoeeai, einoeieoeaii eee
niciaoaeueii, ?iaei eee aieinoaothua i?eoycaao auoue aaniethoiie
oeeinioeae e naie yneec auoey ?anniao?eaaao eae nenoaio ie?a.

E i?aaeaea anaai aicieeaao aii?in: aiciiaeia ee aiiaua oaeay
iiienoe/aneay nenoaia ie?a? Aiciiaeia ee aaniethoiay oeeinioey? E ia /ai
iniiaaia oaeay aa?a ?acoia e a naie neeu e a i?aaeeueiinoue naiie naiae
caaea/e?

Ia yoio aii?in /aua anaai ioaa/atho a aeooa neaioeoeecia, ?aeyoeaecia,
aania?aeiiiiai ino?ioiie/aiuey a’1a Ieeao Iiioeeneee: /oi anoue
enoeia? Ii ia aiai?y oaea i oii, /oi e neaioeoeeci anoue oaeaea naiaai
?iaea aaniethoiay oeeinioey, ia aanueia iiiaia i?eoycathuay, ii
i?ioeai?a/eo naiiniciaieth ?acoia, aai na?ueaciinoe, ianoie/eainoe e
iaionooiiinoe, eee, eo/oa neaaeai, aai iaecaaaeiie i?iaeaiaoeea. ?acoi
ia iiaeao auoue ii?aaeai neaioe/aneei aieaieai, eai naie neeu e naie
no?aieaiey ii niciaao. Oae aaeeea aai na?ueaciinoue, /oi e iae ia iiaeao
iaeoe aeinooia neaioe/aneia eaaeiiuneea, e ianoiyuee niciaoaeueiue
neaioeoeeci anoue aiiaua ?aaeeia yaeaiea a enoi?ee. Iau/ii aea n iei
niaoeaaaony ?aciuo iooaieia ?aeyoeaeci, o. a. ia?aiauoiue, a?oaue
iao/iue aeiaiaoeci, eae iaeuecy aieaa aeaeaeee io neaioeoeecia (oaeia
nia?aiaiiue iao/iue iiceoeaeci). ?acoi iuoaao e ia iiaeao ia iuoaoue
iiauo aceaoia, e, iaeiaei, eaaeaeue oaeie aceao iaecaaaeii
nii?iaiaeaeaaony e iaaeaieai, e enoi?ey oeeinioee anoue ia oieueei
?anneac ia yoeo aceaoao, ii e nei?aiay iiaanoue i iaecaaaeiuo iaaeaieyo
e ?ieiauo iaoaea/ao. Ionoue aeaaea yoeo iaoaea/ ia caia/atho naie
oai?oeu oeeinioneeo nenoai, naay enoi/aaoea ia yoi oneeea, inoathueany
aei eiioea aeecie aethaeaiu a naith nenoaio, eae Oiiaiaaoa?, e
aiia?aaeathuea, /oi iinoeaee naio enoeio, eae Aaaaeue. Oai ooaea aeey
ieo, iioiio /oi enoi?ey aaeaieia eeaeieo yoo eo neaiioo e iaee/aao
eeethcee. Aea e eae onoiyoue ia?aae eeoeii iiiaeanoaaiiinoe nenoai, a
oi aea a?aiy ooaa?aeaeay aaniethoioth oeaiiinoue naiae nianoaaiiie?
Eeaeieoue ee niia?ieeia eae eaeeioia e iioaiieeia, /oi aeaeae,
iai?eia?, Oiiaiaaoa?? Ii yoi neeoeii aeaoaai e iaee/aao ?acaa oieueei
aeo?iie aeon e ceie oa?aeoa?. Eee aea enoieeiaaoue eo eae naieo
nianoaaiiuo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, aeeaeaeoe/anee caeiiiia?iuo, ii
niaa?oaiii iiaeiuathueony a aaniethoiie nenoaia, eae o Aaaaey, oae /oi
any enoi?ey oeeinioee, a nouiinoe, ieacuaaaony enoi?eae nianoaaiiie
oeeinioee Aaaaey, aeeaeaeoe/anee ?acaa?ouaathuaeny? Yoi icia/aao, aac
niiiaiey, niyoea naiiai aii?ina, ii e iaae yoei i?eoycaieai niaaony
aeaeueiaeoay enoi?ey iunee. Eaaeaeay oaeay nenoaia oi/ao auoue eiioeii
ie?a e caaa?oaieai enoi?ee, eioi?ay, iaeiaei, ana i?iaeieaeaaony. Eee
iaeaieoea eee iaaeiiioaiiinoue – oaeia i?eaiai? enoi?ee oeeinioee,
ia/a?ouaaaiue ath naiith iaae anaie oneeeyie ?acoia iiaeiaii O?iiino,
iiaee?athuaio naieo aeaoae. C?aeeua aacooaoiia! Io iaai nianaao ?acaa
oieueei o/aiue iaaeaioeci, iaoiaeyuee aeon a eieeaeoeeiie?iaaiee, aaea
nia?aiu i?aaeiaou ?aaeeinoe e oinoaaiiiai ecyuanoaa. Iaeiaei anee iu
aniiiiei, /oi a yoie eoinoeaia?a nia?aiu ia ?aeiaeiu e iia?yeooee, ii
aeinoeaeaiey aunoeo iai?yaeaiee /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia, oi iocaeiay oi/ea
c?aiey i?aaenoaaeony iai ai anae naiae iaoianoiinoe e aeaaea
eiuoinoaaiiinoe.

Enoi?ey oeeinioee anoue o?aaaaeey. Yoi – iiaanoue i iiaoi?ythueony
iaaeaieyo Eea?a e i iiauo aai aceaoao. Yoo o?aae/aneoth noi?iio
oeeinioee, eioi?ay anoue e oaeae eaaeaeiai iuneeoaey, ino?i /oanoaiaaee
iaeioi?ua oiu, eae Aa?aeeeo e Ieaoii. Eaio iiaeioae e naiiio e?ath
aacaeiu a naiai o/aiee ia aioeiiieyo e inoaiiaeeny. Nouiinoue o?aaaaeee
ninoieo a oii, /oi /aeiaae no?aaeaeao caeanue ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
aeiie, e aeaaea aoaeo/e i?aa eiaeeaeaeoaeueii e iiae/eiyynue a naieo
o?aaiaaieyo aaeaieyi nauoa, ii a oi aea a?aiy caeiiiia?ii aeaiao.

Oeeinio ia iiaeao ia eaoaoue, ii aeieaeai iiaeiyoueny a yoe?, ii aai
e?ueuey iaecaaaeii ?anoaeaatho io nieia/iie aea?u, e ii iaaeaao e
?acaeaaaony. Iaeiaei i?e yoii aceaoa ii ia/oi aeaeeo, e ia yoii aeaeaiee
e ?anneacuaaao a naiae oeeinioee. Ianoiyuee iuneeoaeue, oa e aea eae e
ianoiyuee iiyo (/oi a eiia/iii niunea iaeii e oiaea), ieeiaaea ia a?ao,
ia ni/eiyao, ii niaa?oaiii ene?aiai e i?aaaeea, e, iaeiaei, oaeae aai –
iaaeaiea. Eai ii ainoioae nenoaiu: ae?oaeie neiaaie, ii caoioae
nicaeaoue (eiae/anee) ie? ec naay, ec naiaai nianoaaiiiai i?eioeeia –
“aoaeaoa eae aiae”, – ii yoa eiae/aneay aeaaeoeoeey ie?a iaaiciiaeia
aeey /aeiaaea. E, i?aaeaea anaai, ii i?e/eiai aia /aeiaa/aneie aiee e
niiniaiinoae ?acoia eaaeauei: ie? ia ?acoiai a oaeii niunea, a eaeii
oi/ao aai iinoeaaoue «aeaaeooee?othuay» oeeinioey, oeeinioneay nenoaia
eae oaeiaay, eeanne/aneia e i?aaeaeueiia au?aaeaiea eiathuay a
Aaaaea. Oi/iaa, oioy a ie?a e oea?eo ?acoi, ii iaeuecy neacaoue, /oi ana
aeaenoaeoaeueii ?acoiii, eae aeoiae yoi Aaaaeue. Yoi ia cia/eo, /oi
iii ia?acoiii, a oai aieaa i?ioeai?acoiii: aeaenoaeoaeueiia ia oieueei
?acoiii, ii e aia ?acoiii, e ?acoi aiana ia anoue aaeeinoaaiiue,
en/a?iuaathuee e ananeeueiue no?ieoaeue ie?a, eaeiaui aai iaaieueii
eniiaaaeoao anyeay oeeinioneay nenoaia, iino?iythuay ie?. A ecaanoiii
niunea ?acoi eiaao eeoue ?aoeaeneth i ie?a, ii ii ia anoue aai
ia?aiia/aei. Iiyoiio a iinoeaeaiee ie?a ?acoi caaeneo io iieacaiee
auoey, io iaeioi?iai ienoe/aneiai e iaoaoece/aneiai iiuoa, io /aai,
ai?i/ai, a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e ia ioeacuaaaony oeeinioey, anaaaea
euouay ia?aoaiey ia?aiia/aea a nica?oeaiee, oc?aiey aai, ioe?uoey. E
yoi ioe?uoea ioithaeue ia anoue aeo iunee iii aeaaony ia iuneeoaeueiui
oneeeai, ii oeaiueth oiicaeeth/aiee, iii anoue ioe?iaaiea naiiai ie?a a
/aeiaa/aneii iiciaiee, iaeia ciaiea.

E iaiaaeeaiii aicieeaao iiaue aii?in: ciaiea nouaai, eae aai
naiiioe?iaaiea, caai?aaony a ?acoia, ii a ninoiyiee ee ?acoi
inaieoue ioe?uaathuaany e naaa anneieee?iaaoue, naycaoue aai a
aaeeinoai, a nenoaio? *oi ii yoi aeaeaao e ia iioaao yoiai ia
aeaeaoue, yoi ynii naii niaith, oaeiaa aai i?e?iaea, “a?oeoaeoiie/aneee
aai eaeaae”, au?aaeaynue ycueii Eaioa. Ii anee ?acoi nai iono e aanneeai
oai?eoue niaith e ec naay, oi aeinoaoi/ii ee ii neeai, /oiau naanoe e
aaeeinoao, o. a. nenoaia, ana aio ioe?uaathuaany? I/aaeaeii, /oi anee
ie?, aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue anoue ia iaeii oieueei ?acoiiia auoea, oioy e
ioe?uaathuaany ?acoio, iii ia iiaeao ?ane?uoueny aei eiioea, iii
inoaaony iaanaaaea oieueei ?ane?uaathueiny, ii nouanoao aoaeo/e oaeiie,
niaea?aeauae a naaa enoi/iee iiaiai iiciaiey e ioe?iaaiey, e aianoe
naao ?acoia ai ana oaeieee anaeaiiie, oi?acaeieoue anyeoth oaeio,
naeaeaoue aa i?ic?a/iie ?acoio, eae iiee yoi Aaaaeue, a a eeoea aai e
any oeeinioey, iaaiciiaeii. Aaeeinoaaiiue ionthaea auaiae –
naiaia?aciue yiie?eci, inaiaiaeaeaiiue io ia?aie/aiiiai e iiioeythuaai
enoieeiaaiey, ii acyoue ai anth aeoaeio aeeciaiiiai e ienoe/aneiai
iiuoa.

Yiie?eci anoue ianoiyuay aiinaieiaey aeecie, ioe?iaaiey oaei, eaeiaui
anaaaea yaeyaony iiciaiea aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e iuoeaiea i iae. A oi aea
a?aiy oeeinioey ieeiaaea ia iiaeao inoaaaoueny aieui yiie?eciii,
eioi?ue, ai?i/ai, e ia aiciiaeai, iioiio /oi ?acoi iinoeaaao naycue
anaai ni anai, i?eaiaey iiiaeanoaaiiinoue e aaeeinoao, e iaiai?io. Eoae
?acoi ia iiaeao nai ec naay ia/eiaoueny e nai ec naay ii?iaeaeaoue
iuneue, eai iia ?iaeaeaaony oiaea a nouai e ioiineoaeueii nouaai, a
naiiioe?iaaiee iineaaeiaai; e a oi aea a?aiy ii naiiio/aoai e
naiicaeiiai a naiai iooe e a naiai aeaea.

Anee ?acoi anoue ia ia?aia, a aoi?ia, ia ecia/aeueiia e ia
naiiii?aaeaeathuaany, ia aicieeathuaa e ?iaeaeathuaany a oii, /oi
iioieiae/anee ia?aaa ?acoia, oi e neea aai niioiineoaeueia oiio, a
/ai ii ?iaeaeaaony, /oi neoaeeo aeey iaai iauaeoii aai iiciaiey.

Ninoiyiea ?acoia, eae e ninoiyiea iuneyuaai /aeiaaea, iiaeao auoue
?acee/ii, eiaoue ?aciua nooiaie. Aaaeue anee a oeeinioee ?acee/aaony
cae?aaue niune eee iau/iue i?aeoe/aneee oi, aeaeaa ?annoaeie e,
iaeiiaoe ?acoi (n iniaaiiie yniinoueth yoi ?acee/aiea naeaeaii o
Aaaaey), oi ieacuaaaony, /oi a naiii ?acoia anoue noaiaie, e anoue
aieaa e iaiaa ?acoiiue ?acoi: ?annoaeie anoue ia?acoiiue ?acoi,
ioae?inoue eioi?iai yaeyaony ia?aie/aiiinoueth ia?aae eeoeii ?acoia, a
a oi aea a?aiy ii anoue ana-oaee neea iunee, oia, iaeia e oa aea
?acoiiay noeoey inouanoaeyao naay e a ?acoia e a ?annoaeea. Ii/aio aea
ia. aeiionoeoue aua e aeaeueiaeoaai ainoiaeaeaiey a caoiiua iaeanoe,
oioy au oaia?ue aeey iaai aua ia aeinoeaeeiua e, iaeiaei,
i?eioeeieaeueii aiciiaeiua, e naa?o oiai, ii naeaeaoaeuenoao
o?enoeaineeo iiaeaeaeieeia, ei ia iaaeinooiiua?

Eia/a aiai?y, aieaciue, ii?/a, eneaaeaiea anaai /aeiaa/aneiai
nouanoaa, eioi?ui yaeeny ia?ai?iaeiue a?ao, ii?aaeaao e ?acoi e aeaeaao
aeey iaai iaaiciiaeiui, cae?uaay ieaiaiiui ia/ii oa?oaeia – aioeiiieyie,
aeinooi e ae?aao ?aeneiai iiciaiey. E, ai anyeii neo/aa, naia ioae?inoue
o?aaoao io ?acoia naiiiiciaiey, iaeiaei ia a Eaioianeii oieueei niunea –
?acai?ee iaoeiu ia ioaeaeueiua /anoe, /oiau eo ia?a/enoeoue e niiaa
nia?aoue, ii a niunea iinoeaeaiey ?aaeueiuo a?aieoe ?acoia, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu auoue iniciaiu, oioy au ?acoi e oie?aeny a aioeiiiee.

Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi naiia iniiaiia no?aieaiea ?acoia, – e eiae/aneiio
iiiecio, o.a. e eiae/anee nayciiio e iai?a?uaiiio enoieeiaaieth ie?a
ec iaeiiai ia/aea, ieacuaaaony iainouanoaeiui, e aaniethoiay nenoaia
oeeinioee iaaiciiaeiie. Yoi, eiia/ii, ia iaoaao oiio, /oi anee ia
aiciiaeia oeeinioey, oi aiieia aiciiaeii e iaiaoiaeeii
oeeinionoaiaaiea, e ?aoeaeoe?othuay, iniuneeaathuay ?aaioa ?acoia
nio?aiyao ioithaeue ia iaiueoaa cia/aiea, iaaeaee a iaaa?iie e
i?aoaaee/aiiie aai naiiioeaiea.

?acoi, no?aiynue e iiiecio, e eiae/aneiio nicaeaieth ie?a ec naay,
oaeoe/anee niaa?oaao aeo i?iecaiea, ecae?ay ec aeinooiiuo aeey iaai
iiuoiuo ia/ae oi eee eiia e, oaeei ia?acii, anooiay ia iooue oeeinioneie
a?ane (a auoa ?acuyniaiiii niunea).

Ioe?iaaiea i ie?a anoue ioe?iaaiea Aiaa i naaa naiii. ?aeeaeiciua
aeiaiaou, “ieou” a niunea aiinaieiae/aneii, yaeythony, aianoa n oai, e
i?iaeaiaie aeey ?acoia, eioi?ua ii inaaeaaao e iniuneeaaao. ?aeeaeiciay
iniiaa oeeinionoaiaaiey anoue oaeo, ia iiaeeaaeauee aeaaea inia?eaaieth,
ana ?aaii niciaaony ii ath eee ia niciaaony. E a yoii niunea enoi?ey
oeeinioee iiaeao auoue iieacaia e enoieeiaaia eae ?aeeaeiciay
a?anaieiaey. Oeeinioneay oa?aeoa?enoeea a?ane a enoi?ee o?enoeaineiai
aiaineiaey ninoieo eiaiii a oii, /oi neiaeiia, iiiaiiioeaiia,
aioeiiie/aneia aeey ?acoia o/aiea oi?iuaaony, i?eniiniaeyaony e
iinoeaeaieth ?acoia, ?aoeeiiaeece?oaony e oai naiui eca?auaaony. Ana
iniiaiua a?ane i?aaenoaaeytho niaith iiaeiaiue ?aoeeiiaeeci a i?eiaiaiee
e aeiaiaoai. ?aoeeiiaeeci, eae oaeia ceioiio?aaeaiea ?acoiii, eiaao
enoi/ieeii ai?aeinoue ?acoia, iiieiaaioth ia a niunea ee/iie
ai?aeaeeainoe ioaeaeueiuo oeeinioia – a?anaieiaia, ii a iauaeoeaiii
niunea – iaciaiey ei naiae nianoaaiiie i?e?iaeu, a?aieoe e ninoiyiey.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia ycuea nia?aiaiiie oeeinioee iiaeii neacaoue, /oi
oeeinionoaothuea a?anaieiae iiaeiiu a aeiaiaoecia, a ionoonoaee
e?eoe/aneiai iniciaiey a?aieoe ?acoia.

Anoue o?e iniiaiuo naiiii?aaeaeaiey iunee, ia?acothueo aeey iaa enoiae e
ii?aaeaeythueo aa i?eaioaoeeth. Ii yoei o?ai ?oaaaeai ?acaeaeythony
ana oeeinioneea nenoaiu n eo iniiaiuie ia/aeaie:

1) – Eiinoanue eee ee/iinoue

2) – Eaeay eee eaeaaeueiue ia?ac, eiain, niune

– Noanoaioeeaeueiia auoea eae aaeeinoai anao iiiaioia eee iieiaeaiee
auoey, eae ?aaeecothuaany ana.

ss aniue Ia/oi (iioaioeeaeueii ana) – yoa oi?ioea, au?aaeathuay
noaeaeaiea, niaea?aeeo a naaa a nie?auaiiii aeaea ia oieueei noaio
nouaai, ii iioiio e noaio enoi?ee oeeinioee. Yoo o?ao/eaiioth oi?ioeo,
niaea?aeauoth a naaa eiae/aneia o?eaaeeinoai e o?ienoaaiiinoue iiiaioia
naycuaathuoth a ia?acaeaeueiinoue e ianaeiiinoue, iai?anoaiii a ?aciuo
iai?aaeaieyo ?annaeaao oeeinionoaothuay e a i?iecaieueiinoe yoiai
?anna/aiey e eca?aiey ioaeaeueiuo ia/ae a?aoe/anoaothuay iuneue, e
niiniaii yoiai ?anna/aiey ii?aaeaeyaony noeeue oeeinionoaiaaiey.

A iniiaa naiiniciaiey, oae aea eae e anyeiai aeoa iunee, aai
caia/aoeaaathuaai, eaaeeo o?ienoaaiiinoue iiiaioia, o?eaaeeinoai,
eioi?ia eiaao au?aaeaiea a i?inoii oeia noaeaeaiey: y aniue A. Iaiauay
yoi a oa?ieiao eiae/anee-a?aiiaoe/aneeo, iiaeeaaeauaa, neacoaiia e
naycea, – iiaeii neacaoue, /oi a iniiaa naiiniciaiey eaaeeo
i?aaeeiaeaiea. Aeoo anoue aeeaia, iai?anoaiii ?aaeecothuaa naay
i?aaeeiaeaiea. Anyeia iiaeeaaeauaa, “eiy nouanoaeoaeueiia” eee
caiaiythuaa aai neiai, nouanoaoao ii ia?aco e iiaeiaeth ianoieiaiey
ia?aiai eeoea, iiaeeaaeauaai (noauaeoa) ii i?aeiouanoao: iii ae?iaeony e
iiiaeeony a aan/eneaiiuo ca?eaeueiuo iiaoi?aieyo. Ianoieiaiea ia?aiai
eeoea, neiaaniue ienoe/aneee aeano, eiaao niaa?oaiii aaeeinoaaiioth a
naiai ?iaea i?e?iaeo e yaeyaony iniiaie anyeie aaue, eae eiaie
nouanoaeoaeueiiai. Eaaeaeia i?aaeeiaeaiea iiaeii i?eaanoe e oeio
niaaeeiaiey ss n aai neacoaiui, aeaaea iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iii, eiay
enoeiiui iiaeeaaeauei ss, yaeyaony, ana oeaeeeii, neacoaiui yoiai ss,
eai ii ioiioaieth e ss ana, aanue niune anoue neacoaiia, e eaaeaeia
noaeaeaiea anoue iiaia e iiaia naiiii?aaeaeaiea ss, anee ia ii oi?ia, oi
ii nouanoao. Eaaeaeia noaeaeaiea iioieiae/anee i?eaiaeeony e iauaio
ioiioaieth noauaeoa e iauaeoa, eioi?ua nooue ia /oi eiia, eae ss,
eiinoanue, e aai i?e?iaea, ?ane?uaathuay aai niaea?aeaiea , aai
neacoaiia, iii ia i?eaiaeeony a naycue n iiaeeaaeauei nayceith auoey. A
oi?ia noaeaeaiey oaeia e i?e?iaea iunee, eeth/ e o?acoiaieth
oeeinioneeo iino?iaiee. ss, naiicaieiooia, iaoiaeyuaany ia iai?enooiiii
ino?iaa, e eioi?iio ia aeinyaaao ieeaeia iuoeaiea eee auoea, iaoiaeeo
a naaa iaeioi?ue ia?ac auoey, auneacuaaaony a “neacoaiii”, e yoio ia?ac
iiciaao eae naia nianoaaiiia ii?iaeaeaiea, naii?ane?uoea, eaeiaia e
anoue naycea. A yoii niunea any iaoa aeeciue, a iioiio e ana iaoa
iuoeaiea yaeyaony iai?a?uaii inouanoaeythueiny i?aaeeiaeaieai, anoue
i?aaeeiaeaiea, ninoiyuaa ec iiaeeaaeauaai, neacoaiiai e naycee.

Ii eiaiii iioiio ia i?aaeeiaeaiee, eee noaeaeaiee eae anaiauae e naii
niaith iiae?acoiaaathuaeny oi?ia iunee, iaiaa anaai inoaiaaeeaaeanue
oeeinioey, e oieueei ii-naiaio, a ia?aie/aiiie iinoaiiaea aii?ina,
inoaiaaeeaaeenue eiaeea e a?aiiaoeea. Ia caiaoeea noaeaeaiey –
i?aaeeiaeaiey e aai oieaa?naeueiiai cia/aiey e e?eoeea Eaioa.

A i?aaeeiaeaiee caeeth/aia nouiinoue e ia?ac auoey, i?aaeeiaeaiea ianao
a naaa aai oaeio, eai a iai nie?uo ia?ac o?ie/iinoe. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao
i?aaeeiaeaiey, nouiinoiia ioiioaiea i?ioeaeony anyeiio iiiecio,
oeeinioee oiaeanoaa, eioi?ia no?aieony ?anoai?eoue ana o?e aai /eaia,
naaaey eo e iaeiiio: eeai e iiaeeaaeauaio, eeai e neacoaiiio, eeai e
naycea. Oaeei no?aieaieai ?oeiaiaeeony anyeay oeeinioneay nenoaia,
iineieueeo iia anoue oeeinioey oiaeanoaa. Eeai iiaeeaaeauaa, eeai
nayceo, eeai neacoaiia iauyaeyao iia aaeeinoaaiiui ia/aeii, e ec iaai
ana auaiaeeo eee e iaio ana i?eaiaeeo. Oaeay “aeaaeoeoeey” eeai
iiaeeaaeauaai ec neacoaiiai, eeai iaiai?io, eeai oiai e ae?oaiai ec
naycee oaeoe/anee e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaaioth caaea/o, a aianoa e
ia?ac?aoeioth o?oaeiinoue aeey oeeinionoaothuae iunee, eioi?ay no?aieony
e iiiecio, e naaaeaieth anaai ai /oi au oi ie noaei e ia?aiaaeeinoao.

Ecia/aeueiia e enoiaeiia aaeeinoai, io?eoeathuaa o?ienoaaiioth i?e?iaeo
i?aaeeiaeaiey, oaeia ei?aiue anyeie oeeinioneie nenoaiu e aa
o?aaaaeey. Yoi aaeeinoai anoue ia oieueei iinooeao, ii e enoiaeiay
aeneiia aeey iunee, e yoa aeneiia eaaeeo a iniiaa anae enoi?ee
oeeinioee.

Iaaeaeo oai yoa aeneiia iaaa?ia, a iioiio e ana oneeey oeeinioee ouaoiu,
e ia iiaoo ia i?aaenoaaeyoue niaith ?yaea o?aae/aneeo iaoaea/, i?eoii
oeie/aneiai oa?aeoa?a: nieia/iue aea? iaecaaaeii ?anoiieyao neeaaiiua
aineii e?ueuey Eea?a, a eaeii au iai?aaeaiee ii ie eaoae. Eai, eae
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao oi?ia i?aaeeiaeaiey-noaeaeaiey, io?aaeathuay ia naaa
naii no?iaiea nouaai, iniiaa nouaai ia aaeeie/ia, ii o?ienoaaiia ai
aaeeinoaa, o?eaaeeia, e eiaeiue iiieci, i?eoycaiea oeeinioee oiaeanoaa,
anoue caaeoaeaeaiea, oeeinioee.

Noanoaioeey aaeeia e o?ienoaaiia. E yoie nii?yaeaiiinoe aaeeinoaa e
iiiaeanoaa aa iiiaioia ie/oi ia iiaeao i?aiaeieaoue, a iioiio e ia
aeieaeii e oiio no?aieoueny. Eiinoanue, eeoei, y nouanoaoao, eiay naith
i?e?iaeo, o. a. iinoiyiii neacoaiia e ieeiaaea aei eiioea ia ec?aeaaiia
naia ioe?iaaiea, eioi?ia ii e inouanoaeyao eae naia nianoaaiiia auoea
(a ?aciuo aai iooaieao eee iiaeaeueiinoyo).

“Noanoaioeey” nouanoaoao ia oieueei “ii naaa”, eae iiaeeaaeauaa, ii e
“aeey naay”, eae neacoaiia, e i?eoii “ii naaa e aeey naay”, a naycea,
eae auoea. E yoe o?e ia/aea aiana ia nooue eeoue aeeaeaeoe/aneea iiiaiou
iaeiiai, ae?oa ae?oaa nieiathuea e oi?acaeiythueany a neioaca, iao,
yoi nooue o?e iaeiia?aiaiii e ?aaiii?aaii nouanoaothuea, eae au ei?ie
auoey, a naiae niaieoiiinoe yaeythuea aeeciue noanoaioeee.

Eiinoaniia ss iaii?aaeaeeii ii naiiio naiaio nouanoao. Aoaeo/e ss,
eiinoanueth, eaaeaeue ciaao, i /ai eaeao ?a/ue, oioy yoi e iaec?a/aiii
(a oieueei ec?aeaaii). Eiaiii naiay nouiinoue eiinoane ninoieo a oii,
/oi iia iaii?aaeaeeia, iaiienoaia, noieo ca i?aaeaeaie neiaa e iiiyoey,
a iioiio e ia iiaeao auoue au?aaeaia a ieo, oioy e iinoiyiii a ieo
?ane?uaaaony. Ia?aae eeoeii eiinoane i?eee/anoaoao iie/aiea, aiciiaeai
oieueei iaiie ienoe/aneee aeano, eioi?ue oaea aoi?e/iui, ?aoeaeoeaiui
aeoii – ia eiaioaony, ii “aianoi eiaie” iaicia/aaony ,ianoieiaieai, y.

Iaii?aaeaeeiinoue yoa ia anoue, iaeiaei, ionoioa, eiae/aneee ioeue,
iai?ioea, eiinoanue anoue i?aaeiinueea eiae/aneiai, noauaeo iunee.
Ioeai/ii aeoiaoue, /oi iuneue noieo ia naieo iiaao, aea?aeeony ia naaa
naiie: iia aicieeaao e nouanoaoao a oii, /oi ia anoue iuneue, ii aianoa
n oai ia yaeyaony /oaeaeui, eiii?e?iaeiui iunee, a /ai ?iaeaeaaony
iuneue e /oi iia iai?a?uaii niaie iaaeaaao.

Anee aaea oianoii e i?eiaieii Eaioianeia ?acee/aiea iioiaiia e
oaiiiaiia, oi eiaiii caeanue, i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea acaeiiuo ioiioaiee
eiinoane e aa i?e?iaeu, noauaeoa e iauaeoa, iiaeeaaeauaai e neacoaiiai,
eai y, eiinoanue, anoue iienoeia aauue a naaa, iioiai, e iia, o. a. nai
aeoo, iaaaee inoaaony o?ainoeaiaeaioia iunee ii naiae i?e?iaea,
iieiaeaieth e ioiioaieth e iae.

Ii o?ainoeaiaeaioiia anaaaea e ia?ac?uaii naycaii n eiiaiaioiui,
eiiaiaioe?oaony; iiaeeaaeauaa, eiinoanue, anaaaea ioe?uaaaony,
auneacuaaaony a neacoaiii. Naii niaith ?acoiaaony, eiinoanue a yoii
niunea ia anoue ineoieiae/aneia y, ineoieiae/aneay noauaeoeaiinoue ,
eioi?ay yaeyaony oaea ii?aaeaeaieai eiinoane, neacoaiui, a ia
iiaeeaaeauei: aeoo ia ineoieiae/ai, e eiinoanue ie a eaeii niunea ia
yaeyaony ineoieiaeciii.

Eiinoanue ia anoue aeaaea e oi aiinaieiae/aneia y, eioi?ia ciaao Eaio
eae aaeeinoai o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiie aiia?oeaioeee. E yoi anoue eeoue
iaiei/ea y, aai “o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiia” neacoaiia, e ioeai/ii aeoiaoue,
/oiau iaecia?eiay aeoaeia eiinoaniiai aeooa naiaeeeanue e yoie naaoiaie
oi/ea, e oaeaeo iiciathuaai niciaiey. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaoao oaea
iaeii oi, Eaioii ca anaie aai e?eoeeaie i?iniio?aiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai,
/oi y eiinoaniia, iioiaiaeueiia, anoue ia?aceiaeeiia aaeeinoai,
inouanoaeythuaany ia oieueei a iiciaiee, ii e aiea, /oanoaa, aeaenoaee,
ai anae aeecie. Iii naycoao niaie «/enoue», “i?aeoe/aneee” e
ynoaoece?othuee (ioeaieaathuee) ?acoi.

Eiinoaniia y anoue aeeaie aeoo (/oi anoue, ai?i/ai, neiiiei), e aai neea
aeecie iaen/a?iaaia ie a eaeii ii?aaeaeaiee. Ii yaeyao naay ai a?aiaie,
ii nai ia oieueei i?aauoa a?aiaie, ii e naiie a?aiaiiinoe. Aeey eiinoane
ia nouanoaoao aicieeiiaaiey e aeaaee, ia/aea eee eiioea.
Aiaa?aiaiiay, iia aianoa e naa?oa?aiaiia, ae i?eiaaeeaaeeo aa/iinoue,
iia aa/ia oaeaea e a oii aea niunea, eae aa/ai Aia, eioi?ue nai
aaeoioe, ec Naay, aeoo Naie a /aeiaaea i?e aai nicaeaiee.

*aeiaae anoue Nui Aiaeee e oaa?iue aia, e ia?ac aa/iinoe i?enou aio
iaiouaieaii e iaiooi?aeeii. Iiyoiio /aeiaae ia iiaeao ie iiiuneeoue, ie
iiaeaeaoue naiaai oie/oiaeaiey, o. a. oaaoaiey y (e ana iiiuoee
naiioaeenoaa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?iae oeeinioneiai iaaei?acoiaiey e
ioiinyony ia e naiiio y, ii eeoue e ia?aco aai nouanoaiaaiey, ia e
iiaeeaaeauaio, ii e neacoaiiio). Eiinoaniia ss anoue noauaeo,
Iiaeeaaeauaa nayeeo neacoaiuo, aai aeeciue anoue yoi neacoaiia,
aaneiia/iia e oe?eio e aeoaeio.

Ii ia aaiaeeony ee caeanue a iaoaoeceeo, a ea/anoaa ia/aea
iniiaiiieiaeiiai, oi, /oi ia iiaeao auoue ieeae ii?aaeaeaii, yaeyynue
i?eioeeieaeueii o?ainoeaiaeaioiui aeey iunee, ia niaea?aeeony ee caeanue
iaaei?acoiaiey, ioeaee, iaeaiinoe? Eae iuneeoue iaiuneeiia? Eae
auneacaoue iaec?a/aiiia? ?acaa neiaanii-ienoe/aneee aeano ianoieiaiey
anoue neiai? Eee ?acaa ss anoue iiiyoea, eiaaea iii naiae
aaeeinoaaiiinoueth e aaeeie/iinouth oie/oiaeaao anyeia iiiyoea, o. a.
iauaa, eaeath? Aiiaua ia ano?a/aainy ee caeanue n oaeei no?iaei
e?eoe/aneei veto, eioi?iai iiaeao ia ono?aoeoueny ?acaa oieueei iieiia
oeeinianeay iaeaiinoue?

Oaeea no?aoe nooue ii?iaeaeaiey caioaaiiiai aiinaieiae/aneiai
aiia?aaeaiey. Iie naycaiu n i?aaeoaaaeaeaieai, aoaeoi iuneue eiaao a
naaa naiiii?iaeaeathuoth neeo, eiaao i?aaeiaoii naaa eiiaiaioiia, o. a.
naiia naay: iuoeaiea, naii naay iuneyuaa, ca?ac e iiaeeaaeauaa e
neacoaiia.

A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aea iuneue ?iaeaeaaony a noauaeoa, aa eiaao –
eiinoanue e a iae iinoiyiii naay ?ane?uaaao. Oieueei oi yaeyaony
cai?aaeaeueii iunee e, eae aiieia ae o?ainoeaiaeaioiia, anoue ioeue aeey
iunee, o. a. aiana ia nouanoaoao, /oi aiieia e anaoeaei
o?ainoeaiaeaioii. Ii oaeay o?ainoeaiaeaioiinoue anoue ia aieaa eae
iaoaiaoe/aneee i?aaeae, ieeiaaea ia ?aaeecoaiue iuneueth, e Ding ansich
, aauue a naaa, anoue ana-oaee iuneeiinoue. Oi, /oi iuneueth iuneeony
eae o?ainoeaiaeaioiia, anoue eiaiii oi, /oi – ia iuneue e a yoii niunea
yaeyaony ae eiii?e?iaeii, a, iaeiaei, aianoa n oai e ?iaenoaaiii,
aeinooiii, ?ane?uaaaony a iae.

Aiiaua o?ainoeaiaeaioiinoue anoue iiiyoea, niioiineoaeueiia
eiiaiaioiinoe, e a yoii cia/aiee iiaeii n/eoaoue o?ainoeaiaeaioiui oio
i?aaeiao iunee, eioi?ui e yaeyaony aa noauaeo, eiinoanue, iiaeeaaeauaa.
O?ainoeaiaeaioii iunee ia oi, /oi iaiuneeii, eae i?ioeai?a/auaa ae, aa
?ac?uaathuaa e oie/oiaeathuaa (aea yoi e ia nouanoaoao aeey iunee, anoue
aeey iaa “oueia e?iiaoiay”, /enoue ioeue), ii oi, /oi anoue ia iuneue,
oi/iaa, ia oieueei iuneue, e, iaeiaei, ?aaeecoaony iuneueth. A yoie
i?iaeaia o?ainoeaiaeaioiinoe caeeth/aaony, eae iu aeaeei, aiiaua
i?iaeaia iuneeiinoe i?aaeiaoa iunee. Iiaeii eae oaiaeii ?anoe?youe
iaeanoue eaoaai?eaeueiiai neioaca e aeaeaoue a aauao eaoaai?ee iunee,
ii yoio iniiaiie aii?in i iuneeiinoe oiai, /oi ia anoue iuneue eee ia
anoue oieueei iuneue, nio?aiyao anth naith neeo e eeoue ia?aiauaaony
a ae?oaia ianoi.

ssnii, /oi naieie neeaie iuneue ia iiaeao aeaoue ioaaoa ia aii?in i oii,
eaeei ia?acii o?ainoeaiaeaioiia iuneeony, e oi, /oi ia iuneue aoiaeeo
a iuneue, noaiiaeony iuneeiui, eaeei ia?acii naao eiaina ?aceeaaaony a
iaeanoe, aeinaea niaa?oaiii /oaeaeie naaoa, e naoueth eiaeee,
eaoaai?eaeueiuie neioacaie oeiaeyaony iaoa?ey iunee. Caeanue eiaao ianoi
iaeioi?ia aei-eiae/aneia eiinoaoe?iaaiea, i?ioiaeeo iaaea iunee,
ioaeaeythuay aa io oiai, /oi ia iuneue.

Eoae, a iniiaa iunee eaaeeo aeeciaiiue aeo, naeaeaoaeuenoaoaiue aeeaui
ia?acii iunee, o. a. i?aaeeiaeaieai, e yoio aeo eiaao o?e iiiaioa,
acaeiii naycaiiuo, ii iaeei e ae?oaiio ia naiaeeiuo. Iiiaiou yoe: /enoay
eiinoaniinoue ss, noauaeo, iiaeeaaeauaa, i?e?iaea ss, ?ane?uaathuay naay
a iai e ia?aae iei, – neacoaiia, e naiiiiciaiea, naiiioianaiea naay e
naiae nianoaaiiie i?e?iaea, aeo ?aaeecaoeee naay a naiae nianoaaiiie
i?e?iaea, auoea eee naycea, aeeciaiiia naiiiiciaiea e naiiooaa?aeaeaiea
ss. Aa/iia ss eiaao naiei neacoaiui iioaioeeaeueiia ana eee ie?, e a
aeoa yoiai niciaiey aeeaao, niciaao naia auoea. Eiinoanue –
iuneeoaeueiue ia?ac, auoea (i?e?iaea) – oaeiai o?eaaeeinoai
noanoaioeee, aa noaoeea e aeeiaieea, a iuneue a yoii o?eaaeeinoaa anoue
neacoaiia, e oieueei neacoaiia. Ana o?e /eaia acaeiii ia?anoi?aeeiu,
eai eiinoanue ia iuneeia a io?uaa io naiae i?e?iaeu, eae e anyeay
noanoaioeeaeueiay i?e?iaea ia nouanoaoao aia iaeaaeathuae ath eiinoane,
a yoi iaeaaeaiea, aa ?ane?uoea, anoue aeo auoey, anoue aiiaua auoea,
aeeciue, eaeiaay iiyoiio ioithaeue ia yaeyaony iiiyoeai eee eiae/aneei
ii?aaeaeaieai, oioy e aiioioth nii?eeanaaony n eiae/aneei.

Iiyoiio nouaa anoue prius, noieo i?aaeaea auoey eee nouanoaothuaai;
nouanoaiaaiea anoue iinoiyiii niaa?oathueeny neioac eiinoane n aa
nianoaaiiie i?e?iaeie, naii?ane?uoea a aeoa auoey. Ii?aaeaeaiey
noanoaioeee anaaaea eneaea oeeinioneay iuneue e ia iaoiaeeea. Yoi
iioiio, /oi (anee ia n/eoaoue o?enoeaineie aeiaiaoeee n aa o/aieai i
o?ie/iinoe) iia eneaea aeo?iiai, ioaea/aiiiai aaeeinoaa – i?inooth e
aaeeioth noanoaioeeaeueiinoue. Ana oneeey eiae/aneiai iiiecia, eioi?ue
ii?aaeaeyao niaith caaeaiea aeey oeeinioneeo nenoai e anoue anaiauay
iiae?acoiaaaaiay eo aeneiia, naiaeyony e naaaeaieth o?ienoaaiiinoe
iiiaioia, o?eaaeeinoaa noanoaioeee, e aaeeinoao, iuneue no?aieony
anneieee?iaaoue naaa oi, /oi eaaeeo a iniiaa iunee e, iaeiaei,
iaaeiiuneeii eee, ia eiae/aneii ycuea, e??aoeeiiaeueii, anoue a naiai
?iaea ei?aiue ec aeaoo.

Iniiaiui “caeiiii”, naiiii?aaeaeaieai e naiiniciaieai iunee yaeyaony
caeii oiaeanoaa (ia?aoiay oi?ia – caeii i?ioeai?a/ey), aa?aioe?othuee
iai?a?uaiinoue iunee, io?aiythuee aa eiiaiaioiia ?onei io nea/eia e
ceyiee. E, iaeiaei, oio caeii, oi/iaa, iinooeao oiaeanoaa, i?eiaiyaiue
ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai iuoeaiey a aai nianoaaiiuo i?aaeaeao, niaa?oaiii ia
i?eiaiei e aai enoieai. Ii ia?ooaaony a iniiaiie oi?ia iunee,
noaeaeaiee-i?aaeeiaeaiee. Eaio onoaiiaee niaa?oaiii i?iecaieueiia e
iaaa?iia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo noaeaeaieyie aiaeeoe/aneeie e neioaoe/aneeie,
eioi?ia eiaao noieue aieueoia cia/aiea aeey aai nenoaiu. A
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe (eae yoi, ai?i/ai, ioia/aii e Aaaaeai a Iaoea
Eiaeee) – ana noaeaeaiey yaeythony e neioaoe/aneeie, e aiaeeoe/aneeie ii
oi?ia, iie, iiae aeaeii ecaanoiiai e naii niaith iiiyoiiai
(aiaeeoe/aneiai), i?aaenoaaeytho niaie nea/ie iaae iai?ioiaeeiie
i?iianoueth e niaaeeiytho iaa aa eiioea (neioac). ss aniue A, yoa
y/aeea iunee icia/aao niaie iniiaiia e ecia/aeueiia io?eoeaiea caeiia
oiaeanoaa. Yoio iineaaeiee iia au naiia aieueoia i?eaanoe e
oiaeaneiaeth: ss – ss ss – ss… – ss e o. ae., aanieiaeiia
naiiiiaoi?aiea eee aea naiiiiaee?aiea ss. Ai?i/ai, iaaei neacaoue, /oi
ss aoi?ia, neacoaiia, a i?aaeeiaeaiee ss – ss oaea ia anoue oi naiia
iaec?a/aiiia, eiinoaniia ss, eioi?ia yaeyaony noauaeoii eee
iiaeeaaeauei, iii niaea?aeeo a naaa eaeath, eae neacoaiia (e a yoii
niunea, a ioiioaiee e eiinoaniiio ss iiaeeaaeauaai, iii yaeyanony oaea
ia ss).

Iiaeeaaeauaa e neacoaiia i?aaenoaaeyao niaith – e a yoii ana aeaei –
ioithaeue ia eiae/aneee aiaeec, aeaaeoeoeeth, neeeiaeci,
aeieacaoaeuenoai (/oi aiciiaeii eeoue ioiineoaeueii niaaeeiaiee oaea
nouanoaothueo i?aaeeiaeaiee), ii niaa?oaiii iaeiae/aneee, oi/iaa,
aiaeiae/aneee neioac. ss anoue ia – ss, ss – ia – ss, ss ioe?uaaaony a
ia – ss e /a?ac ia – ss, eioi?ia /a?ac oi noaiiaeony ss. I?aaeeiaeaiea
niaea?aeeo anaaaea neioac ss e ia – ss. Eaeei ia?acii iiaeeaaeauaa
iiaeao ii?aaeaeeoueny /a?ac neacoaiia, ss a ia – ss? Ia yoi ia iiaeao
auoue eiae/aneiai ioaaoa, oioy yoi ii?aaeaeaiea eiaao neeo iniiaiiai
eiae/aneiai oaeoa, neeith eioi?iai aiiaua aiciiaeia iuneue.
Niciaoaeueiay, naiiio/aoiay iuneue, eiiaiaioiay e iai?a?uaiay a naiai
?acaeoee e aeaeaeaiee, ia iiaeao naay iiiyoue a naiai ?iaeaeaiee, a
ia?aieeaoea. Ioiioaiea iaaeaeo iiaeeaaeauei e neacoaiui ia iiaeao auoue
ii?aaeaeaii eae iaiaoiaeeiia e iai?a?uaiia iuoeaiea, ii eeoue eae
naii-?iaeaeaiea: eae neiai ?iaeaeaaony a oii, /oi ia anoue aua neiai,
oae e iuneue ?iaeaeaaony oai, aaea aua iao ianoa eiae/aneie nayce,
aaea iia oieueei aicieeaao. Yoi-oi ioiioaiea iaeaiui eaiaoii au?aaeaao
oeeinioneee yiie?eci eee iiceoeaeci, eioi?ue niaa?oaiii ni?aaaaeeeai
/oanoaoao iaec?a/aiiinoue nouaai e aanneeea eiaeee ec naay iainiiaaoue
eiie?aoiia ciaiea. Caeanue, eiia/ii, aicieeaao aii?in, i?aaiia?ii ee
naiaeeony anyeia noaeaeaiea oeia A anoue A (ni anaie aai
iiaeaeueiinoyie) e oeio ss aniue A. Ia nooue ee yoi niaa?oaiii ?acee/iua
aeaeu? Iaeiaei, oioy ii niaea?aeaieth iie, eiia/ii, ?acee/iu, ii ii
no?iaieth oiaeanoaaiiu. Aiinaieiae/anee (e aio?iiieiae/anee) enoiaeiui
e oeie/aneei yaeyaony, ianiiiaiii, ss aniue A, Ec ss ?acaeaaaony
ianoieiaiea aoi?iai e o?aoueaai eeoea, a ec iineaaeiaai, iooai
ia?niieoeeaoeee iiiyoey, ?acaeaaaony e anyeay oi?ia noaeaeaiey. Aianoa n
oai iiaeii neacaoue, /oi anyeia noaeaeaiea i?aaeiaoiiai niaea?aeaiey
iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae neacoaiia e ss, eae aai naiiii?aaeaeaiea: oioy
naiinoiyoaeueiia iiaeeaaeauaa (“yoio noie /a?ai”) e aeaao aio iiaeiaea
eiinoaniinoe, eioi?ia a aan/eneaiiuo ca?eaeueiuo iiaoi?aieyo
iai?anoaiii oai?eony iaoei ss, iaeiaei ii nouanoao (aiinaieiae/anee e
iaoaoece/anee) ana i?aaeeiaeaiey yoiai oeia nooue eeoue neacoaiia e
ss: y aeaeo, iuneth, iuouath yoio noie /a?iui. Yoi noaeaeaiea ae?aooea
au?aaeaaony a eiinoaoe?iaaiee auoey noiea ii naaa e aeey naay,
iiaeiaii ss: yoio noie /a?ai. Ia?aienoie iunee, ai anyeii neo/aa, ia
caeanue, ia a yoeo i?aaeiaoiuo iiaeeaaeaueo, ii a enoiaeiie oi?ioea: ss
aniue ia/oi, ss – ia ss (eae yoi n eneeth/eoaeueiie
i?iieoeaoaeueiinoueth auei iiaeia/aii Oeooa). ss eae eiinoanue
naiicaieiooi e iaaeinooiii, iii a naaa naiii, a naieo nianoaaiiuo
iaae?ao, a naiae i?e?iaea aeieaeii ii?iaeeoue naia nianoaaiiia
ioe?iaaiea, eioi?ia auei au oaea eiui ioiineoaeueii ss, e a yoii niunea
ia – ss, ii aianoa n oai yaeyeinue au ioe?iaaieai ss. Ia yoii-oi e
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao e aicaauaao naycea: anoue (noieue i?eau/iue e
aaciaeaeiue a a?aiiaoeea e noieue oaeinoaaiiue e cia/eoaeueiue a
oeeinioee “aniiiiaaoaeueiue aeaaie). Yoi ANOUe, eioi?ia anoue aeaaiia
i?oaeea iunee a aa iia?aoeeyo, oaeaea niaa?oaiii iaiinoeaeeii
eiae/anee, eai iii niaaeeiyao, a ea/anoaa ?aaiiai e oiaeanoaaiiiai,
?acee/iia e eiaeiaia. A anoue A anoue eeai aanniuneeoea, oiaeaneiaea
eeoaiea neia eo ii?aaeaeaiiiai niaea?aeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai cia/aiey aeey
iunee, eeai neioac ?aciiai eae ?aaiiai, eiiai eae oiaeanoaaiiiai. Anyeia
anoue eiaao a ia?aienoiea ia a?aiiaoe/aneee e eiae/aneee, ii
iioieiae/aneee niune: a iai inouanoaeyaony naiiioe?iaaiea eiinoane, iii
anoue iino iaae aacaeiie, niaaeeiythuee nouaa e auoea, iiaeeaaeauaa e
neacoaiia, ei ooaa?aeaeaaony aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, nouanoaiaaiea. Ei a
auoee iieaaaaony ia?ac nouaai, aeeaioai?eony, aeeaao. Naycea ANOUe
anoue aeeciue nouaai. Eoae, noanoaioeey, oi anoue aeoo, anoue
nouanoaothuaa in actu o?eaaeeinoai noauaeoa e nayce iaaeaeo ieie, eo
auoey, i?e/ai ana o?e iiiaioa iieaaathony ia?acaeaeueii e ianeeyiii. Ia
nouanoaoao eiinoane aac i?e?iaeu, i?aaenoaaeythuae niaith iniiao
iauaeoeaiinoe, e iao auoey aac iiaeeaaeauaai, aac nouaai, e aac aai
neacoaiiai – i?e?iaeu. Nouaa iieaaaao nouanoaiaaiea, auoea anoue
aeooaeueiinoue nouaai, eioi?ia a naiae naiiauoiinoe inoaaony auoa auoey.
Ia?acaeaeueiinoue yoeo iiiaioia ynia, ii-aeaeeiiio, naia niaith, ii
noieue aea aeieaeia auoue ynia e eo ianeeyiiinoue. Oeeinioey iia?aoaao e
a oo e a ae?oaoth noi?iio, io?aeaynue io o?eaaeeinoaa ?aaee aaeeinoaa.
Iaei oiai, eaaeaeue ec yoeo o?ao iiiaioia a naaa ianao e aeooaeueii
niaea?aeeo e iaa inoaeueiua.

*enoay eiinoaniinoue ia iiaeao naeaeaoueny i?aaeiaoii iunee aac
ii?aaeaeaiey ii auoeth, oi anoue aac neacoaiiai e aia eiioaenoa auoey.
Aieay eiinoaniinoue, aani?e?iaeiay e aiaauoeeiay, anoue /enoue ioeue
aano?aeoeee, eioi?ue iu iiaeai ?aaeeciaaoue oieueei ioaeaeathuae
iuneueth a ea/anoaa inoaoea iinea oaeaeaiey ec iunee anyeiai
niaea?aeaiey. Naycea auoue, eioi?ie niaaeeiyaony eiinoanue, iiaeeaaeauaa
ni neacoaiui, ianoieueei i?i/ia, /oi ieeaeea neeu iaaa, caiee e
i?aeniiaeiae ia a ninoiyiee aa ?aci?aaoue. E yoa naycea niaaeeiyao a
aeeciaiiii, auoeeiii aeoa eiinoanue e aa i?e?iaeo, iie niio?yony ae?oa a
ae?oaa, niioiineoaeueiu a oaeie ia?a, /oi eaaeaeue i?eaiaeeo ae?oaie
n iiiiuueth naycee. Eiinoanue ia anoue aeaaea eiinoanue aac iauaeoa eee
aac neacoaiiai, iia anoue iaiaoiaeeii eiinoanue /aai-eeai eee e
/aio-eeai; ?aaiui ia?acii ia nouanoaoao ieeaeiai ii?aaeaeaiey eee
neacoaiiai, eioi?ia auei au res nulius , ia eiaei au naiaai
eiinoaniiai eeea. E ynii naii niaith, /oi auoea, eee naycea, iaiaoiaeeii
eiaao naycoaiua /eaiu, iiaeeaaeauaa e neacoaiia, anoue auoea
eiai-ieaoaeue e /ai-ieaoaeue.

Oaeei ia?acii, noanoaioeey anoue eae au ?aaiinoi?iiiee o?aoaieueiee ABC
oaeu eioi?iai iiaoo auoue i?ieaeaiu a ethaii ii?yaeea, ii eaaeaeue ec
o?ao iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeiieaaaao e i6a ae?oaea.

Eoae, noanoaioeey anoue iaoaoece/aneia o?eaaeeinoai, iaoiaeyuaa
au?aaeaiea a i?aaeeiaeaiee. Yoi o?eaaeeinoai neaaeoao no?iai ioee/aoue
io (iieii) aeeaeaeoe/aneie o?eaaeu Aaaaey, a eioi?ie aa iiiaiou
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eee i?inoia ?an/eaiaiea iunee, eceaaaaiie
neioaoe/anee, eee aea iiiaiou iaeiie i?inoie iunee, ec eioi?uo
eaaeaeue i?aaeuaeouee iiaeiuaaony eee nieiaaony iineaaeothuei, e a
eiioea eiioeia oacen e aioeoacen oo?a/eaatho naie naiinoiyoaeueiue niune
e auoea, aeeaoo a neioaca. Ianiio?y ia iaia?aiii e i?aoaaee/aiii
caino?yaioth aeeaeaeoeeo, aa i?ioeai?a/ey aiieia nieiathony e
?acuyniythony a naiae ioiineoaeueiinoe, ieacuaathony eee iiiaioaie
?acaeoey iiiyoey eee iaaei?acoiaieyie. Iai?ioea, oi o?eaaeeinoai
noanoaioeee, i eioi?ii caeanue eaeao ?a/ue, aiana ia aeeaeaeoe/ii, a
iai ia niaa?oaaony ieeaeiai ?acaeoey ieeaeiai iiiyoey, a iai iao
oacena, aioeoacena, neioaca.

I?aaaea, e a iai anoue iineaaeiaaiea, ii?yaeie, naycue iiiaioia,
auoaeathuay ec eo aioo?aiiaai ioiioaiey. Iiaeeaaeauaa, eiinoanue, anoue
ia?aia; neacoaiia, – aoi?ia; naycea, auoea, -o?aouea. Ii ieeiei
ia?acii e ie a eaeii niunea iaeuecy neacaoue, /oi au o?aouea a neeo
yoiai auei neioacii ia?aiai e aoi?iai, eee ia?aia yaeyeinue oacenii e
aioeoaceno aoi?iio. Aiiaua yoe o?e iiiaioa ioithaeue ia eiatho
eiae/aneie i?e?iaeu, eaeoth iaiaoiaeeii eiatho aeeaeaeoe/aneea
i?ioeai?a/ey. Iai?ioea, iie au?aaeatho niaie iioieiae/aneea ioiioaiey,
eioi?ua aeaiu aeey eiaeee e ath ia iiaoo auoue i?aiaeieaiu, oioy au
aeaeaee aeey iaa aaeeeea cao?oaeiaiey. ?ac?aoeoue noanoaioeeaeueiia
o?eaaeeinoai a aeeaeaeoe/aneia icia/aei au aai eiae/anee i?aiaeieaoue
e oai aeaoue iiaaaeo eiae/aneiio iiiecio , o. a. aaniethoiie oeeinioee,
eiathuae aaeeiue oeaio?, nenoaia.

Ii yoi iaaiciiaeii. Iaaiciiaeii iaeiiaoue eee i?eooieoue oaeu
noanoaioeeaeueiiai o?eaaeeinoaa, eioi?ia eaaeeo a iniiaa anyeie
iunee, ninoaaeyao aa enoiae. Yoi o?eaaeeinoai eiae/anee aeey iunee
aeaaea ia i?eaieaii, iioiio /oi iia euao iaeiiai ia/aea, e iiaeao
no?ieoue oieueei ec iaeiiai. Ecieoe ec o?ao ia/ae iia ia iiaeao, anee
oi/ao inoaoueny naiiaeiaeathuae e eiiaiaioiie, e anee, aneaae ca
ae?aaiei Ia?iaieaeii, eniiaaaeoao: “Iaeii e oi aea anoue iuneue e oi, i
/ai iia iuneeo, – aac nouaai iuneue ia iaeoe, iia ec?aeaaony a nouai.

Eiiai, e?iia auoey (o. a. a aeaiiii neo/aa eiae/aneiai ia?aiia/aea), iao
e ia aoaeao.

Naa?o- eee aiaeiae/aneee enoiae iunee ieacuaaaony e aioeeiae/aneei,
eia/a iiaeii neacaoue, /oi i?aaeiao iunee, – noanoaioeey, nouaa, – ia
eiiaiaioai iunee, eae oi/ao e i?eoycaao iaeciaiii oeeinioey onoaie
Ia?iaieaea, ii ae o?ainoeaiaeaioai, i?aaenoaaeyao a ioiioaiee e iunee
caoiioth oaeio, eioi?oth iauoiuaaao e nai ?acoi, i?eaioe?oynue a naieo
aea nianoaaiiuo iniiaao.

?acoi caeiiiia?ii oie?aaony a aioeiiiee, ii?aaeaeythuea aai nianoaaiiia
no?iaiea e caaea/e. Ii ia eeoaaony aiciiaeiinoe /?ac yoi nica?oeaoue
nouaa e oeeinionoaiaaoue i niunea e cia/aiee yoeo nica?oeaiee, ii ii
i?eaycai e yoei nica?oeaieyi, iuneue eiaao yiie?e/aneea ei?ie. A yoi
icia/aao, /oi ?acoi ioi?aaeyaony ia io ionoiai ianoa e ia ia/eiaao naith
ieoue ec naiiai naay eae iaoe, ii enoiaeeo ec ienoe/aneeo oaeoia e
iaoaoece/aneeo aeaiiinoae. Eia/a aiai?y, anyeay oeeinioey anoue
oeeinioey ioe?iaaiey – ioe?iaaiey Aiaeanoaa a ie?a. Aeneiiu oeeinioee
ia aeaaeooee?othony, ii eeoue oi?ioee?othony, e aaoiiiiiay, /enoay
oeeinioey eee iaaiciiaeia, eee aea ?ieiaui, iaono?aieiui ia?acii
ia?a/aia ia aii?eth, i?eaiaeeo e o?aaaaeee aacunoiaeiinoe. A yoeo neiaao
iaiaa anaai iiaeii neuoaoue aiein neaioeoeecia: nianai iai?ioea, aa?a a
enoeio, eioi?ay aeoaaea ?acoia e aio cai?aaeaeueia, ioithaeue ia
ineaaeyao e ia ia?aeecoao aceaoia e yoie enoeia. Iaeuecy aeaeaoue
caeanue e oie/oiaeaiey oeeinioee, eioi?ay ooaa?aeaeaao naia nianoaaiiia,
i?eiaaeeaaeauaa ae ianoi, inaiaiaeaeaynue io eiaeiuo i?eoycaiee. Caeanue
inia?eaathony e ioaa?aathony eeoue i?eoycaiey ?aoeeiiaeecia ia
iino?iaiea aaeeiie, aaniethoiie, ianeaicue i?ic?a/iie nenoaiu ie?a, o.
a. oi eiaiii i?eoycaiea, eioi?ia ninoaaeyei e ninoaaeyao, oi a
aieinoaothueo e naiioaa?aiiuo, oi a iiaeaaeaiiuo e iaeaioiee/aneeo
oiiao, – aeooo anae iiaie oeeinioee io Aeaea?oa, e i?aaeaeueiia e
eeanne/aneia au?aaeaiea iieo/eei a Aaaaea. Iineaaeiee aiieia ioe?iaaiii
e iineaaeiaaoaeueii noaaee oeeinioeth auoa ?aeeaee, i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii
i?eciaiee oiaeanoaa eo i?aaeiaoa, iaeiaei i?e ?acee/ee a niiniaao
onaiaiey. Iu noaaei iaiai?io: ?aeeaey, eae ioe?iaaiea, eae o/aiea ia
?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneia, ii aeiaiaoe/aneia eee ieoioai?/aneia, i?aaeoanoaoao
oeeinioee e iinoieueeo noieo auoa aa. A yoii niunea anyeay
oeeinioey, eae o/aiea i ie?a, iai anai, anoue iaiaoiaeeii e
aiaineianoaiaaiea.

Anee au /aeiaae iia ii?iaeaeaoue ie? eiae/anee, o. a. nieioue
iinoeaaoue aai auoea ?acoiii, a oaeii neo/aa ii nai aue au aiaii eee
aiieia neeaaeny au n Aiaii, oai?yuei ie? (ia yoi e i?eoycae, ii
nouanoao, Aaaaeue). Oiaaea aai oeeinioey noaiiaeony oiaea, eiia/ii, e
aiaineiaeai, aeinoeaoei aunoae nooiaie niciaoaeueiinoe. Ii e aeinooiiay
/aeiaaeo oeeinioey yaeyaony anoanoaaiiui aiaineiaeai aaeaeo oiai, /oi
oaeiu ie?a e Aiaa caeanue ?ane?uaathony eiae/anee, /a?ac ?acaeoea
iunee. Iaeiaei iu ?acoiaai caeanue ia naiiniciaiea eiiaiaioiie iunee,
eioi?ay ie a /ai ia ioaeaeaaony, eai naiiii?iaeaeaieai nicaeaao naia
nianoaaiiia niaea?aeaiea. Iu ?acoiaai yeaiaiou, iioonoi?iiiea iunee e
aeey iaa iai?eaieaiua e, iaeiaei, ieacuaathueany a naiie aa iniiaa.
?acaee?athuea ?acoi aioeiiiee – iie aea aai no?iyo e ii?aaeaeytho.

“E?eoe/aneee aioeiiieci” a iaoaoeceea e aiinaieiaee noaiiaeony, oaeei
ia?acii, ia ianoi aeiaiaoe/aneiai ?aoeeiiaeecia. Iineaaeiee
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiiiiueyiaiea ?acoia, oiiaiea naieie neeaie e
aeaeaiea i?iecaanoe noaaeo ia ?acoi aei eiioea, i?iecaanoe yenia?eiaio
?acoiiiai enoieeiaaiey anaai ie?a. Oaeie yenia?eiaio a naiie
a?aiaeeiciie oi?ia i?iecaae, eiia/ii, oio aea Aaaaeue. E?eoeoeeci
ninoieo eiaiii a auyniaiee no?iaiey ?acoia e aai iniia ia a oeaeyo
?acaai/aiey ?acoia, iai?ioea, a oeaeyo aai oe?aieaiey e a naaoa yoie
e?eoeee enoi?ey oeeinioee eiaiii e i?aaenoaaeyaony eae o?aae/aneay
a?anaieiaey.

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