Iineianeee aunoee einoeooo oi?aaeaiey.
A?oaiaaeueneee oeeeae.
I?aaeiao iieeoieiaey.
?aoa?ao :
*aeiaae eae noauaeo e iauaeo iieeoeee.
Nooaeaio : ?uaeeia Na?aae Aeeoi?iae/.
Oaeoeueoao : Yeiiiie/aneee, 1 eo?n. ? AY-195959
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue : Eiciaeoeeay Ia?aa?eoa Oaaei?iaia.
A?oaiaaeuene – 1996
I E A I ? A A I O U :
Aaaaeaiea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3
*oi oaeia aeanoue ? . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
*aeiaae a iieeoeea. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
*aeiaae e iieeoeea.
Iieeoeea e /anoiinoue.
*aeiaae e aeanoue. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
?acee/iua eiioeaioeee aeanoe.
I?aaa /aeiaaea.
Caeeth/aiea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u. . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. Aaaaeaiea.
Iaeaieaa eioa?aniie, n?aaee i?aaeeiaeaiiuo aeey aeaiiie ?aaiou oai, iia
iieacaeanue oaia i iieeoeea e /aeiaaea. Oae eae ii naiae i?e?iaea y
ethaeth iioeeinionoaiaaoue i /aeiaaea: i aai iinooieao, i?e/eiao,
iiaoaeaeathueo niaa?oaoue yoe iinooiee, oi oaia iieeoeee e /aeiaaea
iicaieeo iia eo/oa ?acia?aoueny a yoie iaeanoe.
Eiia/ii, eiaaea ?a/ue caoiaeeo i iieeoeea, iaeuecy ia aniiiieoue i?i
aeanoue. Yoi iaeaieaa eioa?aniue aniaeo /aeiaaea a iieeoeea. Oaia aeanoe
aieioao eaaeaeiai. ss iaycaoaeueii oaeaeth aieiaiea a aeaiiie ?aaioa
oaia /aeiaaea e aeanoe, oae eae yoi i/aiue eioa?aniue aii?in.
Aiiaua iieeoeeie y eioa?anothnue iaei. Iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue yoi eae
iaaethaeaiea ni noi?iiu, eee aiai?y ycueii iieeoieiaee – ia o?iaia
noauaeoa – iiaeaeaiiiai. Oioy a auai?ao o/anoaoth iinoiyiii, e a aeaiue
auai?ia i?aceaeaioa oiaea iaycaoaeueii iieaeo aieiniaaoue. N
eaiaeeaeaoii oaea ii?aaeaeeeny. Noa?athnue ?acia?aoueny a iieeoeeao ii
eioi?iaoeee, eioi?ay iia iiiaaeaaony. Ii yoi iaeuecy iacaaoue aeoeaiui
o/anoeai, oae eae y ia ninoith a ia?oeyo e ia no?aiethnue e yoiio. E
oiio aea ii eioi?iaoeee iinooiathuae a ia/aoue e ia oaeaaeaeaiea o?oaeii
ii?aaeaeeoueny a ioiioaiee e iieeoeea e aa aeayoaeyi ec-ca niiiaiey a aa
i?aaaeeainoe. Nae/an eiaeue noaea iauaeaiiui aeaeii. Iia iiaiea ninoieo
a oii, /oi iaiaoiaeeii ianeieueei ?ac na?ueacii i?iaiaeece?iaaoue
enoi/ieee eioi?iaoeee ia aa i?aaaeeainoue e oieueei oiaaea iiaeii
noaeeoue ia iauaeoeaiinoe enoi/ieea. Eo/oa a?aoue n?aco ianeieueei
enoi/ieeia ia iaeiii e oii aea.
Iai?eia?: nianai iaaeaaii aue neo/ae ioe?iaaiiiai a?aiuey a “I?aaaea
Naaa?a” i?i noaoenoeeo i?anooieaiee e eo ?ane?uaaaiinoe. Auee
i?aaeeiaeaiu aeaiiua ec aeieeaaea ia iaeanoiii canaaeaiee ii aii?ino i
i?anooieaieyo ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae a?aiaie. Oeeo?u a yoii aeieeaaea
auee, /anoii aiai?y, yaii caieaeaiu, /oi iiaeoaa?aeeeinue /a?ac
ianeieueei aeiae, eiaaea a yoie aea aacaoa auee aeaiu aeaiiua ca oio aea
ia?eiae e iaiaa ?aaeinoiiai niaea?aeaiey. Aea?aea a ?oeao aeaa yoe
noaouee, eioi?ua auee iaia/aoaiu n ?acieoeae a ia?o aeiae, y oaeeaeaiii
iiaeae iea/aie e ?aoee, /oi ai aoi?ii neo/aa aeaiiua aieaa aeecee e
enoeia, ii aua ia ecaanoii i?aaaeeau ee e iie.
Iinea yoiai neo/ay y iioa?ye inoaoee aeiaa?ey e iaeanoiiio
ecaeaoaeuenoao “I?aaaea Naaa?a”, ?aoea /oi iii naay ia oaaaeaao, oae eae
ia ii?aaaeuaaao naiaai iacaaiey. Ioeaee auoue ia iiaei – y ianeieueei
?ac n?aaieaae iaa noaouee.
Iiaeao iieacaoueny no?aiiui oi, /oi y oaeaeee neeoeii iiiai aieiaiey
yoiio neo/ath, ii y oae aeoiath: /oi ecaeaoaeuenoai aacaou, iacaaa naay
“I?aaaeie Naaa?a”, ii?aaeaeeei naith iieeoeeo – iieeoeeo i?aaaeu, o.a.
i?iaa?aiiie eioi?iaoeee. Ii/aio aacaoa ia eciaee/eea aeieeaae/eea
iaeanoiiai nia?aiey ? – inoaaony aeey iaiy caaaaeeie. A aeaaiia, /oi iia
ia i?aaeony a ethaeyo – ieioia ioiioaiea e naiae ?aaioa. Yoi oaea ec
iaeanoe ee/iinoiie iieeoeee /aeiaaea.
2. *oi oaeia aeanoue ?
Iniiaiie i?iaeaiie iieeoeee yaeyaony i?iaeaia aeanoe, oi/iaa aiai?y
i?iaeaia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Ai?ueaa ca aa caaiaaaiea e
inouanoaeaiea – yoi iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea iieeoeee, a iiyoiio e iniiaiie
aii?in, eioi?ui caieiathony iaoee, eco/athuea iieeoeeo.
Iiiyoea aeanoe aiiaua, ?aaii eae e iiiyoea iieeoe/aneie aeanoe,
o?aeooaony ii-?aciiio, eae a iauaeaiiii niunea, oae e a iao/iie
eeoa?aoo?a. A iianaaeiaaiie aeecie iu aiai?ei i aeanoe iooea iaae
aeaoueie, i aeanoe i?i?iea iaae iineaaeiaaoaeyie aai o/aiey, i aeanoe
iaae /aeiaaeii nee i?e?iaeu, iiae ainiiaenoaii eioi?ie iu iaoiaeeiny,
iiea ia noiaai iiae/eieoue eo naaa, i aeanoe ainoaea?noaa iaae
a?aaeaeaiaie. Yoe iiiyoey aanueia ?acee/iu, /anoi eiathuea iaaeaeo niaie
iaei iauaai.
Aeanoue – yoi aiciiaeiinoue i?eeacuaaoue a oneiaeyo, eiaaea oio, eiio
i?eeacuaatho, iaycai iiaeiiaaoueny. Aiai?y i i?eeacuaaiee e iiaeiiaaiee
iu eiaai a aeaeo ii?aaeaeaiiue oei aicaeaenoaey ia iiaaaeaiea ae?oaeo
ee/iinoae, ioee/iue io oiai, /oi iau/ii iacuaatho “aeeyieai”.
Oae iai?eia?, eiaaea ae?oa i?eaeaoaao ae?oaa noiaeeoue a eeii ia
eioa?aniue oeeuei, ii ia i?eeacuaaao aio, a eniieuecoao naia aeeyiea ia
ae?oaa aeey i?eaea/aiey aieiaiey e oeeueio, eioi?ue eaaeaony aio
eioa?aniui. Oae aea e a?a/ niaaooy i?eieiaoue eaea?noaa iaoeeaioo, ia
i?eeacuaaao aio aani?aeineiaii iiae/eiyoueny aai ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyi, a
niaaooao yoi naeaeaoue aeey oeo/oaiey caei?iauey. Oaeea i?iyaeaiey
aeeyiey iaeuecy iacaaoue aeanoueth. A aeaiiuo neooaoeeyo /aeiaae aieai
iinooiaoue eae aio caoi/aony, oiaaea eae aeanoue iiae?acoiaaaao
iiae/eiaiea e auiieiaiea i?eeaca. Iao aeanoe aac iiaeiiaaiey, ii yoi
iiaeiiaaiea – yaeaiea ioiineoaeueiia. Yoi iiaeii au?aceoue eia/a: Eaai
eiaao aeanoue iaae Iao?ii a oie noaiaie, a eaeie Iao? auiieiyao
i?eeacaiey Eaaia.
Aiaeece?oy ana aniaeou iaoaai iiaeoiaea e ii?aaeaeaieth aeanoe iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi yoi ii?aaeaeaiea aeieaeii aeeth/aoue neaaeothuea yeaiaiou:
– ia iaiaa aeaoo ia?oia?ia ioiioaiee aeanoe, i?e/ai yoeie ia?oia?aie
iiaoo auoue eae ioaeaeueiua eeoea, oae e a?oiiu eeoe;
– i?eeac inouanoaeythuaai aeanoue, oi anoue au?aaeaiea ei aiee ii
ioiioaieth e oiio, iaae eai ii inouanoaeyao aeanoue, nii?iaiaeaeaaiue
oa?icie i?eiaiaiey naieoeee a neo/aa iaiiaeiiaaiey au?aaeaiiie oaeei
ia?acii aiea;
– iiae/eiaiea oiai, iaae eai inouanoaeyaony aeanoue, oiio, eoi aa
inouanoaeyao, oi anoue iiae/eiaiea au?aaeaiiie a i?eeaca aiea
inouanoaeythuaai aeanoue.
Iauaa iiiyoea aeanoe iiiiaeao oaia?ue iai ii?aaeaeeoue iiiyoea
iieeoe/aneie aeanoe.
Iieeoe/aneay aeanoue – yoi ii?aaeaeaiiue aniaeo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
aieueoeie nioeeaeueiuie a?oiiaie. E.Ia?en e O.Yiaaeuen ieooo ii yoiio
iiaiaeo: “Iieeoe/aneay aeanoue a nianoaaiiii niunea neiaa – yoi
i?aaieciaaiiia ianeeea iaeiiai eeanna aeey iiaeaaeaiey ae?oaiai”. Yoi
ii?aaeaeaiea ioiineony e iieeoe/aneie aeanoe a
eeanniai-aioiaiienoe/aneii iauanoaa, iineieueeo oieueei a oaeii iauanoaa
iiaeao eiaoue iniiaaiea o?aeoiaea iieeoe/aneie aeanoe eae ianeeey ii
ioiioaieth e ae?oaei eeannai.
Aeey iieeoe/aneie aeanoe iaiaoiaeeiu ana oa yeaiaiou, eioi?ua aiiaua
iaiaoiaeeiu aeey inouanoaeaiey aeanoe, e e?iia oiai:
a) iauanoaaiiia ?acaeaeaiea iaaeaeo a?oiiie (a?oiiaie), inouanoaeythuae
aeanoue, e a?oiiie (a?oiiaie), a ioiioaiee e eioi?ie aeanoue
inouanoaeyaony;
a) i?aaieciaaiiia i?eioaeaeaiea, eae iniiaa inouanoaeaiey aeanoe.
Iiaeao auoue, /oi a oaeii iiieiaiee iieeoe/aneay aeanoue oiaeaeanoaaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe? Iao, iineieueeo anyeay ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue
a i?aaenoaaeaiiii caeanue iiieiaiee yaeyaony iieeoe/aneie aeanoueth.
Iaeiaei ia anyeay iieeoe/aneay aeanoue yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoueth. Iiae ainoaea?noaaiiie – iu iiieiaai oieueei aeanoue,
inouanoaeyaioth niaoeeaeueiui, iainiaeaiiui aiia?aoii.
Aieaa eee iaiaa ?acia?aaoenue a ii?aaeaeaieyo aeanoe, ia?aeaeai e
auyniaieth ioiioaiey /aeiaaea e aeanoe e iieeoeea.
3. *aeiaae a iieeoeea.
*aeiaae e iieeoeea.
A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaaei ioiaoeoue oi, /oi a iieeoeea nouanoaoao o?e
neiy, eioi?ua i?aaeii?aaeaeytho oi, ianeieueei ethaee eioa?anothony
iieeoeeie. Yoi iieaaeao iai ee/iinoue eae noauaeo iieeoeee.
1) Ia?ioeaeueiue neie (eee aanniciaoaeueiue)
Ii aeeth/aao a naay ethaeae, eioi?ua ia eioa?anothony iieeoeeie – oi
anoue eo ia eioa?anoao oi, /oi i?ienoiaeeo ia aa?oeia aeanoe, iie
caia/atho oieueei aeiaaeueiua ia?aiaiu.
2) Noauaeou – iiaeaeaiiua (eee ioeaii/iue neie)
A yoio neie aoiaeyo ethaee, eioi?ua eioa?anothony iieeoeeie ia o?iaia
iaaethaeaoaeae – oi anoue ia o/anoaotho aeoeaii a iieeoe/aneie aeecie
iauanoaa, ii e ia eaii?e?otho yoo aeeciue. Iie ioeaieaatho i?ienoiaeyuaa
e aeaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiua auaiaeu.
ss n/eoath, /oi aieueoeinoai ec ian ioiinyony eiaiii ei aoi?iio neith.
3) Noauaeou – ia?oeoeeiaiou (aeoeaiue neie)
Yoio neie aeeth/aao a naay ethaeae, eioi?ua aeoeaii o/anoaotho a
iieeoeea, eioi?ay, iiaeao auoue, yaeyaony iniiaiui aeaeii aeayoaeueiinoe
a aeecie oaeeo ethaeae.
ss oaea oiiieiae i oii, /oi nei?aa anaai yaeythnue i?aaenoaaeoaeai
aoi?iai neiy iieeoeee – ioeaii/iiai. Iiaeao a aoaeouai y aoaeo
ioiineoueny e ae?oaiio neith, e eaeiio, iieaaeao a?aiy.
Oeacuaay ia yoi, y eiath a aeaeo oi, /oi ana o?e neiy iieeoeee ia
iinoiyiiu ii iauaio. *aeiaae, a oa/aiee aeecie, iiaeao ianeieueei ?ac
ia?aoiaeeoue ec iaeiiai neiy a ae?oaie, iaiyy oai naiui naia ioiioaiea e
iieeoeea.
Ia?aoiae io iaeiiai neiy e ae?oaiio, ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai
aeeciaiiui iiuoii /aeiaaea, aai aeaeaieai aeeyoue ia ie?oaeathuoth
iauanoaaiioth aeeciue, iiieiaieai cia/aiey iieeoeee a aeecie iauanoaa,
io e eiia/ii ee/iinoiuie iniaaiiinoyie /aeiaaea.
I?iaeaia ee/iinoe a iieeoeea eiaao o?e aeaaiuo aniaeoa, ia eioi?ua
neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea:
1) Ee/iinoue eae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe /aeiaaea.
Caeanue eiaaony a aeaeo oi, /oi ee/iinoiua iniaaiiinoe /aeiaaea iiaoo
ii?aaeaeyoue aai acaeyae ia iieeoeeo, aai ioiioaiea e iae. Iai?eia?,
/aeiaae, iniiaiua /a?ou eioi?iai ioaeeainoue, aacaieueiinoue e
aaca?aiioiinoue – ia aeiaueaony oniaoa a iieeoeea – aio oai aiiaua
aeaeaoue ia/aai.
2) Ee/iinoue eae i?aaenoaaeoaeue a?oiiu, eae eniieieoaeue ii?aaeaeaiiie
iieeoe/aneie ?iee.
A yoii aniaeoa ?anniao?eaaaony ee/iinoue eae i?aaenoaaeoaeue a?oiiu
ethaeae, eioi?ua eiatho ioiioaiea e iieeoeea. Yoi iiaeao auoue
iieeoe/aneay ia?oey, ?oeiaiaeyuee i?aai e o.ae.
3) Ee/iinoue eae ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiue aeoeaiue o/anoiee
iieeoeee, iaeaaeathuee ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaiueth naiaiaeu.
E yoiio aniaeoo ioiineiny a aieueoeinoaa iu n aaie. Iu o/anoaoai a
auai?ao e o.ae., /ai ii?aaeaeyaony iaoa o/anoea a iieeoeea.
Iieeoeea e /anoiinoue.
O ian i?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi iieeoeea – yoi noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe a
eioi?ie iao ianoa ii?yaei/iinoe, /anoiinoe, ii ainiiaenoaoao iaiai e
no?aieaiea iieo/aiey aeanoe ethauie iaoiaeaie, ca/anooth aeaeaei ia
aaciaeaeiuie.
ss aeoiath, /oi ioaao ia aii?in i oii, niaianoeiu ee iiiyoey /anoiinoue
e iieeoeea, e?iaony a ioaaoa ia aii?in i oii, eaeie /aeiaae caieiaaony
iieeoeeie. I?iua aiai?y – anee iieeoeeie caieiaaony /aeiaae, eioi?iai
eaaei iiaeii neeiieoue e iaiaio eee “eoieoue”, oi caeanue iieeoeea ia
aoaeao /anoiie, o.e. n iiiiuueth iaa oaeie /aeiaae aoaeao no?aieoueny
iieo/eoue ei?unoioth auaiaeo aeey naay, iaei caaioynue i oii, /oi ii
iiaeao naeaeaoue aeey ae?oaeo. Ionthaea aa?ao ia/aei ei??oioeey aeanoe.
Io e eiia/ii, anee o aeanoe iiyaeyaony /anoiue iieeoee, aeaeathuee
i?eianoe iieueco ethaeyi, oi aai iieeoeea aoaeao oaeie aea eae e ii nai
– /anoiie e iieaciie.
E niaeaeaieth o ian a ?innee ?aaeei iiaeii iaeoe /anoiiai iieeoeea.
Ionthaea e iaoa iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e iieeoeeai, noiyuei o aeanoe.
I?aaiu aeanoe i/aiue neeueii ei??oiie?iaaiu, /oi i?eiineo iai ?acaoe
i?anooiiinoe e yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen.
Nae/an, aeiaieueii iiiaea n/eoatho, /oi auei oi?ioi i?e aeanoe
eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee. Aea, auei oi?ioi, ca n/ao aoaeouaai. An?
iieaciia eciaeeea auei aeinoeaiooi ianniaui oie/oiaeaieai oiai, /oi auei
ainnoaiiaeaii iinea aiaiiie ?ac?ooe.
Aea?aaiy ioaeaaaea ana /oi iiaea e yoi i?eaiaeeei e iaieuaieth naea e
eieoicia. Ieaiiaia oie/oiaeaiea ?iaaoiai neioa naa?o oiai, /oi iiaeii
auei ainnoaiiaeoue, i?eaiaeeei e i?eeaaeai caaaeaiiui eieaanie, eioi?ay
ia ieo e aieea.
An? naiia eo/oaa ioi?aaeyeinue ca ?oaaae ii niaoiui oeaiai. Ooaea oaeee
?aee iaooe, iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, ana, /oi i?ineee ca a?aieoeae, iu n
?aaeinoueth ioaeaaaee aea?ii, aea?oaoy o?oaeii ia?iaea.
Yiioa eiiioienoia – yoi yiioa iieacooe. ss aeoiath, /oi ni iiie
niaeanyony iiiaea.
Aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi iiaeii oniio?aoue oi?ioaai a iaoae oiaaeaoiae
eiiioienoe/aneie nenoaia yoi oi, /oi ?aoaiey i?aayuaai i?aaia – OeE EINN
auiieiyeenue aani?aeineiaii e auno?i. O ieo auea oaeay oeaii/ea i?aaiia
ia?oee, eioi?ay iicaieyea eioi?iaoeee iiiaioaeueii aeioiaeeoue io
aeaaiiai i?aaia aei naiiai ieaeanoiyuaai. Oioy ?aoaiey eiiioienoia /aua
anaai auee i?inoi aano?aeii, ethaee ii/aio-oi auiieiyee eo. Iiiai ee
iaaei oia, /oiau iinaaiua ieiuaaee i?aaeiacia/aiiua iiae ioaieoeo
canayoue eoeo?ocie, a ia aea?aaith nionoeoue ieai ii oaith neioa,
eioi?ue niiniaai i?iei?ieoue ai?iae.
Ei?i/a aiai?y, noaey ii oiio, /oi o ian oaia?ue eiaaony iu aeieaeiu
n?i/ii /oi-oi i?aaei?eieiaoue. O eiiioienoia oaea aue oain iieacaoue
naay, iie yoi naeaeaee. Anee au i?e eiiioienoao ana auei a ii?yaeea, oi
ii/aio iieo/eeinue oae, /oi iie aeanoue iioa?yee? Ia aa?th y a oi, /oi
ia?iae ia caueoee au aeanoue, eioi?ay i?eianea au aio ii?iaeueioth
aeeciue.
I?inoi oiaaea iiiaea niciaaaee, /oi aie?oa oai?eony, i?inoi ia caaueny
aua no?ao noaeeiecia e o?eaeoeaouo aiaeia. Ia?iae aiyeny ia?oeeiuo
“oeoae”, e iie yoei iieueciaaeenue.
Nae/an, aianoa n Cthaaiiaui e aeanoe oioyo i?eeoe ana oa aea ia?oeeiua
aeayoaee, /oi auee ?aiueoa, a cia/eo e oeaeue o ieo inoaeanue oa aea –
o?aaoue iiaieueoa e oaiaoue iiaeieueoa.
Iia iiaiea oaeia – nae/an ia?aiaia aeanoe iai ie/aai oi?ioaai ia noeeo.
Iaaei iao/eoue ?aaioaoue oao, eoi oaea anoue. Ii e?aeiae ia?a Aeueoeei
ie/aai iniaaiii ieioiai iiea ia naeaeae, a ?aoi?iu i?iaeaeaaao. I?aaaea
?aaioaao ii aeiaieueii iaaeeaiii, ii eo/oa iaaeeaiii, ii aa?ii.
Inoaeueiua eeoea no?aiyueany e aeanoe o iaiy aiiaua aucuaatho
ioa?auaiea, iniaaiii AEe?eiianeee. Yoio oei iiaeao cai?inoi
ni?iaioee?iaaoue aieio e oa??i?. Yoi o iaai a e?iae. Iia eaaeaony, /oi
ii i?inoi iaeiia?aciaaiiue e iaainieoaiiue /aeiaae. A /oi oaeei iaeuecy
aeiaa?youe no?aio, yoi iu oaea ciaai.
A?uioeaeia aiiaua iia ia iiiyoai. Iiea ii aiai?ee i oii, ii/aio oi/ao
auoue i?aceaeaioii, oi y caiaoee, /oi ii ianeieueei ?ac i?ioeai?a/ee nai
naaa. Ia aeaeo, eae oaeie /aeiaae, eae ii iiaeao auoue iieacai ia?iaeo
?innee.
Ei?i/a aiai?y, iiiai iiaeii neacaoue i oii, aei /aai aea iu aeioee.
Eiaaea ia iino i?aceaeaioa ?innee iiaoo i?aoaiaeiaaoue ethaee, i?eoiae e
aeanoe eioi?uo, noeeo iaecaanoii eaeea iineaaenoaey.
*oi aua iiaeii aiai?eoue i aoaeouai iaoae no?aiu. Auai?u, eioi?ua
i?ieaeoo 16-ai ethiy iieaaeoo iiiaia. Iie iieaaeoo oi, ianeieueei ia?iae
iiieiaao oi /aai oi/ao. Anee eiia/ii auai?u ia aoaeoo eeiiauie, oi anoue
ia aoaeoo iiaeoaniaaiu ?acoeueoaou aieiniaaiey.
Iaaeathnue ia oi, /oi ia?iae naeaeaao i?aaeeueiue auai?. Ana aieueoa
neeiiythnue e oiio, /oi iaaei inoaaeoue Aeueoeeia, /oiau aeaoue aio
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaeieaeeoue ia/aoua ?aoi?iu, a ia ?oaeoue n iea/a,
aua?aa eiiioienoia, /oiau oa ia/aee ana a ei?ia ia?aaeaeuaaoue e
ia?ano?aeaaoue ia noa?ue eaae. Aeiaaeueiua ia?aiaiu aeanoe oaea anai
ec?yaeii iaaeiaee, oae ia aeaeaei e aei a?aaeaeaineie aieiu aeieoe.
Neieueei iiaeii nii?eoue i oii, eiaaea iai auei oi?ioi, a eiaaea ieioi.
Ia ii?a ee i?eieiaoueny ca aeaei e i?inoi naeaeaoue /anoiie e
ni?aaaaeeeaie naith aeeciue. Iia eaaeaony, /oi nae/an naiia iiaeoiaeyuaa
aeey yoiai a?aiy. Naiia aeaaiia i?aiyonoaea – i?aaieciaaiiay
i?anooiiinoue. Ii iia eaaeaony i?inoui ethaeyi, eioi?ua ethayo naia
aeaei e noaiiayony i?ioanneiiaeaie a iai, anaaaea iaeaeaony ?aaioa e
i?eee/iue ca?aaioie.
Anee acyoue iaiy, e i?eia?o, oi y oaea iyoue eao ?aaioath a aaeaeiiiaiee
“A?oaiaaeueneea aicaeooiua eeiee” ii niaoeeaeueiinoe ianeoaeeaaiey YAI.
Iiao ?aiiioe?iaaoue eiiiuethoa?u e ienaoue i?ia?aiiu. Iaaeaeo i?i/ei
ieeaeiai ia?aciaaiey, e?iia n?aaeiaai. Ii?iaeueii ?aaioath e n/eoath /oi
iiiaiai aeinoea. Yoi iiaeii iauynieoue oai, /oi iinoiyiii eiath
i?aaeeiaeaiey ?aaiou a ai?iaea. Ca iineaaeiea iie aiaea o iaiy eo auei
/aou?a. Eiia/ii ieaoyo caeanue ia iiiai, ii y n/eoath, /oi aaeaoeey
naaa?i-caiaaea ?innee iaeiiaoe ?anoeaaoao, e oiaaea aeeciue iiy noaiao
iaiiiai eo/oa. I/aiue iiiai neiaeiinoae ia ?aaioa, ii iu eo ?aoaai.
Iaaeathnue, /oi iaoe oneeey ia i?iiaaeoo aea?ii. A eiioea eiioeia,
aeaaea anee iaoa eiiiaiey e “iae?iaony”, oi ?aaioo iia aeieai eneaoue ia
i?eeaeaony.
Io yoi iie ee/iua aeaea, a /oi einaaony aeae iauanoaaiiuo, oi iaiy
oaeeaeyao iaeia aauue. Ii/aio ioiaieee iaeacaiea ca ooiayaenoai? Iia
eaaeaony, /oi aai ia iaaei auei ioiaiyoue, iiaeao aeinoaoi/ii auei
iaiiiai eciaieoue. Noieueei aie?oa aiiaeae, /oi nicaeaaony aia/aoeaiea i
iaaeinoaoea ?aaiou. Iia yoi i/aiue ia i?aaeony.
N/eoath, /oi n?i/ii iaaei niaa?oainoaiaaoue iieeoe/aneoth nenoaio
?innee. Io e eiia/ii yoi aea/ao niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu aeanoe.
4. *aeiaae e aeanoue.
Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iu ia?aoee e eeth/aaiio iiiaioo oaiu aeaiiie
?aaiou. Caeanue iaaei ?anniio?aoue ?acee/iua iai?aaeaiey iuoeaiey
ethaeae ioiineoaeueii aeanoe. Iaeuecy caauoue e i oaeie aaaeiie iniiaa,
eae i?aaa ee/iinoe e aa iaycaiiinoe.
Aiiaua oaia aeanoe i/aiue iaoe?iay e aeeth/aao a naay iiiaeanoai
iai?aaeaiee. Yoa oaia anaaaea aieiiaaea /aeiaaea, eae oieueei ii
ii/oanoaiaae naay ee/iinoueth. Ia/aeinue ana a ia?aiauoiiiaueiiii no?ia
e aeeyony e ii nae aeaiue. Eiiaaea aeanoueth iaeaaeaao neeueiaeoee ec
ieaiaie, eiiaaea oiiaeoee eee ioae?aeoee. Nae/an aeaea ianoiyo iiiai
ooaea – aeanoue o oao, eoi eiaao iiiai aeaiaa e naycae. Iaoey aea?aeeo
iiae eiio?ieai oi?aaeythuea no?oeoo?u e i?aaiu i?aaiii?yaeea. Iiaeii-ee
aiai?eoue i ni?aaaaeeeainoe aeanoiuo i?aaiia a oaeie neooaoeee?
Iiiai i?ieaeao a?aiaie, i?aaeaea /ai iu niiaeai aeiaa?eoue aeanoue
oaeiio /aeiaaeo eee a?oiia eeoe (ia?oee) a eioi?ii iu aoaeai oaa?aiu,
/oi yoio ia iiaeaaaeao no?aio e yeiiiie/aneiio ?acaaeo e ?acaoeo
i?anooiiinoe, ia aiai?y oaea i ?inoa nia?oiinoe ii ?acee/iui i?e/eiai e
oaaee/aieth /enea aai?oia.
A aacaoa “Niaa?oaiii nae?aoii” (? 1 ca 1996 aiae) i?eaiaeeeinue iiiai
noaoenoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee, eioi?ay ?aiueoa ne?uaaeanue (eiaaony a aeaeo
aeaiia?aoe/aneea enneaaeiaaiey). Oai i?eaiaeyony no?aoiua oeeo?u. Iu –
?inney eeaee?oai n?aaee anao inoaeueiuo no?ai ii anai naiui ieioei
iieacaoaeyi i eioi?uo y oiiiyioe auoa.
Iuiaoiyy ?inney – no?aia n naiie ieceie a Aa?iia i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth
aeecie ianaeaiey, naiie aunieie iauae e ieaaeai/aneie nia?oiinoueth,
aaconeiaiue eeaea? ii /eneo aai?oia e ii no?aieoaeueiiio nieaeaieth
/enea ?iaeaeaiey iioiieia. (Enoaoe, i iineaaeiai iieacaoaea. Naaiaeiy ii
a ?innee – 1,4 ?iaeaeaiey ia aeaiueio, a aio a aiaeu ia?ano?ieee (a
1987-i), ?iaeaeaaiinoue auea ?aei?aeii aunieie aeey iineaaeieo
aeaaaeoeaoe eao: 2,2 ?iaeaeaiey ia aeaiueio; iinea yoiai – niaae, a n
1990 aiaea – niaae aani?aoeaaeaioiue.) Ana yoi ia iaiiieiaao Aai ea?oeio
iieeoe/aneeo eaoaeeeciia a ?innee a oa aiaeu?
E?iia oiai, ?inney – no?aia n oae iacuaaaiui io?eoeaoaeueiui
anoanoaaiiui i?e?inoii ianaeaiey, eiaaea aiaeiaia /enei nia?oae
i?aauoaao /enei ?iaeaeaiee, e ii noaiaie yoie ?acieoeu (oi anoue
“anoanoaaiiie” oauee) n iaie iiaeii niiinoaaeoue eeoue iaeioi?ua auaoea
nioeno?aiu.
Ca iineaaeiee aeanyoie eao iaaethaeaaony ?aceee niaae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie ethaeae a iaoae no?aia. Nia?oiinoue
aeinoeaea oaeeo ?acia?ia, eioi?ua oaeeaeytho a ionoonoaee aiaiiuo
aeaenoaee e yieaeaiee. Iiiaea n/eoatho yoi iineaaenoaeai ?aniaaea
aea?aeaau, yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena e iieeoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee – oi
anoue, i?e/eia a iiiuoeao ia?aai?ioia, niaiu aeanoe, aunaiaiaeaeaiee
oeai, oooaeoaiee yeieiae/aneiai ninoiyiey e o.ae..
Ii aeaaiia, iiaeaeoe, a oii, /oi a oneiaeyo iuiaoiaai yeiiiie/aneiai
e?ecena aua ooaea, /ai i?aaeaea, noaea ?aaioaoue ainoaea?noaaiiay
nenoaia cae?aaiio?aiaiey, e yoi i?eaaei e auno?iio ?inoo nia?oiinoe io
o?iie/aneeo caaieaaaiee, /aai ?aiueoa i?aeoe/anee ia iaaethaeaeinue.
O?iie/aneea aieueiua, /uey aeeciue iaiin?aaenoaaiii caaeneo io
iaaeaaeiinoe nenoaiu cae?aaiio?aiaiey e iaania/aiiinoe iaaeeeaiaioaie,
noaee auie?aoue. Aei?iae eaea?noaa, aei?iai ea/aiea a noaoeeiia?a,
aei?ia ioaeuo a ia?eiae ioionea, iiiaia i?inoi ia aeinooiii…
Iiaeaiaey eoia, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi io nenoaiu aeanoe a no?aia
iai?yioth caaeneo aa aeaiia?aoe/aneay iniiaa – iaoa n aaie aeeciue.
Neieueei aua iieeoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee e eaoaeeeciia auaea?aeao iaoe
ia?au? Neieueei iiaeii aeeoue aac aeaiaa? Ii/aio aeaiueiu eaeoo ia aai?o
oieueei ii i?e/eia aiycie oiai, /oi ia niiaoo i?iei?ieoue e ii?iaeueii
iaania/eoue naiaai ?aaaiea? Yoe aii?inu noiyo ia?aae aeanoueth e iia
aeieaeia eo ?aoeoue.
Eae y oaea aiai?ee – niaia aeanoe iai ie/aai ia noeeo, e?iia i/a?aaeiuo
ia?aiuo iio?ynaiee e eiioeeeoia ?acee/iie noaiaie oyaeanoe – iaaei
?acae?aoueny n oie aeanoueth, /oi anoue ia aeaiiue iiiaio.
?acee/iua eiioeaioeee aeanoe.
Eiioeaioeee nouanoaoao aeinoaoi/ii, e iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeaa oeia
iuoeaiey: Ainoi/iia e Caiaaeiia.
Ainoi/iia iuoeaiea aeeth/aao a naay:
Iuoeaiea oeeinioa Eiioooeey, eioi?ue i?iiiaaaeiaae ia?ioeaeueiue oei
aeanoe. Ii n/eoae, /oi ia?iae ia aeieaeai eioa?aniaaoueny oai, /oi
i?ienoiaeeo a e?oao aeanoue eioueo. Ia?iae aeieaeai iiae/eiyoueny aeanoe
aac eeoieo ?acae?aoaeuenoa aa ?aoaiee. Oi anoue, ii iiaio, eiaaony
aaeaeo iai?eia?, aaniethoiie iiia?oee a oneiaeyo aaca?aiioiinoe
ianaeaiey eee aai iaaeiiouaiey e aeeyieth ia aeanoue.
Eiioeaioeey Ieaoiia caeeth/aaony a aaeeinoaa ia?iaea – ia?iae e aeanoue
aaeeiia oeaeia e iie aeeytho ae?oa ia ae?oaa ii acaeiiiio niaeaneth.
Io e A?enoioaeue n/eoaao, /oi eaaeaeue iaeaaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiie
iniaaiiinoueth a ainoaea?noaa.
E caiaaeiiio iuoeaieth ioiineony eiioeaioeey Eieea, eioi?ay au?aaeaaony
a oii, /oi nia/aea e i?aaeaea anaai aeieaeiu niaethaeaoueny iie ee/iua
eioa?anu, a iioii oaea ainoaea?noaaiiua. Ii Caiaae iinoaiaiii iooiaeeo
io oaeiai iiieiaiey ee/iinoe. Iie ia/eiatho aieueoa niei/aoueny e
caaioeoueny ae?oa i ae?oaa, e iaaei neacaoue ia aac oniaoa.
O?enoeaineay eiioeaioeey aeanoe aeeth/aao a naay:
1. Oeaiiinoue ee/iinoe (ss).
2. Nieeaea?iinoue (Iu).
3. Noaneaea?iinoue – iiiiuue ainoaea?noaa ethaeyi, eioi?ua ia iiaoo
iaania/eoue naaa aeinoieiiai nouanoaiaaiey.
Anee ?anniao?eaaoue iiae?iaii ethaoth ec eiioeaioeee aeanoe, iai oae eee
eia/a i?eeaeaony einiooueny oaiu i?aa /aeiaaea, oae eae yoi iaoa
i?e?iaeiay iio?aaiinoue (/oanoaiaaoue naay ee/iinoueth ni naieie
i?aaaie).
I?aaa /aeiaaea.
A 1789 aiaeo auea iniiaaia Ae?aeaeeineay aeaeea?aoeey i i?aaao /aeiaaea
– iniiaa eiinoeoooeee Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia Aia?eee – iniiaa i?aa
ee/iinoe.
Ana iniiaiiieaaathuea aeieoiaiou i i?aaao /aeiaaea, eioi?uie iu nae/an
iieuecoainy auee acyou ec yoie aeaeea?aoeee. Iie i?aoa?iaee ia
cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey.
?anniao?eaaaony ianeieueei iiaeoiaeia e i?aaai /aeiaaea:
1) Anoanoaaiiue enoi?e/aneee iiaeoiae
Ooiaeaiaioaeueiua i?aaa ee/iinoe eiatho ia ainoaea?noaaiiia e ia
enoi?e/aneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Ainoaea?noai iiaeao inia?eaaoue eo, ii ia
aeeeoiaaoue.
2) TH?eaee/anei – iieeoe/aneee iiaeoiae
Io?eoeaao aiaainoaea?noaaiiia i?ienoiaeaeaiea i?aa /aeiaaea. Enoi/iee
i?aa /aeiaaea – ainoaea?noai. I?aai e caeii – ia eiatho iniauo ioee/ee.
(Noaneaea?iinoue.)
3) Ia?enenoneee iiaeoiae
Enoiaeeo ec eeanniaie aeaoa?ieiaoeee i?aaa – aiey ainiiaenoaothuaai
eeanna aicaiaeeony a caeii. I?aai caaeneo io eeanna.
O ian i?aaa /aeiaaea aiiaua ieeiaaea ia niaethaeaeenue, oioy nae/an
noaei iaiiiai eo/oa, ii aei eaeaaea aua i/aiue aeaeaei.
Ana oeeaeeeciaaiiua no?aiu ie?a iiaeienaee aeaeea?aoeeth i?aa /aeiaaea a
1947 aiaeo. A iu eae anaaaea a naiai ?aia?ooa?a – iaoa no?aia iiaeienaea
yoo aeaeea?aoeeth oieueei a 1991 aiaeo.
Eniieuecoaony aeaa aeaea iiieiaiey i?aaa:
1. Oceia i?aai – i?aai, eioi?ia ia i?aaeinoaaeyaony, a eeoue
aa?aioe?oaony ainoaea?noaii e aeaenoaoao ia caaeneii io a?aieoe
(?aaainoai anao ia?aae caeiiii, naiaiaea aa?ieniiaaaeaiey e o.ae.).
2. Oe?ieia i?aai – aanue iaoe?iue eiiieaen i?aa e naiaiae ee/iinoe. Yoi
iiceoeaiia i?aai, aa?aioe?othuaa nioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe. Eiia/ii ia
ana oe?ieea i?aaa aeaenoaotho iianaianoii. Iai?eia? iiniaea ii
aac?aaioeoea iu iiaeai iieo/aoue oieueei a naiae no?aia.
Aieaa eiie?aoiay eeanneoeeaoeey i?aa aeaeaaony ii niioaaonoaothuei neeai
eo ?aaeecaoeee.
1. A?aaeaeaineea eee ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaa.
2. Iieeoe/aneea i?aaa, e eioi?ui ioiinyony:
1) Ecae?aoaeueiua i?aaa
2) Naiaiaea nithcia
3) Aeaiiino?aoeee
4) Nia?aiey
5) iieeoe/aneay eioi?iaoeey
6) Naiaiaea iiaiee
3. Yeiiiie/aneea i?aaa.
Naycaiu n iaania/aieai naiaiaeiiai ?anii?yaeaiey /aeiaaeii
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie i?aaeiaoaie iio?aaeaiey e iniiaiuie oaeoi?aie
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
1) Nianoaaiiinoue
2) O?oae
3) I?aaei?eei/eainoue
4) Eieoeeaoeaa
A nia?aiaiiii iiieiaiee /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe naaiaeiy i/aiue iaei
ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua eiatho aaniethoiue oa?aeoa? /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe.
A oeeaeeeciaaiiuo no?aiao onoaiaaeeaathony aeiionoeiua i?aaeaeu /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe e o/ao aa eniieueciaaiey ia aeaai iauanoaa – ainoaea?noaa
(Aa?iaiey, O?aioeey e o.ae.). Ia?aie/aiea inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao aeaeie
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. aaaeioth ?ieue a yoii ea?aao aeaeea?aoeey i
aeioiaeao.
I?aai ia o?oae iiae?acaeaeyaony ia aeaa nooiaie:
I?aai ia o?oae 1-e nooiaie – i?aai ee/iinoe ?anii?yaeaoueny naiae
?aai/ae neeie.
I?aai ia o?oae 2-e nooiaie – iaycaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa i?aaeinoaaeoue
eaaeaeiio /aeiaaeo ?aaioo eee iiniaea ii aac?aaioeoea.
4. Nioeeaeueiua i?aaa
Yoe i?aaa naycaiu n iaania/aieai /aeiaaeo aeinoieiiai o?iaiy aeecie.
1) AEeeuea
2) Yeieiaey
3) Caei?iauea
Aeoiath nioeeaeueiua i?aaa e iauyniyoue ia iaycaoaeueii. Yoa oaia iai
i/aiue ciaeiia e yaeyaony ecaa/ii aieueiui aii?inii a iaoae aeecie.
Eoeueoo?iua i?aaa iaania/eaatho aeooiaiua i?aaa. Yoi ia?aciaaiea,
eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe, naiaiaea oai?/anoaa.
Ana i?aaa, eioi?ua y iienae auoa ioiinyony e ee/iui i?aaai /aeiaaea. Ii
nouanoaotho oaeaea e i?aaa, eioi?ua iinyo eieeaeoeaiue oa?aeoa?.
Eieeaeoeaiua i?aaa iiae?acoiaaatho niaea?aeaiea iaiueoeinoa e ?acee/iuo
iauanoaaiiuo a?oii. I?eia?ii iiaoo neoaeeoue naenoaeueiua iaiueoeinoaa.
Naiia aeaaiia, /oi iaaei iiieiaoue yoi oi, /oi i?aaa /aeiaaea noaiiayony
?aaeueiinoueth oieueei a oii neo/aa anee nouanoaotho iaycaiiinoe. I
eaeeo i?aaao y iiao cayaeyoue ainoaea?noao, anee y ia eiath ieeaeeo
iaycaiiinoae ii ioiioaieth e iaio.
A nei?ii aoaeouai iu niiaeai ?aaeeciaaoue iaeii ec naieo i?aa – i?aai
ecae?aoaeae. Iia eaaeaony, /oi n?aaee iieeoe/aneeo i?aa /aeiaaea, yoi
i?aai caieiaao iniiaiia cia/aiea. O ian anoue auai? – iu aeieaeiu aai
naeaeaoue. ss au i?e/eneee yoi e einaaiiui iaycaiiinoyi ia?iaea, o.e.
oieueei ii aeieaeai eioa?aniaaoueny oai, eoi noieo o aeanoe e oieueei ii
aeieaeai auae?aoue oiai eee eiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey eee ia?oeth, eioi?ay
niiaeao iiii/ue aeeoue eo/oa e ecaaaeaoue ?acaaea a aeaeueiaeoai.
5. Caeeth/aiea.
A caeeth/aiee oioaeinue au neacaoue i oii, /oi y iiiuoaeny iieacaoue
i?yioth caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e iieeoeeie. Yoa caaeneiinoue
au?aaeaaony ai anai, a aeaaiia a /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey e aai i?ia?anna.
Aeanoue e iieeoeea iiaoo enii?oeoue /aeiaaea, ii aac ieo ia iaieoenue.
Iu aeieaeiu naeaeaoue oae, /oiau o aeanoe noiyee iieeoeee, eioi?ua
yaeythony /anoiuie ethaeueie, aeaenoaeoaeueii aeaeathueie aeia?a naiaio
ia?iaeo, i?eieiathuea ?aoaiey iniiauaaynue ia aeaeaiee ia?iaea, a ia ia
ee/iuo i?eoycaieyo.
Ca iineaaeiaa a?aiy iia eaaeaony /oi nioeeieiae/aneay
enneaaeiaaoaeueneay ?aaioa ia i?eieiaaony ?oeiaiaenoaii no?aiu ana?ueac.
Iiiaea enneaaeiaaiey nioeeieiaia i?yii aiai?yo i oii, /oi iaaei
i?aaei?eiyoue ia aeaiiue iiiaio aeey oiai, /oiau auaanoe ian ec e?ecena,
eae yeiiiie/aneiai, oae e nioeeaeueiiai. Ii ?aoaiee iiea ia aeaeii.
Ia/aeenue ?aoi?iu i?iaiaeeiua Aeueoeeiui e iu aeaeai io ieo
iieiaeeoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Aeiaa?ea e yoei ?aoi?iai iieaaeoo auai?u
i?aceaeaioa.
Iiaeao iieacaoueny, /oi y neeoeii /anoi cao?aaeaath oaio ethiueneeo
auai?ia. Eae aea y iiao i iae ia aeoiaoue, eiaaea o ian anoue oain
aianoue a i/a?aaeioth aeai?anneth ec-ca iai?aaeeueiiai eee iiniaoiiai
auai?a. Aeoiath, /oi yoe auai?u i?ieaeoo eae iieiaeaii – aieueoeinoai
iieaeao aieiniaaoue e naeaeaao naie auai?. Ii e?aeiae ia?a ii
aiciiaeiinoe, y ia caauaath oiiiyiooue i oii, eae iaiaoiaeeii ethaeyi
i?eeoe ia yoe auai?u e ia aeaoue ae?oaei auea?aoue ca n/ao oao eoi ia
i?eoae aieiniaaoue.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Ayo? A. “Nioeeieiaey iieeoe/aneeo ioiioaiee”, Iineaa, 1979.
2. O?aiee A. “*aeiaae a iieneao niunea”, Iineaa, 1990.
3. Ia?eiaee/aneea ecaeaiey.
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