IAO?A?EA – INIIAIIIEIAEIEE IINEAN?AAeIAAAEIAIAI AOIAIECIA
Aic?iaeaeaiea, eee ?aiannain ( io o?. renaitre – aic?iaeaeaoueny ),
iaeia ec naiuo y?eeo yiio a ?acaeoee aa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?u,
ioaaouaathuay ii/oe o?e noieaoey n na?aaeeiu XIV a. aei ia?auo
aeanyoeeaoee XVII a. Yoi auea yiioa e?oiiuo ia?aiai a enoi?ee ia?iaeia
Aa?iiu. A oneiaeyo aunieiai o?iaiy ai?iaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee ia/aeny
i?ioeann ca?iaeaeaiey eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee e e?ecen oaiaeaeecia,
i?ienoiaeeei neeaaeuaaiea iaoeee e nicaeaiea e?oiiuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo
ainoaea?noa, iiyaeeanue iiaay oi?ia iieeoe/aneiai no?iy – aaniethoiay
iiia?oey, oi?ie?iaaeenue iiaua iauanoaaiiua a?oiiu- ao?aeoacey e iaaiiue
?aai/ee ethae. Iaiyeny e aeooiaiue ie? /aeiaaea. *aeiaae yiioe
Aic?iaeaeaiey aue ioaa/ai aeaaeaeie naiiooaa?aeaeaiey, aaeeeeo
naa?oaiee, aeoeaii aeeth/aeny a iauanoaaiioth aeeciue, caiiai ioe?uaae
aeey naay ie? i?e?iaeu, no?aieeny e aeoaieiio aa iinoeaeaieth,
ainoeuaeny aa e?anioie. Aeey eoeueoo?u Aic?iaeaeaiey oa?aeoa?ii naaoneia
aini?eyoea e iniuneaiea ie?a, ooaa?aeaeaiea oeaiiinoe caiiiai auoey,
aaee/ey ?acoia e oai?/aneeo niiniaiinoae /aeiaaea, aeinoieinoaa
ee/iinoe. Aoiaieci ( io eao. humanus – /aeiaa/aneee ) noae eaeaeiie
iniiaie eoeueoo?u Aic?iaeaeaiey.
Aoiaienou aunooieee i?ioea aeeeoaoo?u eaoiee/aneie oea?eae a aeooiaiie
aeecie iauanoaa. Iie e?eoeeiaaee iaoiae noieanoe/aneie iaoee, iniiaaiiue
ia oi?iaeueiie eiaeea ( aeeaeaeoeea ), ioaa?aaee aa aeiaiaoeci e aa?o a
aaoi?eoaou, ?an/euay oai naiui iooue aeey naiaiaeiiai ?acaeoey iao/iie
iunee. Aoiaienou i?ecuaaee e eco/aieth aioe/iie eoeueoo?u, eioi?oth
oea?eiaue io?eoeaea eae ycu/aneoth, aini?eieiay ec iaa eeoue oi, /oi ia
i?ioeai?a/eei o?enoeaineie aeieo?eia. Ainnoaiiaeaiea aioe/iiai ianeaaeey
ia auei aeey ieo naiioeaeueth, a neoaeeei iniiaaieai aeey ?aoaiey
aeooaeueiuo i?iaeai nia?aiaiiinoe, aeey iino?iaiey iiaie eoeueoo?u.
Ca?iaeaeaiea ?aiannainiie eeoa?aoo?u ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIV a. naycaii n
eiaiaie O?ai/anei Iao?a?ee e Aeaeiaaiie Aieea//i. Iie ooaa?aeaeaee
aoiaienoe/aneea eaeae aeinoieinoaa ee/iinoe, naycuaay aai ia n
?iaeiaeoinoueth, a n aeiaeanoiuie aeayieyie /aeiaaea, aai naiaiaeie e
i?aaii ia ianeaaeaeaiea ?aaeinoyie caiiie aeecie.
ssaeaiea Iao?a?ee ia?iiii. Iii ia iie?uaaaony ionoue aeaaea naiui
aunieei i?eciaieai aai nianoaaiiuo eeoa?aoo?iuo caneoa. Ee/iinoue, iiyo,
iuneeoaeue, oeao?a iauanoaaiiay – a iai ia?acaeaeueiu. Aio oaea aieaa
oanoenio eao /aeiaa/anoai /oeo aaeeeiai eoaeueyioea i?aaeaea anaai ca
oi, /oi ii, iiaeaeoe, eae ieeoi ae?oaie, niinianoaiaae ianooieaieth
iiaie yiioe ioe?uoey ie?a e /aeiaaea, i?icaaiiie Aic?iaeaeaieai.
O?ai/anei Iao?a?ea (1304-1374) aue ia?aui aaeeeei aoiaienoii, iiyoii e
a?aaeaeaieiii, eioi?ue noiae i?ic?aoue oeaeueiinoue
i?aaeaic?iaeaeai/aneeo oa/aiee iunee e iauaaeeieoue eo a iiyoe/aneii
neioaca, noaaoae i?ia?aiiie a?yaeoueo aa?iiaeneeo iieieaiee. Naiei
oai?/anoaii ii noiae i?eaeoue yoei a?yaeouei ?aciiieaiaiiui iieieaieyi
Caiaaeiie e Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu niciaiea – ionoue ia anaaaea /aoeia –
iaeiaai aeooiaiiai e eoeueoo?iiai aaeeinoaa, aeaaioai?iinoue eioi?iai
neacuaaaony e a nia?aiaiiue iao aae.
Iao?a?ea – ?iaeiii/aeueiee iiaie nia?aiaiiie iiycee. Aai “Eieaa ianai”
iaaeieai ii?aaeaeeea iooe ?acaeoey aa?iiaeneie ee?eee, noaa naiaai ?iaea
iai?a?aeaaiui ia?acoeii. Anee ia ia?auo ii?ao aeey nia?aiaiieeia e
aeeaeaeoeo iineaaeiaaoaeae o naay ia ?iaeeia Iao?a?ea yaeyeny aaeeeei
?anoaa?aoi?ii eeanne/aneie ae?aaiinoe, i?iaicaanoieeii iiauo iooae a
eneonnoaa e eeoa?aoo?a, iaiia?aoeiui o/eoaeai, oi, ia/eiay n 1501 aiaea,
eiaaea noa?aieyie Iueao?i Aaiai e oeiia?aoueea Aeueaei Iaiooeei
Aaoeeaineee eiaeaen “Eieae ianai” (“Canzoniere”) aue i?aaeai oe?ieie
aeaniinoe, ia/aeanue yiioa iao?a?eecia, i?e/ai ia oieueei a iiycee, ii e
a iaeanoe ynoaoe/aneie e e?eoe/aneie iunee. Iao?a?eeci auoae ca i?aaeaeu
Eoaeee. Naeaeaoaeuenoaii oiio “Ieayaea” ai O?aioeee, Aiiai?a a Eniaiee,
Eaiiyin a Ii?ooaaeee, Oaenie? e aeecaaaoeioeu a Aiaeee, Eioaiianeee a
Iieueoa. Aac Iao?a?ee eo ee?eea auea au ia oieueei iaiiiyoiie aeey ian,
ii e iii?inoo iaaiciiaeiie.
Iaei oiai, Iao?a?ea i?ioi?ee naiei iiyoe/aneei ianeaaeieeai iooue e
iiciaieth caaea/ e nouiinoe iiycee, iiciaieth i?aanoaaiiiai e
a?aaeaeaineiai i?ecaaiey iiyoa.
A iaaieueii aicieeathuai i?e /oaiee Iao?a?ee aaoiii?o?aoa a?inaaony a
aeaca /a?oa: iio?aaiinoue a ethaae. Yoi e aeaeaiea ethaeoue e
iio?aaiinoue auoue ethaeiui. I?aaeaeueii /aoeia au?aaeaiea yoa /a?oa
iaoea a ethaae iiyoa e Eao?a, aeaaiiio i?aaeiaoo niiaoia e ae?oaeo
noeoioai?aiee, ninoaaeythueo “Eieao ianai”. Ethaae Iao?a?ee e Eao?a
iinayuaii iaen/eneeiia eiee/anoai o/aiuo e aaeeao?eciaaiiuo
i?iecaaaeaiee. Eao?a – oeao?a aiieia ?aaeueiay. Ethaiaue e iae, eae yoi
/anoi auaaao a ianoiyuae iiycee, noaeeie?iaaiiay, e eiioeo aeecie iiyoa
ianeieueei i?eooeooay e aaeaa ee ia neeaoayny n i?aaenoaaeaieai i ethaae
?aeneie, eaeaaeueiie.
Eiie?aoiaa a aeecie Iao?a?ee ethaiaue e aeiiaoiei ( iaoa?e, a?aoo
Aa?a?aei, ieaiyiieeo O?ai/anei ), e iiiai/eneaiiui ae?ocueyi: Aaeaei
Naooa, Aeaeaeiii Eieiiia, Aeaeiaaiie Aieea//i e iiiaei ae?oaei. Aia
ae?oaeau, aia ethaae e aeeaeiei e aiiaua e ethaeyi Iao?a?ea ia iuneee
naaa aeecie. Yoi iaeeaaeuaaei ii?aaeaeaiiue i?aanoaaiiue ioia/aoie ia
ana ei iaienaiiia, i?eaeaeaei e iaio, iianaianoii aeaeaei naiei,
ethaeiui.
Aua iaeia /a?oa, eioi?oth iaiaaeee a naaa nai iiyo, ca eioi?oth ii?ie (
iniaaiii ia neeiia eao ) naay ae/aaae: yoi ethaiaue e neaaa. Ia a
niunea, iaeiaei, i?inoiai ouaneaaey. AEaeaiea neaau o Iao?a?ee auei
oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaii n oai?/aneei eiioeuenii. Iii-oi a aieueoae
noaiaie e iiaoaeeei Iao?a?eo caiyoueny ienaoaeuenoaii. N aiaeaie e yoa
ethaiaue, ethaiaue e neaaa, noaea oia?youeny. Aeinoeaioa neaau
aani?eia?iie, Iao?a?ea iiiye, /oi iia aucuaaao a ie?oaeathueo eoaea
aieueoa caaenoe, /ai aeia?uo /oanoa. A “Ienueia e iioiieai” ii n
a?onoueth ieoao i naiai oaai/aiee a ?eia, a ia?aae nia?oueth aeaaea
aioia i?eciaoue o?eoio A?aiaie iaae Neaaie.
Ethaiiuoii, /oi ethaiaue e Eao?a e ethaiaue e Neaaa iaaeaeo niaie ia
oieueei ia a?aaeaeiaaee, ii aeaaea i?aauaaee a oaniii aaeeiaiee, /oi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony onoie/eaie a iiycee Iao?a?ee nei aaeeeie: Eao?a e
eaa?. Ii oae auei aei ii?u aei a?aiaie. A aiaeu naiii/enoeoaeueiuo
?acaeoiee Iao?a?ea aae?oa ii/oanoaiaae, /oi e ethaiaue e Eao?a, e
aeaeaiea Neaau i?ioeaiu no?aieaieth ia?anoe aa/iia nianaiea. E aiana ia
iioiio – a yoi /?acau/aeii nouanoaaiii aeey Iao?a?ee! – /oi iie a?aoiaiu
naie ii naaa. Iao! i?inoi iie iaoaee aanoe oio ia?ac aeecie, eioi?ue
iaaeaaeii iiaeaae au aai e nianaieth. Iniciaiea yoiai i?ioeai?a/ey
iiaa?aei iiyoa a aeoaieia aeooaaiia niyoaiea, oia?yaiia, ai?i/ai,
ienaieai o?aeoaoa. aaea ii iuoaeny ni anae ioe?iaaiiinoueth iaiaaeeoue
naia aeooaaiia ninoiyiea.
Eiioeeeo yoio aue eeoue /anoiui neo/aai eiioeeeoa aieaa iauaai e
oeeinionee aieaa cia/eiiai: eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo iiiai/eneaiiuie ?aaeinoyie
caiiiai auoey e aioo?aiiae ?aeeaeiciie eiioeaioeeae.
E caiiui ?aaeinoyi Iao?a?ea ioiinee i?aaeaea anaai ie?oaeathuoth
i?e?iaeo. Ii, eae ieeoi ec nia?aiaiieeia, oiae aeaeaoue e iaaethaeaoue
aa, oiae ianeaaeaeaoueny o?aaie, ai?aie, aiaeie, eoiie e nieioeai,
iiaiaeie. Ionthaea e noieue /anoua e noieue ethaiaii iaienaiiua a aai
iiycee iaecaaee. Ionthaea aea e oyaa Iao?a?ee “e ia?aiaia iano”, e
iooaoanoaeyi, e aiciiaeiinoe ioe?uaaoue aeey naay ana iiaua e iiaua
/a?ou ie?oaeathuaai ie?a.
E ianiiiaiiui caiiui ?aaeinoyi ioiinee Iao?a?ea e aa?o a e?anioo
/aeiaaea e iiaouanoai aai oia. E iei aea ii ioiinee ethaia oai?/aneia
i?iyaeaiea: aoaeue oi a aeeaiiene ( aai noaeaeaiey i Neiiia Ia?oeie e
Aeaeiooi ), a iocuea, oeeinioee, iiycee e o. ae. Ii ana yoi oaeei e
iiiaeanoai iiai/iuo niaeaciia, eioi?uo, ii iiaieth Iao?a?ee, /aeiaaeo,
ii neaainoe aai, o?oaeii ecaaaeaoue. Ionthaea e niiiaiey a aaniethoiie
oeaiiinoe caiiuo ?aaeinoae.
Iao?a?ea aue ii?aceoaeueii aini?eei/ea ei anaio, /oi aai ie?oaeaei. Aai
eioa?aniaaei e i?ioeia, e ianoiyuaa, e aoaeouaa. Ii?aceoaeueia e oe?ioa
aai eioa?ania. Ii ienae i iaaeeoeeia e i ea/anoaao, iaiaoiaeeiuo
iieeiaiaeoeo, i i?iaeaiao ainieoaiey e i ?ani?ino?aiaiee o?enoeainoaa,
ia ano?ieiaee e i iaaeaiee aieineie aeenoeeieeiu, i auai?a aeaiu e i
oii, eae eo/oa ono?ieoue iaaae.
Iao?a?ea i?aainoiaeii ciae aioe/iuo iuneeoaeae, ii nai a iaeanoe /enoie
oeeinioee ia nicaeae ie/aai i?eaeiaeueiiai. E?eoe/aneee aea aai acaeyae
aue oeaiie e oi/ai. Iiiai eioa?aniiai iaienaii ei i i?aeoe/aneie ii?aee.
Noi?iiynue ie?neie noaou, Iao?a?ea aeee eioa?anaie a?aiaie, ia aue
/oaeae e iauanoaaiiuo no?anoae. Oae, ii aue y?inoiui iao?eioii. Eoaeeth
ii ethaee aei ennooieaiey. Aa aaaeu e ioaeaeu auee aai nianoaaiiuie,
ee/iuie. Oiio iiiaeanoai iiaeoaa?aeaeaiee. Iaeii ec ieo – ciaiaieoaeoay
eaioeiia “Eoaeey iiy”. Caaaoiui ono?aieaieai aai auei aeaeaoue Eoaeeth
aaeeiie e iiaouanoaaiiie. Iao?a?ea aue oaaaeaeai, /oi oieueei ?ei iiaeao
auoue oeaio?ii iainoaa e eiia?ee. Ii iieaeeaae ?acaeaeaiea Eoaeee,
oeiiioae i aica?auaiee iaineie noieeoeu ec Aaeiueiia a Aa/iue ai?iae,
i?inee eiia?aoi?a Ea?ea IV ia?aianoe ooaea aea oeaio? eiia?ee. A
eaeie-oi iiiaio Iao?a?ea aiceaaae iaaeaaeaeu ia oi, /oi iauaaeeiaiea
Eoaeee aoaeao i?iaaaeaii oneeeyie Eiea aee ?eaioei. Naiia no?aoiia aeey
Iao?a?ee – aioo?aiiea ?acaei?u. Neieueei oneeee ii i?eeiaeee, /oiau
inoaiiaeoue a?aoioaeenoaaiioth aieio iaaeaeo Aaioae e Aaiaoeeae ca
oi?aiaia i?aiaeaaeaiea ia *a?iii e Acianeii ii?yo! Iaeiaei e?anii?a/eaua
aai ienueia e aeiaeai yoeo iao?eoeeaineeo ?anioaeee ie e /aio ia
i?eaaee.
Iao?a?ea aue ia oieueei iao?eioii. Caaioeei aai e a?aaeaeaineia
ninoiyiea /aeiaa/aneiai iauaaeeoey aiiaua. Aaaenoaey e ieuaoa iai?/aee
aai, aaea au iie ia neo/aeenue.
Ii ie iauanoaaiiua e iieeoe/aneea neiiaoee, ie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e
oea?eiaiiio nineiaeth ia iaoaee iniiaiiio aai i?ecaaieth o/aiiai e
eeoa?aoi?a. Iao?a?ea ioee/ii iiieiae, /oi aeey yoiai ioaeia i?aaeaea
anaai ee/iay naiaiaea, iacaaeneiinoue ( ooo e ii iia au aineeeeiooue,
/oi “neoaeaiuea ioc ia oa?ieo noaou” ). E iaaei neacaoue, /oi Iao?a?ea
oiae aeiaeaaoueny aa iianthaeo, aaea aio aeiaiaeeeinue aeeoue. E?iia,
iiiyoii, Aaeiueiia – yoiai “iiaiai Aaaeeiia”, – ca /oi ii iaiaaeaeae aai
aua e iniaaiii. Eiaiii aeaaiaea?y oaeie aioo?aiiae naiaiaea – oioy eiie
?ac aeaei ia iaoiaeeeinue aac iaoeaiaoia – Iao?a?ea oaeaeinue nicaeaoue
oae iiiai e oae iieii au?aceoue naay e naia a?aiy, oioy iiiaia aei ian
aeioaaeoaa inoaeinue a iacaaa?oaiiii, ia aei eiioea ioaeaeaiiii aeaea.
Ii ooo oae naienoai naiiai iiyoa: oyaa e niaa?oainoao canoaaeyea aai
aica?auaoueny e iaienaiiiio aiiaue e aiiaue. Ecaanoii, iai?eia?, /oi e
oaeei ?aiiei naiei i?iecaaaeaieyi, eae “Ao?eea” e “AEeciue ciaiaieouo
ioaeae”, ii aica?auaeny iaiaeiie?aoii e aeaaea oaea iaeaioia nia?oe.
Iao?a?ea aue ia oieueei aaeeeei ienaoaeai, ii e aaeeeei /eoaoaeai. Oae,
i?iecaaaeaiey aioe/iuo aaoi?ia, eioi?ua ii /eoae e ia?a/eouaae n
iaeciaiiie ethaiaueth, auee aeey iaai ia i?inoi eioa?aniuie oaenoaie, ii
iineee i?aaeaea anaai ioia/aoie ee/iinoe eo aaoi?ia. Oae e aeey ian
i?iecaaaeaiey Iao?a?ee iinyo ioia/aoie iaeiie ec naiuo na?aea/iuo e
i?eaeaeaoaeueiuo ee/iinoae i?ioeiai.
Eeoa?aoo?o Iao?a?ea iiieiae eae ooaeiaeanoaaiiia niaa?oainoai, eae
aiaaonoai aeooiaiia, eae enoi/iee ioae?inoe e aioo?aiiaai ?aaiiaaney. A
ioeaieao aea ii?ie ioeaaeny. Oae, ii iieaaae, /oi aai “O?eoiou” ii
cia/eiinoe ianoieueei aea i?aainoiaeyo “Eaioeiiuea?a”, ianeieueei
“Aiaeanoaaiiay eiiaaeey” i?aainoiaeeo aeaioianeoth aea “Iiaoth aeeciue”.
Aua ii ioeaaeny a ioeaiea naieo eaoeineeo ni/eiaiee, enoaoe aiai?y,
eiee/anoaaiii i?aainoiaeeaoeo ienaiiia ei ii-eoaeueyinee a iyoiaaeoeaoue
?ac! A niiaoa CLXVI Iao?a?ea aiai?eo, /oi ia caeienue ii “ionoyeaie” (
noeoaie ia eoaeueyineii ycuea ), “Oei?aioeey ia?aea au iiyoa, eae
Iaiooy, eae A?oiea e Aa?iia”. Oei?aioeey ia?aea iiyoa ia iaiueoa, /ai
Aa?aeeee e Eaooee, e iiaea?eea aai Eoaeee e anaio ie?o, ii eiaiii
aeaaiaea?y yoei “ionoyeai”.
Eiia/ii aea, aeaaiui i?iecaaaeaieai Iao?a?ee yaeyaony aai “Eieaa ianai”,
ninoiyuay ec 317 niiaoia, 29 eaioeii, a oaeaea aaeeaae, naenoei e
iaae?eaaeia.
Noeoe ia eoaeueyineii ycuea ( eee a i?inoi?a/ee, “aieueaa?a”) Iao?a?ea
ia/ae ienaoue niieiaeo, ia i?eaeaaay ei na?ueaciiai cia/aiey. A ii?o
?aaiou iaae nia?aieai eaoeineeo naieo iineaiee, i?icae/aneeo ienai e
ia/aeii ?aaiou iaae aoaeouae “Eieaie ianai” /anoue naieo eoaeueyineeo
noeoioai?aiee Iao?a?ea oie/oiaeee, i /ai ii niiauaao a iaeiii ienueia
1350 aiaea.
Ia?aoth iiiuoeo nia?aoue eo/oaa ec naiae eoaeueyineie ee?eee Iao?a?ea
i?aaei?eiye a 1336-1338 aiaeao, ia?aienaa aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue
noeoioai?aiee a naiae oae iacuaaaiuo “iaa?ineia” ( Rerum vulgarium
fragmenta ). A 1342-1347 aiaeao Iao?a?ea ia i?inoi ia?aienae eo a iiaue
naiae, ii e i?eaeae ei ii?aaeaeaiiue ii?yaeie, inoaaea ianoi aeey
ae?oaeo, ?aiaa iaienaiiuo ei noeoioai?aiee, iiaeeaaeaueo ia?aniio?o. A
nouiinoe, yoi e auea ia?aay ?aaeaeoeey aoaeouae “Eieae ianai”, oeaeeeii
iiae/eiaiiay oaia aicauoaiiie ethaae e aeaaeaeu iiyoe/aneiai aannia?oey.
Aoi?ay ?aaeaeoeey inouanoaeaia Iao?a?eie iaaeaeo 1347 e 1350 aiaeaie. Ai
aoi?ie ?aaeaeoeee iaia/aaony oaeoaeaiea ?aeeaeiciuo iioeaia, naycaiiuo n
?aciuoeaieyie i nia?oe e noaoiinoe aeecie. E?iia oiai, ooo aia?aua
iiyaeyaony ?acaeaeaiea nai?ieea ia aeaa /anoe: “Ia aeeciue Iaaeiiiu
Eao?u” ( ia/eiay n niiaoa 1, eae e a ieii/aoaeueiie ?aaeaeoeee ) e “Ia
nia?oue Iaaeiiiu Eao?u” ( ia/eiay n eaioeiiu CCLXIV, /oi oaeaea
niioaaonoaoao ieii/aoaeueiie ?aaeaeoeee ). Aoi?ay /anoue aua ie/oiaeii
iaea ii n?aaiaieth n ia?aie.
O?aouey ?aaeaeoeey (1359-1362) aeeth/aao oaea 215 noeoioai?aiee, ec
eioi?uo 174 ninoaaeytho ia?aoth /anoue e 41 aoi?oth. Caoai neaaeoao aua
ianeieueei ?aaeaeoeee.
Naaeueiay ?aaeaeoeey, aeeceay e ieii/aoaeueiie, eioi?oth aaoi? ioi?aaee
Iaiaeieueoi Iaeaoanoa a yiaa?a 1373 aiaea, ian/eouaaao oaea 366
noeoioai?aiee ( 263 e 103 niioaaonoaaiii /anoyi ). Ainueiay ?aaeaeoeey –
1373 aiae, e iaeiiaoe, aeiiieiaiea e ?oeiiene, iineaiiia oiio aea
Iaeaoanoa – 1373-1374 aiaeu.
Aeaayooth, ieii/aoaeueioth, ?aaeaeoeeth niaea?aeeo oae iacuaaaiue
Aaoeeaineee eiaeaen iiae iiia?ii 3195, /anoe/ii aaoiaeia?aoe/aneee.
Ii yoiio Aaoeeaineiio eiaeaeno, iioaeeeiaaiiiio oioioeie/aneei niiniueii
a 1905 aiaeo, inouanoaeythony ana iiaaeoea e?eoe/aneea ecaeaiey.
A Aaoeeaineii eiaeaena iaaeaeo ia?aie e aoi?ie /anoyie aoeou /enoua
eenou, canoaaeythuea i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi aaoi? iaia?aaaeny aeeth/eoue
aua eaeea-oi noeoioai?aiey. ?acaeaeaiea /anoae nio?aiyaony: a ia?aie –
oaia Eao?u – Aeaoiu ( eaa?a ), ai aoi?ie – Eao?a – aiaeaoue iiyoa ii
iaaaniui noa?ai, Eao?a – aiaae-o?aieoaeue, iai?aaeythuee ana iiiuneu
iiyoa e aunoei oeaeyi.
A ieii/aoaeueioth ?aaeaeoeeth Iao?a?ea aeeth/ee e iaeioi?ua
noeoioai?aiey ioithaeue ia ethaiaiiai niaea?aeaiey: iieeoe/aneea
eaioeiiu, niiaou i?ioea aaeiueiineie eo?ee, iineaiey e ae?ocueyi ia
?acee/iua ii?aeiua e aeeoaeneea oaiu.
Iniaoth i?iaeaio ninoaaeyao aeaoe?iaea noeoioai?aiee nai?ieea. Iia
neiaeia ia iioiio, /oi Iao?a?ea /anoi aica?auaeny e iaienaiiiio aeaaea
oeaeua aeanyoeeaoey nionoy. A oioy au oaea iioiio, /oi Iao?a?ea
iaia?aiii ia niaethaeae o?iiieiaeth a ii?yaeea ?aniieiaeaiey
noeoioai?iiai iaoa?eaea. Niia?aaeaiey Iao?a?ee iui/a ia anaaaea yniu.
I/aaeaeii eeoue aai aeaeaiea ecaaaeaoue oaiaoe/aneie iiiioiiiinoe.
Iaeii eeoue iaee/ea aeaayoe ?aaeaeoeee naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaonoaiiie,
ne?oioeaciaeoae ?aaioa Iao?a?ee iaae “Eieaie ianai”. ?yae noeoioai?aiee
aeioae aei ian a ianeieueeeo ?aaeaeoeeyo, e ii iei iiaeii noaeeoue i
iai?aaeaiee oneeee Iao?a?ee. Ethaiiuoii, /oi a ?yaea neo/aaa, eiaaea
Iao?a?ea aue oaeiaeaoai?ai naiae ?aaioie, ii aeaeae ?yaeii n oaenoii
niioaaonoaothuoth iiiaoo.
?aaioa iaae oaenoii oea a aeaoo aeaaiuo iai?aaeaieyo: oaeaeaiea
iaiiiyoiinoe e aeaoniuneaiiinoe, aeinoeaeaiea aieueoae iocueaeueiinoe.
Ia ?aiiae noaaeee Iao?a?ea no?aieeny e oi?iaeueiie eciu?aiiinoe, aiauiae
yeaaaioiinoe, e oiio, /oi oae i?aaeeinue nia?aiaiieeai e ia?anoaei
i?aaeoueny aiineaaenoaee. N aiaeaie, n eaaeaeie iiaie ?aaeaeoeeae,
Iao?a?ea caaioeeny oaea i ae?oaii. Aio oioaeinue aeiaeoueny aiciiaeii
aieueoae ii?aaeaeaiiinoe, niuneiaie e ia?aciie oi/iinoe, iiiyoiinoe,
ycueiaie aeaeinoe. A yoii niunea i/aiue eioa?anii noaeaeaiea Ea?ei
Aeaeacoaeueaei ( eiiaoe XVI – ia/aei XVII aa. ), iniiaaoaey ciaiaieoie
Aeaaeaiee iocuee, i?ineaaeaoaainy naieie iaae?eaaeaie. I?i noeo Iao?a?ee
ii ienae: “A iai iao ie/aai oaeiai, /oi auei au iaaiciiaeii a i?ica”. A
aaaeue yoa oyaa e i?iecaoeee noeoa, a iaoa a?aiy iniai oeaieiay, a
i?aaeiea a?aiaia aucuaaea inoaeaeaiea. A ea/anoaa ia?acoea oaeiai
iaia?aiiiai oi?iuaiey noeoioai?iie ?a/e i?eaiaeyo XV niiao:
ss oaa oaaio – e iaeyionue iacaae,
E aaoa?ie ec ieeiai i?aaeaea
Iaioonoaaiiue eiaeth…
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ii aniiiith aae?oa, eaeeo eeoai io?aae,
Eae aeieia iooue, eae nia?oiiai oaeaea
?acia?ai n?ie, – e aiiaue a?aaeo ianiaei,
E aio – noith a neacao, iiooiy acaeyae.
A naiii aeaea, ioeacaaoenue io noeoiaie ?acaeaee e ia/aoay yoio oaenoa a
iiaeai?, iiaeii iieo/eoue io?uaie ?eoie/anee oii?yaei/aiiie i?icu. E yoi
aua iieuecoynue ia?aaiaeii Ay/. Eaaiiaa, eaene/anee e neioaene/anee
ianeieueei caauoaiiui.
No?aiii, /oi oaeie i?iieoeioaeueiue e?eoee e ciaoie eoaeueyineie
eeoa?aoo?u, eae Aea Naieoen, ia oaeaeae yoie oaiaeaioeee a Iao?a?ea. Aea
Naioino eacaeinue, /oi Iao?a?ea naienoaaiii iaiaeanoaeaiea neiaa ia ii
niuneo, a ii cao/aieth. A aio Ae’Aiioioeei, nai oyaioaaoee e neiaaniiio
yeaeeea?ecio, caiaoee yoo oaiaeaioeeth.
Aaeeieoeae iao?a?eianeie iiycee yaeyaony ia neiai, ii noeo eee, aa?iaa,
?eoieei-neioaene/aneee io?acie, a eioi?ii ioaeaeueiia neiai
?anoai?yaony, aeaeaaony iacaiaoiui. Aaeeieoea aea yoie Iao?a?ea oaeaeye
i?aeiouanoaaiiia aieiaiea, ouaoaeueii aa ia?aaaouaae, i?eano?iaae.
*aua anaai o Iao?a?ee ?eoieei-neioaene/aneay aaeeieoea caeeth/aao a naay
eaeia-ieaoaeue caeii/aiiia noaeaeaiea, oeaeinoiue ia?ac. Yoi i?ae?anii
oniio?ae aaeeeee A.?. Aea?aeaaei, eioi?ue a na?eo ia?aaiaeao ec Iao?a?ee
aea?oaiaae aeaaea niiaoiie oi?iie ?aaee nio?aiaiey niaea?aeaoaeueiie
noi?iiu aai iiycee.
Iieacaoaeueii e oi, /oi Iao?a?ea ioiineony e ie/oiaeiiio /enea oao
eoaeueyineeo iiyoia, /uee ioaeaeueiua noeoe noaee iineiae/iuie.
Eae iauay caeiiiia?iinoue neiai o Iao?a?ee ia yaeyaony iiyoe/aneei
oceii. A ?aaioao i Iao?a?ea ioia/aeinue, /oi ano?a/athuayny a
ioaeaeueiuo aai noeoioai?aieyo iaeioi?ay “i?aoeeiciinoue” iineo nei?aa
eiioeaiooaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Ooo iiaeii auei au nineaoueny ia niiao
CXLVIII, ia?aay no?ioa eioi?iai ninoieo ec cao/iuo aaia?aoe/aneeo
iacaaiee.
Eioa?anii, /oi yoio ?aoeie?iaaiii-ae?ooiciue, “aoi?ie” Iao?a?ea,
iniaaiia a?inaeny a aeaca e iiiaei e?eoeeai, a aua aieueoa
ia?aaiae/eeai. Yoa eiaeiay ?aiooaoeey, neiaeeaoayny ia aac iiiiue
yieaiiia-iao?a?ee/oia, aini?eieiaaoeo eeoue ae?ooicioth noi?iio aaeeeiai
iiyoa, neacaeanue ia iiiaeo ia?aaiae/aneeo ?aaioao. A /anoiinoe, e o ian
a ?innee. Neiaaniay au/o?iinoue, ia?i/eoay oneiaeiaiiinoue neioaenena a
ia?aaiaeao – aieaciue ?ani?ino?aiaiiay.
E niaeaeaieth, ?aiooaoeey yoa ieacaeanue aeiaieueii onoie/eaie. Iia
iaaeieai anee ia caneiieea, oi cia/eoaeueii eneaceea “ia?aiai” e
“aeaaiiai” Iao?a?eo, eioi?ue e iicaieee aio noaoue iaeiei ec aaee/aeoeo
iiyoia ie?a.
?acee/iua iieieaiey, a caaeneiinoe io naiaai eeoa?aoo?iiai niciaiey,
ainiiaenoaothueo ynoaoe/aneeo aeonia, i?i/eouaaee Iao?a?eo ii-?aciiio.
Iaeie aeaeaee a iai eciu?aiiaeoaai iiyoa, noaaeaoaai i?aauoa anaai
oi?io, neiaaniia niaa?oainoai, aeaeaee a Iao?a?ea iaeoth eaeaaeueioth
iiyoe/aneoth ii?io, aaeaa ee ia iaycaoaeueioth aeey iiae?aaeaiey. E?oaea
oeaieee a iai i?aaeaea anaai iaiiaoi?eioth eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue, neuoaee
a aai noeoao aiein iiaiai a?aiaie. Iaeie aaciaiai?i/ii i?e/eneyee aai e
“eeanneeai”, ae?oaea n ia iaiueoae ai?y/iinoueth e “?iiaioeeai”.
Ia?aia na?ueaciia ciaeiinoai n Iao?a?eie a ?innee i?iecioei a ia/aea XIX
aaea, eiaaea aini?eyoea aai auei a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iiaeneacaii
eiaiii “?iiaioe/aneie” ?aiooaoeeae Iao?a?ee, neiaeeaoaeny iiae ia?ii
oai?aoeeia e i?aeoeeia caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai ?iiaioecia. Iineaaeothuay
enoi?ey ?onneiai Iao?a?ee aianea a yoi aini?eyoea nouanoaaiiua iii?aaee,
ii?ie i?aaeeaaay a ei?ia eiua i?i/oaiey.
Ia/aei ciaeiinoao /eoathuae ?onneie ioaeeee n Iao?a?eie iieiaeee
ecaanoiue iiyo Einoaioei Aaothoeia, aaeaa ee ia ia?aue eoaeueyieno a
?innee, aaoi? noaoae i Iao?a?ea e Oanni. A eiioea 1800-o aiaeia ii
i?aaei?eieiaao ia?aaiae iaeiiai ec naiuo ciaiaieouo iao?a?eianeeo
niiaoia (CCLXIX) e ieoao ia?aeiaeaiea eaioeiiu I, iacaaiiie ei
“Aa/a?”.Aaothoeia ia niaethaeaao ooo niiaoiie oi?iu, a oaeaea eciaiyao
niaea?aeaiea niiaoa “ia ?iiaioe/aneee eaae”. Ii eiaiii oaeei iiaeaeae
aeaeaoue e oaeaeae Iao?a?eo ?iiaioe/aneee aae.
A cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie i?iaeieaeaoaeai oaeie ?iiaioe/aneie o?aeoiaee
Iao?a?ee, oieueei a aua aieaa naouaiiii aeaea, aac io?acaeythuaai
aaothoeianeiai eeanneoeecia, aunooiee iiyo Eaai Eiceia. Enoaoe, ii
ia?aaae oio aea CCLXIX niiao, /oi e Aaothoeia, aeiaaaea e iaio aua aeaa
/aoaa?inoeoey /aou?aonoiiiiai yiaa, a caiaeii e “ia/oaiea aeooe”,
“oiieaiea”, “ao?iia ii?a”, “ainoi/iue aeai/oa”, “oineo”, “oo?aoo
na?aeoea”, “neacu” e “iaiai/eaoth e?ano”. Eiceia aea ia?aeiaeee aua
iaeei niiao Iao?a?ee a noainu. Ia/eiaaony ii oae:
Oineoy i iiae?oaa ieeie
Eeue, iiaeao auoue, eeoai aeaoae,
Ine?ioaeue e oiueue,
Iiao e noiiao nieiaae.
Oaeia naioeiaioaeueiia eniieiaiea Iao?a?ee ia ii?iaa?aaaony e oaea
ianoiyuei ia?aaiaeii ae?oaeo niiaoia Iao?a?ee ( CLIX e CCCII ),
neaaeaiiui E.Eicaeiaui ia yoio ?ac oanoenoiiaui yiaii, eieoe?othuei
ieaaiue o?aioeocneee aeaenaiae?eeneee noeo, e n niaethaeaieai niiaoiie
oi?iu.
Iao niiiaiee, /oi Iao?a?ea aue i?i/eoai eae naie, aiieia ?iiaioe/aneee
iiyo. Iao?a?ea iiiae a iaaeoiaiioth ?iaeineiaioth ?iiaioeeia “oiueiai
iai?aaeaiey. Iaaeaeo oai iao?a?eianeia iaaeiaieuenoai niaie, aai acidia,
e eaaeauay a iniiaa “Eieae ianai” eiio?iaa?ca iaaeaeo aea/aieyie
na?aeoea e i?aanoaaiiuie aaniethoaie, caiiui e iaaeie?iui, no?anoiui
no?aieaieai e aeecie, iieiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ethaae, e aicauoaiiuie
iiiuneaie i aa/iii ia eiatho ie/aai iauaai n eaiaioaoeeyie,
?aci/a?iaaiiinoueth e eia?oiinoueth.
?onneeo iiyoia oiai a?aiaie i?eaeaeaee eeoue iaeioi?ua iioeau, eioi?ua
iie, ecuya ec iauaai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai eiioaenoa au/eoaee o Iao?a?ee.
Oae, aa/eoaee iie iioea “iiyoa-caoai?ieea”, iioea ie?iie naeueneie
aeecie a i?ioeaiaan noaoiie ai?iaeneie. Ee?eeo Iao?a?ee i?i/eoaee eae
naith “acaeuoaoaeueioth” ( ii?aaeaeaiea Aaothoeiaa ).
Aoi?ay iieiaeia XIX aaea eciaeeoao ia?aaiaeaie ec “Eieae ianai”. Yoiio
niinianoaiaaei eae ?acaeoea oeeieiae/aneie iaoee a oeaeii, oae e ?onneie
eoaeueyienoeee a /anoiinoe. Iao/iue e i?inaaoeoaeueee-iiioey?ecaoi?neee
iiaeoiae, iaei niia?acothueeny n iio?aaiinoyie aeeaie ioa/anoaaiiie
eeoa?aoo?u, iaeiaeee ia iiaua ia?aaiaeu ii?aaeaeaiiue ioia/aoie. N oi/ee
c?aiey aoeau iie noaee oi/iaa, auoue iiaeao, oi?iaeueii no?iaea, ii i?e
yoii iie noaee ianiiiaiii aacaeooiaa, oi anoue i?eia?aee
eoeueoo?ii-eioi?iaoeeiiiue oa?aeoa?, a nouiinoe, ia naycaiiue n
iio?aaiinoyie aeeaie ?onneie iiycee.
I?eioeeieaeueii iiaoth no?aieoeo a enoi?ee ?onneiai Iao?a?ee ioe?uaaao
XX aae. Naycaia iia n ?onneei neiaieeciii, e i?aaeaea anaai n eiaiai
Ay/aneaaa Eaaiiaa.
A naiii aeaea, ianiiiaiiay caneoaa Ay/.Eaaiiaa eae ia?aaiae/eea Iao?a?ee
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ii ia?aue ec e?oiiuo ?onneeo eeoa?aoi?ia
iiaeioae e Iao?a?ea ia “aae?oa”, a ai anai?oaeee iniiaaoaeueiaeoeo
oeeieiae/aneeo e enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iuo iiciaiee, inoaaaynue i?e yoii
ec?yaeiui noeoioai?oeai. Iaei oiai – iiae/eiyy caaea/e ia?aaiaea ia
i?inoi iiciaaaoaeueiui eoeueoo?iui oeaeyi, ii ianouiui iio?aaiinoyi
aeeaie ioa/anoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
Ay/.Eaaiia, aa?ioa Iao?a?eo a o?a/aioi, noiae aiooeoue ?onneiio
/eoaoaeth aeeaie e iaio eioa?an e aa?o a ?aaeueiinoue ia/aeueiie iiaanoe
i Eao?a e O?ai/anei.
Iooue, i?ioi?aiiue Ay/.Eaaiiaui, ieacaeny niaeacieoaeueiui. Ii iaio
iioee, a nouiinoe, ii/oe ana, eoi a?aeny ca ia?aaiaeu Iao?a?ee.
Ec ia?aaiae/eeia aeeceiai e iai a?aiaie aieueoa e aeeeoaeueiaa ae?oaeo
?aaioae iaae Iao?a?eie A.I.Yo?in. O iaai auei iiiai aeaiiuo, /oiau
ia?aaiaeeoue Iao?a?eo: y?oaeeoeey, aeoaieay ia/eoaiiinoue a eoaeueyineie
eeoa?aoo?a, aaeeeieaiiia ciaiea eoeueoo?u Aic?iaeaeaiey, eoaeueyineiai
ycuea. Ni anai oai iiaiai neiaa ii oae e ia neacae. Eae ia?aaiae/ee
Iao?a?ee, ii oae ca Ay/.Eaaiiaui. ?aaee niaethaeaiey oneiaee noeoa aio
i?eoiaeeeinue ii?ith aea?oaiaaoue iao?a?eianeie eaaeinoueth e
ecyuanoaii. Eiaa?nee, a?iiicaeeea neiaini/aoaiey o A.Y.Yo?ina ia
?acoeueoao i?iaeoiaiiie nenoaiu, a neaaenoaea iai?aiaeieaiiiai
nii?ioeaeaiey noeoiaiai iaoa?eaea.
Oaeei ia?acii, e ii nae aeaiue a aieaa /ai iieooi?aaaeiaie aeecie
Iao?a?ee a ?onneie iiycee iaeaieaa i?eia/aoaeueiuie yieciaeaie inoathony
aeaa: ia?aue naycai n ia?eiaeii ?onneiai ?iiaioecia, aoi?ie – ni nii?aie
i “iiaii eneonnoaa”. A iaieo neo/ayo ?onneee Iao?a?ea ieacaeny aeeaui
o/anoieeii eeoa?aoo?iuo noaaoie. Ana ae?oaea oaeou ec aeecie Iao?a?ee a
?innee ioiinyony ia noieueei e enoi?ee ?onneie iiycee, neieueei e
enoi?ee ?onneie ia?aciaaiiinoe.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Aa?ainii I.E. Io Aeaioa e Aeueaa?oe. I.: “Iaoea”, 1979.
2. Aanaeianeee A.I. Iao?a?ea a iiyoe/aneie eniiaaaee “Canzoniere”.
1304-1904. Nia., 1912.
3. ?aaoiaieiaa I.A. ?aiannaineia naiaiaeiiuneea e eaeaieiaey
?aoi?iaoeee. I.: “Iuneue”, 1988
4. Oiiaoaaneee I. ?onneee Iao?a?ea. I.: “I?aaaea”, 1984.
5. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue thiiai enoi?eea / nino. Aeiaiiaa I.N.,
Naae/aaa A.I. I: “Iaaeaaiaeea-i?ann”, 1994.
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