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Ортега и Гассет Rebelion de la mascas

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76 1986
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Oina I?oaaa-e-Aannao

AINNOAIEA IANN

Ia?aaiae A. I. Aaeaneoea, 1991 a.

I. NOAAeIINOUe (O?AAIAIO)

<...> Oieia — iiiyoea eiee/anoaaiiia e aecoaeueiia: iiiaeanoai.
Ia?aaaaeai aai, ia eneaaeay, ia ycue nioeeieiaee. E iieo/ei “ianno”.
Iauanoai anaaaea auei iiaeaeaeiui aaeeinoaii iaiueoeinoaa e iannu.
Iaiueoeinoai — niaieoiiinoue eeoe, auaeaeaiiuo iniai; ianna — ia
auaeaeaiiuo ie/ai. ?a/ue, neaaeiaaoaeueii, eaeao ia oieueei e ia
noieueei i “?aai/ae ianna”. Ianna — yoi n?aaeiee /aeiaae. Oaeei ia?acii,
/enoi eiee/anoaaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea — “iiiaea” — ia?aoiaeeo a
ea/anoaaiiia. Yoi niaianoiia ea/anoai, ie/aeiia e io/oaeaeaaiia, yoi
/aeiaae a oie ia?a, a eaeie ii ia ioee/aaony io inoaeueiuo e iiaoi?yao
iauee oei. Eaeie niune a yoii ia?aaiaea eiee/anoaa a ea/anoai?
I?inoaeoee — oae iiiyoiaa i?ienoiaeaeaiea iannu. Aei aaiaeueiinoe
i/aaeaeii, /oi noeoeeiue ?ino aa i?aaeiieaaaao niaiaaeaiea oeaeae,
iuneae, ia?aca aeecie. Ii ia oae ee ianoieo aeaei e n ethaui
niiauanoaii, eaeei au eca?aiiui iii naay ie iieaaaei? A iauai, aea. Ii
anoue nouanoaaiiay ?acieoea.

A niiauanoaao, /oaeaeuo ianniainoe, niaianoiay oeaeue, eaeay eee eaeaae
neoaeao aaeeinoaaiiie naycueth, /oi naii ii naaa eneeth/aao
iiiai/eneaiiinoue. Aeey nicaeaiey iaiueoeinoaa, eaeiai oaiaeii, nia/aea
iaaei, /oiau eaaeaeue ii i?e/eiai iniaui, aieaa eee iaiaa ee/iui, ioiae
io oieiu. Aai niaiaaeaiea n oaie, eoi ia?acoao iaiueoeinoai, — yoi
iicaeiaeoee, aoi?e/iue ?acoeueoao iniainoe eaaeaeiai e, oaeei ia?acii,
yoi ai iiiaii niaiaaeaiea ianiaiaaeaiee. Ii?ie ia/aoue iouaaeeiaiiinoe
a?inaaony a aeaca: eiaiothuea naay “iiieiioi?ienoaie” aiaee/aia — nithc
niaeaniuo eeoue a ianiaeanee n iauanoaii. Ii naia onoaiiaea —
iauaaeeiaiea eae iiaeii iaiueoaai /enea aeey iouaaeeiaiey io eae iiaeii
aieueoaai — aoiaeeo ninoaaiie /anoueth a no?oeoo?o eaaeaeiai
iaiueoeinoaa. Aiai?y ia eca?aiiie ioaeeea ia eiioea?oa ecuneaiiiai
iocueaioa, Iaeea?ia oiiei caiaoee, /oi yoio oceee e?oa naiei
i?enoonoaeai aeaiiino?e?iaae ionoonoaea oieiu.

A nouiinoe, /oiau iuooeoue ianno eae ineoieiae/aneoth ?aaeueiinoue, ia
o?aaoaony ethaeneeo neiieu. Ii iaeiiio-aaeeinoaaiiiio /aeiaaeo iiaeii
ii?aaeaeeoue, ianna yoi eee iao. Ianna — anyeee e eaaeaeue, eoi ie a
aeia?a, ie a cea ia ia?eo naay iniaie ia?ie, a iuouaao oaeei aea, “eae e
ana”, e ia oieueei ia oae?o/ai, ii aeiaieai nianoaaiiie
iaioee/eiinoueth. I?aaenoaaei naaa, /oi naiue iau/iue /aeiaae, iuoaynue
ia?eoue naay iniaie ia?ie — caaeaaaynue aii?inii, anoue ee o iaai
eaeia-oi aea?iaaiea, oiaiea, aeinoieinoai, — oaaaeaeaaony, /oi iao
ieeaeiai. Yoio /aeiaae ii/oanoaoao naay cao?yaeiinoueth,
aacaea?iinoueth, na?inoueth. Ii ia iannie.

Iau/ii, aiai?y ia “eca?aiiii iaiueoeinoaa”, ia?aaea?aeaatho niune yoiai
au?aaeaiey, i?eoai?ii caauaay, /oi eca?aiiua — ia oa, eoi ee/eeai noaaeo
naay auoa, ii oa, eoi o?aaoao io naay aieueoa, aeaaea anee o?aaiaaiea e
naaa iaiineeueii. E, eiia/ii, ?aaeeeaeueiaa anaai aeaeeoue /aeiaa/anoai
ia aeaa eeanna: ia oao, eoi o?aaoao io naay iiiaiai e nai ia naay
acaaeeaaao oyaiou e iaycaoaeuenoaa, e ia oao, eoi ia o?aaoao ie/aai e
aeey eiai aeeoue — yoi ieuoue ii oa/aieth, inoaaaynue oaeei, eaeie ie ia
anoue, e ia neeynue ia?a?anoe naay.

Yoi iaiiieiaao iia aeaa aaoae i?oiaeienaeueiiai aoaeaeecia: aieaa
o?oaeioth e o?aaiaaoaeueioth iaoayio — “aieueooth eieanieoeo”, eee
“aieueoie iooue”, — e aieaa aoaeie/ioth e aeaeeoth oeiayio — “iaeoth
eieanieoeo”, “iaeue iooue”[[] Oeiayia, iaoayia (niioa. “iaeay” e
“aieueoay” eieanieoeu; naine?eo) — a o/aiee aoaeaeenoneeo naeo
na?aanoeaaaeeiia e iaoanaiaoeeia oae iacuaathony iooe, aaaeouea aeooe
ethaeae e nianaieth io no?aaeaiee, eaeiaua, niaeanii aoaeaeecio,
nii?iaiaeaeatho aeaenoaey ethaeae, eiathuea oeaeue oaeiaeaoai?youe
iianaaeiaaiua aeaeaiey. Eaeae oeiayiu e iaoayiu auee noi?ioee?iaaiu ia
IV aaeeeii niai?a aoaeaeenoia i?e Eaieoea a I—II aa. i. y. A
aeaeueiaeoai, iinea III a., a iaoayia onaaeaaaony aini?eiyoay ec
o?enoeainoaa eaeay no?aaeathuaai ca ethaeae nianeoaey.

Niaeanii oeiayia, inaiaiaeaeaiea io no?aaeaiee i?ienoiaeeo iin?aaenoaii
iinoaiaiiie oo?aou /aeiaaeii ee/iinoiiai ia/aea ia iooe
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie naiiaeenoeeieeiu e iaaeeoaoeee. Oeaeueth yaeyaony
iieiia inaiaiaeaeaiea aeooe io iaiinoiyinoaa iianaaeiaaiiai ie?a e
ia?aoiae e aaeeinoaaiii iinoiyiiiio ninoiyieth — ie?aaia, oi anoue e
ninoiyieth cai?aaeaeueiiio eae auoeth, oae e iaauoeth. Aeinoe/ue
ie?aaiu, a ni nia?oueth “ieii/aoaeueii oaaniooue” a iae iiaoo oieueei
niaa?oaiiua nouanoaa — aoaeaeu e a?oaou. Oaeei ia?acii, oeiayia —
eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneia, eioaeeaeooaeenoe/aneia e aneaoe/aneia o/aiea.

A iaoayia noauaeoii o/aiey yaeyaony no?aaeathuee aiaeoenaooaa; oeaeueth
naiae aeecie ii ecae?aao i?eiyoea ia naay aeayiee e no?aaeaiee ethaeae,
aioiaiinoue ianoe a?aiy no?aaeaiee anao ethaeae ai eniieiaiea iaaoa eo
nianaiey. Ie? iaoayiu aeeth/aao iiiai/eneaiiuo aaeeeiaeooiuo e
aeaai?iaeiuo aiaeoenaooa: nino?aaeathueo, iiiiaathueo no?aaeaeouei,
ea?athueo ca eiaeue e caaeoaeaeaiey, ianoaaeythueo aeia?iaeaoaee,
ainieouaathueo inooieaoeony e o. ae.]. Aeaaiia e ?aoathuaa — eaeie
eieanieoea iu aaa?ei iaoo aeeciue.

Oaeei ia?acii, aeaeaiea iauanoaa ia iannu e eca?aiiua iaiueoeinoaa —
oeiieiae/aneia e ia niaiaaeaao ie n aeaeaieai ia nioeeaeueiua eeannu, ie
n eo ea?a?oeae. ?acoiaaony, aunoaio eeanno, eiaaea ii noaiiaeony aunoei
e iiea aeaenoaeoaeueii ei inoaaony, eaa/a auaeaeiooue /aeiaaea “aieueoie
eieanieoeu”, /ai iecoaio. Ii a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aioo?e ethaiai eeanna
anoue nianoaaiiua iannu e iaiueoeinoaa. Iai aua i?aaenoieo oaaaeeoueny,
/oi ieaaaenoai e aiao iannu aeaaea a e?oaao o?aaeeoeeiiii yeeoa?iuo —
oa?aeoa?iia naienoai iaoaai a?aiaie. Oae eioaeeaeooaeueiay aeeciue,
eacaeinue au acuneaoaeueiay e iunee, noaiiaeony o?eoioaeueiie aei?iaie
inaaaeieioaeeeaaioia, ia iuneyueo, iaiuneeiuo e ie a eaeii aeaea
iai?eaieaiuo. Ie/ai ia eo/oa inoaiee “a?enoie?aoee”, eae ioaeneea, oae e
aeaineea. E, iai?ioea, a ?aai/ae n?aaea, eioi?ay i?aaeaea n/eoaeanue
yoaeiiii “iannu”, ia ?aaeeinoue naaiaeiy ano?aoeoue aeooe auni/aeoaai
caeaea.

<...>

Ianna — yoi iin?aaenoaaiiinoue, e, iiaa?ue iia a naith iaea?aiiinoue,
eiae au ianoi ia nioeeaeueiue naeaea, a anaai-iaanaai naiiiaiai.
Iniaaiiinoue iaoaai a?aiaie a oii, /oi cao?yaeiua aeooe, ia iaiaiuaaynue
ian/ao nianoaaiiie cao?yaeiinoe, aacaiyciaiii ooaa?aeaeatho naia i?aai
ia iaa e iaaycuaatho aa anai e anthaeo. Eae aiai?yo aia?eeaioeu,
ioee/aoueny — iai?eee/ii. Ianna nieiaao ana iaiioiaeaa, iaaethaeeiiia,
ee/iinoiia e eo/oaa. Eoi ia oaeie, eae ana, eoi aeoiaao ia oae, eae ana,
?eneoao noaoue ioaa?aeaiiui. E ynii, /oi “ana” — yoi aua ia ana. Ie?
iau/ii aue iaiaeii?iaeiui aaeeinoaii iannu e iacaaeneiuo iaiueoeinoa.
Naaiaeiy aanue ie? noaiiaeony iannie.

Oaeiaa aeanoieay ?aaeueiinoue iaoeo aeiae, e oaeie y aeaeo aa, ia
cae?uaay aeac ia aeanoieinoue.

V. NOAOENOE*ANEAss NI?AAEA

A yoie ?aaioa y oioae au oaaaeaoue iaaeoa iaoaai a?aiaie, iaoae
naaiaeiyoiae aeecie. E ia?aua ?acoeueoaou iiaeii iaiaueoue oae:
nia?aiaiiay aeeciue a?aiaeeicia, ecauoi/ia e i?aainoiaeeo ethaoth
enoi?e/anee ecaanoioth. Ii eiaiii iioiio, /oi iaii? aa oae aaeee, iia
auoea ec aa?aaia e niuea ana caaauaiiua iai onoie, ii?iu e eaeaaeu. A
iae aieueoa aeecie, /ai a ethaie ae?oaie, e ii oie aea i?e/eia aieueoa
ia?aoaiiiai. Iia oaea ia iiaeao i?eaea?aeeaaoueny i?ioeiai[*Iao/einy,
iaeiaei, ecaeaeaoue ec i?ioeiai anee ia iiceoeaiue, oi oioy au
iaaaoeaiue iiuo. I?ioeia ia iaaeioieo, /oi aeaeaoue, ii iiaeneaaeao,
/aai ecaaaaoue]. Ae iaaei naiie oai?eoue naith nianoaaiioth noaeueao.

Ii aeeaaiic ii?a aeiiieieoue. AEeciue — yoi i?aaeaea anaai iaoa
aiciiaeiay aeeciue, oi, /ai iu niiniaiu noaoue, e eae auai? aiciiaeiiai
— iaoa ?aoaiea, oi, /ai iu aeaenoaeoaeueii noaiiaeiny. Ianoiyoaeuenoaa e
?aoaiey — aeaaiua neaaathuea aeecie. Ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oi anoue
aiciiaeiinoe, iai caaeaiu e iaaycaiu. Iu iacuaaai eo ie?ii. AEeciue ia
auae?aao naaa ie?a, aeeoue — yoi i/ooeoueny a ie?a ieii/aoaeueiii e
ia?aciaiiii, nae/an e caeanue. Iao ie? — yoi i?aae?aoaiiay noi?iia
aeecie. Ii i?aae?aoaiiay ia iaoaie/anee. Iu ia iouaiu a ie?, eae ioey ec
?oaeuey, ii iaoeinieoaeueiie o?aaeoi?ee. Iaecaaaeiinoue, n eioi?ie
noaeeeaaao ian yoio ie? — a ie? anaaaea yoio, nae/an e caeanue, —
ninoieo a ia?aoiii. Aianoi aaeeinoaaiiie o?aaeoi?ee iai caaeaaony
iiiaeanoai, e iu niioaaonoaaiii ia?a/aiu… auae?aoue naay. Iaiuneeiay
i?aaeiinueea! AEeoue — yoi aa/ii auoue inoaeaeaiiui ia naiaiaeo, aa/ii
?aoaoue, /ai ou noaiaoue a yoii ie?a. E ?aoaoue aac onoaee e aac
ia?aaeuoee. Aeaaea ioaeaaaynue aaciaaeaaeii ia aieth neo/ay, iu
i?eieiaai ?aoaiea — ia ?aoaoue. Iai?aaaea, /oi a aeecie “?aoatho
ianoiyoaeuenoaa”. Iai?ioea, ianoiyoaeuenoaa — yoi aeeeaiia aa/ii iiaay,
eioi?oth iaaei ?aoaoue. E ?aoaao aa iao nianoaaiiue neeaae.

Ana yoi i?eiaieii e e iauanoaaiiie aeecie. O iaa, ai-ia?auo, anoue oiaea
ai?eciio aiciiaeiiai e, ai-aoi?uo, ?aoaiea a auai?a niaianoiiai
aeeciaiiiai iooe. ?aoaiea caaeneo io oa?aeoa?a iauanoaa, aai neeaaea,
eee, /oi iaeii e oi aea, io i?aiaeaaeathuaai oeia ethaeae. Naaiaeiy
i?aiaeaaeaao ianna e ?aoaao iia. E i?ienoiaeeo ia/oi eiia, /ai a yiioo
aeaiie?aoee e anaiauaai aieiniaaiey. I?e anaiauai aieiniaaiee iannu ia
?aoaee, a i?eniaaeeiyeenue e ?aoaieth oiai eee ae?oaiai iaiueoeinoaa.
Iineaaeiea i?aaeeaaaee naie “i?ia?aiiu” — ioee/iue oa?iei. Yoe i?ia?aiiu
— ii nooe, i?ia?aiiu niaianoiie aeecie — i?eaeaoaee ianno iaeia?eoue
i?iaeo ?aoaiey.

Nae/an ea?oeia eiay. Anthaeo, aaea oi?aeanoai iannu ?anoao, — iai?eia?,
a N?aaeecaiiiii?uea — i?e acaeyaea ia iauanoaaiioth aeeciue ii?aaeaao
oi, /oi iieeoe/anee oai ia?aaeaathony ni aeiy ia aeaiue. Yoi aieaa /ai
no?aiii. O aeanoe — i?aaenoaaeoaee iann. Iie ianoieueei ananeeueiu, /oi
naaee ia iao naio aiciiaeiinoue iiiiceoeee. Yoi aannii?iua oicyaaa
no?aiu, e iaeaaei iaeoe a enoi?ee i?eia? iiaeiaiiai anaaeanoey. E oai ia
iaiaa ainoaea?noai, i?aaeoaeuenoai aeeaoo naaiaeiyoiei aeiai. Iie ia
?aniaoioou aoaeouaio, ia i?aaenoaaeytho aai ynii e ioe?uoi, ia eeaaeoo
ia/aei /aio-oi iiaiio, oaea ?acee/eiiio a ia?niaeoeaa. Neiaii, iie
aeeaoo aac aeeciaiiie i?ia?aiiu. Ia ciatho, eoaea eaeoo, iioiio /oi ia
eaeoo ieeoaea, ia auae?ay e ia i?ieeaaeuaay aei?ia. Eiaaea oaeia
i?aaeoaeuenoai euao naiiii?aaaeaiee, oi ia iiieiaao anoa aeaiue
caao?aoiee, a, iai?ioea, oie?aao ia naaiaeiyoiee e aiai?eo n caaeaeiie
i?yiioie: “Iu — /?acau/aeiay aeanoue, ?iaeaeaiiay /?acau/aeiuie
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie”. Oi anoue ceiaie aeiy, a ia aeaeueiae ia?niaeoeaie.
Iaaea?ii e naii i?aaeaiea naiaeeony e oiio, /oiau iinoiyiii
auioouaaoueny, ia ?aoay i?iaeai, a anaie niiniaaie oaeeeaay io ieo e oai
naiui ?eneoy naeaeaoue eo ia?ac?aoeiuie. Oaeei anaaaea auei i?yiia
i?aaeaiea iannu — anaiiaouei e i?ec?a/iui. Ianna — yoi oa, eoi ieuaao ii
oa/aieth e eeoai i?eaioe?ia. Iiyoiio ianniaue /aeiaae ia niceaeaao,
aeaaea anee aiciiaeiinoe e neeu aai ia?iiiu.

E eae ?ac yoio /aeiaa/aneee neeaae naaiaeiy ?aoaao. I?aai aea, noieo a
iai ?acia?aoueny.

Eeth/ e ?acaaaeea — a oii aii?ina, /oi i?icao/ae oaea a ia/aea iiae
?aaiou: ioeoaea aicieeee ana yoe oieiu, caoeanoioaoea naaiaeiy
enoi?e/aneia i?ino?ainoai?

Ia oae aeaaii ecaanoiue yeiiiieno Aa?ia? Ciiaa?o oeacae ia iaeei i?inoie
oaeo, eioi?ue aeieaeai au aia/aoeeoue eaaeaeiai, eoi icaai/ai
nia?aiaiiinoueth. Oaeo nai ii naaa aeinoaoi/iue, /oiau ioe?uoue iai
aeaca ia naaiaeiyoithth Aa?iio, ii iaiueoae ia?a ia?aoeoue eo a ioaeioth
noi?iio. Aeaei a neaaeothuai: ca ana aeaaiaaeoeaoue aaeia naiae enoi?ee,
n oanoiai ii aeaayoiaaeoeaoue, aa?iiaeneia ianaeaiea ie ?aco ia
i?aauneei noa ainueieaeanyoe ieeeeiiia. A ca a?aiy n 1800 ii 1914 aiae —
ca noieaoea n iaaieueoei — aeinoeaei /aou?aonio oanoeaeanyoe. Eiio?ano,
iieaaath, ia inoaaeyao niiiaiee a ieiaeiaeoinoe i?ioeiai aaea. O?e
iieieaiey iiae?yae /aeiaa/aneay ianna ?inea eae ia ae?iaeaeao e, oeuioa,
caoiieea oaniue io?acie enoi?ee. Aeinoaoi/ii, iiaoi?yth, iaeiiai yoiai
oaeoa, /oiau iauynieoue o?eoio iann e ana, /oi ii noeeo. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, yoi aua iaeii, e i?eoii naiia iuooeiia, neaaaaiia oiai ?inoa
aeeciaiiie neeu, i eioi?ii y oiiieiae.

Yoa noaoenoeea, enoaoe, oia?yao iaoa aanii/aaiiia ainoeuaiea ?inoii
iieiaeuo no?ai, iniaaiii Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia. Eaaeaony
naa?ouanoanoaaiiui, /oi ianaeaiea NOA ca noieaoea aeinoeaei noa
ieeeeiiia, a aaaeue eoaea naa?ouanoanoaaiiae aa?iiaeneay ieiaeiaeoinoue.
Eeoiaa aeieacaoaeuenoai, /oi aia?eeaiecaoeey Aa?iiu eeethci?ia. Aeaaea
naiay, eacaeinue au, ioee/eoaeueiay /a?oa Aia?eee — onei?aiiue oaii aa
canaeaiey — ia naiiauoia. Aa?iia a i?ioeii aaea canaeyeanue eoaea
auno?aa. Aia?eeo nicaeaee aa?iiaeneea eceeoee.

Oioy aueeaaeee Aa?ia?a Ciiaa?oa e ia oae ecaanoiu, eae oiai
caneoaeeaatho, nai caaaaei/iue oaeo caiaoiiai oaaee/aiey aa?iiaeoeaa
neeoeii i/aaeaeai, /oiau ia iai caaea?aeeaaoueny. Nooue ia a oeeo?ao
ia?iaeiianaeaiey, a a eo eiio?anoiinoe, ane?uaathuae aiacaiiue e
aieiaie?oaeeoaeueiue oaii ?inoa. A yoii e nieue. Aieiaie?oaeeoaeueiue
?ino icia/aao ana iiaua e iiaua oieiu, eioi?ua n oaeei onei?aieai
ecaa?aathony ia iiaa?oiinoue enoi?ee, /oi ia oniaaatho i?iieoaoueny
o?aaeeoeeiiiie eoeueoo?ie.

E a ?acoeueoaoa nia?aiaiiue n?aaeiee aa?iiaaoe aeooaaii caei?iaaa e
e?ai/a naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, ii e aeooaaii aaaeiaa. Iooiai ii ii?ie
niaoeaaao ia aeeea?y, aiacaiii caa?aaeoaai a ie? aaeiaie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Oeieu, eioi?uie oae ai?aeeeny i?ioeue aae, aiaae?eee a ianno nia?aiaiiua
aeeciaiiua iaauee, ii ia noiaee ainieoaoue aa. Niaaaeeee aa n?aaenoaaie
aeey oiai, /oiau aeeoue iieiaa, ii ia niiaee iaaeaeeoue ie enoi?e/aneei
/ooueai, ie /oanoaii enoi?e/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A ianno aaeioioee
neeo e nianue nia?aiaiiiai i?ia?anna, ii caauee i aeooa. Anoanoaaiii,
iia e ia iiiuoeyao i aeooa, e iiaua iieieaiey, aeaeay i?aaeoue ie?ii,
niio?yo ia iaai eae ia ia?aicaeaiiue ?ae, aaea iao ie aeaaieo neaaeia,
ie aeaaieo i?iaeai.

Neaao e ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auoiae oe?ieeo iann ia enoi?e/aneia iii?eua
ianao XIX aae. Oieueei oae iiaeii noaeeoue i iai aani?eno?anoii e
ni?aaaaeeeai. *oi-oi iaauaaeia e iaiiaoi?eiia e?ueinue a aai eeeiaoa,
?ac auc?ae oaeie /aeiaa/aneee o?iaeae. Ia onaiea e ia ia?aaa?ea yoiai,
niaoii e eaaeiiuneaiii ioaeaaaoue i?aaeii/oaiea aeooo eiuo yiio. Any
enoi?ey i?aaenoaao aeaaioneie eaai?aoi?eae, aaea noaayony ana iuneeiua e
iaiuneeiua iiuou, /oiau iaeoe ?aoeaio iauanoaaiiie aeecie, iaeeo/oae
aeey eoeueoeaaoeee “/aeiaaea”. E, ia i?eaaaay e oaa?oeai, neaaeoao
i?eciaoue aeaiiua iiuoa: /aeiaa/aneee iinaa a oneiaeyo eeaa?aeueiie
aeaiie?aoee e oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna — aeaoo iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia — ca
noieaoea oo?iee ethaeneea ?ano?nu Aa?iiu.

Oaeia eciaeeea, anee iuneeoue cae?aai, i?eaiaeeo e ?yaeo oiicaeeth/aiee:
ia?aia — eeaa?aeueiay aeaiie?aoey ia aaca oaoie/aneiai oai?/anoaa
yaeyaony aunoae ec aeiiuia ecaanoiuo oi?i iauanoaaiiie aeecie; aoi?ia —
aa?iyoii, yoi ia eo/oay oi?ia, ii eo/oea aicieeioo ia aa iniiaa e
nio?aiyo aa nooue, e o?aouea — aica?auaiea e oi?iai iecoei, /ai a XIX
aaea, naiioaeenoaaiii.

E aio, ?acii oyniea naaa ana yoe aiieia yniua aaue, iu aeieaeiu
i?aaeuyaeoue XIX aaeo n/ao. I/aaeaeii, ia?yaeo n /ai-oi iaauaaeui e
iaiiaoi?eiui eiaeenue a iai e eaeea-oi a?iaeaeaiiua ecuyiu, ei?aiiua
ii?iee, iineieueeo ii nicaeae iiaoth ii?iaeo ethaeae — iyoaaeioth ianno
— e oaia?ue iia oa?iaeaao oai iniiaai, eioi?ui iaycaia aeeciueth. Anee
yoio /aeiaa/aneee oei aoaeao ii-i?aaeiaio oicyeie/aoue a Aa?iia e i?aai
?aoaoue inoaiaony ca iei, oi ia i?ieaeao e o?eaeoeaoe eao, eae iao
eiioeiaio iaee/aao. Iaoe i?aaiaua e oaoie/aneea aeinoeaeaiey en/acioo n
oie aea eaaeinoueth, n eaeie ia ?ac en/acaee nae?aou ianoa?noaa[*Aa?iai
Aaeeue, iaeei ec e?oiiaeoeo oeceeia nia?aiaiiinoe, ni?aoiee e i?aaiiee
Yeiooaeia, ia ?ac iiaoi?ye a /anoiie aanaaea, /oi, anee au ii?aaeaeaiiua
ethaee, aeanyoue eee aeaaiaaeoeaoue /aeiaae, aiacaiii oia?ee, /oaei
nia?aiaiiie oeceee ieacaeinue au iaaaee oo?a/aiiui aeey /aeiaa/anoaa.
Noieaoeyie iaaei auei i?eniinaaeeaaoue /aeiaa/aneee iica e aano?aeoiui
aieiaieiieai oai?aoe/aneie oeceee. E ethaay neo/aeiinoue iiaeao
?acaayoue yoe /oaeaniua niiniaiinoe, io eioi?uo caaeneo e any oaoieea
aoaeouaai]. AEeciue nuaaeeony. Naaiaeiyoiee ecauoie aiciiaeiinoae
iaa?iaony aani?inaaoiie ioaeaeie, nea?aaeiinoueth, oineeeaui
aanieiaeeai. Yoi aoaeao iaiiaeaeaeueiue aeaeaaeain. Iioiio /oi ainnoaiea
iann e anoue oi naiia, /oi ?aoaiao iacuaae “aa?oeeaeueiui iaee/aieai”.

Iiyoiio oae aaaeii aaeyaeaoueny a ianniaiai /aeiaaea, a yoo /enooth
iioaioeeth eae aunoaai aeaaa, oae e aunoaai cea.

VI. AAAAeAIEA A AIAOIIETH IANNIAIAI *AEIAAEA

Eoi ii, oio ianniaue /aeiaae, /oi aeaaainoaoao nae/an a iauanoaaiiie
aeecie, iieeoe/aneie e ia iieeoe/aneie? Ii/aio ii oaeie, eaeie anoue,
eia/a aiai?y, eae ii iieo/eeny oaeei?

Iaa aii?ina o?aaotho niaianoiiai ioaaoa, iioiio /oi acaeiii i?iyniytho
ae?oa ae?oaa. *aeiaae, eioi?ue iaia?ai naaiaeiy aicaeaaeyoue
aa?iiaeneoth aeeciue, iaei iioiae ia oao, eoi aeaeaae XIX aae, ii eiaiii
XIX aaeii ii ?iaeaeai e anei?ieai. I?iieoeaoaeueiue oi, aoaeue oi a
1820-i, 1850-i eee 1880 aiaeo, i?inoui ?annoaeaeaieai a priori iia
i?aaeainoeoeoue oyaeanoue nia?aiaiiie enoi?e/aneie neooaoeee. E a iae
aeaenoaeoaeueii iao ?iaiui n/aoii ie/aai, ia i?aaeoaaaeaiiiai noi eao
iacaae. “Iannu iaaeaeaathony!”[[] Ii-aeaeeiiio, I?oaaa eiae a aeaeo
?annoaeaeaiey Aaaaey ai “Aaaaeaiee” e “Oeeinioee enoi?ee” ii iiaiaeo
e?ecena, niiniaiiai i?iiecaoue “ia?iaeiue aeoo”, eiaaea ii aeinoeaaao
naiaai caaa?oaiey e inouanoaeaiey (eee, aiai?y neiaaie I?oaae, iieiiou
nouanoaiaaiey). Ii Aaaaeth, ia?iae a yoeo oneiaeyo neeiiyaony e oiio,
/oiau aini?eieiaoue aeinoeaiooia, noaaoaa iauaeaiiui, iau/iui, eae
i?eioeei naiaai i?aaa. Yoi iiaoaeaeaao aai ia?aniao?eaaoue naie
iaycaiiinoe n oi/ee c?aiey eo iainiiaaiiinoe. A naith i/a?aaeue yoi
aaaeao e eciee?iaaieth eiaeeaeaeia ae?oa io ae?oaa e io oeaeiai; “o ieo
?acaeaaaony naayethaea e ouaneaaea, iie no?aiyony e ee/iie auaiaea e
aeiaeaathony aa a oua?a oeaeiio…” (Aaaaeue. Oeeinioey enoi?ee. — Ni/.,
o. 8, I. — E., 1935, n. 73).] — aiieaeeine/anee aineeeoeae Aaaaeue. “Aac
iiaie aeooiaiie aeanoe iaoa yiioa — yiioa ?aaiethoeeiiiay — eii/eony
eaoano?ioie”[[] A 4-oiiiii o?oaea “Nenoaia iiceoeaiie iieeoeee” I. Eiio
?ac?aaaouaae eaeath iiaie ?aeeaee /aeiaa/anoaa eae ?oeiaiaeyuae neeu a
iieeoe/aneii e nioeeaeueiii i?aia?aciaaiee /aeiaa/anoaa; a iae ii
ioaiaeee naaa ?ieue ia?ainayuaiieea. Ecaanoii oaeaea, /oi I. Eiio
iuoaeny i?eaea/ue e ?aaeecaoeee naiaai caiunea oea?y Ieeieay I,
oo?aoeeiai aece?y, i?aeai eacoeoia…], — i?aae?aeae Iathno Eiio. “ss
aeaeo anaie?iue iioii ieaeeecia!” — e?e/ae n yiaaaeeineeo e?o/ onaoue
Ieoeoa. Iai?aaaea, /oi enoi?ey iai?aaeneacoaia. Nieioue e ?yaeii
i?i?i/anoaa nauaaeenue. Anee au a?yaeouaa ia inoaaeyei a?aoe aeey
i?aaeaeaeaiee, oi e ai?aaeue, eniieiyynue e noaiiaynue i?ioeui, iii
inoaaaeinue au iaiiiyoiui. A oooea, /oi enoi?ee — i?i?ie iaeciaieo,
caeeth/aia any oeeinioey enoi?ee. Eiia/ii, iiaeii i?iaeaeaoue eeoue
iauee ea?ean aoaeouaai, ii aaaeue e a ianoiyuai eee i?ioeii yoi
aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi, a nouiinoe, aeinooiii. Iiyoiio, /oiau aeaeaoue naia
a?aiy, iaaei niio?aoue n ?annoiyiey. N eaeiai? Aeinoaoi/iiai, /oiau ia
?acee/aoue iina Eeaiiao?u.

Eaeie i?aaenoaaeyeanue aeeciue oie /aeiaa/aneie ianna, eioi?oth a
eciaeeee ieiaeee XIX aae? I?aaeaea anaai e ai anao ioiioaieyo —
iaoa?eaeueii aeinooiiie. Ieeiaaea aua ?yaeiaie /aeiaae ia ooieye n oaeei
?aciaoii naie aeeoaeneea cai?inu. Ii ia?a oiai eae oayee e?oiiua
ninoiyiey e oaeanoi/aeanue aeeciue ?aai/eo, yeiiiie/aneea ia?niaeoeau
n?aaeiaai naeiy noaiiaeeenue aeaiue ioi aeiy ana oe?a. Eaaeaeue aeaiue
aiinee iiaoth eaioo a aai aeeciaiiue standard. N eaaeaeui aeiai ?inei
/oanoai iaaeaaeiinoe e nianoaaiiie iacaaeneiinoe. Oi, /oi i?aaeaea
n/eoaeinue oaea/ae e ?iaeaeaei nie?aiioth i?eciaoaeueiinoue noaeueaa,
noaei i?aaii, eioi?ia ia aeaaineiaeytho, a o?aaotho.

N 1900 aiaea ia/eiaao e ?aai/ee oe?eoue e oi?i/eaaoue naith aeeciue. Ii,
iaeiaei, aeieaeai ca yoi ai?ioueny. Aeaaiaeainoaea ia oaioiaaii aio
caaioeeai, eae n?aaeiaio /aeiaaeo, ia aeeai neaaeaiiui iauanoaii e
Ainoaea?noaii.

Yoie iaoa?eaeueiie aeinooiiinoe e iaania/aiiinoe niioonoaoao aeeoaeneay
— comfort e iauanoaaiiue ii?yaeie. AEeciue eaoeony ii iaaeaaeiui
?aeuenai, e noieeiiaaiea n /ai-oi a?aaeaeaaiui e a?iciui iaei
i?aaenoaaeii.

Noieue yniay e ?aniaoiooay ia?niaeoeaa iaieioaii aeieaeia a iaae?ao
iauaeaiiiai niciaiey eiieoue oi iuouaiea aeecie, /oi iaoei au?aaeaii
iaoae noa?eiiie iiaiai?eie — “oe?iea Eanoeeey!”[[] Au?aaeaiea, noiaeaa n
?onneei “Aoeye, aeooa!”.] A eiaiii, ai anao aa iniiaiuo e ?aoathueo
iiiaioao aeeciue i?aaenoaaeyaony iiaiio /aeiaaeo eeoaiiie i?aa?aae. Yoi
ianoiyoaeuenoai e aai aaaeiinoue iniciathony naie niaie, anee
aniiiieoue, /oi i?aaeaea ?yaeiaie /aeiaae e ia iiaeic?aaae i oaeie
aeeciaiiie ?ane?aiiuaiiinoe. Iai?ioea, aeeciue auea aeey iaai oyaeeie
o/anoueth — e iaoa?eaeueii, e aeeoaenee. Ii n ?iaeaeaiey iuouae aa eae
neiieua i?aa?aae, eioi?ua ia?a/ai oa?iaoue, n eioi?uie i?eioaeaeai
nie?eoueny e aoeniooueny a ioaaaeaiioth aio uaeue.

Eiio?ano aoaeao aua io/aoeeaaa, anee io iaoa?eaeueiiai ia?aeoe e aniaeoo
a?aaeaeaineiio e ii?aeueiiio. N na?aaeeiu i?ioeiai aaea n?aaeiee /aeiaae
ia aeaeeo ia?aae niaie ieeaeeo nioeeaeueiuo aa?uea?ia. N ?iaeaeaiey ii e
a iauanoaaiiie aeecie ia ano?a/aao ?iaaoie e ia?aie/aiee. Ieeoi ia
i?eioaeaeaao aai noaeaoue naith aeeciue. E caeanue “oe?iea Eanoeeey”. Ia
nouanoaoao ie nineiaee, ie eano. Ie o eiai iao a?aaeaeaineeo i?eaeeaaee.
N?aaeiee /aeiaae onaaeaaao eae enoeio, /oi ana ethaee ocaeiiaiii ?aaiu.

Ieeiaaea ca anth enoi?eth /aeiaae ia ciae oneiaee, aeaaea ioaeaeaiii
iioiaeeo ia nia?aiaiiua. ?a/ue aeaenoaeoaeueii eaeao i /ai-oi aaniethoii
iiaii, /oi aian a /aeiaa/aneoth noaeueao XIX aae. Nicaeaii iiaia
noeaie/aneia i?ino?ainoai aeey nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaaea, iiaia e a
iaoa?eaeueiii e a nioeeaeueiii ieaia. O?e ia/aea naeaeaee aiciiaeiui
yoio iiaue ie?: eeaa?aeueiay aeaiie?aoey, yenia?eiaioaeueiay iaoea e
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Aeaa iineaaeieo oaeoi?a iiaeii iauaaeeieoue a iaeii
iiiyoea — oaoieea. A yoie o?eaaea ie/oi ia ?iaeaeaii XIX aaeii, ii
oianeaaeiaaii io aeaoo i?aaeuaeoueo noieaoee. Aeaayoiaaeoeaoue aae ia
ecia?ae, a aiaae?ee, e a oii aai caneoaa. Yoi i?iieniay enoeia. Ii
iaeiie aa iaei, e iaaei aieeiooue a aa iaoiieeiua neaaenoaey.

Aeaayoiaaeoeaoue aae aue ?aaiethoeeiiiui ii nooe. E nooue ia a
aeeaiieniinoe aai aa??eeaae — yoi anaai eeoue aeaei?aoeey, — a a oii,
/oi ii iiianoee ia?iiioth ianno iauanoaa a aeeciaiiua oneiaey, i?yii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua anaio, n /ai n?aaeiee /aeiaae naueny ?aiaa. Ei?i/a, aae
ia?aeeoeaaae iauanoaaiioth aeeciue. ?aaiethoeey ia iieooaiea ia
ii?yaeie, ii aiaae?aiea iiaiai ii?yaeea, aeene?aaeeoe?othuaai i?eau/iue.
E iioiio iiaeii aac iniauo i?aoaaee/aiee neacaoue, /oi /aeiaae,
ii?iaeaeaiiue XIX noieaoeai, nioeeaeueii noieo a ?yaeo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia
iniaiyeii. ?acoiaaony, /aeiaa/aneee oei XVIII aaea ioee/ai io
i?aiaeaaeaaoaai a naiiaaeoeaoii, a oio — io oa?aeoa?iiai aeey XVI aaea,
ii ana iie a eiia/iii n/aoa ?iaenoaaiiu, noiaee e ii nooe aeaaea
iaeeiaeiau, anee niiinoaaeoue eo n iaoei iiaiyaeaiiui nia?aiaiieeii.
Aeey “ieaaay” anao a?aiai “aeeciue” icia/aea i?aaeaea anaai noaniaiea,
iiaeiiinoue, caaeneiinoue — ei?i/a, oaiaoaiea. Aua ei?i/a — aiao, anee
ia ia?aie/eaaoue aai i?aaiaui e nineiaiui, caauaay i noeoeyo. Iioiio /oi
eo iaii? ia neaaae ieeiaaea, aieioue aei i?ioeiai aaea, n ia/aeii
eioi?iai oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann — iaoa?eaeueiue e oi?aaeai/aneee —
noaiiaeony i?aeoe/anee aaca?aie/iui. I?aaeaea aeaaea aeey aiaaouo e
iiaouanoaaiiuo caiey auea ie?ii ioaeaeu, oyaio e ?enea[*I?e ethaii
ioiineoaeueiii aiaaonoaa noa?a aeaa e oaeianoa, iaania/aiiuo ei, auea
e?aeia noaeaia anaiauae aaaeiinoueth ie?a. AEeciue n?aaeiaai /aeiaaea
iiiai eaa/a, eciaeeueiaa e aaciianiaa aeecie iiaouanoaaiiaeoaai
aeanoeoaey eiuo a?aiai. Eaeay ?acieoea, eoi eiai aiaa/a, anee aiaao ie?
e ia neoieony ia aaoino?aaeu, iaaeno?aee, oaeaa?aou, ioaee, ee/ioth
aaciianiinoue e anie?ei?].

Oio ie?, /oi ie?oaeaao iiaiai /aeiaaea n eieuaaee, ia oieueei ia
iiioaeaeaao aai e naiiiaocaeaieth, ia oieueei ia noaaeo ia?aae iei
ieeaeeo cai?aoia e ia?aie/aiee, ii, iai?ioea, iai?anoaiii aa?aaeeo aai
aiiaoeou, eioi?ua a i?eioeeia iiaoo ?anoe aaneiia/ii. Eai yoio ie? XIX e
ia/aea XX aaea ia i?inoi aeaiiino?e?oao naie aannii?iua aeinoieinoaa e
ianooaau, ii e aiooaao naiei iaeoaoaeyi — e yoi e?aeia aaaeii — iieioth
oaa?aiiinoue, /oi caao?a, neiaii oieaaynue noeoeeiui e iaenoiaui ?inoii,
ie? noaiao aua aiaa/a, aua oe?a e niaa?oaiiaa. E ii nae aeaiue, ianiio?y
ia i?eciaee ia?auo o?auei a yoie iacuaeaiie aa?a, — ii nae aeaiue,
iiaoi?yth, iaei eoi niiiaaaaony, /oi aaoiiiaeee /a?ac iyoue eao aoaeoo
eo/oa e aeaoaaea, /ai naaiaeiy. Yoi oae aea iai?aeiaeii, eae caao?aoiee
ainoiae nieioea. N?aaiaiea, enoaoe, oi/iia. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, aeaey ie?
oae aaeeeieaiii ono?iaiiui e neaaeaiiui, /aeiaae cao?yaeiue iieaaaao aai
aeaeii ?oe naiie i?e?iaeu e ia a neeao aeiaeoiaoueny, /oi aeaei yoi
o?aaoao oneeee ethaeae iacao?yaeiuo. Aua o?oaeiaa aio o?acoiaoue, /oi
ana yoe eaaei aeinoeaeeiua aeaaa aea?aeaony ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo e iaeaaei
aeinoeaeeiuo /aeiaa/aneeo ea/anoaao, iaeaeoee iaaeiai? eioi?uo
iacaiaaeeeoaeueii ?acaaao i?aoii aaeeeieaiiia nii?oaeaiea.

Ii?a oaea iaiaoeoue ia?auie aeaoiy oo?eoaie ineoieiae/aneee ?enoiie
naaiaeiyoiaai ianniaiai /aeiaaea: yoe aeaa /a?ou — aani?aiyonoaaiiue
?ino aeeciaiiuo cai?inia e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aacoaea?aeiay yeniainey
nianoaaiiie iaoo?u e, aoi?ia, a?iaeaeaiiay iaaeaaiaea?iinoue ei anaio,
/oi noiaei iaeaa/eoue aio aeeciue. Iaa /a?ou ?enotho aanueia ciaeiiue
aeooaaiue neeaae — ecaaeiaaiiiai ?aaaiea. E a iauai iiaeii oaa?aiii
i?eeaaaoue eo e ianniaie aeooa eae ine eii?aeeiao. Ianeaaeieoea
iacaiaiyoiiai e aaieaeueiiai aueiai, aaieaeueiiai ii naiaio
aaeioiiaaieth e aea?caieth, nia?aiaiiay /a?iue ecaaeiaaia ie?oaeaieai.
Aaeiaaoue — yoi cia/eo iioaeaoue, iiaeaea?aeeaaoue eeethceth, /oi ana
aeicaieaii e ie/oi ia iaycaoaeueii. ?aaaiie a oaeie ianoaiiaea eeoaaony
iiiyoee i naieo i?aaeaeao. Ecaaaeaiiue io ethaiai aeaaeaiey ecaia, io
ethauo noieeiiaaiee n ae?oaeie, ii e ai?yiue ia/eiaao aa?eoue, /oi
nouanoaoao oieueei ii, e i?eaueaao ie n eai ia n/eoaoueny, a aeaaiia,
ieeiai ia n/eoaoue eo/oa naay. Iuouaiea /oaeiai i?aainoiaenoaa
au?aaaouaaaony eeoue aeaaiaea?y eiio-oi aieaa neeueiiio, eoi auioaeaeaao
naea?aeeaaoue, oia?youe e iiaeaaeyoue aeaeaiey. Oae onaaeaaaony
aaaeiaeoee o?ie: “Caeanue eii/athnue y e ia/eiaaony ae?oaie, eioi?ue
iiaeao aieueoa, /ai y. A ie?a, i/aaeaeii, nouanoaotho aeaia: y e oio
ae?oaie, eoi auoa iaiy”. N?aaeiaio /aeiaaeo i?ioeiai ie? aaeaaeiaaii
i?aiiaeaaae yoo i?inooth ioae?inoue, iineieueeo aue ianoieueei
ianeaaeaiiui, /oi aaaenoaey ia eii/aeenue e ie/oi ia noaiiaeeinue
iaaeaaeiui, iaeeueiui e onoie/eaui. Ii aeey iiaie iannu ana aiciiaeii e
aeaaea aa?aioe?iaaii — e ana iaaioiaa, aac eaeeo-eeai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo
oneeee, eae nieioea, eioi?ia ia iaaei oaueoue a caieo ia nianoaaiiuo
iea/ao. Aaaeue ieeoi ieeiai ia aeaaiaea?eo ca aicaeoo, eioi?ui aeuoeo,
iioiio /oi aicaeoo ieeai ia ecaioiaeai — ii /anoue oiai, i /ai aiai?eony
“yoi anoanoaaiii”, iineieueeo yoi anoue e ia iiaeao ia auoue. A
ecaaeiaaiiua iannu aeinoaoi/ii iaeieoeueoo?iu, /oiau anth yoo
iaoa?eaeueioth e nioeeaeueioth neaaeaiiinoue, aacaiciacaeioth, eae
aicaeoo, oiaea n/eoaoue anoanoaaiiie, iineieueeo iia, iioiaea, anaaaea
anoue e ii/oe oae aea niaa?oaiia, eae e i?e?iaea.

Iia aeoiaaony, naia eneoniinoue, n eaeie XIX aae iaono?iee ii?aaeaeaiiua
noa?u aeecie, iiaoaeaeaao iaeaaiaeaoaeuenoaiaaiioth ianno n/eoaoue eo
ono?ienoai ia eneoniui, a anoanoaaiiui. Yoei iauyniyaony e ii?aaeaeyaony
oi aano?aeiia ninoiyiea aeooa, a eioi?ii i?aauaaao ianna: aieueoa anaai
aa caaioeo nianoaaiiia aeaaiiieo/ea e iaiueoa anaai — enoiee yoiai
aeaaiiieo/ey. Ia aeaey a aeaaao oeeaeeecaoeee ie eciu?aiiiai caiunea, ie
eneoniiai aiieiuaiey, aeey nio?aiiinoe eioi?iai ioaeiu ia?iiiua e
aa?aaeiua oneeey, n?aaeiee /aeiaae e aeey naay ia aeaeeo eiie
iaycaiiinoe, eae oaaaeaeaiii aeiiiaaoueny yoeo aeaa, aaeeinoaaiii ii
i?aao ?iaeaeaiey. A aeie aieiaeiuo aoioia ia?iaeiua oieiu iau/ii
o?aaotho oeaaa, a a iiaeaea?aeeo o?aaiaaiee iau/ii a?iiyo iaea?ie. *ai
ia neiaie oiai, eae nia?aiaiiua iannu iinooiatho, oieueei ?aciaoenoae e
ecia?aoaoaeueiae, n oie oeeaeeecaoeeae, /oi eo ieoaao?[*Aeey a?ioaiiie
ia nianoaaiiue i?iecaie iannu, aoaeue oi /a?iue eee ciaoue, aeaaeaea
aeecie iaeciaiii iai?a/eaaaony ?ac?ooaieai naieo iniia aeecie.
Aaniiaeiaiui a?ioaneii yoie oyae — propter vitam, vitae perdere
causas[[] ?aaee aeecie oo?aoeoue niune aeecie (eaoei.; THaaiae. Naoe?u,
VIII, 84).] — iia eaaeaony i?ienoaaeoaa a Ieoa?a, ai?iaeea aeec
Aeueia?ee, 13 naioya?y 1759 aiaea, eiaaea aue i?iaicaeaoai ei?ieai
Ea?ein III. Oi?aeanoai ia/aeinue ia ieiuaaee. “Caoai aaaeaii auei
oainoeoue ana nia?aiea, eaeiaia eno?aaeei 77 ai/iieia aeia e /aou?a
ao?aethea aiaeee e aiiaeooaaeeinue ianoieueei, /oi ni iiiaeie
cae?aaeoeaie aeaeioeinue e ioieoeeiaeueiiio neeaaeo e oai iiaua?anuaaei
ec ieii aanue oeaaiue caian e 900 ?aaeia iaueiiuo aeaiaa. Iioii ia?aoee
e oaaa/iie oi?aiaea e i?eioaeeee aueeiooue iany/ioth au?o/eo e oaaae
oiaea. A eaaeao o/eieee oi aea naiia, ecie/oiaeea ai neaao i?acaeianoaa
ana, /oi auei oai nuanoiiai e ieoaeiiai. Aeooiaainoai ia onooiaei
?aaieai e a?iiei i?ecuaaei aeaiuei aua?anuaaoue ia oeeoeo ana /oi ie
anoue, e oa o?oaeeeenue aac iaeaeoaai niaeaeaiey, iiea a aeiiao ia
inoaeinue ie oeaaa ie ca?ia, ie ioee ie e?oiu, ie ienie ie eano?theue,
ie nooiie ie ianoia e aanue neacaiiue ai?iae ia iionoae”. (Aeieoiaio ec
nia?aiey aeieoi?a Nai/ana aea Oiea, i?eaaaeaiiue a eieaa Iaioyey
Aeaiaeea “I?aaeaiea Ea?eina III”, o. 2, n. 10, i?eia/. 2.) Iacaaiiue
ai?iae a oaiaeo iiia?oe/aneiio aaeeioaaeo eno?aaee naay. Aeaaeai Ieoa?,
eai ca iei aoaeouaa!]

VIII. II*AIO IANNU AOI?AATHONss ANTHAeO, AI ANA E ANAAAeA IA EIA*A EAE
IANEEEAI

Ia/io n oiai, /oi auaeyaeeo e?aeia ia?aaeienaeueiui, a a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe i?iua i?inoiai: eiaaea aeey cao?yaeiiai /aeiaaea ie?
e aeeciue ?aniaoioeenue ianoaaeue, aeooa aai aeey ieo cae?ueanue
iaaeooi. E y ooaa?aeaeath, /oi yoa caeoii?ea cao?yaeiuo aeoo e ii?iaeeea
oi aiciouaiea iann, eioi?ia noaiiaeony aeey /aeiaa/anoaa na?ueaciie
i?iaeaiie.

Anoanoaaiii, /oi iiiaea aeoiatho eia/a. Yoi a ii?yaeea aauae e oieueei
iiaeoaa?aeaeaao iith iuneue. Aoaeue aeaaea iie acaeyae ia yoio neiaeiue
i?aaeiao oeaeeeii iaaa?iui, aa?ii oi, /oi iiiaea ec iiiiiaioia ia
?aciuoeyee iaae iei e iyoe ieioo. Iiaoo ee iie aeoiaoue eae y? Ii
iai?aeiaeiia i?aai ia nianoaaiiue acaeyae aac eaeeo-eeai
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo oneeee aai au?aaioaoue eae ?ac e naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
oii aano?aeiii ninoiyiee /aeiaaea, eioi?ia y iacuaath “ianniaui
aiciouaieai”. Yoi e anoue aa?iaoeci, caeoii?ea aeooe. A aeaiiii neo/aa —
aa?iaoeci niciaiey. *aeiaae iacaaaeny e?oaii iiiyoee. Ii iieaaaao eo
aeinoaoi/iuie e n/eoaao naay aeooiaii caaa?oaiiui. E, ie a /ai ecaia
ioaeaeu ia /oanoaoy, ieii/aoaeueii caiueaaony a yoii e?oao. Oaeia
iaoaieci caeoii?ee.

Ianniaue /aeiaae iuouaao naay niaa?oaiiui. *aeiaaeo iacao?yaeiiio aeey
yoiai o?aaoaony iacao?yaeiia naiiiiaiea, e iaeaiay aa?a a nianoaaiiia
niaa?oainoai o iaai ia i?aaie/ia, a aiooaia ouaneaaeai e inoaaony
iieiie, i?eoai?iie e niiieoaeueiie aeey naiiai naay. Iiyoiio
naiiiaaeayiiiio oae ioaeiu ae?oaea, eoi iiaeoaa?aeee au aai aeiiuneu i
naaa. E aeaaea a yoii eeeie/aneii neo/aa, aeaaea ineaieaiiue ouaneaaeai,
aeinoieiue /aeiaae ia a neeao iuooeoue naay caaa?oaiiui. Iai?ioea,
naaiaeiyoiae cao?yaeiinoe, yoiio iiaiio Aaeaio, e a aieiao ia aca?aaeao
oniiieoueny a nianoaaiiie ecauoi/iinoe. Naiiniciaiea o iaai iienoeia
?aeneia. I?e?iaeiue aeooaaiue aa?iaoeci eeoaao aai aeaaiiai oneiaey,
iaiaoiaeeiiai, /oiau iuooeoue naith iaiieiioo, — aiciiaeiinoe
niiinoaaeoue naay n ae?oaei. Niiinoaaeoue icia/aei au ia iea io?aoeoueny
io naay e anaeeoueny a aeeaeiaai. Ii cao?yaeiay aeooa ia niiniaia e
ia?aaiieiuaieth — aeey iaa, oau, yoi aunoee ieeioaae.

Neiaii, oa aea ?acieoea, /oi iaaeaeo ooiui e niuoeaiui. Iaeei caia/aao,
/oi ii ia e?ath iaieioaiie aeoiinoe, neeeony ioi?yiooue, ecaaaeaoue aa e
naiei oneeeai oe?aieyao ?acoi. Ae?oaie ie/aai ia caia/aao: aeey naay ii
— naii aeaai?acoiea, e ionthaea oa caaeaeiay aaciyoaaeiinoue, n eaeie ii
iia?oaeaaony a nianoaaiiue eaeeioeci. Iiaeiaii oai iieethneai, eioi?uo
ia oaeaaony ecaea/ue ec ?aeiaeiu, aeoiiai iaaiciiaeii auiaieoue ec aai
aeoiinoe, auoieeiooue ia?oaeo, canoaaeoue ia iea iaeyaeaoueny ii oo
noi?iio naieo eaoa?aeo e nee/eoue naith i?eau/ioth iiaeneaiiaaoinoue n
ino?ioie c?aiey ae?oaeo. Ii aeoi iiaeeciaiii e i?i/ii. Iaaea?ii Aiaoieue
O?ain aiai?ee, /oi aeo?ae iaaoaiae ceiaeay. Iineieueeo ceiaeae eiiaaea
ia?aaeuoaao[*ss ia ?ac caaeaaaeny oaeei aii?inii. Eniieii aaeia aeey
iiiaeo ethaeae naiui io/eoaeueiui a aeecie auei, ianiiiaiii,
noieeiiaaiea n aeoiinoueth aeeaeieo. Ii/aio aea a oaeii neo/aa ieeiaaea
ia iuoaeenue eco/aoue aa — ia auei, ianeieueei iia ecaanoii, ie iaeiiai
enneaaeiaaiey? Iao aai e ia no?aieoeao Y?acia].

?a/ue ia i oii, /oi ianniaue /aeiaae aeoi. Iai?ioea, naaiaeiy aai
oinoaaiiua niiniaiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe oe?a, /ai eiaaea-eeai. Ii yoi ia
eaeao aio ai?ie: ia aeaea niooiia iuouaiea naieo aiciiaeiinoae eeoue
iiaoaeaeaao aai caeoii?eoueny e ia iieueciaaoueny eie. ?ac iaanaaaea
inayuaao ii oo iaoaieio i?iieniuo enoei, ianayciuo iuneae e i?inoi
neiaaniiai ioni?a, /oi neiieeanue a iai ii aiea neo/ay, e iaaycuaaao aa
aacaea e anthaeo, aeaenoaoy ii i?inoioa aeooaaiie, a iioiio aac no?aoa e
oi?aea. Eiaiii ia yoii e aiai?ee y a ia?aie aeaaa: niaoeeoeea iaoaai
a?aiaie ia a oii, /oi iin?aaenoaaiiinoue iieaaaao naay iacao?yaeiie, a a
oii, /oi iia i?iaicaeaoaao e ooaa?aeaeaao naia i?aai ia iioeinoue, eee,
ae?oaeie neiaaie, ooaa?aeaeaao iioeinoue eae i?aai.

Oe?aiey eioaeeaeooaeueiie iioeinoe a iauanoaaiiie aeecie, auoue iiaeao,
naiiauoiaeoay /a?oa nia?aiaiiinoe, iaeiaiaa niiinoaaeiay n i?ioeui.
I?aaeaea a aa?iiaeneie enoi?ee /a?iue ieeiaaea ia caaeoaeaeaeanue ian/ao
nianoaaiiuo “eaeae” eanaoaeueii /aai au oi ie auei. Iia ianeaaeiaaea
aa?iaaiey, iau/ae, aeeoaeneee iiuo, oinoaaiiua iaauee, iineiaeoeu e
iiaiai?ee, ii ia i?enaaeaaea naaa oiic?eoaeueiuo noaeaeaiee, iai?eia? i
iieeoeea eee eneonnoaa, e ia ii?aaeaeyea, /oi iie oaeia e /ai aeieaeiu
noaoue. Iia iaeia?yea eee inoaeaeaea oi, /oi caaeoiuaae e inouanoaeye
iieeoee, iiaeaea?aeeaaea eee eeoaea aai iiaeaea?aeee, ii aeaenoaey aa
naiaeeeenue e ioeeeeo, ni/oanoaaiiiio eee iaiai?io, ia oai?/aneoth aieth
ae?oaiai. Ieeiaaea ae ia aca?aaeaei a aieiao ie i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue
“eaeayi” iieeoeea naie, ie aeaaea noaeeoue eo, iie?aynue ia iaeee naiae
“eaeae”, i?eciaiiuo naieie. Oae aea ianoiyei n eneonnoaii e ae?oaeie
iaeanoyie iauanoaaiiie aeecie. A?iaeaeaiiia niciaiea naiae ocinoe,
iaiiaeaioiaeaiiinoe e oai?aoece?iaaieth[*Yoi ia iiaeiaia iiiyoee:
auiineoue noaeaeaiea icia/aao oai?aoece?iaaoue] aicaeaeaaei aeoooth
noaio. Ionthaea naii niaie neaaeiaaei, /oi ieaaae ia ?aoaeny aeaaea
ioaeaeaiii o/anoaiaaoue ii/oe ie a eaeie iauanoaaiiie aeecie, ii
aieueoae /anoe anaaaea eiioeaiooaeueiie.

Naaiaeiy, iai?ioea, o n?aaeiaai /aeiaaea naiua iaoeinieoaeueiua
i?aaenoaaeaiey iai anai, /oi oai?eony e aeieaeii oai?eoueny ai
anaeaiiie. Iiyoiio ii ?aco/eeny neooaoue. Ca/ai, anee ana ioaaou ii
iaoiaeeo a naiii naaa? Iao ieeaeiai niunea auneooeaaoue, e, iai?ioea,
eoaea anoanoaaiiaa noaeeoue, ?aoaoue, ec?aeaoue i?eaiai?. Ia inoaeinue
oaeie iauanoaaiiie i?iaeaiu, eoaea au ii ia ano?aaae, iianthaeo
inoaaaynue aeooei e neaiui e anthaeo iaaycuaay naie “acaeyaeu”.

Ii ?acaa yoi ia aeinoeaeaiea? ?acaa ia aaee/aeoee i?ia?ann oi, /oi iannu
iacaaaeenue eaeayie, oi anoue eoeueoo?ie? Ieeiei ia?acii. Iioiio /oi
eaeae ianniaiai /aeiaaea oaeiauie ia yaeythony e eoeueoo?ie ii ia
iacaaaeny. Eaeay — yoi oao enoeia. Eoi aeaaeaeao eaeae, aeieaeai
i?aaeaea eo aeiiiaaoueny enoeiu e i?eieiaoue oa i?aaeea ea?u, eioi?uo
iia o?aaoao. Aanniuneaiii aiai?eoue ia eaeayo e acaeyaeao, ia i?eciaaay
nenoaiu, a eioi?ie iie auaa?ythony, naiaea i?aaee, e eioi?ui iiaeii
aiaeee?iaaoue a nii?a. Yoe i?aaeea — iniiau eoeueoo?u. Ia aaaeii, eaeea
eiaiii. Aaaeii, /oi eoeueoo?u iao, anee iao onoiaa, ia eioi?ua iiaeii
iia?aoueny. Eoeueoo?u iao, anee iao iniia caeiiiinoe, e eioi?ui iiaeii
i?eaaaiooue. Eoeueoo?u iao, anee e ethaui, aeaaea e?aeiei acaeyaeai iao
oaaaeaiey, ia eioi?ia iiaeii ?ann/eouaaoue a iieaieea[*Eoi a nii?a ia
aeieneeaaaony i?aaaeu e ia no?aieony auoue i?aaaeeaui, oio
eioaeeaeooaeueii aa?aa?. A nouiinoe, oae e ianoieo n ianniaui /aeiaaeii,
eiaaea ii aiai?eo, aauaao eee ieoao]. Eoeueoo?u iao, anee yeiiiie/aneea
nayce ia ?oeiaiaenoaothony oi?aiaui i?aaii, niiniaiui eo caueoeoue.
Eoeueoo?u iao, anee ynoaoe/aneea nii?u ia noaayo oeaeueth ii?aaaeaoue
eneonnoai.

Anee anaai yoiai iao, oi iao e eoeueoo?u, a anoue a naiii i?yiii e
oi/iii niunea neiaa aa?aa?noai. Eiaiii aai, ia aoaeai iaiaiuaaoueny, e
ooaa?aeaeaao a Aa?iia ?anoouaa aoi?aeaiea iann. Iooiee, iiiaaeay a
aa?aa?neee e?ae, ciaao, /oi ia iaeaeao oai caeiiia, e eioi?ui iia au
aiccaaoue. Ia nouanoaoao nianoaaiii aa?aa?neeo ii?yaeeia. O aa?aa?ia eo
iii?inoo iao e acuaaoue ia e /aio.

Ia?ie eoeueoo?u neoaeeo /aoeinoue onoaiiaeaiee. I?e iaeie
?ac?aaioaiiinoe iie oii?yaei/eaatho eeoue grosso modo[[] A iaueo /a?oao,
a oeaeii (eoae.).], e /ai ioaeaeaiiaa iie, oai iiae?iaiaa auaa?ytho
ethaie aeae aeayoaeueiinoe[*Neoaeinoue eniaineie eioaeeaeooaeueiie
eoeueoo?u ia a aieueoae eee iaiueoae iaoaaoea ciaiee, a a oie i?eau/iie
aanoaaaoiinoe, n eaeie aiai?yo e ieooo, ia neeoeii caaioeeai naa?yynue n
enoeiie. Neiaii, aaaea ia a aieueoae eee iaiueoae iaenoeiiinoe — enoeia
ia a iaoae aeanoe — a a aieueoae eee iaiueoae iaaeia?iniaanoiinoe,
eioi?ay iaoaao auiieiyoue ianeiaeiua e iaiaoiaeeiua aeey enoeiu oneiaey.
A ian iaenei?aiei oio aea?aaaineee iiiee, /oi iiaaaeii a?iieo iaieoaaa,
oae e ia iicaaioynue oynieoue, i /ai aea iie, nianoaaiii, oieeotho].

Anaie i?eciaii, /oi a Aa?iia n iaeioi?uo ii? oai?yony aeeeiaeiiua aaue.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iaciao aeaa — neiaeeeaeeci[[] Eniaineee aa?eaio
neiaeeeaeecia — yoi aia?oi-neiaeeeaeeci, eee (a oa?ieiieiaee eniaineeo
aia?oenoia) ?aaiethoeeiiiue neiaeeeaeeci.] e oaoeci. E aeeeiaeiiinoue eo
ioithaeue ia a iiaecia. No?anoue e iaiiaeaieth a aa?iiaeoeao ianoieueei
iaeno?aaeia, /oi naeaeaea eo enoi?eth naiie aaniieieiie a ie?a.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, oaeeaeyao a oiiiyioouo iieeoe/aneeo oa/aieyo ia oi, /oi
a ieo iiaiai, a ciae ea/anoaa yoie iiaeciu, aeinaea iaaeaeaiiue. Iiae
ia?eie neiaeeeaeecia e oaoecia aia?aua aicieeaao a Aa?iia oei /aeiaaea,
eioi?ue ia aeaeaao ie i?eciaaaoue, ie aeieacuaaoue i?aaioo, a iaia?ai
i?inoi-iai?inoi iaaycaoue naith aieth. Aio /oi aiiaa — i?aai ia auoue
i?aaui, i?aai i?iecaiea. ss n/eoath yoi naiui iaaeyaeiui i?iyaeaieai
iiaie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe iann, eniieiaiiuo ?aoeiinoe oi?aaeyoue
iauanoaii i?e iieiie e oiio ianiiniaiinoe. Iieeoe/aneay iiceoeey
i?aaeaeueii a?oai e iai?ee?uoi auyaeyao iiaue aeooaaiue neeaae, ii
ei?aieony iia a eioaeeaeooaeueiii aa?iaoecia. Ianniaue /aeiaae
iaia?oaeeaaao a naaa ?yae “i?aaenoaaeaiee”, ii eeoai naiie niiniaiinoe
“i?aaenoaaeyoue”. E aeaaea ia iiaeic?aaaao, eaeia ii, oio o?oieee ie?, a
eioi?ii aeeaoo eaeae. Ii oi/ao auneacaoueny, ii ioaa?aaao oneiaey e
i?aaeiinueee ethaiai auneacuaaiey. E a eoiaa aai “eaeae” — ia /oi eiia,
eae neiaaniua aiiaoeou, iaiiaeiaea aeanoieeo ?iiainia.

Auaeaeaaoue eaeath icia/aao aa?eoue, /oi iia ?acoiia e ni?aaaaeeeaa, a
oai naiui aa?eoue a ?acoi e ni?aaaaeeeainoue, a ie? oiiiinoeaaaiuo
enoei. Noaeaeaiea e anoue ia?auaiea e yoie einoaioeee, i?eciaiea aa,
iiae/eiaiea aa caeiiai e i?eaiai?ai, a cia/eo, e oaaaeaeaiea, /oi eo/oay
oi?ia ninouanoaiaaiey — aeeaeia, aaea noieeiiaaiea aeiaiaeia auaa?yao
i?aaioo iaoeo eaeae. Ii ianniaue /aeiaae, aoyiooue a ianoaeaeaiea,
oa?yaony, einoeieoeaii i?ioeaeony yoie aunoae einoaioeee e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe oaaaeaoue oi, /oi auoiaeeo ca aai i?aaeaeu. Ionthaea e
iineaaeiee aa?iiaeneee eee/: “Oaaoeo aeeneonnee!” — e iaiaaenoue e
ethaiio ninouanoaiaaieth, ii naiae i?e?iaea iauaeoeaii oii?yaei/aiiiio,
io ?acaiai?a aei ia?eaiaioa, ia aiai?y i iaoea. Eiuie neiaaie, ioeac io
ninouanoaiaaiey eoeueoo?iiai, oi anoue oii?yaei/aiiiai, e ioeao e
aa?aa?neiio. Aeooaaiue aa?iaoeci, oieeathuee ianno, eae oaea
aiai?eeinue, aoi?aaoueny ai ana noa?u iauanoaaiiie aeecie, iaecaaaeii
inoaaeyao ae aaeeinoaaiiue iooue aeey aoi?aeaiey — i?yiia aeaenoaea.

Ia?auaynue e enoieai iaoaai aaea, eiaaea-ieaoaeue ioiaoyo, /oi ia?aua
iiou aai neaiciie iaeiaeee i?icao/aee ia ?oaaaea noieaoee n?aaee oao
o?aioeocneeo neiaeeeaeenoia e ?iyeenoia, /oi i?eaeoiaee oa?iei “i?yiia
aeaenoaea” aeoia n aai niaea?aeaieai. *aeiaae iinoiyiii i?eaaaae e
ianeeeth. Inoaaei a noi?iia i?inoi i?anooieaiey. Ii aaaeue ia?aaeei e
ianeeeth i?eaaaatho, en/a?iaa ana n?aaenoaa a iaaeaaeaea ia?acoieoue,
ionoiyoue oi, /oi eaaeaony ni?aaaaeeeaui. Ia/aeueii, eiia/ii, /oi
aeeciue ?ac ca ?acii auioaeaeaao /aeiaaea e oaeiio ianeeeth, ii
aannii?ii oaeaea, /oi iii — aeaiue ?acoio e ni?aaaaeeeainoe. Aaaeue e
naii yoi ianeeea ia /oi eiia, eae iaeanoi/aiiue ?acoi. E neea
aeaenoaeoaeueii eeoue aai iineaaeiee aeiaiae. Anoue iaueiiaaiea
i?ieciineoue ultima ratio[[] Iineaaeiee aeiaiae (eaoei.).] e?iie/anee —
iaueiiaaiea aeiaieueii aeoiia, iineieueeo niune yoiai au?aaeaiey a
caaaaeiiii iiae/eiaiee neeu ?acoiiui ii?iai. Oeeaeeecaoeey e anoue iiuo
iaocaeaiey neeu, naaaeaiea aa ?iee e ultima ratio. Neeoeii oi?ioi iu
aeaeei yoi oaia?ue, eiaaea “i?yiia aeaenoaea” ii?ieeaeuaaao ii?yaeie
aauae e ooaa?aeaeaao neeo eae prima ratio[[] Ia?aue aeiaiae (eaoei.).],
a a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe — eae aaeeinoaaiiue aeiaiae. Yoi iia noaiiaeony
caeiiii, eioi?ue iaia?ai oi?acaeieoue inoaeueiua e ai?yioth aeeeoiaaoue
naith aieth. Yoi Charta Magnus[[] Aaeeeay Oa?oey (eaoei.) aieueiinoae.
Eiaaony a aeaeo ioeoeeaeueiue th?eaee/aneee aeieoiaio aiaeeeneie ei?iiu,
iaia?iaeiaaiiue a 1215 a., a eioi?ii auee caeiaeaiu iniiaiiieiaeaiey
eiinoeoooeeiiiie oi?iu i?aaeaiey.] iaee/aiey.

Iaeeoia aniiiieoue, /oi ianna, eiaaea au e ec eaeeo au iiaoaeaeaiee ie
aoi?aaeanue iia a iauanoaaiioth aeeciue, anaaaea i?eaaaaea e “i?yiiio
aeaenoaeth”. Aeaeeii, yoi aa i?e?iaeiue niinia aeaenoaiaaoue. E naiia
aaneia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea iiae iunee — oio i/aaeaeiue oaeo, /oi oaia?ue,
eiaaea aeeeoao iannu ec yieciaee/aneiai e neo/aeiiai naeaeaeny
iianaaeiaaiui, “i?yiia aeaenoaea” noaei ocaeiiaiiui.

Ana /aeiaa/aneea nayce iiae/eieeenue yoiio iiaiio ii?yaeeo,
oi?acaeieaoaio “iai?yiua” oi?iu ninouanoaiaaiey. A /aeiaa/aneii iauaiee
oi?acaeiyaony “ainieoaiiinoue”. Neiaaniinoue eae “i?yiia aeaenoaea”
ia?auaaony a ?oaaiue. Naenoaeueiua ioiioaiey naiaeyo ia iao naith
iiiaia?aiiinoue.

A?aie, ii?iu, yoeeao, caeiiu ienaiua e iaienaiua, i?aai,
ni?aaaaeeeainoue! Ioeoaea iie, ca/ai oaeay oneiaeiaiiinoue? Ana yoi
noieone?iaaii a neiaa “oeeaeeecaoeey”, ei?aiue eioi?iai — civis,
a?aaeaeaiei, oi anoue ai?iaeaiei, — oeacuaaao ia i?ienoiaeaeaiea niunea.
E niune yoiai anaai — naeaeaoue aiciiaeiui ai?iae, niiauanoai,
ninouanoaiaaiea. Iiyoiio, anee aaeyaeaoueny a ia?a/eneaiiua iiie
n?aaenoaa oeeaeeecaoeee, nooue ieaaeaony iaeia. Ana iie a eoiaa
i?aaeiieaaatho aeoaieia e niciaoaeueiia aeaeaiea eaaeaeiai n/eoaoueny n
inoaeueiuie. Oeeaeeecaoeey — yoi i?aaeaea anaai aiey e ninouanoaiaaieth.
Aee/atho ii ia?a oiai, eae ia?anoatho n/eoaoueny ae?oa n ae?oaii.
Iaee/aiea — i?ioeann ?aciauaiey. E aeaenoaeoaeueii, ia?eiaeu aa?aa?noaa,
ana aei aaeeiiai, — yoi a?aiy ?aniaaea, eeoaiea e?ioioiuo niiauanoa,
?acuaaeeiaiiuo e a?aaeaeothueo.

Aunoay iieeoe/aneay aiey e ninouanoaiaaieth aiieiuaia a aeaiie?aoee. Yoi
ia?aiia?ac “iai?yiiai aeaenoaey”, aeiaaaeoee aei i?aaeaea no?aieaiea
n/eoaoueny n aeeaeiei. Eeaa?aeeci — i?aaiaay iniiaa, niaeanii eioi?ie
Aeanoue, eaeie au ananeeueiie iia ie auea, ia?aie/eaaao naay e
no?aieony, aeaaea a oua?a naaa, nio?aieoue a ainoaea?noaaiiii iiiieeoa
ionoiou aeey auaeeaaiey oao, eoi aeoiaao e /oanoaoao iaia?aei? ae, oi
anoue iaia?aei? neea, iaia?aei? aieueoeinoao. Eeaa?aeeci, e naaiaeiy
noieo ia yoii iiiieoue, — i?aaeae aaeeeiaeooey: yoi i?aai, eioi?ia
aieueoeinoai onooiaao iaiueoeinoao, e yoi naiue aeaai?iaeiue eee/,
eiaaea-eeai i?icao/aaoee ia caiea. Ii aicaanoee i ?aoeiinoe ie?eoueny n
a?aaii, e, iaei oiai, a?aaii neaaaeoei. O?oaeii auei aeaeaoue, /oi ?iae
/aeiaa/aneee ?aoeony ia oaeie oaa, ianoieueei e?aneaue, ianoieueei
ia?aaeienaeueiue, ianoieueei oiieee, ianoieueei ae?iaaoe/aneee,
ianoieueei iaanoanoaaiiue. E iioiio ia/aai oaeeaeyoueny, /oi anei?a
oiiiyiooue ?iae iuooee i?ioeaiiieiaeioth ?aoeiinoue. Aeaei ieacaeinue
neeoeii iai?inoui e iaeaaeei, /oiau ooaa?aeeoueny ia caiea.

Oaeeaaoueny n a?aaii! Oi?aaeyoue n iiiiceoeeae! Ia eaaeaony ee oaea
iaiiiyoiie iiaeiaiay iieeaaeenoinoue? Ie/oi ia io?aceei nia?aiaiiinoue
oae aaniiuaaeii, eae oi, /oi ana iaiueoa no?ai, aaea anoue iiiiceoeey.
Iianthaeo aii?oiay ianna aeaaeo ia ainoaea?noaaiioth aeanoue e
iiaeieiaao, oii/ao iaeaeoea iiiiceoeeiiiua ?inoee. Ianna — eoi au
iiaeoiae i?e aeaea aa iaeii?iaeiie neo/aiiinoe! — ia aeaeaao oaeeaaoueny
ie n eai, e?iia naay. Ana, /oi ia ianna, iia iaiaaeaeeo nia?oii.

X. IAeE*AIEA E ENOI?Ess

I?e?iaea anaaaea iaeeoei. Iia naia naaa iii?a. A aeeeii eano iiaeii
aacaiyciaiii aeeea?noaiaaoue. Iiaeii e iaaae iaee/aoue, anee aeooa
oaiaeii e anee ia iiiaoatho eiua i?eoaeueoeu, ia noieue aeeeea. A
i?eioeeia oeaeua ia?iaeu iiaoo aa/ii inoaaaoueny ia?aiauoiuie. E
inoathony. A?aenea iacaae eo “ia?iaeaie aaneiia/iiai ?annaaoa”, iioiio
/oi iie iaanaaaea cano?yee a iaiiaeaeaeiuo, ia?ceuo noia?eao, eioi?uo ia
?anoiieoue ieeaeiio iieaeith.

Ana yoi aiciiaeii a ie?a iieiinoueth i?e?iaeiii. Ii ia a iieiinoueth
oeeaeeeciaaiiii, iiaeiaii iaoaio. Oeeaeeecaoeey ia aeaiiinoue e ia
aea?aeeony naia niaie. Iia eneonnoaaiia e o?aaoao eneonnoaa e
ianoa?noaa. Anee aai ii aeono aa aeaaa, ii eaiue caaioeoueny i iae, —
ieioe aaoe aeaea. Ia oniaaoa ii?aiooue, eae ieaaeaoanue aac
oeeaeeecaoeee. Iaeaeoee iaaeiniio? — e ana aie?oa oeaoo/eony a aeaa
n/aoa. Neiaii niaaeoo iie?iau n iaaie I?e?iaeu e aiiaue, eae
ecia/aeueii, i?aaenoaioo ia?aiauoiua aeaa?e. Aeaa?e anaaaea ia?aiauoiu,
e iaiai?io. Ana ia?aiauoiia — yoi aeaa?e.

?iiaioeee auee iiaieiaii iiiaoaiu ia noeaiao ianeeey, aaea iecoaa,
i?e?iaeiia e aei/aeiaa/aneia, iiie?aei /aeiaa/aneoth aaeecio aeaineiai
oaea, e aa/ii ?eniaaee Eaaeo n ?aniaeaiiui eaaaaeai, Ianeoath — n aueii,
ianoeaioooth eiceii Aioeiio. Ii aua aieaa ooii/aiiui naaeeciii eo
i?eaeaeaee ?oeiu, aaea ieoeueoo?aiiua, a?aiaiua eaiie ia?eee a iauyoeyo
aeeeie caeaie. Caaeaey no?iaiea, enoue ?iiaioee i?aaeaea anaai eneae
aeacaie aeaeoue iio ia e?iaea. Aeaeeua iyoia aicaauaee, /oi ana oieueei
i?ao, ec eioi?iai iiaeieioony aeaa?e.

A?aoii niayoueny iaae ?iiaioeeii. Ii-naiaio ii i?aa. Ca iaaeiiie
eca?auaiiinoueth yoeo ia?acia oaeony aeeaio?aiauouay i?iaeaia, aaeeeay e
aaeiaa/iay, — acaeiiaeaenoaea ?acoiiiai e noeoeeiiai, eoeueoo?u e
iaoycaeiie aeey iaa i?e?iaeu. Inoaaeyth ca niaie i?aai i?e neo/aa
caiyoueny yoei e iaa?iooueny ia nae ?ac ?iiaioeeii.

Ii nae/an y caieiathnue ia?aoiie i?iaeaiie — eae inoaiiaeoue iaoene
eana. Nae/an “enoeiiiio aa?iiaeoeo” i?aaenoieo ?aoaoue caaea/o, iaae
eioi?ie auethony aano?aeeeneea ooaou, — eae iiiaoaoue aeeeei eaeoonai
caoaaoeoue caieth e na?ineoue ethaeae a ii?a. A ni?ie eaeii-oi aiaeo
iaeee yiea?aio, oineothuee ii ?iaeiie Iaeaaa eeai Neoeeeee, i?eaac a
Aano?aeeth e?ioioiue ?inoi/ae eaeoona. Naaiaeiy aano?aeeeneee athaeaeao
enoiuaao caoyaeiay aieia n yoei noaaie?ii, eioi?ue caiieiiee aanue
eiioeiaio e ianooiaao ni nei?inoueth eeeiiao?a a aiae.

Ianniaay aa?a a oi, /oi oeeaeeecaoeey oae aea noeoeeia e ia?aicaeaiia,
eae naia i?e?iaea, oiiaeiaeyao /aeiaaea aeeea?th. Ii aeaeeo a iae naia
eaniia eiaiai. Ia yoii oaea aiai?eeinue, ii neaaeoao aeiiieieoue
neacaiiia.

Iniiau, ia eioi?uo aea?aeeony oeeaeeeciaaiiue ie? e aac eioi?uo ii
?ooiao, aeey ianniaiai /aeiaaea iii?inoo ia nouanoaotho. Yoe
e?aaoaieueiua eaiie aai ia caieiatho, ia caaioyo, e e?aieoue eo ii ia
iaia?ai. Ii/aio oae neiaeeeinue? I?e/ei iaiaei, ii inoaiiaethnue ia
iaeiie.

N ?acaeoeai oeeaeeecaoeey noaiiaeony ana neiaeiaa e caiooaiiaa.
I?iaeaiu, eioi?ua iia naaiaeiy noaaeo, a?oeo?oaeiu. E ana iaiueoa
ethaeae, /ae ?acoi ia aunioa yoeo i?iaeai. Iaaeyaeiia naeaeaoaeuenoai
oiio — iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae. Ainnoaiiaeaiea Aa?iiu — iaeanoue aunoae
iaoaiaoeee e ?yaeiaiio aa?iiaeoeo yaii ia ii neeai. E ia iioiio, /oi ia
oaaoaao n?aaenoa. Ia oaaoaao aieia. Eee, oi/iaa, aieiaa, oioue e n
o?oaeii, iaoeanue au, e ia iaeia, ii eiaoue aa ia iea/ao ae?yaeia oaei
n?aaeeiiie Aa?iiu ia oi/ao.

?ac?ua iaaeaeo o?iaiai nia?aiaiiuo i?iaeai e o?iaiai iuoeaiey aoaeao
?anoe, anee ia iouuaony auoiae, e a yoii aeaaiay o?aaaaeey
oeeaeeecaoeee. Aeaaiaea?y aa?iinoe e ieiaeioai?iinoe naieo iniia iia
ieiaeiiineo n auno?ioie e eaaeinoueth, oaea iaaeinooiiie /aeiaa/aneiio
aini?eyoeth. Ia aeoiath, /oi eiaaea-eeai i?ienoiaeeei iiaeiaiia. Ana
oeeaeeecaoeee iiaeaaee io ianiaa?oainoaa naieo iniia. Aa?iiaeneie a?iceo
ia?aoiia. A ?eia e A?aoeee iioa?iaee e?ao onoie, ii ia nai /aeiaae.
?eineoth eiia?eth aeieiiaea oaoie/aneay neaainoue. Eiaaea ianaeaiea aa
?ac?ineinue e niaoii i?eoeinue ?aoaoue iaioeiaeiua oicyenoaaiiua
caaea/e, ?aoeoue eioi?ua iiaea eeoue oaoieea, aioe/iue ie? aeaeioeny
aniyoue, noae au?iaeaeaoueny e ca/ao.

Ia naaiaeiy e?ao oa?ieo nai /aeiaae, oaea ianiiniaiue iiniaaaoue ca
naiae oeeaeeecaoeeae. Ioi?iiue aa?ao, eiaaea ethaee aiieia eoeueoo?iua —
e aeaaea aanueia — o?aeootho ceiaiaeiaaioth oaio. Neiaii canei?oceua
e?anoueyineea iaeueoeu aueaaeeaatho ni noiea eaieeo. E iieeoe/aneei e
nioeeaeueiui aii?inai iie i?enooiatho n oaeei iaai?ii aeiiioiiiuo
iiiyoee, eaeie aiaeeeny a aeaei aeaanoe eao iacaae aeey niya/aiey
o?oaeiinoae a aeaanoe ?ac eaa/a.

?anoouay oeeaeeecaoeey — ia /oi eiia, eae aeao/ay i?iaeaia. *ai aieueoa
aeinoeaeaiee, oai a aieueoae iie iianiinoe. *ai eo/oa aeeciue, oai iia
neiaeiaa. ?acoiaaony, n oneiaeiaieai naieo i?iaeai oneiaeiythony e
n?aaenoaa aeey eo ?ac?aoaiey. Ii eaaeaeia iiaia iieieaiea aeieaeii
iaeaaeaoue eie ai anae iieiioa. E n?aaee ieo, ia?aoiaey e aeaeo,
auaeaeth naiia acao/iia: /ai oeeaeeecaoeey noa?oa, oai aieueoa i?ioeiai
ca aa nieiie e oai iia iiuoiaa. Neiaii, ?a/ue eaeao ia enoi?ee.
Enoi?e/aneia ciaiea — ia?aaeoaa n?aaenoai nio?aiaiey e i?iaeeaiey
noa?athuae oeeaeeecaoeee, e ia iioiio, /oi aeaao ?aoeaiou aaeaeo iiauo
aeeciaiiuo ineiaeiaiee, — aeeciue ia iiaoi?yaony, — ii iioiio, /oi ia
aeaao ia?aiaaaoue iaeaiua ioeaee i?ioeiai. Iaeiaei, anee au iiieii oiai,
/oi ninoa?eeenue e aiaee a oyaiou, ei anaio aua oo?aoeee iaiyoue, aao
iiuo, aea e ana ia naaoa aai oaea ia ai?ie. ss aeoiath, /oi eiaiii yoi e
neo/eeinue n Aa?iiie. Nae/an naiua “eoeueoo?iua” neie ii?aaeatho
enoi?e/aneei iaaaaeanoaii. ?o/athnue, /oi naaiaeiy aaaeouea ethaee
Aa?iiu niuneyo a enoi?ee eoaea iaiueoa, /ai aa?iiaaoe XVIII e aeaaea
XVII aaea. Enoi?e/aneia ciaiea oiaaeaoiae aa?oooee — aeanoeoaeae sensu
lato[[] A oe?ieii niunea (eaoei.).] — ioe?uei aei?iao neaci/iui
aeinoeaeaieyi XIX aaea. Eo iieeoeea — ?a/ue i XVIII aaea — aa?oeeanue ai
ecaaaeaiea anao iieeoe/aneeo ioeaie i?ioeiai, no?ieeanue n o/aoii yoeo
ioeaie e iaiauaea naiue aeieaee iiuo ec aiciiaeiuo. Ii oaea XIX aae
ia/ae oo?a/eaaoue “enoi?e/aneoth eoeueoo?o”, oioy niaoeeaeenou i?e yoii
e i?iaeaeioee aeaeaei aia?aae enoi?e/aneoth iaoeo[*A yoii oaea
i?inooiaao oa ?acieoea iaaeaeo iao/iui o?iaiai yiioe e aa eoeueoo?iui
o?iaiai, n eioi?ie iu aua noieeiainy aieioioth]. Yoiio iaa?aaeaieth ii
iaycai naieie oa?aeoa?iuie ioeaeaie, eioi?ua neacaeenue e ia ian. A
iineaaeiae aai o?aoe iaicia/eeny — iiea aua ne?uoii e iiaeii/aaiii —
iooiae iacaae, ioeao e aa?aa?noao, ae?oaeie neiaaie, e oie neoaeioiiie
i?inoioa, eioi?ay ia ciaea i?ioeiai eee caauea aai.

Iooiai-oi e aieueoaaeci e oaoeci, aeaa iieeoe/aneea “iiaeiee”, aicieeoea
a Aa?iia e ii ninaaenoao n iae, io/aoeeai i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
aeaeaeaiea aniyoue. E ia noieueei ii niuneo naieo o/aiee — a ethaie
aeieo?eia anoue aeiey enoeiu, aea e a /ai oieueei iao oioy au iaeie aa
e?oieoeu, — neieueei ii oiio, eae aeiiioiiii, aioeenoi?e/anee
eniieuecotho iie naith aeieth enoeiu, Oeie/ii ianniaua aeaeaeaiey,
aicaeaaeaiiua, eae e neaaeiaaei aeaeaoue, iaaeaeaeeie ethaeueie noa?iai
ia?acoea, n ei?ioeie iaiyoueth e iaoaaoeie enoi?e/aneiai /oouey, iie n
naiiai ia/aea auaeyaeyo oae, neiaii oaea eaioee a i?ioeia, e, aaeaa
aicieeioa, eaaeoony ?aeeeoiauie.

ss ia ianoaeaeath aii?ina, noaiiaeoueny eee ia noaiiaeoueny eiiioienoii.
E ia inia?eaath neiaie aa?u. Iaiinoeaeeii e aiao?iie/ii oi, /oi
eiiioieno 1917 aiaea ?aoaaony ia ?aaiethoeeth, eioi?ay aiaoia iiaoi?yao
ana i?aaeiea, ia eni?aaea ie aaeeiie ioeaee, ie aaeeiiai eo ecuyia.
Iiyoiio i?ienoaaeoaa a ?innee enoi?e/anee iaau?aceoaeueii e ia ciaiaioao
niaie ia/aei iiaie aeecie. Iai?ioea, yoi iiiioiiiue ia?aiaa iaueo iano
ethaie ?aaiethoeee. Iaueo ianoieueei, /oi iao ie aaeeiiai ec?a/aiey,
?iaeaeaiiiai iiuoii ?aaiethoeee, eioi?ia i?eiaieoaeueii e ?onneie ia
iiaeoaa?aeeeinue au naiui ia/aeueiui ia?acii. “?aaiethoeey iiaee?aao
nianoaaiiuo aeaoae”; “?aaiethoeey ia/eiaaony oia?aiiuie, niaa?oaaony
iai?eie?eiuie, caaa?oaaony ?anoaa?aoeeae” e o. ae. e o. i. E yoei
caoaneaiiui enoeiai iiaeii au aeiaaaeoue aua ianeieueei ia noieue yaiuo,
ii aiieia aeieacoaiuo, iai?eia? oaeoth: ?aaiethoeey aeeeony ia aeieueoa
iyoiaaeoeaoe eao — aeoeaiie aeecie iaeiiai iieieaiey[*N?ie
aeayoaeueiinoe iaeiiai iieieaiey — ieiei o?eaeoeaoe eao. Ii n?ie yoio
aeaeeony ia aeaa ?aciuo e i?eaeeceoaeueii ?aaiuo ia?eiaea: a oa/aiea
ia?aiai iiaia iieieaiea ?ani?ino?aiyao naie eaeae, neeiiiinoe e aeonu,
eioi?ua a eiioea eiioeia ooaa?aeaeathony i?i/ii e a oa/aiea anaai
aoi?iai ia?eiaea ainiiaenoaotho. Oai a?aiaiai iieieaiea, au?inoaa iiae
eo ainiiaenoaii, oaea ianao naie eaeae, neeiiiinoe e aeonu, iinoaiaiii
i?iieouaay eie iauanoaaiioth aoiinoa?o. E anee ainiiaenoaotho e?aeiea
acaeyaeu e i?aaeuaeouaa iieieaiea ii naiaio neeaaeo ?aaiethoeeiiii, oi
iiaia aoaeao oyaioaoue e ia?aoiiio, oi anoue e ?anoaa?aoeee. ?acoiaaony,
?anoaa?aoeey ia icia/aao i?inoiai “aica?aoa e noa?iio” e ieeiaaea ei ia
auaaao].

Eoi aeaenoaeoaeueii oi/ao nicaeaoue iiaoth nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneoth
yaue, oio i?aaeaea anaai aeieaeai iicaaioeoueny, /oiau a iaiiaeaiiii
ie?a oo?aoeee neeo aeaeeea noa?aioeiu enoi?e/aneiai iiuoa. Ee/ii y
i?eaa?aa au oeooe “aaieaeueiiai” aeey oaeiai iieeoeea, n ia?auo aea
oaaia eioi?iai niyoeee ana i?ioanni?a enoi?ee, aeaey, eae eo iao/iua
“caeiiu” ?acii noa?atho, ?ooaony e ?annuiathony i?aoii.

Ii/oe ana yoi, eeoue iiiaiya iethn ia ieion, iiaeii aae?aniaaoue e
oaoecio. Iaa iiiuoee — ia ia aunioa naiaai a?aiaie, iioiio /oi i?aacieoe
i?ioeia iiaeii oieueei i?e iaeiii iaoiieeiii oneiaee: iaaei aai
oeaeeeii, eae i?ino?ainoai a ia?niaeoeao, aianoeoue a naay. N i?ioeui ia
noiaeyony a?oeiiaoioth. Iiaia iiaaaeaeaao, eeoue iiaeioea aai. A
iiaeaaeaoenue, aeaiao.

Iaa iiiuoee — yoi eiaeiua ci?e, o eioi?uo ia aoaeao caao?aoiaai oo?a, a
eeoue aeaaii i?iaeeoue aeaiue, oaea aeaeaiiue iaeiaaeaeu, e ia oieueei
iaeiaaeaeu. Yoi aiao?iieciu. E oae ianoieo ni anaie, eoi a i?inoioa
aeooaaiie oi/eo coau ia oo eee eioth ii?oeeth i?ioeiai, aianoi oiai
/oiau i?enooieoue e aa ia?aaa?eaaieth.

Aaconeiaii, iaaei i?aiaeieaoue eeaa?aeeci XIX aaea. Ii oaeia ia ii coaai
oiio, eoi, iiaeiaii oaoenoai, iauyaeyao naay aioeeeaa?aeii. Aaaeue auoue
iaeeaa?aeii eeai aioeeeaa?aeii — cia/eo caieiaoue oo iiceoeeth, /oi auea
aei ianooieaiey eeaa?aeecia. E ?ac ii ianooiee, oi, iiaaaeea iaeiaaeaeu,
aoaeao iiaaaeaeaoue e ai?aaeue, a anee iiaeaiao, oi eeoue aeoia n
aioeeeaa?aeeciii e ni anae Aa?iiie. O?iiieiaey aeecie iaoiieeia.
Eeaa?aeeci a aa oaaeeoea ianeaaeoao aioeeeaa?aeeci, eee, ae?oaeie
neiaaie, ianoieueei aeeciaiiaa iineaaeiaai, ianeieueei iooea aeaaeueiaa
eiiuey.

Ia ia?aue acaeyae eaaeaony, /oi eaaeaeiio “aioe/aio-oi” aeieaeii
i?aaeoanoaiaaoue yoi naiia “/oi-oi”, iineieueeo io?eoeaiea i?aaeiieaaaao
aai oaea nouanoaothuei. Iaeiaei iiaiyaeaiiia “aioe” ?anoai?yaony a
ionoii aeanoa io?eoeaiey e inoaaeyao ii naaa ia/oi “aioeeaa?iia”. Anee
eoi-oi, iai?eia?, cayaeyao, /oi ii aioeoaao?ae, oi a ooaa?aeeoaeueiie
oi?ia yoi anaai eeoue icia/aao, /oi ii noi?iiiee oaeie aeecie, a eioi?ie
oaao?a ia nouanoaoao. Ii oaeie iia auea eeoue aei ?iaeaeaiey oaao?a. Iao
aioeoaao?ae, aianoi oiai /oiau aicauneoueny iaae oaao?ii, noaaeo naay
o?iiieiae/anee ieaea, ia iinea, a aei iaai, e niio?eo n ia/aea
?ane?o/aiioth iacaae eeiieaioo, a eiioea eioi?ie iaecaaaeii iiyaeony
oaao?. Ni anaie yoeie “aioe” oa aea enoi?ey, /oi i?eeeth/eeanue,
niaeanii eaaaiaea, n Eiioooeeai. Ii ?iaeeeny, eae aiaeeony, iicaea
naiaai iooea, ii ?iaeeeny-oi, /a?o aicueie, oaea ainueieaeanyoeeaoiei,
eiaaea ?iaeeoaeth auei ia aieueoa o?eaeoeaoe. Anyeia “aioe” eeoue ionoia
e i?aniia “iao”.

Auei au iaaeo?ii, anee a aaciaiai?i/iia “iao” iiaei iieii/eoue n
i?ioeui. Ii i?ioeia ii naiae i?e?iaea revenant[[] Oaiue, i?ec?ae
(o?aioe.).]. Eae ie aiie aai, iii aa?iaony e iaieioaii aicieeiao.
Iiyoiio aaeeinoaaiiue niinia ecaaaeoueny io iaai — yoi ia aiaoue.
I?eneooeaaoueny e iaio. Ia auioneaoue aai ec aeaeo, /oia ia?aoeo?eoue e
oneieueciooue io iaai. AEeoue “ia aunioa naiaai a?aiaie”, iaino?aiii
/oanoaoy enoi?e/aneoth ianoaiiaeo. O i?ioeiai naiy i?aaaea. Anee n iae
ia n/eoaoueny, iii aa?iaony ionoaeaaoue aa e caiaeii ooaa?aeeo naith
iai?aaaeo. O eeaa?aeecia i?aaaea auea, e iaaei i?eciaoue yoi per saecula
saeculorum[[] Ai aaee aaeia (eaoei.); caeanue — aaeeiiaeaeu e iaaaee.].
Ii auea e ia oieueei i?aaaea, e iaaei ecaaaeoue eeaa?aeeci ioi anaai, a
/ai ii ieacaeny ia i?aa. Aa?iia aeieaeia nio?aieoue aai nooue. Eia/a aai
ia i?aiaeieaoue.

I oaoecia e aieueoaaecia y caaiai?ee iioiaey e aaaei, ioiaoea eeoue eo
a?oae/aneea /a?ou. Oaeea /a?ou, ia iie acaeyae, naaiaeiy i?enoue anaio,
/oi eaaeaony iiaaaeiiiniui. Eai naaiaeiy oi?aeanoaoao ianniaue /aeiaae e
eeoue oi, /oi aiooaii ei e i?iieoaii aai ieineei iuoeaieai, iiaeao
iaea?aeaoue aeaeeiinoue iiaaaeu. Ia?aie/eaaynue yoei, ia noaio
aaeaaaoueny a nooue oiiiyioouo oa/aiee, ?aaii eae e iuoaoueny ?aoeoue
aa/ioth aeeeaiio yaiethoeee e ?aaiethoeee. Aaeeinoaaiiia, /aai y oi/o, —
/oiau oa e ae?oaay auee enoi?e/iu, a ia auaeyaeaee aiao?iieciii.

I?iaeaia, iaae eioi?ie y auethnue, iieeoe/anee iaeo?aeueia, iioiio /oi
ei?aieony aeoaaea, /ai iieeoeea n aa ?ani?yie. Eiina?aaoi?u a oaeie aea
ia?a ianniaua ethaee, eae ?aaeeeaeu, e ?acieoea iaaeaeo ieie, eioi?ay e
anaaaea-oi auea iiaa?oiinoiie, ieiaei ia iaoaao ei auoue iaeiei e oai
aea — ainnoaaoae /a?iueth.

Aa?iia ia ia /oi iaaeayoueny, anee noaeueaa aa ia ia?aeaeao a ?oee
ethaeae, iuneyueo “ia aunioa naiaai a?aiaie”, ethaeae, eioi?ua neuoao
iiaecaiiue aoe enoi?ee, aeaeyo ?aaeueioth aeeciue a aa iieiue ?ino e
ioaa?aatho naio aiciiaeiinoue a?oaecia e iaee/aiey. Iai iiiaaeiaeony
aanue iiuo enoi?ee, /oiau ia eaiooue a i?ioeia, a aua?aoueny ec iaai.

XI. AAE NAIIAeIAIEUeIUO IAAeI?INEAE

Eoae, iiaay nioeeaeueiay ?aaeueiinoue oaeiaa: aa?iiaeneay enoi?ey
aia?aua ieacaeanue ioaeaiiie ia ioeoi cao?yaeiinoe. Eee a
aeaenoaeoaeueiii caeiaa: cao?yaeiinoue, i?aaeaea iiaeaeanoiay, ?aoeea
aeanoaiaaoue. ?aoaiea aueoe ia aaainoeaio aicieeei naii niaie, eae
oieueei nic?ae iiaue /aeiaa/aneee oei — aiieiuaiiay iin?aaenoaaiiinoue.
A nioeeaeueiii ieaia ineoieiae/aneee no?ie yoiai iiae/ea ii?aaeaeyaony
neaaeothuei: ai-ia?auo, iiaenioaeiui e a?iaeaeaiiui iuouaieai eaaeinoe e
iaeeueiinoe aeecie, eeoaiiie oyaeeeo ia?aie/aiee, e, ai-aoi?uo,
aneaaenoaea yoiai — /oanoaii nianoaaiiiai i?aainoiaenoaa e ananeeey,
/oi, anoanoaaiii, iiaoaeaeaao i?eieiaoue naay oaeei, eaeie anoue, e
n/eoaoue naie oinoaaiiue e i?aanoaaiiue o?iaaiue aieaa /ai aeinoaoi/iui.
Yoa naiiaeinoaoi/iinoue iiaaeaaaao ia iiaeaeaaaoueny aiaoiaio aeeyieth,
ia iiaeaa?aaoue niiiaieth naie acaeyaeu e ia n/eoaoueny ie n eai.
I?eau/ea iuouaoue i?aainoiaenoai iinoiyiii aa?aaeeo aeaeaiea
ainiiaenoaiaaoue. E ianniaue /aeiaae aea?aeeony oae, neiaii a ie?a
nouanoaoao oieueei ii e aio iiaeiaiua, a ionthaea e aai o?aouey /a?oa —
aiaoeaaoueny ai ana, iaaycuaay naith oaiainoue aanoea?aiiiii,
aaciaeyaeii , aacioeaaaoaeueii e aaciaiai?i/ii, oi anoue a aeooa
“i?yiiai aeaenoaey”.

Yoa niaieoiiinoue canoaaeyao aniiiieoue oaeea oua?aiua /aeiaa/aneea
iniae, eae ecaaeiaaiiue ?aaaiie e acaaneaoeeny aeeea?ue, oi anoue
aa?aa?. (Ii?iaeueiue aeeea?ue, iai?ioea, eae ieeoi ae?oaie, neaaeoao
aunoei onoaiiaeaieyi — aa?a, oaao, caaaoai e iau/ayi.) Ia iaaei
oaeeaeyoueny iiae aeae/iinoe. Yoi ia?aay iiiuoea aoaeiaaoue o?eoioaoi?a
e ciae, /oi anoue aua aa?iiaeoeu, aioiaua ainnoaoue i?ioea aai oe?aiee.
Iiea yoi eeoue ?acaaaeea, aeaaiue aie aia?aaee — ii ia canoaaeo naay
aeaeaoue e iaaa?iyea aoaeao eiui, /ai iia i?aaenoaaeyaony. Ii aoaea
ieaaeaony oaeie, /oi ianniaue /aeiaae ia noiaao iia?aaeeoue aa — ii
aoaeao aeaeaoue aa e aeaaea ia iiaeic?aaaoue, /oi ?aoathuee oaea? oaea
iaianai.

Nouanoai, eioi?ia a iaoe aeie i?iieeei anthaeo e anthaeo aueacaei naith
aa?aa?neoth nooue, e a naiii aeaea aaeiaaiue /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee.
Aaeiaaiue — yoi ianeaaeiee, eioi?ue aea?aeeony eneeth/eoaeueii eae
ianeaaeiee. Iaoa ianeaaenoai — oeeaeeecaoeey, n aa oaeianoaaie,
aa?aioeyie e i?i/eie aeaaaie. Eae iu oaaaeeeenue, oieueei aeeciue ia
oe?ieoth iiao e niiniaia ii?iaeeoue iiaeiaiia nouanoai ni anai aai
auoaiienaiiui niaea?aeeiui. Yoi aua iaeei aeeaie i?eia? oiai, eae
aiaaonoai eaea/eo /aeiaa/aneoth i?e?iaeo. Iu ioeai/ii iieaaaai, /oi
aeeciue a eciaeeee iieiaa, auoa e iiaeeeiiaa, /ai aeeciue a oii?iie
ai?ueaa n ioaeaeie. A yoi ia oae, e oiio anoue i?e/eiu, iai?aeiaeiua e
a?oena?ueaciua, eioi?ua caeanue ia ianoi eceaaaoue. Ia aaeaaaynue a ieo,
aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue aeaaithth e caea?aiioth o?aaaaeeth
ianeaaenoaaiiie a?enoie?aoee. A?enoie?ao ianeaaeoao, oi anoue
i?enaaeaaao, aeeciaiiua oneiaey, eioi?ua nicaeaaae ia ii e nouanoaiaaiea
eioi?uo ia naycaii i?aaie/anee n aai, e oieueei aai, aeeciueth. N
iiyaeaieai ia naao ii iiiaioaeueii e aacio/aoii aiaeai?yaony a
na?aeoeaaeio naieo aiaaonoa e i?eaeeaaee. Aioo?aiia aai ie/oi n ieie ia
?iaeieo, iineieueeo iie enoiaeyo ia io iaai. Yoi ia?iiiue iaioee?iue
iie?ia, ionoay iaiei/ea eiie aeecie, eiiai nouanoaa — ?iaeiia/aeueieea.
A nai ii eeoue ianeaaeiee, oi anoue iineo iaiei/eo /oaeie aeecie. *oi
aea aai aeaeao? Eaeie aeeciueth noaeaeaii aio aeeoue — naiae eee naiaai
i?auo?a? Aea ieeaeie. Ii ia?a/ai i?aaenoaaeyoue niaie ae?oaiai, oi anoue
ia auoue ie niaie, ie ae?oaei. AEeciue aai iaoiieeii oa?yao
aeinoiaa?iinoue e noaiiaeony aeaeeiinoueth, ea?ie a aeeciue, e i?eoii
/oaeoth. Eciaeeea, eioi?ui ii auioaeaeai aeaaeaoue, ioieiaao o
ianeaaeieea aai nianoaaiiia i?aaeiacia/aiea, iia?oaeyao aai aeeciue.
AEeciue — ai?ueaa e aa/iia oneeea noaoue niaie. Eiaiii oa o?oaeiinoe,
/oi iaoatho iia inouanoaeoueny, aoaeyo e iai?yaatho iie neeu e
niiniaiinoe. Anee au iia oaei ia aaneei, y au ia iia oiaeeoue. Anee au
aicaeoo ia aeaaee ia iaai, iii eiiioei au, eae iueueiue iocu?ue. Oae, io
ionoonoaey aeeciaiiuo oneiaee, oeaoo/eaaaony e ee/iinoue
ianeaaenoaaiiiai “a?enoie?aoa”. Ionthaea e oi ?aaeeinoiia ?aciya/aiea
iicaia o ?iaeiaeoiai iioiinoaa e ieeai aua ia eco/aiiue ?ieiaie oaeae
ianeaaenoaaiiie ciaoe — aa aioo?aiiee e o?aae/aneee iaoaieci
au?iaeaeaiey.

Anee au eeoue ia yoii e niioueaeanue iaoa iaeaiay aa?a, /oi eciaeeea
niinianoaoao aeecie! Ii eoaea oai. Ecauoi/iua aeaaa[*Ia iaaei iooaoue
?ino aeeciaiiuo aeaa e aeaaea eciaeeea n eo ecauoeii. Iiaeiaiue ?ino a
XIX aaea i?eaae e iaauaaeiio, eiee/anoaaiii e ea/anoaaiii, ?inoo aeecie,
i /ai y oaea oiiieiae. Ii ianoae /an, eiaaea iaia?aie/aiiua aiciiaeiinoe
oeeaeeecaoeee a eiio?anoa n ia?aie/aiiinoueth n?aaeiaai /aeiaaea ia?aee
iooaiie ecauoea, /?acia?iiai, oi anoue eceeoiaai, iaeeey. Anaai eeoue
iaeei i?eia?: oaa?aiiinoue, eioi?oth, eacaeinue au, noeee i?ia?ann —
iai?a?uaiue ?ino o?iaiy aeecie, — ?aca?aoeea n?aaeiaai /aeiaaea e
iaa?ioeanue naiioaa?aiiinoueth, ae?oaeie neiaaie, — oua?aiui e
?ac?ooeoaeueiui naiiiaiaiii] naie niaie o?iaeotho aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue
e i?iecaiaeyo ia naao oaeea oua?aiua iaoo?u, eae “aaeiaaiue”, eee
“ianeaaeiee” (a?enoie?ao eeoue aai /anoiue neo/ae), eee, iaeiiaoe, naiue
aacaeanouee e caeii/aiiue oei — nia?aiaiiiai ianniaiai /aeiaaea. (Noieei
au, enoaoe, iiae?iaiaa i?ineaaeeoue, eae iiiaea oa?aeoa?iaeoea /a?ou
“a?enoie?aoa” anao a?aiai e ia?iaeia, iiaeiaii naiaiai, aeatho ianniaua
anoiaeu. No?aieaiea, iai?eia?, aeaeaoue ea?o e nii?o naiei aeaaiui
caiyoeai; anaie n?aaenoaaie, io aeaeaiu aei aa?aea?iaa, eoeueoeae?iaaoue
nianoaaiiia oaei; ia aeiioneaoue ?iiaioecia a ioiioaieyo n aeaiueiaie;
aeaeeoue aeinoa n eioaeeeaaioaie, a aeooa i?ace?ay eo e n ?aaeinoueth
ioaeaaay ia ?anoa?caiea eaeayi e aeaiaea?iai; i?aaeii/eoaoue
aaniethoioth aeanoue aeaiie?aoe/aneei i?aieyi e o. ae. e o. i.[* A yoii,
e ia oieueei a yoii ioiioaiee aiaeeeneay a?enoie?aoey eaaeaony
eneeth/aieai. Naii ii naaa oaeeaeoaeueii; iaeiaei aeinoaoi/ii aaaeiai
acaeyaea ia a?eoaineoth enoi?eth, /oiau oaeaeaoue, eae yoei
eneeth/aieai, i?e anae aai eneeth/eoaeueiinoe, iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony
i?aaeei. Aii?aee oiaey/aio iiaieth, aiaeeeneay ciaoue auea iaeiaiaa
“aeaaiiieo/iie” a Aa?iia e naueeanue n iianiinoueth e ?eneii, eae
ieeaeay ae?oaay. Iioiio-oi iia, aeeay a iinoiyiiie iianiinoe, iao/eeanue
e iao/eea oaaaeaoue naay, /oi o?aaoao aaconoaiiie aiaaie aioiaiinoe.
Eae-oi caauaaaony, /oi Aiaeey, aeaaea a XVIII aaea, auea aaaeiaeoae
no?aiie Aa?iiu. Yoi e nianei a?eoaineoth ciaoue. Ioaeaea canoaaeea aa
nie?eoueny n oaeei, a inoaeueiie Aa?iia iaaeaai?iaeiui, caiyoeai, eae
oi?aiaey e i?iiuoeaiiinoue, — oi anoue aeeoue niceaeaoaeueii, a ia
oiiaaoue ia i?eaeeaaee].)

E niiaa y n oyaeaeui na?aeoeai auioaeaeai iiaoi?eoue: yoio iiaiyaeaiiue
aa?aa?, n oaineeie iiaaaeeaie — caeiiiue ieiae iaoae oeeaeeecaoeee, e a
iniaaiiinoe oao aa oi?i, eioi?ua aicieeee a XIX aaea. Ii ia aoi?any a
oeeaeeeciaaiiue ie? ecaia, eae “?ineua ?uaeea aa?aa?u” V aaea, e ia
i?iiee a iaai ecioo?e, iooai oaeinoaaiiiai naiica?iaeaeaiey, a?iaea
oiai, /oi A?enoioaeue i?eienuaae aieiaanoeeai. Ii — anoanoaaiiia
ii?iaeaeaiea oiiiyiooiai ie?a. Iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue caeii,
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiue iaeaiioieiaeae e aeiaaia?aoeae: /aeiaa/aneay aeeciue
?anoeaaoaea eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea aa ?anoouea aiciiaeiinoe
o?aaiiaaoeaaeenue oaie o?oaeiinoyie, /oi iia eniuouaaea. Yoi
ni?aaaaeeeai e aeey aeooiaiith e aeey oece/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey.
Eanaoaeueii iineaaeiaai iaiiiith, /oi /aeiaae ?acaeaaeny a oao iaeanoyo
caiee, aaea aea?eia a?aiy aiaea o?aaiiaaoeaaeinue ianoa?ieii oieiaeiui.
A o?iieeao ia?aiauoiay aeeciue au?iaeaeaaony, e, iaiai?io, iecoea aa
oi?iu, eae, iai?eia?, ieaiae, auoaniaiu ooaea ieaiaiaie, aicieeoeie
iicaea e ia aieaa aunieie yaiethoeeiiiie nooiaie.

Neiaii, eiaiii a XIX aaea oeeaeeecaoeey iicaieeea n?aaeiaio /aeiaaeo
ooaa?aeeoueny a ecauoi/iii ie?a, aini?eiyoii eae eciaeeea aeaa, ii ia
caaio. Ii i/ooeeny n?aaee neaci/iuo iaoei, /oaeiaeaenoaaiiuo eaea?noa,
oneoaeeeauo i?aaeoaeuenoa, othoiuo a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa. A aio
caaeoiaoueny iaae oai, eae iai?inoi nicaeaaaoue yoe iaoeiu e eaea?noaa e
iaania/eaaoue eo iiyaeaiea ai?aaeue e eae oaoei naii ono?ienoai iauanoaa
e ainoaea?noaa, ii ia oniae e, ia caaioynue i o?oaeiinoyo, ii/oe ia
iuouaao iaycaiiinoae. Oaeie naeaea ?aaiiaaney eaea/eo aai e, iiae?acaa
aeeciaiiua ei?ie, oaea ia aeaao aio iuooeoue naio nouiinoue aeecie,
aa/ii oaiioth e ianeaicue iianioth. Ie/oi oae ia i?ioeai?a/eo
/aeiaa/aneie aeecie, eae aa aea nianoaaiiay ?aciiaeaeiinoue, aiieiuaiiay
a “naiiaeiaieueiii iaaei?inea”. E eiaaea yoio oei ia/eiaao
i?aiaeaaeaoue, iaaei aeoue o?aaiao e e?e/aoue, /oi /aeiaa/anoao a?iceo
au?iaeaeaiea, aaeaa ee ia ?aaiineeueiia nia?oe. Ionoue o?iaaiue aeecie a
Aa?iia naaiaeiy auoa, /ai eiaaea au oi ie auei, — iaeuecy, aeyaey a
aoaeouaa, ia iianaoueny, /oi caao?a ii ia oieueei ia aic?anoao, ii
aacoaea?aeii iieaoeony aiec.

Ana yoi, iaaeathnue, aeinoaoi/ii ynii oeacuaaao ia e?aeithth
i?ioeaianoanoaaiiinoue “naiiaeiaieueiiai iaaei?iney”. Yoi oei /aeiaaea,
eioi?ue aeeaao, aeaau aeaeaoue oi, /oi oi/aony. Iau/iia caaeoaeaeaiea
iaiaiueeeia nuiea. A i?e/eia i?inoa: a naiaeiii e?oao ethaua, aeaaea
oyaeeea i?inooiee inoathony, a iauai-oi, aaciaeacaiiuie. Naiaeiue i/aa —
yoi oaiei eneonnoaaiiia, e caeanue eaaei noiaeeo n ?oe oi, /oi ia
aieueiii aicaeooa oeeoeu eiaei au aanueia iaaoaiua iineaaenoaey, e a
naiii nei?ii a?aiaie. Ii nai-oi iaaei?ineue oaa?ai, /oi iiaeao iianthaeo
aanoe naay eae aeiia, /oi aiiaua iao ie/aai iaecaaaeiiai, iaiii?aaeiiai
e ieii/aoaeueiiai. E iioiio oaa?ai, /oi iiaeao aeaeaoue ana, /oi
oi/ao[*Eae naiuey niioiineony n iauanoaii, oi/ii oae aea, oieueei
e?oiiaa e ?aeueaoiaa, iaoeey niioiineony n /aeiaa/anoaii. Naiua
naiiaeiaieueiua ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue, aea e naiua iiioiaioaeueiua
“iaaei?inee” — yoi ia?iaeu, eioi?ua aiciaia?eeenue a /aeiaa/aneii
niiauanoaa “aeaeaoue oi, /oi oi/aony”. E ii iaeaiinoe iacuaatho yoi
“iaoeeiiaeeciii”. Eae ia i?aoeo iia eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiue aeoo e
oaiaeaneia ii/oaiea e iaio, ii yoe eai?ecu iaoeeiiaeueiie iac?aeinoe
eaaeoony ea?eeaoo?iuie].

?ieiaay ioeaea! “Aaoa ieeinoue iieaeao eoaea neaaeoao”, — aiai?yo
iiioaath a ii?ooaaeueneie neacea. Ii ?acaa iaeuecy aeaeaoue oi, /oi
oi/aony? ?a/ue ia i oii, /oi iaeuecy, ?a/ue nianai i ae?oaii: ana, /oi
iu iiaeai, — yoi aeaeaoue oi, /aai ia iiaeai ia aeaeaoue, noaiiaeoueny
oai, /ai ia iiaeai ia noaoue. Aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeiia aeey ian naiaaieea
— ioeacaoueny yoi aeaeaoue, ii ioeac ia icia/aao naiaiaeo aeaenoaee — iu
e oiaaea ia aieueiu aeaeaoue oi, /oi oi/aony. Yoi ia naiaaieea, a
naiaiaea aiee n io?eoeaoaeueiui ciaeii — iaaieea. Iiaeii eciaieoue
naiaio i?aaeiacia/aieth e aeaca?oe?iaaoue, ii aeaca?oe?iaaoue iiaeii,
eeoue caaiaa naay a iiaeaaeu naiae noaeueau. ss ia iiao oaaaeeoue
eaaeaeiai nnueeie ia aai nianoaaiiue iiuo, iioiio /oi ia ciath yoiai
iiuoa, ii ai?aaa nineaoueny ia oi iauaa, /oi aioei a noaeueao eaaeaeiai.
Iai?eia?, ia iauaa anai aa?iiaeoeai — e eoaea aieaa i?i/iia, /ai eo
ioaee/iua “eaeae” e “acaeyaeu, — niciaiea oiai, /oi nia?aiaiiue
aa?iiaaoe ia iiaeao ia oeaieoue naiaiaeo. Iiaeii nii?eoue, eaeie eiaiii
aeieaeia auoue yoa naiaiaea, ii nooue a eiii. Naaiaeiy naiue iao?iaue
?aaeoeeiia? a aeoaeia aeooe niciaao, /oi aa?iiaeneay eaeay, eioi?oth
i?ioeue aae ie?anoee eeaa?aeeciii, a eiia/iii n/aoa e anoue oi
iai?aeiaeiia e iaecaaaeiia, /ai naaiaeiy noae, aieueii eee iaaieueii,
caiaaeiue /aeiaae.

E eae au iaii?iaa?aeeii ie aeieacuaaee, ianeieueei eiaeiie e aeaaeueiie
auea ethaay iiiuoea inouanoaeoue yoio iai?inoeoaeueiue eiia?aoea
iieeoe/aneie naiaiaeu, aienaiiue a aa?iiaeneoth enoi?eth, eiia/iui
inoaaony iiieiaiea aai iiaenioaeiie i?aaiou. Yoi eiia/iia iiieiaiea
anoue e o eiiioienoa e o oaoenoa, noaey ii eo oneeeyi oaaaeeoue naay e
ian a ia?aoiii, eae anoue iii — oi/ao ii oiai eee iao, aa?eo ii a yoi
eee iao[*Eaaeaeue, eoi aa?eo, niaeanii Eiia?ieeo, /oi nieioea ia
caoiaeeo ca ai?eciio, eci aeiy a aeaiue aeaeeo ia?aoiia, e, iineieueeo
i/aaeaeiinoue iaoaao oaaaeaeaieth, i?iaeieaeaao aa?eoue a iaai. A iai
iao/iay aa?a iai?a?uaii iiaeaaeyao aeeyiea ia?ae/iie eee
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aa?u. Oae e oiiiyiooue eaoieee naiae aeiaiaoe/aneie
aa?ie ioaa?aaao naith iiaeeeiioth, ee/ioth aa?o a ianouiinoue naiaiaeu.
ss oiiiyioe aai a ea/anoaa i?eia?a e oieueei aeey iiyniaiey naiae iunee,
a ia aeey oiai, /oiau iiaeaa?aiooue oaeiio aea no?iaiio noaeo, eaeiio
iiaeaa?aath nia?aiaiiiai ianniaiai /aeiaaea, “naiiaeiaieueiiai
iaaei?iney”. Niaiaaeatho iie eeoue a iaeiii. Aeia “iaaei?iney” a oii,
/oi ii oeaeeeii ia naiiauoai. O eaoieeea aea auoea iiaeeeiii, ii ia
oeaeeeii. Ii aeaaea “yoi /anoe/iia niaiaaeaiea iieii. Eaoieee eciaiyao
naaa a oie noa?a auoey, aaea ii nui naiaai a?aiaie e, oi/ao ii oiai eee
ia oi/ao, nia?aiaiiue aa?iiaaoe; e eciaiyao iioiio, /oi no?aieony
inoaoueny aa?iui ae?oaie aeanoiie noa?a naiaai auoey — naiae ?aeeaeiciie
aa?a. Yoi icia/aao, /oi noaeueaa aai, ii nouanoao, o?aae/ia. E ii
i?eieiaao aa oaeie. “Naiiaeiaieueiue iaaei?ineue”, iai?ioea,
aeaca?oe?oao, eciaiyy naaa ii aacaeaaa?iinoe, a anaio inoaeueiiio —
aaeeinoaaiii ec o?oninoe e aeaeaiey oaeeueiooue i?e iaeaeoai iaiaea ia
o?aaaaeeth] — o eaoieeea, neieue au i?aaeaiii ie /oee ii “Neeeaaon”[[]
“Neeeaaon” (sillabus — ia?a/aiue; eaoei.) — i?eeiaeaiea e iaineie
yioeeeeeea io 8 aeaeaa?y 1864 a., iacaaiiia “Ia?a/aiue aeaaiaeoeo
caaeoaeaeaiee iaoaai a?aiaie”, a /enei eioi?uo aeeth/aiu (e inoaeaeaiu
oea?eiaueth) iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneea e ?aeeaeiciua aeaeaeaiey, iao/iua
e eiua i?eioeeiu, iiae?uaathuea o/aiea eaoiee/aneie oea?eae e aaoi?eoao
?eineiai iaiu. A 1907 a. aue ecaeai aua iaeei “Neeeaaon”, iai?aaeaiiue a
iniiaiii i?ioea iiaea?iecia a eaoieeoeecia.]. Ana iie ciatho, /oi, eaeie
au ni?aaaaeeeaie ie auea e?eoeea eeaa?aeecia, aai iiaenioaeiay i?aaioa
iaiaeieeia, iioiio /oi yoi ia oai?aoe/aneay i?aaioa, ia iao/iay, ia
oiic?eoaeueiay, ii nianai eiiai e ?aoathuaai naienoaa, a eiaiii i?aaioa
noaeueau. Oai?aoe/aneea enoeiu ia i?inoi nii?iu, ii any neea e niune eo
a yoie nii?iinoe; iie ?iaeaeaiu nii?ii, aeeau, iiea inii?eiu, e
nouanoaotho aaeeinoaaiii aeey i?iaeieaeaiey nii?a. Ii noaeueao — oi,
/aio i?aaenoieo eee ia i?aaenoieo noaoue aeeciueth, — ia inia?eaatho. Aa
i?eieiatho eee ioaa?aatho. I?eiya, noaiiayony niaie; ioaa?aioa,
io?eoeatho e iiaeiaiytho naay[*Ineoaeaoue , iionoeoueny, ianoue — yoi e
cia/eo ioeacaoueny io naay, io oiai, a eii ou aeieaeai aue
inouanoaeoueny. Iiaeeeiiia nouanoaiaaiea i?e yoii ia en/acaao, a
noaiiaeony oei?eciaiiie oaiueth, i?ec?aeii, eioi?ue aa/ii iaiiieiaao,
eae iecea yoa o/anoue e eaeie iaiioiaeae iia aeieaeia auea noaoue. Oaeay
aeeciue eeoue iaoaea/iia naiioaeenoai].

Noaeueaa i?inooiaao ia a oii, /oi iai oi/aony, — iai?ioea, aa no?iaea
/a?ou io/aoeeaaa, eiaaea iu niciaai, /oi aeieaeiu aii?aee oioaieth.

Eoae, “naiiaeiaieueiue iaaei?ineue” ciaao, /oi aeieaeii auoue, ii,
ianiio?y ia yoi e aeaaea eiaiii iiyoiio, neiaii e aeaeii ecia?aaeaao,
aoaeoi oaaaeaeai a ia?aoiii. Oaoeno ia?ooeaaaony ia iieeoe/aneoth
naiaiaeo eiaiii iioiio, /oi ciaao: anaoeaei e ana?ueac aa ia iiaeao ia
auoue, iia iaioiaieia eae nouiinoue aa?iiaeneie aeecie e a na?ueacioth
ieiooo, eiaaea ioaeaeaoueny a iae aoaeoo ii-ianoiyuaio, iia ieaaeaony
iaeeoei. Ii oae oae iano?iai ianniaue /aeiaae — ia eai?eciue eaae. Ii
ie/aai ia aeaeaao ?ac iaanaaaea, e, /oi au ie aeaeae, ana o iaai
“iiia?ioeo”, eae auoiaeee iaiaiueeeia nuiea. Iiniaoiay aioiaiinoue aai a
ethaii aeaea aanoe naay o?aae/anee, io/ayiii e aaciaeyaeii — yoi eeoue
aeaei?aoeey. O?aaaaeeth ii ?acua?uaaao eiaiii iioiio, /oi ia aa?eo,
aoaeoi a oeeaeeeciaaiiii ie?a iia iiaeao ?acua?aoueny ana?ueac.

Ia i?eieiaoue aea ia aa?o ana, /oi /aeiaae ecia?aaeaao ec naay! Anee
eoi-oi ianoaeaaao, /oi aeaaaeaeu aeaa, ii aai nayoiio oaaaeaeaieth,
iyoue, e iao iniiaaiee n/eoaoue aai iiiaoaiiui, inoaaony i?eciaoue, /oi
nai ii, eae au ie n?uaae aiein e ie a?iceeny oia?aoue ca naie neiaa,
iii?inoo ia aa?eo a oi, /oi aiai?eo.

Oeaae iiaaeueiiai e aani?inaaoiiai oeaey?noaa eaoeony ii aa?iiaeneie
caiea. Ethaay iiceoeey ooaa?aeaeaaony ec iica?noaa e aioo?aiia eaeeaa.
Ana oneeey iai?aaeaiu aaeeinoaaiii ia oi, /oiau ia ano?aoeoueny ni naiae
noaeueaie, ioaa?iooueny e ia neuoaoue aa oaiiiai ciaa, ecaaaeaoue i/iie
noaaee n oai, /oi aeieaeii noaoue aeeciueth. AEeaoo a oooeo e oai
oooi/iaa, /ai o?aae/iaa iaaeaoay ianea. Oooianoai iaieioaii, anee ethaie
oaa iaiaycaoaeai e ia aae?aao a naay ee/iinoue oeaeeeii e aaniiai?ioii.
Ianniaue /aeiaae aieony anoaoue ia oaa?aeue, neaeueiue a?oio
i?aaeiacia/aiey; eoaea naienoaaiiaa aio i?icyaaoue, nouanoaiaaoue
ia?aaeueii, iiaenay a aicaeooa. E ieeiaaea aua ia iineeinue ii aao?o
noieueei aeeciae, iaaaniiuo e aanii/aaiiuo — auaea?ioouo ec naiae
noaeueau — e oae eaaei oaeaeaaiuo ethaui, naiui aeaeeei oa/aieai.
Iienoeia yiioa “oaea/aiee” e “oa/aiee”. Iaei eoi i?ioeaeony oai
iiaa?oiinoiui caaeo?aieyi, eioi?ua eeoi?aaeyo eneonnoai, iuneue,
iieeoeeo, iauanoai. E iioiio ?eoi?eea oeaaoao eae ieeiaaea. Nth??aaeeno
ioaaaeii eeaaeao (ecaaaeth naay io iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eaiaeeoue yoi neiai)
oai, aaea ?aiueoa noiyee “aeanieiu, eaaaaee e oaaiu”, e iieaaaao, /oi
i?aacioae ie?iaoth eeoa?aoo?o. A anaai-oi caiaiee iaeio ?eoi?eeo
ae?oaie, i?aaeaea iueeaoaeny ia caai?ao.

Iiiyoue nia?aiaiiinoue, i?e anae aa iaiiaoi?eiinoe, iiiiaaao oi, /oi
?iaeieo aa n i?ioeui. Aaeaa n?aaeecaiiiii?neay oeeaeeecaoeey aeinoeaea
naiae iieiiou, eae ia noeaio auoiaeeo oeeiee. A?yciuie naiaeaeeyie
Aeeiaai oii/ao eia?u A?enoeiia. A III aaea aei ?iaeaeanoaa O?enoiaa
oeeieee eeoao — iie ia anao oaeao e ia ethauo iinoao. E aaeeinoaaiiia,
/oi aeaeatho, — naaioe?otho oeeaeeecaoeeth. Oeeiee aue ieaeeenoii
yeeeiecia. Ii ieeiaaea ia nicaeaaae e aeaaea ia iuoaeny. Aai ?aaioie
auei ?ac?ooaiea, aa?iae, noa?aiea ?ac?ooeoue, iineieueeo ii e a yoii ia
i?aoniae. Oeeiee, ia?aceo oeeaeeecaoeee, aeeaao aa io?eoeaieai eiaiii
iioiio, /oi oaa?ai a iae. *aai noiee au ii e /oi, ni?aoeaaaony, aeaeae
au n?aaee aeeea?ae, aaea eaaeaeue aacio/aoii e ana?ueac aeaenoaoao oae,
eae nai ii aeaenoaiaae iaiieac e ia?i/ii, aeaey a oii ee/ioth caneoao?
*aai noieo oaoeno, anee ii ia iiie/aaony ia naiaiaeo? E nth??aaeeno,
anee ii ia oaeueioao eneonnoai?

Eia/a e ia iiaei au aanoe naay yoi nouanoai, ?iaeaeaiiia a /a?an/o?
oi?ioi ono?iaiiii ie?a, aaea i?eaueei aeaeaoue iaeie aeaaa, a ia
iianiinoe. Aai ecaaeiaaei ie?oaeaiea, aeiiaoiaa oaiei oeeaeeecaoeee — e
iaiaiueeeia nuiea aiana ia oyiao iieeaeaoue ?iaeiia aiacaei naieo
i?eoioae, neooaoueny noa?oeo e oae oai aieaa — aoiaeeoue a iaoiieeiia
?onei naiae noaeueau.

XIII. AINOAeA?NOAI EAE AUNOAss OA?ICA

A oi?ioi i?aaieciaaiiii iauanoaa ianna ia aeaenoaoao naia ii naaa.
Oaeiaa aa ?ieue. Iia nouanoaoao aeey oiai, /oiau aa aaee, ianoaaeyee e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaiaaee ca iaa, iiea iia ia ia?anoaiao auoue iannie eee
ii e?aeiae ia?a ia ia/iao e yoiio no?aieoueny. Ii naia ii naaa iia
inouanoaeyoue yoi ia niiniaia. Ae iaiaoiaeeii neaaeiaaoue /aio-oi
aunoaio, enoiaeyuaio io eca?aiiuo iaiueoeinoa. Iiaeii neieueei oaiaeii
nii?eoue, eai aeieaeiu auoue yoe eca?aiiua, ii oi, /oi aac ieo, eai au
iie ie auee, /aeiaa/anoai oo?aoeo iniiao naiaai nouanoaiaaiey, niiiaieth
ia iiaeeaaeeo, oioy Aa?iia aio oaea noieaoea, iiaeiaii no?aono, i?y/ao
aieiao iiae e?uei a iaaeaaeaea ia oaeaeaoue i/aaeaeiiai. Yoi ia /anoiue
auaiae ec ?yaea iaaethaeaiee e aeiaaaeie, a caeii nioeeaeueiie
“oeceee”[[] Oa?iei “nioeeaeueiay oeceea” oiio?aaeyeny a XVII a. aeey
iaicia/aiey iaoe ia iauanoaa, ii aua a XIX a. ei iieueciaaeenue oeeinio
I. Eiio e noaoenoee A. Eaoea. A oe?ieii cia/aiee — i?eaioaoeey ia oeceeo
eae ia ia?acoeiaoth iaoeo i?e ?ac?aaioea nioeeaeueiuo oai?ee.], iiae
noaoue caeiiai Iuethoiia ii naiae iai?aeiaeiinoe. A aeaiue, eiaaea niiaa
aioea?eony iiaeeeiiay oeeinioey[*Aeey yoiai aiana ia o?aaoaony, /oiau
oeeiniou i?aaeee, eae i?aaeeaaae Ieaoii[[] A ooiiee Ieaoiia oeeinioai
ioaaaeaia ?ieue ioae?uo i?aaeoaeae ainoaea?noaa.], e ia o?aaoaony
aeaaea, /oiau i?aaeoaee oeeinionoaiaaee, eae aieaa ne?iiii
i?aaeeaaaeinue iinea iaai. Iaa aa?eaioa iea/aaiu. *oiau oeeinioey
i?aaeea, aeinoaoi/ii iaeiiai — /oiau iia nouanoaiaaea, eia/a aiai?y,
/oiau oeeiniou auee oeeinioaie. Aaeaa ee oae ia noieaoea iie i?aaeathony
iieeoeea, ioaeeoeenoeea, i?inaauaieth, iaoea e /aio oaiaeii, e?iia
naiaai aeaea], aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi iiaeao nianoe Aa?iio, — aiiaue
ioe?iaony, /oi /aeiaae, oi/ao ii oiai eee iao, naiie i?e?iaeie naiae
i?aaeiacia/ai e iieneai aunoaai ia/aea. Eoi iaoiaeeo aai nai, oio
eca?aiiue; eoi ia iaoiaeeo, oio iieo/aao aai ec /oaeeo ?oe e noaiiaeony
iannie.

Aeaenoaiaaoue naiiaieueii icia/aao aeey iannu ainnoaaaoue i?ioea
nianoaaiiiai i?aaeiacia/aiey, a iineieueeo eeoue yoei iia nae/an e
caiyoa, y aiai?th i ainnoaiee iann. A eiioea eiioeia, aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi
aeaenoaeoaeueii e ii i?aao iiaeii n/eoaoue ainnoaieai, — yoi ainnoaiea
i?ioea naay, iai?eyoea noaeueau. Ethoeeoa? aue au ia iaiueoei
iyoaaeieeii, anee au iaoee ia ia ianoi Aiaa, aio ia oaioiaaiiia, a ia
ianoi iecoaai ec aiaaeia, oaioiaaiiia oiaea ia aio. (Aoaeue Ethoeeoa?
?onneei, eae Oienoie, ii, iaaa?ii, eca?ae au aoi?ie iooue, ia iaiaa
aiaiai?/aneee.)

Aeaenoaoy naia ii naaa, ianna i?eaaaaao e aaeeinoaaiiiio niiniao,
iineieueeo ae?oaeo ia ciaao, — e ?ani?aaa. Ia c?y aea noae Eei/a aiciee
a Aia?eea, a yoii ianniaii ?ath. Ia/aai oaeeaeyoueny, /oi naaiaeiy,
eiaaea iannu oi?aeanoaotho, oi?aeanoaoao e ianeeea, noaiiaynue
aaeeinoaaiiui aeiaiaeii e aaeeinoaaiiie aeieo?eiie. ss aeaaii oae
ioia/ae, /oi ianeeea noaei auoii. Nae/an iii aeinoeaei aiiaay, e yoi
iaiaaeaaeeaaao, iineieueeo aeieaeai aea ia/aoueny niaae. Naaiaeiy
ianeeea — yoi ?eoi?eea aaea, e aai oaea i?eae?atho e ?oeai ionoiiaee.
Eiaaea ?aaeueiinoue ioie?aao, ecaeea naay, o?oi auiineony aieiaie e
aeieai aua ayciao a aieioao ?eoi?eee. Yoi eeaaeaeua ioaeeaoaai; ia
ooaeie eiiaoe aai aiaaaeaeueiy. Eiaia ia?aaeeaatho oicyaa, e oioy yoi
caoe ionoie, ii ana-oaee caoe, e ii nio?aiyao eaeoth-oi iaae/aneoth
aeanoue. Ii anee aeaaea e ai?aaaeo ieaaeaony, /oi cia/eiinoue ianeeey
eae oeeie/ii onoaiiaeaiiie ii?iu iiaaaeaiey aioiaa iieoe ia oaueue, iu
ana ?aaii inoaiainy a aai aeanoe, eeoue aeaeieciaiaiiie.

ss ia?aoiaeo e iaeooaeoae ec iianiinoae, eioi?ua a?icyo naaiaeiy
aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee. Eae e ana i?i/ea oa?icu, iia ?iaeaeaia naiie
oeeaeeecaoeeae e, aieueoa oiai, ninoaaeyao aa neaao. Yoi iaoa
nia?aiaiiia Ainoaea?noai. Aniiieiaaony oi, /oi y oaea ioia/ae, aiai?y i
iaoea: ieiaeioai?iinoue aa iniia aaaeao e iaauaaeiio i?ia?anno, i?ia?ann
iaoiieeii aaaeao e iaauaaei oceie niaoeeaeecaoeee, a niaoeeaeecaoeey — e
oaeooaieth naiie iaoee.

Ia/oi iiaeiaiia i?ienoiaeeo e n ainoaea?noaii.

Aniiiiei, /ai auei a eiioea XVIII aaea ainoaea?noai aeey anao
aa?iiaeneeo iaoeee. Ii/oe ie/ai! ?aiiee eaieoaeeci e aai i?iiuoeaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey, aaea aia?aua ainoi?aeanoaiaaea oaoieea, naiay ia?aaeiaay e
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiay, ?acei onei?eee ?ino iauanoaa. Aiciee iiaue
nioeeaeueiue eeann, yia?ae/iaa e iiiai/eneaiiaa i?aaeieo, — ao?aeoacey.
O yoie iaii?enoie ioaeeee auei iaeii anaiauaiethuaa aea?iaaiea —
i?aeoe/aneay niaoea. Iie oiaee aeaoue aeaeo oiae e neaaeaiiinoue,
?acaa?iooue e oii?yaei/eoue aai. A eo /aeiaa/aneii ii?a e aeoaeaeae
iianeeai “ainoaea?noaaiiue ei?aaeue”. Yoo iaoaoi?o ecaeaeea ia naao
aiaeee ao?aeoacey, eai aeaenoaeoaeueii iuouaea naay aaca?aaeiie,
anaiiaouae e /?aaaoie ooi?iaie noeoeae. Ei?aaeee auaeyaeae ooeui, anee
ia ooaea, e anaai auei a ia?ac — e aeaiaa, e nieaeao, e /eiiaieeia. Aai
no?ieee a n?aaeiea aaea eiua ethaee, ai anai i?ioeaiiieiaeiua
ao?aeoacee, — aeiaeanoiua, aeanoiua e i?aaeaiiua aeieao aeai?yia. Yoi ei
iaycaiu nouanoaiaaieai aa?iiaeneea iaoeee. Ii i?e anao aeooaaiuo
aeinoieinoaao o aeai?yi auei, aea e i?iaeieaeaao auoue, iaeaaeii n
aieiaie. Iie ia iaa e ia iieaaaeenue. Aac?annoaeiua, ia?an/aoeeaua,
“e??aoeeiiaeueiua”, iie aeeai /oanoaiaaee e o?oaeii niia?aaeaee. Iiyoiio
iie ia niiaee ?acaeoue oaoieeo, o?aaothuoth ecia?aoaoaeueiinoe. Iie ia
auaeoiaee ii?ioa. Iieaieeenue. E, ia niiniaiua nicaeaoue iiaia i?oaeea,
iicaieeee ai?iaeaiai inaieoue ii?io, caaacaiiue n ainoiea eee aia aanoue
ioeoaea, e n aai iiiiuueth ?aca?iieoue aeaai?iaeiuo ?uoea?ae, oae
aanoieeiai caeeaiaiiuo a aeaeaci, /oi a aith iie aea ai?i/aeenue, i
ia/enoi ianiiniaiuo o?acoiaoue, /oi aa/iue nae?ao iiaaaeu — nae?ao,
aine?aoaiiue Iaiieaiiii, — ia a n?aaenoaao caueou, a a n?aaenoaao
iaiaaeaiey[*Yoa noaia aaeeeiai enoi?e/aneiai ia?aeiia, niaieaoaai
ainiiaenoai ciaoe aeaaainoaii ao?aeoacee, i?eiaaeeaaeeo ?aiea, ii,
?acoiaaony, neiaiee/aneay ea?oeia ia?aai?ioa o?aaoao iiiaeanoaa
aeiiieiaiee, /oiau iioiaeeoue ia aeaenoaeoaeueioth. Ii?io ecaanoai n
iacaiaiyoiuo a?aiai. Ca?yae aue i?eaeoiai eai-oi ec eiiaa?aeoeaa, ii
inoaaaeny aac i?eiaiaiey, iiea ia aeiaaaeaeenue ioeeoue ioeth. Aeai?yia
ec?aaeea oiio?aaeyee iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea, ii iii auei neeoeii
aei?iaei. Eeoue ai?iaeaia, yeiiiie/anee eo/oa i?aaieciaaiiua, naeaeaee
aai ianniaui. Enoi?e/anee, iaeiaei, ecaanoii n aeieoiaioaeueiie
oi/iinoueth, /oi aeai?yineia, n?aaeiaaaeiaiai ia?acoea ao?aoiaeneia
aienei auei iaaieiao ?acaeoi iiaui, ia i?ioanneiiaeueiui, a ninoiyuei ec
ai?iaeai oaaeoea?neei. Aeaaiie neeie aai auea aeenoeeieeia e
?aoeeiiaeueiay ecia?aoaoaeueiay oaeoeea].

Aeanoue — yoi oaoieea, iaoaieci iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa e oi?aaeaiey, e
iioiio “noa?ue no?ie” e eiioeo XVIII aaea caoaoaeny iiae oaea?aie
aaniieieiiai iauanoaaiiiai ii?y. Ainoaea?noai auei ianoieueei neaaaa
iauanoaa, /oi n?aaieoaeueii n yiioie Ea?ieeiaia aaniethoeci eaaeaony
au?iaeaeaieai. ?acoiaaony, aeanoue Ea?ea Aaeeeiai aaneiia/ii onooiaea
aeanoe Ethaeiaeea XVI, ii caoi iauanoai i?e Ea?ieeiaao auei
aanneeueiui[*Noieei au caaea?aeaoueny ia yoii e iiae/a?eiooue, /oi yiioo
aa?iiaeneiai aaniethoecia ioee/aao eiaiii neaainoue ainoaea?noaa. Eaeay
oiio i?e/eia? Aaaeue iauanoai oaea iaae?aei neeo. Ii/aio aea Aeanoue,
aoaeo/e iai?a?aeaaiie — “aaniethoiie”, — ia noa?aeanue e naia noaoue
neeueiaa? Iaeia ec i?e/ei oaea oiiiyiooa: oaoie/aneay e
aaeieieno?aoeaiay ianinoiyoaeueiinoue ?iaeiaie ciaoe. Ii anoue e ae?oaay
— a?enoie?aou ia oioaee oneeeaaoue ainoaea?noai ca n/ao iauanoaa.
Aii?aee i?eau/iui i?aaenoaaeaieyi aaniethoeci einoeieoeaii oaaaeae
iauanoai, e oaaaeae ai?acaei aieueoa, /ai iaoe iuiaoiea aeaiie?aoee.
Naaiaeiy ainoaea?noai oiiaa, ii enoi?e/anee aacioaaonoaaiiaa]. Ia?iiiue
ia?aaan iauanoaaiiuo nee iaae ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?eaae e ?aaiethoeee,
aa?iaa, e iieina ?aaiethoeee, aieioue aei 1848 aiaea.

Ii a oiaea ?aaiethoeee ao?aeoacey ioia?aea aeanoue e, i?eeiaeea e iae
naie oiaeua ?oee, ia i?ioyaeaiee iaeiiai iieieaiey nicaeaea
ii-ianoiyuaio neeueiia ainoaea?noai, eioi?ia n ?aaiethoeeyie iieii/eei.
N 1848 aiaea, oi anoue n ia/aeii aoi?ie aaia?aoeee ao?aeoaciuo
i?aaeaiee, ?aaiethoeee a Aa?iia ennyeee. E, eiia/ii, ia ii iaaeinoaoeo
i?e/ei, a ii iaaeinoaoeo n?aaenoa. Aeanoue e iauanoai n?aaiyeenue neeie.
I?iuae iaaaee, ?aaiethoeey! Ai?aaeue eeoue aioeiiae aa a?iceo
aa?iiaeoeai — ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io. Ana, /oi a aeaeueiaeoai
eacaeinue ?aaiethoeeae, auei ee/eiie ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa.

A iaoe aeie ainoaea?noai noaei /oaeiaeuiie iaoeiie iaiuneeiuo
aiciiaeiinoae, eioi?ay aeaenoaoao oaioanoe/anee oi/ii e iia?aoeaii. Yoi
n?aaeioi/ea iauanoaa, e aeinoaoi/ii iaaeaoey eiiiee, /oiau aeaaioneea
?u/aae iieieaiinii ia?aaioaee eaaeaeoth iyaeue nioeeaeueiiai oaea.

Nia?aiaiiia ainoaea?noai — naiue yaiue e iaaeyaeiue i?iaeoeo
oeeaeeecaoeee. E ioiioaiea e iaio ianniaiai /aeiaaea i?ieeaaao naao ia
iiiaia. Ii ai?aeeony ainoaea?noaii e ciaao, /oi eiaiii iii aa?aioe?oao
aio aeeciue, ii ia niciaao, /oi yoi oai?aiea /aeiaa/aneeo ?oe, /oi iii
nicaeaii ii?aaeaeaiiuie ethaeueie e aea?aeeony ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo
/aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoyo, eioi?ua naaiaeiy anoue, a caao?a iiaoo
oeaoo/eoueny. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ianniaue /aeiaae aeaeeo a ainoaea?noaa
aaceeeoth neeo, a iineieueeo e naay iuouaao aaceeeei, oi n/eoaao aai
naiei. E anee a aeecie no?aiu aicieeioo eaeea-eeai o?oaeiinoe,
eiioeeeou, i?iaeaiu, ianniaue /aeiaae iinoa?aaony, /oiau aeanoe
iaiaaeeaiii aiaoaeenue e acyee caaioo ia naay, oiio?aaea ia yoi, ana
naie aacioeaciua e iaia?aie/aiiua n?aaenoaa.

Caeanue-oi e iiaenoa?aaaao oeeaeeecaoeeth aeaaiay iianiinoue —
iieiinoueth iainoaea?noaeaiiay aeeciue, yeniainey aeanoe, iiaeiuaiea
ainoaea?noaii anyeie nioeeaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe — neiaii, oaeooaiea
oai?/aneeo ia/ae enoi?ee, eioi?uie a eiia/iii n/aoa aea?aeaony,
ieoathony e aeaeaeoony ethaeneea noaeueau. Eiaaea o iannu aicieeioo
cao?oaeiaiey eee i?inoi ?acua?athony aiiaoeou, iia ia niiaeao ia
iiaeaeaoueny eneooaieth aeiaeoueny anaai naiui aa?iui e i?eau/iui
niiniaii, aac oneeee, aac niiiaiee, aac ai?ueau e ?enea, iaeiei
iaaeaoeai eiiiee ionoea a oiae /oaeiaeaenoaaiioth iaoeio. Ianna aiai?eo:
“Ainoaea?noai — yoi y” — e aeanoiei ioeaaaony. Ainoaea?noai eaeaioe/ii
ianna eeoue a oii niunea, a eaeii Een eaeaioe/ai Ea?aeo, iineieueeo
ieeoi ec ieo ia Cao. Nia?aiaiiia ainoaea?noai e ianno ?iaeieo eeoue eo
aaceeeinoue e aacuiyiiinoue. Ii ianniaue /aeiaae oaa?ai, /oi ii-oi e
anoue ainoaea?noai, e ia oionoeo neo/ay iiae ethaui i?aaeeiaii aeaeiooue
?u/aae, /oiau ?acaeaaeoue eaeia au oi ie auei oai?/aneia iaiueoeinoai,
eioi?ia ?acae?aaeaao aai anaaaea e anthaeo, aoaeue oi iieeoeea, iaoea
eee i?iecaiaenoai.

Eii/eony yoi iea/aaii. Ainoaea?noai oaeooeo ieii/aoaeueii anyeoth
nioeeaeueioth naiiaeayoaeueiinoue, e ieeaeea iiaua naiaia oaea ia
acieaeoo. Iauanoai auioaeyo aeeoue aeey ainoaea?noaa, /aeiaaea — aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu. E iineieueeo yoi anaai eeoue iaoeia,
eni?aaiinoue e ninoiyiea eioi?ie caaenyo io aeeaie neeu ie?oaeaiey, a
eiioea eiioeia ainoaea?noai, auninaa ec iauanoaa ana niee, auaeioiaony,
ca/aoiao e oi?ao naiie ia?oaaiiie ec nia?oae — ?aeaaie nia?oueth
iaoaiecia.

Oaeie e auea noaeueaa aioe/iie oeeaeeecaoeee. Aannii?ii, nicaeaiiay
THeeyie e Eeaaaeeyie eiia?ey i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aaeeeieaiioth iaoeio,
ii eiino?oeoeee iaiiiai niaa?oaiiaa noa?iai ?anioaeeeaineiai ?eia. Ii
ciaiaiaoaeueii, /oi, aaeaa iia aeinoeaea iieiiai aeanea, iauanoaaiiue
i?aaieci oaan. Oaea i?e Aioiieiao (II aae) ainoaea?noai i?eaeaaeei aai
naiae aacaeeciaiiie iiuueth. Iauanoai ii?aaiuaaony, e ana neeu aai
ooiaeyo ia neoaeaiea ainoaea?noao. A a eoiaa? Ath?ie?aoecaoeey anae
aeecie aaaeao e aa iieiiio oiaaeeo. AEeciaiiue o?iaaiue auno?i
nieaeaaony, ?iaeaeaaiinoue e iiaeaaii. A ainoaea?noai, icaai/aiiia
oieueei nianoaaiiuie ioaeaeaie, oaeaaeaaao ath?ie?aoe/aneee iaaeei. Yoie
aoi?ie nooiaiueth ath?ie?aoecaoeee noaiiaeony ieeeoa?ecaoeey iauanoaa.
Ana aieiaiea ia?auaii oaia?ue ia a?ieth. Aeanoue — yoi i?aaeaea anaai
aa?aio aaciianiinoe (oie naiie aaciianiinoe, n eioi?ie, iaiiiiei, e
ia/eiaaony ianniaia niciaiea). Iiyoiio ainoaea?noai — yoi i?aaeaea anaai
a?iey. Eiia?aoi?u Naaa?u, ?iaeii ao?eeaioeu, iieiinoueth aiaiece?otho
aeeciue. Iai?aniue o?oae! Ioaeaea ana aani?inaaoiaa, /?anea ana
aanieiaeiaa. Ia oaaoaao aoeaaeueii anaai, e aeaaea nieaeao. Iinea
Naaa?ia a a?ieth i?eoiaeeony aa?aiaaoue aa?aa?ia.

Oaia?ue ynii, eae ia?aaeienaeai e o?aae/ai iooue iainoaea?noaeaiiiai
iauanoaa? Iii nicaeaao ainoaea?noai eae eino?oiaio, iaeaa/athuee
aeeciue. Iioii ainoaea?noai aa?ao aa?o, e iauanoai auioaeaeaii aeeoue
?aaee iaai[*Aniiiiei iineaaeiee iaeac Naioeiey Naaa?a nuiiaueyi:
“Aea?aeeoanue aianoa, ieaoeoa nieaeaoai e caaoaeueoa ia inoaeueiii”].
Oai ia iaiaa ninoieo iii iiea /oi ec /anoeoe yoiai iauanoaa. Ii anei?a
oaea ia oaaoaao ethaeae aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey ainoaea?noaa e i?eoiaeeony
caaoue eiicaioeaa — nia?aa aeaeiaoia, iioii aa?iaioeaa. I?eoaeueoeu a
eiioea eiioeia noaiiayony oicyaaaie, a inoaoee iauanoaa, aai?eaaiu, —
?aaaie yoeo /oaeaeia, n eioi?uie eo ie/oi ia ?iaeieei e ia ?iaeieo. Aio
eoia iainoaea?noaeaiiinoe — ia?iae eaeao a ieuo iaoeia, ei aea e
nicaeaiiie. Neaeao nuaaeaao oaei. Noaiu aeiia auoaniytho aeeeueoeia.

Iniciaa yoi, o?oaeii aeaaiaeooanoaiaaoue, eiaaea Ionnieeie n ?aaeeinoiui
aieiiaii i?iaicaeaoaao eae iaeia ioe?iaaiea, /oaeanii niecioaaeoaa ia
Eoaeeth: “Ana aeey ainoaea?noaa, ie/aai, e?iia ainoaea?noaa, ie/aai
i?ioea ainoaea?noaa!” Iaeii oae yoi auaeaao n aieiaie, /oi oaoeci —
oeie/iay aeieo?eia ianniaiai /aeiaaea. Ionnieeie caiieo/ee ioee/ii
neaaeaiiia ainoaea?noai, e neaaeaiiia ioithaeue ia ei, a oie naiie
eaeaeiie neeie, n eioi?ie ii ai?aony, — eeaa?aeueiie aeaiie?aoeae. Ii
eeoue ae/ii ainiieueciaaeny aa ieiaeaie, e, ia aoiaey nae/an a aeaoaee
aai aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue iaeii: ?acoeueoaou ia
naaiaeiy i?inoi ianiiinoaaeiu n oai, /aai aeinoea a iieeoeea e
oi?aaeaiee eeaa?aeeci. Yoe ?acoeueoaou, anee iie aiiaua anoue,
ianoieueei ie/oiaeiu, iacaiaoiu e ianouanoaaiiu, /oi o?oaeii ii?aaaeaoue
eie oo /oaeiaeuioth eiioeaio?aoeeth aeanoe, eioi?ay iicaieeea ?aciaiaoue
ainoaea?noaaiioth iaoeio aei i?aaeaea.

Aeeeoao ainoaea?noaa — yoi aiiaae ianeeey e i?yiiai aeaenoaey,
aicaaaeaiiuo a ii?io. Ianna aeaenoaoao naiiaieueii, naia ii naaa, /a?ac
aaceeeee iaoaieci ainoaea?noaa.

Aa?iiaeneea ia?iaeu noiyo ia ii?iaa oyaeeeo aioo?aiieo eniuoaiee e naiuo
aeao/eo iauanoaaiiuo i?iaeai — yeiiiie/aneeo, i?aaiauo e nioeeaeueiuo.
Eoi ii?o/eony, /oi aeeeoao iannu ia i?eioaeeo ainoaea?noai oi?acaeieoue
ee/iinoue e oai ieii/aoaeueii iiaaneoue iaaeaaeaeo ia aoaeouaa?

C?eiui aiieiuaieai oaeie iianiinoe yaeyaony iaeia ec naiuo o?aaiaeiuo
aiiiaeee iineaaeieo o?eaeoeaoe eao — iianaianoiia e iaoeeiiiia oneeaiea
iieeoeee. E yoiio iaoiieeii i?eaae ?ino iauanoaa. E eae ie naueeinue n
yoei iaoa niciaiea, io iaai ia aeieaeia oneieuecaoue o?aae/aneay
ia?aaeienaeueiinoue oaeiai iieiaeaiey aeae, eiaaea aeeoaee aieueoeo
ai?iaeia, /oiau niieieii aeaeaaoueny ii naiaio oniio?aieth, oaoaeueii
ioaeaeathony a iieeoeee, eioi?ay oi?aaeyao eo aeaeaeaieai. E
niaeaeaieth, “ii?yaei/iua” ethaee caaeoaeaeathony, eiaaea iieaaatho, /oi
“neeu ii?yaeea”, ?aaee ii?yaeea nicaeaiiua, oniieiyony ia oii, /aai io
ieo oioyo. ssnii e iaecaaaeii, /oi a eiioea eiioeia iie naie noaioo
onoaiaaeeaaoue ii?yaeee — e, naii niaie, oa, /oi eo ono?iyo.

Noieo caaea?aeaoueny ia yoie oaia, /oiau oaeaeaoue, eae ii-?aciiio
ioeeeeaaony ia a?aaeaeaineea ioaeaeu oi eee ae?oaia iauanoai. A naiii
ia/aea i?ioeiai aaea, eiaaea n ?inoii i?ieaoa?eaoa noaea ?anoe
i?anooiiinoue, O?aioeey iiniaoeea nicaeaoue iiiai/eneaiiua io?yaeu
iieeoeee. E 1810 aiaeo i?anooiiinoue ii oie aea i?e/eia aic?inea e a
Aiaeee — e aiaee/aia iaia?oaeeee, /oi iieeoeee o ieo iao. O aeanoe
noiyee eiina?aaoi?u. *oi aea iie i?aaei?eieiatho? Niaoao nicaeaoue
iieeoeeth? Eoaea oai! Iie i?aaeii/ee, ianeieueei aiciiaeii, oa?iaoue
i?anooiiinoue. “Ethaee nie?eeenue n aanii?yaeeii, ni/oy yoi ieaoie ca
naiaiaeo”.

“O ia?eaeai, — ieoao Aeaeii Oeeueyi Oi?ae, — aeenoaoaeueiay iieeoeey, ii
iie aei?iai ieaoyo ca yoio aeane. Ionoue oae eo/oa eaaeaeua o?e-/aou?a
aiaea iieaethaeeia ioae/ei niinyo aieiao ia ?aoeeeo ?iae, /ai niineoue
aeiiaoiea iaunee, neaaeeo e i?i/ea ooeu?aiey Oooa”. Iaeeoei aeaa ?aciuo
iiiyoey i ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Aiaee/aia i?aaeii/eoatho
ia?aie/aiioth.

XV. IA?AOIAess E NOOE AeAEA

Nooue oaeiaa: Aa?iia oo?aoeea i?aanoaaiiinoue. I?aaeithth ianniaue
/aeiaae ioaa?a ia ?aaee iiaie, a ?aaee oiai, /oiau, niaeanii naiaio
aeeciaiiiio neeaaeo, ia i?eaea?aeeaaoueny ieeaeie. *oi au ie oaa?aeeea
iieiaeaaeue i “iiaie ii?aee”, ia aa?ueoa ie aaeeiiio neiao.
Ooaa?aeaeath, /oi ia anai eiioeiaioa ie o eiai ec ciaoieia iiaiai ethos
iao e iiaeiaey ii?aee. E anee eoi-oi caaiai?ee i “iiaie”, cia/eo,
caiuneee iiaoth iaeinoue e euao eiio?aaaiaeiuo iooae[*Ia ciath,
iaeaeaony ee nae/an aeanyoie ethaeae, ?annayiiuo ii ie?o, eioi?ua aeaeyo
aii/eth ?inoee oiai, /oi ni a?aiaiai aeaenoaeoaeueii iiaeao noaoue iiaie
ii?aeueth. E, oae eiia/ii, ia yoe ethaee aeaeatho iiaiaeo].

Oae /oi iaeaii oei?youe nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea a aaci?aanoaaiiinoe. Yoi
ia oieueei ia caaeaiao, ii aeaaea iieuenoeo. Aaci?aanoaaiiinoue iui/a
noaea oe?iio?aaii, e eoi oieueei ia uaaieyao ath.

Anee ioaea/ueny, eae iu e aeaeaee, io ia?aaeeoeia i?ioeiai — o?enoeai,
eaeaaeenoia, noa?uo eeaa?aeia e o. ae., — oi n?aaee nia?aiaiiuo
aeueyinia ia iaeaeaony ie iaeiiai, eioi?ue ia enoiaeee au ec
oaaaeaeaiey, /oi ca iei /eneyony ana i?aaa e ie aaeeiie iaycaiiinoe. Ia
aaaeii, ?yaeyony ee i?e yoii a ?aaeoeeiia?ia eee ?aaiethoeeiia?ia: iiae
ethaie ee/eiie e i?e ethaii oaeiaiii neo/aa ?aoeoaeueii ioa?anuaatho
iaycaiiinoe e i?eoycatho, naie ia aaaeay ii/aio, ia iaia?aie/aiiua
i?aaa.

*oi au ie iaeooaaeyei, ana naiaeeony e iaeiiio e noaiiaeony i?aaeeiaii
ia n/eoaoueny ie n eai e ie n /ai. Anee eoi-oi ea?aao a ?aaeoeeiia?a, oi
iaaa?iyea aeey oiai, /oiau iiae aeaeii nianaiey ioa/anoaa e ainoaea?noaa
n?aaiyoue n caieae ana inoaeueiia e n iieiui i?aaii oiioaoue aeeaeiaai,
iniaaiii anee oio /aai-oi noieo. Ii e a ?aaiethoeeiia?ia ea?atho n oie
aea oeaeueth: ia?oaeiay iaea?aeeiinoue noaeueaie oaiaoaiiuo e
nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoueth neoaeeo ianeie, inaiaiaeaeathuae io
aeinaaeiie iaycaiiinoe auoue i?aaaeeaui, oa?ieiui e, aeaaiia, oaaaeaoue
/aeiaa/aneea aeinoieinoaa. ss ciath iaiaei ethaeae, eioi?ua anooieee a
oo eee eioth ?aai/oth ia?oeth eeoue caoai, /oiau ia?anoe aioo?aiiaa
i?aai i?ace?aoue eioaeeeaaioeeth e ia niio?aoue ia iaa nieco aaa?o. *oi
ae aei aeeeoaoo?, oi iu oaea iaethaiaaeenue, eae oai euenoyo oieia e
oii/oo ana, /oi auoa aa o?iaiy.

Ioa?auaieai e aeieao io/anoe iauyniyaony e iieoniaoiie-iieoiinouaeiue
oaiiiai iaoaai a?aiaie — eoeueo iieiaeaaee eae oaeiaie. Ana io iaea aei
aaeeea iiaeaeenue a “iieiaeua”, i?ineuoaa, /oi o iieiaeuo aieueoa i?aa,
/ai iaycaiiinoae, iineieueeo iineaaeiea iiaeii ioeiaeeoue a aeieaee yuee
e i?eaa?a/ue aeey c?aeinoe. Iieiaeinoue eae oaeiaoth anaaaea
inaiaiaeaeaee io oyaeanoe naa?oaiee. Iia aeeea a aeiea. Ii-/aeiaa/anee
oae e aeieaeii auoue. Yoi iieiia i?aai ae nienoiaeeoaeueii e eaneiai
aea?yo noa?oea. E iaaei aea auei ianoieueei iaeo?iaieoue aa, /oi iia e
ai?yiue ni/ea yoi naiei caneoaeaiiui i?aaii, ca eioi?ui aeieaeiu
iineaaeiaaoue e ana i?i/ea caneoaeaiiua i?aaa.

Eae ie aeeei, ii iieiaeinoueth noaee oaioaaee?iaaoue. Aiiaua iu aeeaai a
yiioo anaiauaai oaioaaea, o eioi?iai aeaa iaeeea n aeiiieiythueie ae?oa
ae?oaa a?eianaie — oa?icie ianeeey e oa?icie aeoieaiey. Iaa neoaeao
iaeiie oeaee e ?aaii i?eaiaeiu aeey oiai, /oiau ethaeneay iioeinoue
iiaea ia n/eoaoueny ie n eai e ie n /ai.

Iiyoiio ia noieo iaeaai?aaeeaaoue iuiaoiee e?ecen, aeaey a iai ai?ueao
aeaoo ii?aeae, eee oeeaeeecaoeee, — ia?a/aiiie e iiai?iaeaeaiiie.
Ianniaue /aeiaae iii?inoo eeoai ii?aee, iineieueeo nooue aa — anaaaea a
iiae/eiaiee /aio-oi, a niciaiee neoaeaiey e aeieaa. Ii neiai “iii?inoo”,
iiaeaeoe, ia aiaeeony. Ana ai?acaei neiaeiaa. Iii?inoo acyoue e
ecaaaeoueny io ii?aee iaaiciiaeii. Oi, /oi a?aiiaoe/anee iaicia/aii eae
/enoia ionoonoaea, — aaci?aanoaaiiinoue — ia nouanoaoao a i?e?iaea. Anee
au ia ?aniieiaeaiu iiae/eiyoueny i?aanoaaiiui onoiyi, aoaeueoa ethaaciu
iiae/eieoueny eiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe e velis nolis[[] Oi/aoue ia oi/aoue
(eaoei.).] aeeoue iaia?aei? ei, a yoi oaea ia aaci?aanoaaiiinoue, ii
i?ioeaii?aanoaaiiinoue. Ia i?inoi io?eoeaiea, ii aioeii?aeue, iaaaoea,
iieue iooene ii?aee, nio?aieaoee aa oi?io.

Eae aea oioae?eeenue oaa?iaaoue a aioeii?aeueiinoue aeecie? Ianiiiaiii,
e yoiio e aaea any nia?aiaiiay eoeueoo?a e oeeaeeecaoeey. Aa?iia
iiaeeiaao ai?ueeea ieiaeu naieo aeooiaiuo oaoaiee. Iia no?aieoaeueii
eaoeony aiec ii neeiio naiae eoeueoo?u, aeinoeaoae iaaeaeaiiiai
oeaaoaiey, ii ia noiaaoae oei?aieoueny.

A yoie eieaa y iiiuoaeny ia?eniaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiue oei /aeiaaea e,
aeaaiui ia?acii, aai acaeiiioiioaiey n oie oeeaeeecaoeeae, eioi?ie ii
ii?iaeaeai. Yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii iioiio, /oi ia?niiaae iiae eieae
ciaiaioao niaie ia oi?aeanoai iiaie oeeaeeecaoeee, a eeoue aieia
io?eoeaiea noa?ie. E ia iaaei iooaoue aai ineoia?aiio n ioaaoii ia
aeaaiue aii?in — eaeiau aea ei?aiiua ii?iee nia?aiaiiie aa?iiaeneie
eoeueoo?u. Aaaeue i/aaeaeii, /oi eie a eiia/iii n/aoa e iaoneiaeaii
naaiaeiyoiaa i?aiaeaaeaiea yoie /aeiaa/aneie iniae.

Ii oaeie ioaao aaeaeo iaiiia?iie o?oaeiinoe aii?ina auoiaeeo ca ?aiee
eieae. Iiiaaeiaeeinue au ?acaeoue ai anae iieiioa oo eiioeaioeeth
/aeiaa/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey, eioi?ay caeanue aaeaa iaia/aia e cao/eo
iiai/ii. Ia yoii aiai?eony aneieuecue e aiieaieina, a nei?i, auoue
iiaeao, i?eaeaony e?e/aoue.

EIIIAIOA?EE

AINNOAIEA IANN

(La rebelion de las masas). — I. N., 4, ?. 113—310.

Aia?aua iaia/aoaii a 1930 a. ioaeaeueiie a?ioth?ie a ecaeaiee “?aaenoa
aea Ieneaeaioa”. A ?aaioa 15 aeaa. A ianoiyuai ecaeaiee ia/aoaaony
ia?aaiae I, V, VI, VIII, X, XI, XIII e XV aeaa. A Iiei. nia?. ni/. a
ninoaa “Ainnoaiey iann” aeeth/aiu aua o?e oaenoa: 1. Aaaaeaiea e
o?aioeocneiio ecaeaieth 1937 a.; iaienaii a Aieeaiaeee, aaea I?oaaa
iaoiaeeeny ii i?eaeaoaieth E. Oaeceiae. Iacaaiea aaaaeaiey — ”Aaeeinoai
e iiiaiia?acea Aa?iiu”. Caeanue ?anniao?eaathony i?ioeannu iieeoe/aneie
e aeooiaiie aeaceioaa?aoeee Aa?iiu aeaaiui ia?acii eae neaaenoaey
iaa?aaoaai neeo ianniaiai yeno?aiecia. 2. Iineaneiaea e aiaeeeneiio
ecaeaieth 1938 a.; iaienaii a aeaeaa?a 1937 a. a Ia?eaea. Caeanue aaoi?
acuaae e iaeaaeathuae “oa?aeoa?ii”, “oa?ieiie” e “iie/aeeaie” iaoeee
aiaee/ai — niaeaenoaiaaoue eioaa?aoeee iiiaiia?aciuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo
“aeeciaiiuo oi?i” Aa?iiu ia iauaaa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?iie iniiaa: “O
eaaeaeiai aa?iiaeneiai ia?iaea anoue naia,—ienae I?oaaa, — ii aaaeiaa
iauaa: ia caiueaoueny a naiai, ia noaiiaeoueny “aa?iiaeneie” iaoeeae, a
auoue aa?iiaeneie “iaoeeae” (I. N„ 4, ?. 285). 3. Iaaieueoay ?aaioa
“Ioiineoaeueii iaoeeoecia”; iaienaia a Ia?eaea oaeaea a 1937 a. Caeanue
oeeinio, ni?aaaaeeeai ioia/ay iaaeaaniiniaiinoue nouanoaiaaaoeo oiaaea
iieeoe/aneeo e i?aaiauo iaoaieciia “caie?aiey” Aa?iiu, ieeoeaoai?aieai
eioi?uo yaeyeanue Eeaa iaoeee, oeacuaae ooiie/aneee, a ii nouanoao
?aaeoeeiiiue a oiaaeaoieo oneiaeyo eiinieeaeaoeee oaoenoneeo ?aaeeiia
iooue ainnoaiiaeaiey aa?iiaeneiai aaeeinoaa — a iai?aaeaiee
aic?iaeaeaiey iauaaa?iiaeneie “aeenoeeieeiu aeooa” eae iniiau “iiaiai
eeaa?aeecia”. ?aaee aeinoeaeaiey yoie oeaee I?oaaa i?eie?yeny n
oioaeeoa?iuie ?aaeeiaie: a ieo, ii iiaieth oeeinioa, aeieaeiu nai?aoue,
eae a aea?oaaiiii iaia, neaa?iu noa?iai eeaa?aeecia (ni.: I. N., 4, ?.
310).

Iniiaiie oaeno “Ainnoaiey iann” iiiaeie /eoaoaeyie aue aini?eiyo eae
i?i?i/anoai a?yaeouae eaoano?iou Caiaaea. Ecaeaiea “Ainnoaiey iann” ia
iaiaoeeii ycuea i?eianei I?oaaa iaaeaeoia?iaeioth ecaanoiinoue e
i?eciaiea. Aieueoaaia Ae?aan a iae?ieiaa I?oaaa, iioaeeeiaaiiii a
ieoya?a 1955 a. a aacaoa “Aee Aaeueo”, ooaa?aeaeae: “Iaiiiai eiea a
Aa?iaiee a?aiai aeeeoaoo?u e caoiaiey ?acoia auee noieue aea /eoaaiu,
eae “Ainnoaiea iann”. Ii aeaiiui X. Ia?eana ia eiiaoe 50-o aa., yoa
?aaioa auea ecaeaia a Aa?iaiee iauei oe?aaeii aieaa 300 oun. yec.
Iaiaeiie?aoii ecaeaaaeanue iia e ia ae?oaeo aa?iiaeneeo ycueao, a oaeaea
a Eaiaaea e NOA. A NNN? ia?aaiae “Ainnoaiey iann” iioaeeeiaai a ? 3 e 4
aeo?iaea “Aii?inu oeeinioee” ca 1989 a.

Oniao “Ainnoaiey iann” neeaaeuaaeny ec iiiaeo eiiiiiaioia. O /anoe
/eoaoaeae yoa eieaa oaeiaeaoai?yea iio?aaiinoue a i?i?i/anoaao;
eiiiie?iaae “?aaeenoe/aneee”, “o?acaue” iiaeoiae e ioeaiea neiaeeaoaainy
iieiaeaiey aeae, iaia?aiea aeieoe aei aai enoieia; o eeaa?aeueiie
eioaeeeaaioeee, o n?aaeia- e iaeeiao?aeoaciiai /eoaoaey iaoiaeee ioeeeee
eaeaieiae/aneee oeaio?eci I?oaae, iioeienoe/aneea aiccaaiey e oaa?aeie
aiea, cae?aaiio niuneo, eneiiiie “aeooiaiinoe” aa?iiaeoea. E?eoeea
“ianniaiai /aeiaaea”, ianiio?y ia ecauoie ?eoi?eee, aini?eieiaeanue eae
oia?aiiay. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ?aceay e?eoeea oaoecia noaea i?e/eiie
ioeoeeaeueiiai iai?eciaiey I?oaae o?aieenoneei ?aaeeiii.

Iaeiaei auei au iai?aaeeueii aeaeaoue a “Ainnoaiee iann” oieueei
iieeoe/aneee iaioeao. Yoa ?aaioa caieiaao caiaoiia ianoi a nioeeieiaee e
oeeinioee eoeueoo?u I?oaae; iia ?anniao?eaaeanue aaoi?ii eae iiiuoea
iino?iaiey iauae nioeeieiae/aneie oai?ee a nayce n aiaeecii oneiaee e
i?e/ei e?ecena ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai, ii oaaaeaeaieth I?oaae,
“iauanoaaiiiai ioiioaiey” — ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eca?aiiui iaiueoeinoaii e
iannaie — e eae ioi?aaiay iiceoeey aeey aieaa oe?ieiai, eiiieaeniiai
enneaaeiaaiey “?aaeeeaeueiie ?aaeueiinoe” (/aeiaa/aneie aeecie), eioi?ia
ninoaaeei niaea?aeaiea ?yaea ?aaio 30-o aa. (iniaaiii “Ensimismamiehto o
alteracion”, 1939; “?aciuoeaiea i oaoieea”, 1933) e auei caaa?oaii a
iinia?oii ecaeaiiie eieaa “*aeiaae e ethaee” (1957).

Eiiiuethoa?iue iaai? — Na?aae Iao?ia

Aeaoa iineaaeiae ?aaeaeoeee — 26.07.99

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