IEI – ieo nia?aiaiiie eoeueoo?u
Auiieiee nooaeaio a?oiiu EO7-41 Aaoeth?i Ae.N.
I?eiyea Aeeiiaa E.A.
NIAeA?AEAIEA
Eioa?an e iaiiciaiiiio ia ii?iaa ouny/aeaoee. IEI, eae iaeei ec ieoia
nia?aiaiiie eoeueoo?u.
E enoi?ee oaiiiaia IEI.
Aiaeec neooia ia IEI.
IEI a ecia?aceoaeueiii eneonnoaa.
IEI a ianniaie eoeueoo?a.
Neiaie, eiiiaine?othuee aanii?yaei/iinoue nia?aiaiiie aeecie.
A iaoe aeie, ia ii?iaa iiaiai ouny/aeaoey, a ie?a ana aua iiiai
iaiiciaiiiai. Eae e a ae?aaiea a?aiaia, Iaiiciaiiia ioaaao ethaeae, ii e
aea/ao eo. Oaiiioa ii/e, iiae?aaeaaiea eino?a, i?e/oaeeeaua oaie, oi?ioe
– ana yoi nicaeaaaei ii?aaeaeaiiue iano?ie, /aeiaae /oanoaiaae naay
/anoueth ie?oaeathuae aai i?e?iaeu, a yoie ianoaiiaea neaaaeenue
eaaaiaeu, niaa?oaeenue oaeinoaaiiua ienoa?ee… Naaiaeiy iu eae ieeiaaea
aeaeaee io i?e?iaeu, ii aeinoaoi/ii aueoe ia oeeoeo, i?i/anoue aacaoo,
/oiau oaeaeaoue eae oneeaiii iuoathony ethaee caiieieoue naia niciaiea
iiauie ieoaie. A Aa?iia a N?aaeiea aaea – iau/ii eiaiii yoio ia?eiae
enoi?ee i?eaiaeyo eae i?eia? “i?aeiaaney” – ia auei oaeiai caneeuey
ciaoa?ae, yeno?anainia, ano?ieiaia, naeoaioia, eae oaia?ue a iaoae
no?aia, aea e ia Caiaaea oiaea. Aaconeiaii, oio aaeeioaae, eioi?ue
nicaeai aie?oa i?eoaeueoeaa ec einiina, iaiiiciaiiuo eaoathueo iauaeoia,
yaeyaony aaaeiui iieacaoaeai niciaiey naaiaeiyoiaai iauanoaa.
?anniio?aoue enoi?eth oi?ie?iaaiey yoiai iaeiiai ec iniiaiuo ieoia
nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee – ?a/ue aeaeaa iieaeao, anoanoaaiii, ia i oii,
nouanoaotho iie a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe eee iao, ii i oii, eae neooe i
nouanoaiaaiee eaoathueo oa?aeie aeeytho ia eoeueoo?o, – io?aaeaiea aai a
eneonnoaa, aeeyiea ia niciaiea ethaeae i?aaenoaaeyaony iia eioa?aniui e
ianouiui.
Anee ?anneacu ia IEI noaee /a?oie iaoaai aaea, oi aeey eo iiieiaiey
iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoueny e oiio, eae aini?eieiaee noiaeiua yaeaiey a
ianeieueei aieaa ioaeaeaiiua a?aiaia. Naii yaeaiea iaaethaeaeinue e
iienuaaeinue aeinoaoi/ii aeaaii, anoue oiiieiaiey ia IEI aeaaea a
aioe/iuo enoi/ieeao. Yooaeoiie eeethno?aoeeae ?anneacia yaeyaony oae
iacuaaaiue Aacaeueneee eenoie 1566 aiaea, ninoaaeaiiue a 1566 aiaeo
Naioyeai Eieoeeonii, “eco/athuei Nayuaiiia Ienaiea e naiaiaeiua
eneonnoaa ia naiae ?iaeeia, a Aacaea”. A iai niiauaaony, /oi 7 aaaonoa
ia oo?aiiae ca?a, “ a aicaeooa iiyaeeinue iiiaeanoai /a?iuo oa?ia, n
ia?iiiie nei?inoueth aeaeaaaoeony e Nieioeo. Iioii iie iienaee iieoe?oa
e noieeioeenue ae?oa n ae?oaii, eae au anooiea a aeoao; iiiaea ec ieo
i?aa?aoeeenue a e?aniua iaiaiiua oaea, eioi?ua caoai nai?aee e iioooee”.
Ia i?eaiaeeiie eeethno?aoeee iieacaia ieiuaaeue a Aacaea, aaea
iaoiaeeony eaoaae?aeueiue niai?. Oaiiue oeaao oa?aeie naycai, nei?ae
anaai, n oai, /oi iaaethaeaiea ca ieie aaeinue i?ioea ainoiaeyuaai
nieioea. Aunieay nei?inoue e aanii?yaei/iinoue aeaeaeaiey oa?aeoa?ia
eiaiii aeey eaoathueo oa?aeie.
ss niciaoaeueii ia aiai?th i iiiaeo ecia?aaeaieyo, ecaanoiuo ec
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneiai eneonnoaa, eoeueoo?u iaey, eieia e oae aeaeaa,
iineieueeo n iaeiie noi?iiu, iie iiiaie?aoii iienaiu, a n ae?oaie,
ecia?aaeaiiua ia ieo iauaeou iiaoo eiaoue ia noieueei aiacaiiia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea, neieueei yaeyoueny ycioa?e/aneeie neiaieaie.
E ana aea eiaiii eiiaoe XIX e aanue OO aaea noaee a?aiaiai “aoia”
eaoathueo oa?aeie.
?anneacu i IEI ioee/athony ia oieueei iai?aaaeiiiaeiaiinoueth, ii e
yaiui ianiioaaonoaeai caeiiai oeceee. Iiyoiio iiiaea ethaee eiatho i?aai
iieaaaoue, /oi ?a/ue eaeao ia aieaa /ai i ie?aaeao, auaeoiea, eaee.
N/eoaaony, /oi oa, eoi ?anneacuaaao i iiaeiaiuo yaeaieyo (ieeiou,
iacaiiue ianeoaeeaathuee ia?niiae), ianeieueei “ia a naaa”. Aieaa oiai,
ia?aiia/aeueii ?anneacu yoe i?eoiaeeee ec Aia?eee, no?aiu
“iaia?aie/aiiuo aiciiaeiinoae” e iao/iie oaioanoeee.
A niioaaonoaee n iiaeiaiie anoanoaaiiie neaioe/aneie ?aaeoeeae aia/aea
?anniio?ei ?anneacu i IEI n oi/ee c?aiey i?inouo neooia, e iiiuoaainy
ecaea/ue ec yoeo i?iyaeaiee ineoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe auaiaeu,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea ieoieiae/iinoue i?aaenoaaeaiee i IEI.
Niiauaiey i IEI aini?eieiathony, i?aaeaea anaai, eae iaeia
iiaanoaiaaiea, iiiaie?aoii ia?aneacuaaaiia e iiaoi?yaiia a naiuo ?aciuo
?aaeiiao caiiiai oa?a. Iiaanoaiaaiea yoi, iaeiaei, nouanoaaiii
ioee/aaony io iau/iuo neooia oai, /oi ii noaiaie naiae au?aceoaeueiinoe
i?eaeeaeaaony e aeaeaieyi; aiciiaeii aeaaea, /oi iii oeaeeeii ninoieo ec
aeaeaiee e iiaeaea?aeeaaaony eie.
I?aethaeeae e IEI noaee oaeinoaaiiua eaoathuea nia?yaeu a iaaa iaae
Oaaoeeae, i eioi?uo caaiai?eee a iineaaeiea aiaeu Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu
(iiiaea n/eoaee, /oi nia?yaeu yoe auee ecia?aoaiu e ecaioiaeaiu a
Niaaoneii Nithca), a oaeaea niiauaiey ia iaiaiiuo eno?aaeoaeyo
(“foo-fighters”) – iniaii naa/aiee, nii?iaiaeaeaaoai aiiaa?aee?iaueee
nithcieeia a eo iieaoao iaae Aa?iaieae. Caoai iiyaeeenue ?anneacu i
eaoathueo oa?aeeao iaae NOA, aoaeoi ecaea/aiiua ec i?eeeth/ai/aneeo
?iiaiia. Iaaiciiaeiinoue iaia?oaeeoue caiiie enoi/iee yoeo eaoaoaeueiuo
aiia?aoia e ianiiniaiinoue iiiyoue e iauynieoue eo oece/aneea naienoaa
nei?i i?eaaee e oiio, /oi ei noaee i?eienuaaoue aiacaiiia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea.
Oaia aoi?aeaiey ec-ca i?aaeaeia Caiee auea iiaeoaa/aia iieaie, e IEI
noaee aini?eieiaoueny e o?aeoiaaoueny eae aiia?aou, ieeioe?oaiua
?acoiiuie nouanoaaie aiacaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Iiaaaeaiea yoeo
“naiieaoia” – ii anae aeaeeiinoe, iaaaniiuo, – e eo i?iaeoiaiiua,
oi?aaeyaiua aeaeaeaiey auee ioianaiu ia n/ao aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy
iiciaiee e oaoie/aneie iiue, naienoaaiiiai i?eoaeueoeai ec einiina.
Iineieueeo iie ia i?e/eiyee ieeaeiai a?aaea e aicaea?aeeaaeenue io
ethauo a?aaeaeaaiuo aeaenoaee, aicieeei i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi eo
iiyaeaiea a caiiie aoiinoa?a iaoneiaeaii ethaiciaoaeueiinoueth,
aeaeaieai iiiaaethaeaoue. Eacaeinue, ai?i/ai, /oi ay?iae?iiu, a iniaaiii
aoiiiua oeaio?u iaeaaeaee aeey ieo iniaie i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoueth;
ionthaea aue naeaeai auaiae, /oi iianiia ?acaeoea aoiiiie oeceee,
aeaaiui ia?acii a iaeanoe enneaaeiaaiee ii ?anuaieaieth yae?a, aucaaei
ii?aaeaeaiiia aaniieienoai o iaeoaoaeae ninaaeieo ieaiao e iiaoaeeei eo
i?ieiniaeoe?iaaoue Caieth. Aicieeei iuouaiea, /oi ca ethaeueie neaaeyo
ec einiina.
I?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, /oi IEI i?iyaeytho iniaue eioa?an e ay?iae?iiai e
i?iiuoeaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, naycaiiui n ?anuaieaieai yaea?iiai yae?a,
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony ia anaaaea, oae eae oaeaaaeinue iaaethaeaoue oaeaea
iaae Aioa?eoeeie, Naoa?ie, iaae Aeiaeayie. Oai ia iaiaa, iie yaii
“i?aaeii/eoatho” Niaaeeiaiiua Ooaou. Eaaeaony, /oi iaoe naiieaou
aicaoaeaeatho eo ethaiiuonoai, oae eae i/aiue /anoi iie iai?aaeythony
ei iaano?a/o eee neaaeotho ca ieie, iaeiaei i?e i?eaeeaeaiee naiieaoa
iie oeaoatho i?i/ue. O?oaeii iiiyoue, eaaeeo ee a iniiaa eo iieaoia
eaeie-ieaoaeue ieai eee ii?yaeie. Eiiaaea iie eaaeoony i/aiue e?oiiuie –
aei 500 iao?ia a aeeaiao?a; eiiaaea aea iie aaeaa aeinoeaatho ?acia?ia
iaaieueoiai naaoeeueieea. I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi nouanoaotho eaoaoaeueiua
aiia?aou-iaoee, ec eioi?uo iiyaeythony e a eioi?uo i?y/oony
iiiai/eneaiiua iaeeea oa?aeee. Ii iiaieth iaeieo, IEI ieeioe?othony
yeeiaaeaie, ii iiaieth ae?oaeo, yeeiaaeae aioo?e ieo iao, a oi?aaeaiea
aeaeaeaieai inouanoaeyaony ia ?annoiyiee.
Iieaa ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi nouanoaa aioo?e IEI iioiaee ia ethaeae e
aeinoeaatho a aunioo ieiei iaeiiai iao?a; ii ae?oaie aa?nee iie ia
iaia?oaeeaatho n ethaeueie ieeaeiai noiaenoaa. Anoue niiauaiey i
aeaaioao ?inoii a 5 iao?ia. Nouanoaa yoe, ii-aeaeeiiio, i/aiue
inoi?iaeiu a naieo iiiuoeao i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia caiiie iiaa?oiinoe e
ecaaaatho eiioaeoia n ethaeueie; ai?i/ai, eiiaaea iie ioe?iaaiii
auneaaeeaatho iiaeoiaeyuea ianoa aeey i?ecaieaiey n oeaeueth iaania/eoue
ianeeuenoaaiiia ia?anaeaiea ia Caieth eiiieaiaoiie iiioeyoeee,
eniuouaathuae eaeea-oi o?oaeiinoe. Ieioia ciaiea i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee
Caiee e no?ao ia?aae iaecaanoiuie eioaeoeeyie canoaaeytho eo ecaaaaoue
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo ano?a/ eee aeaaea iiiuoie i?ecaieaiey – oioy iie e
iaeaaeatho no?aoiui i?oaeeai, niiniaiui oie/oiaeeoue /aeiaa/anoai.
Ia?yaeo n yaii aieaa aunieei, /ai o ethaeae, o?iaiai oaoieee, ei
i?eienuaathony aaee/aeoea ioae?inoue e aeia?ioa, aeaaiaea?y eioi?ui iie
iiaee au nua?aoue ?ieue nianeoaeae ?iaea /aeiaa/aneiai. Ai?i/ai,
iaeioi?ua ?anneacuaatho, aoaeoi IEI ana-oaee naaeyony ia Caieth;
iaeaiueeea nouanoaa iaia?oaeeaaeenue a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io
ethaeae e aeaaea iioeuaee eo.
Neaaeoao inoaiiaeoueny e caaeoiaoueny: ouny/e ioaeaeueiuo naeaeaoaeuenoa
ia iiaoo auoue iauyniaiu i?inoie e ianouanoaaiiie neo/aeiinoueth. Neooe
i aeaeaieyo aicieeatho ec neooaoeee eieeaeoeaiiai io/ayiey, naycaiiiai
eeai n iianiinoueth aeey iauanoaa (iaioa?aoeiinoue ie?iaie aieiu a 30-o
aiaeao, oa?ica yaea?iie aieiu, oa?ica yeieiae/aneie eaoano?iou a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy), eeai n aeeciaiiie iio?aaiinoueth aeooe. Nia?aiaiiay
eoeueoo?a ia ianao a naaa iaeiaai aaeeiiai “aieueoiai noeey”. Noaaa?ey,
aeaeaiey, eeethcee e ae?oaea i?iyaeaiey iiaeiaiiai ?iaea naienoaaiiu
eoeueoo?a a neo/aa, anee iia oo?a/eaaao aaeeinoai, anee a iae
iaia?oaeeaaaony iaeay ?aci?aaiiinoue. ?aeeaeiciua, ie?iaicc?ai/aneea,
iieeoeei-nioeeaeueiua eiioeeeou, eioi?uie noieue aiaao OO aae, ii?iaeeee
iniaoth ieoieiaeth ni naieie ia?acaie a?aaa – ianiiu, eacoeou, aa?ae,
eaieoaeenou, aieueoaaeee, eiia?eaeenou, oaoenou e oiio iiaeiaiua.
Neooaoeey a ie?a, iaonoie/eainoue eioi?iai ethaee iuouatho iianaianoii,
/oi ieoieiae/aneia niciaiea ieioao caiiua i?aaiecaoeee e aeanoe e
ono?aieyaony a iaai – e einie/aneiio i?ino?ainoao, aaea n?aaee ieaiao
iaeiaaea iaeoaee aiae, aa?oeoaee noaeaa. Ia/oa i oii, /oiau ethaee
caauee i i?ioeainoiyieyo e iauaaeeieeenue a ie?a e niaeanee iiiai ?ac
iaua?uaaaony, a oii /enea e a nayce n IEI – ainoaea?noaa iauaaeeiythony
ia?aae eeoeii iaoanoaey ec einiina.
Ia?aua iiiuoee iauyniaiey naiaeeeenue e oiio, /oi eaoathuea oa?aeee
ecia?aoaiu a Niaaoneii Nithca eee Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao; iie auee i/aiue
nei?i ioaa?aioou ec-ca ianaienoaaiiie i?aaeiaoai caiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey
“iaaaniiinoe” caia/aiiuo eaoaoaeueiuo aiia?aoia. *aeiaa/aneia
aiia?aaeaiea, oaea iao/eaoaany iia?e?iaaoue aiciiaeiinoyie iieaoia ia
Eoio, ia caiaaeeeei io?aaae?iaaoue aeiioacie, /oi i?eiaaeeaaeauea e
eaeiio-oi aunoaio aeaeo ?acoiiua nouanoaa noiaee i?aiaeieaoue caeiiu
oyaioaiey e ainiieueciaaoueny /an-oi a?iaea iaaecaacaeiuo iaaieoiuo
iieae a ea/anoaa enoi/ieea yia?aee, iicaieythuaai ?acaeoue einie/aneea
nei?inoe. Aicieeei i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi aoiiiua ac?uau ia Caiea
i?eaeaeee aieiaiea aieaa ?acaeouo, /ai iu, aeeoaeae Ia?na eee Aaia?u, e
aucaaee eo aaniieienoai ii iiaiaeo aa?iyoiie oeaiiie ?aaeoeee, a?icyuae
oie/oiaeeoue Caieth. Iineieueeo iiaeiaiay ?aaeoeey i?aaenoaaeyao
eaoano?ioe/aneoth iianiinoue oaeaea e aeey ninaaeieo ieaiao, iaeoaoaeyi
iineaaeieo i?eoeinue onoaiiaeoue i?enoaeueiia iaaethaeaiea ca
i?ienoiaeyuei ia Caiea a nayce n iaoeie iaoeethaeeie yaea?iuie
yenia?eiaioaie. Aoaeo/e auniei?acaeouie nouanoaaie, iie ia aa?anneaiu,
ia i?e/eiytho Caiea cea e ia?aie/eaathony iauaeoeaiie einiaeoeeae
ay?iae?iiia e yaea?iuo ono?ienoa.
Ie?iue, aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiue iano?ie yoeo nouanoa a naaoa iaeioi?uo iiauo
naaaeaiee ieacaeny iiae niiiaieai. Iaeioi?ua i/aaeaeoeu ?anneacuaatho,
/oi iie iaaethaeaee ca i?ecaieaieai eaoathueo oa?aeie e aeaeaee eo
iannaaee?ia, aiai?eaoeo anoanoaaiii, ii-aiaeeenee. Einie/aneea ainoe
auaeyaeyo eeai eae iaeea aiaaeu ai ieioe, eaeaaeueiua nouanoaa,
icaai/aiiua iaoae noaeueaie, eeai eae ea?eeee n aieueoeie aieiaaie,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothueie i ia?aecauoea eioaeeaeoa, eeai, iaeiiaoe, eae
iioiaeea ia eaio?ia ea?eeeiaua o?iaeoeu n oa?noueth, eiaoyie e
iaioee?ai, iaiiieiathuei iaioee?ue ianaeiiiai.
Aaconeiaii, aanueia eioa?aniui i?aaenoaaeyaony oi, eae ana yoe
ninoaaeythuea ieoa io?aceeenue a eneonnoaa. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi
nia?aiaiiia eneonnoai i?iaicaeaoaao iiaoth eiioeaioeeth e?aniou e
iaoiaeeo oaeiaeaoai?aiea, i?aaeaea anaai, a io?eoeaiee ethaiai niunea,
ethaiai /oanoaa (aano?aeoeeiieci, iii-a?o, e?iiey e aaneiia/iia
oeeoe?iaaiea ?aiaa nicaeaiiiai a iinoiiaea?iecia). Iii oeaeeeii ninoieo
ec ineieeia, aannayciuo o?aaiaioia, aanii?yaeea, i?iyaeaiee eioaioeeecia
e aoeueaa?iinoe (ee/). A iaoa a?aiy i?eiyoi iaoiaeeoue e?aneaie ethaoth,
aeaaea naioth iooaeeeaathuoth, aano?aeioth iiaaoeeth a eneonnoaa.
E?anioa nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa – e?anioa oaina. Nia?aiaiiia eneonnoai
no?aieony eeai i?ie?iiece?iaaoue iaae noa?ie ieoieiaeae (nioe-a?o,
auniaeaathuee ioeoeeic nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ?aaeecia, iinoiiaea?ieci),
eeai nicaeaoue naith nianoaaiioth iiaoth (iii-a?o, eiioeaiooaeeci,
iinoiiaea?ieci). Aaconeiaii, ieo i IEI ia iia ia i?eaea/ue aieiaiea
ethaeae eneonnoaa.
Aeey nia?aiaiiuo ooaeiaeieeia ?ac?ooaiea e ?aniaae, i?eaiaeyuea e oaino,
noaee ethaeiie oaiie; iie i?aaeathony ae n iuouaieai i?aainoiaenoaa,
eioi?ia ia ciaao no?aoa e ia caaioeony i aoaeouai. *aeiaae iaoaai
a?aiaie i?iieeioo neaioeoeeciii, eaeae, iai?aaeaiiua ia oeo/oaiea ie?a
ia iniai i?eaeaeaoaeueiu aeey iaai. Noa?ui ?aoeaioai ia aeiaa?ytho eee
aeiaa?ytho eeoue /anoe/ii. Ionoonoaea eaeae aeiaaeueiiai ianooaaa,
niiniaiuo i?eianoe iieueco eee oioy au caneoaeeaathueo aeiaa?ey,
ii?iaeaeaao “neooaoeeth /enoiai eenoa”, ia eioi?ii iiaeao aicieeiooue
ana /oi oaiaeii. Oaiiiai IEI, ii anae aeaeeiinoe, ioiineony eiaiii e
oaeei yaeaieyi.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ?anniio?ei ea?oeio Eaa Oaiae, iaienaiioth a 1927
aiaeo, oi anoue eae au a ia/aea y?u ianniaiai eioa?ana e eaoathuei
oa?aeeai.
Ai?eciio oa?yaony ca iaa?iiiaeaeaieai eaeeo-oi iann, iaiiieiathueo
iaeaea. Iaae ieie ia?eo ia/oi ie?oaeia, enioneathuaa neaaia naa/aiea;
neaaa iii eanaaony aaeaa inaauaiiiai neiy iaeaeia a oi?ia neaa?u. A
oeaio?a ie?oaeiai naaoyuaainy iauaeoa eae au neo/aeii iaoiaeeony aaeaa
aeaeeiia iyoii oiai aea oeaaoa, /oi e iaiiue a eaaie aa?oiae /anoe
“oaoiaoiie” eiiiiceoeee ec iyoe oeao?. Ieaea e /ooue i?aaaa oeaio?a
ea?oeiu e iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaae ai?iaeii aeaeii ae?oaia oaeia aea iyoii,
cia/eoaeueii aieaa /aoeia. Oiieay eeiey niaaeeiyao aai aua n iaeiei
iyoiii noiaeiiai aeaea, inoaaeythuei aia/aoeaiea i?iaeieaeaiey ieaiaie.
I?iaeieaiaaoay oi?ia aoi?iai iyoia i?eaioe?iaaia a noi?iio oeaio?a aaeaa
?acee/eiuo eiioeaio?e/aneeo e?oaia, eioi?ua neiaii oeacuaatho ia eaeath
a?auaiey. Eioa?anii, /oi ia?aia ec oiiiyioouo iyoai (aaa?oo, a
na?aaeeia) oaeaea iaoiaeeony a nayce n aiaeiae/iuie eiioeaio?e/aneeie
e?oaaie.
Eaaeaony, /oi niioiioaiea anao yoeo aeaoaeae aucaaii e aeecie /enoie
ea?ie neo/ay. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, aeaa ii/oe iaaeaeeiua, niooiua ie?oaeinoe
iiyaeythony a?iaea au neo/aeii; noieue aea neo/aeii a iaaa ieacuaaaony
ia/oi i?iaeieaiaaoi-neaa?iia?aciia, ia/oi naaoyuaany e neaaea auoyiooia,
n iaeaiueeei naaoeui iyoiii, e ia/oi a?iaea eeiee, naycuaathuae aoi?oth
ie?oaeinoue n ieaiaiai. Iiaeii auei au aeaoue aieth aiia?aaeaieth e
i?aaenoaaeoue naaa, /oi ieaiy – yoi ac?ua nia?yaea, auiouaiiiai ii
niooii ?acee/eiie ie?oaeinoe, eioi?ay ii iuiaoiei iiiyoeyi iiaeao
n/eoaoueny IEI: aniiiiei, /oi “oa?aeeai” i?eienuaaeanue oaiaeaioeey
aucuaaoue iiaea?u. A iaoae ea?oeia oa?aeea naao iaiiue: oiieay. Ii
yanoaaiiay eeiey naycuaaao aa n ieaiaiai.
I?aaaea, ea?oeia aaeiaaaie niaea?aeeo oeaeoth na?eth aieaa eee iaiaa
aieienouo eeiee, ia?anaeathueo aa a ai?eciioaeueiie ieineinoe; iie
neaaea iaiiieiatho aei?iae eee iieinu ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee. Naycaiu ee
iie eaeei-eeai ia?acii n yaeaieyie, iaia?oaeeaathueiny ia iaaa?
Iienaiea ea?oeiu auei au iaiieiui, anee ia oiiiyiooue ia iaeaea
oeeeeiae?e/aneie oi?iu, ?aniieiaeaiiii neaaa aaa?oo, neiaii iaoeaeaiiii
ia naaoyuothny ie?oaeiinoue e aaeaa iaia/aiiua e?oae. Ie?oaeinoue
enioneaao iaiiue, aiaeiae/iue oiio, eioi?ue enoiaeeo io ie?oaeinoe a
na?aaeeia ea?oeiu; yoio iineaaeiee iaiiue eo/oa aeaeai e naycai n
aieueoei ieaiaiai aieco neaaa. A naith i/a?aaeue yoi oae iacuaaaiia
ieaiy ioee/aaony io o?ao ae?oaeo ia?aciaaiee.
*aou?a oeao?u ninoaaeytho ?acaa?iooue neiaie oeaeinoiinoe. Nouanoaoao
aiinoe/aneia aiaeanoai, /uea eiy ia?aaiaeeony eae “Aia – yoi *aou?a”.
Eoae, neiaii ii neo/aeiiio niaiaaeaieth ea?oeia aiieiuaao ia?ac
nayuaiiiai a?aea ia iaaanao, aneaae ca eioi?ui ia caiea i?ienoiaeeo
Aiaiyaeaiea.
Ea?oeia oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiae/a?eiooie ai?eciioaeueiie inueth. *oi
eanaaony aa?oeeaee, oi aa aeaeeiui au?aaeaieai neoaeeo eiiiiceoeey ec
/aou?ao oeao?; e?iia oiai, iuouaieth aa?oeeaee niinianoaoao
ae?aiaoe/aneee aniaeo iaiy, enoi/iee eioi?iai iaoiaeeony a iaaa. O?oaeii
ioeacaoueny io niiinoaaeaiey n aiiaa?aee?iaeie, eai a ia?eiae nicaeaiey
ea?oeiu iuneue i aiciiaeiinoe aiiaa?aee?iaie iineeanue a aicaeooa – n
iaeiie noi?iiu, a oi?ia ainiiieiaiey, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, a oi?ia
i?aae/oanoaey. Iiyaeaiea a iaaa ia?aciaaiee, iioiaeeo ia IEI, e
oaeeaeoaeueiua niauoey, i?ienoiaeyuea aieco – ana yoi ninoaaeyao
aia/aoeythuoth aa?oeeaeue, eioi?oth iiaeii eaaei aini?eiyoue eae
aoi?aeaiea eiiai ii?yaeea aauae. Aeoeaio a ea?oeia yaii iiiaaeaao ia
oeao?u, ?aniieiaeaiiua a oaoiaoiii ii?yaeea. O ooaeiaeieea, ianiiiaiii,
auei iaia?aiea naeaeaoue yoo a?oiio eae iiaeii aieaa caaaaei/iie. A
ai?eciioaeueiii ieaia ea?oeiu ooaeiaeieeo oaeaeinue eneeth/eoaeueii
oi/ii au?aceoue ninoiyiea einie/aneie ionoiou, oieiaea, aacaeeciaiiinoe,
aacaeooey, iieiie caa?ioaiiinoe e iaeeii/anoaa, ianiio?y ia aai
annioeeaoeeth n aieueoei ai?iaeii. Yoei ooaeiaeiee oieueei
iiaeoaa?aeaeaao no?aieaiea nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa naeaeaoue iauaeo
iaociaaaaiui e, oaeei ia?acii, eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue nio/anoey ni
noi?iiu c?eoaey.
Ia?acu iaiiaeiaea i?aaenoaaeaiiiai a aeaiiie ea?oeia ?aaeee, ii ana-oaee
ano?a/athony; oi/ii oaeaea IEI aeaeaee eeoue iaiiiaea ethaee, /oi,
iaeiaei, ia aeaao iniiaaiee niiiaaaoueny a nouanoaiaaiee
niioaaonoaothueo neooia. Aeaeaa ?anniio?ei, eae ieo ia IEI iaoae naia
ianoi ia oieueei a yeeoa?iii, ii e a ianniaii eneonnoaa.
Eioa?ania naaiaeiyoiyy neooaoeey, eiaaea i?eoaeueoeu ec einiina niiaa
aoiaeyo a iiaeo. A na?aaeeia eaoa 1996 aiaea ia ye?aiu eeiioaao?ia auoae
oeeuei ?ieaiaea Yiia?eoa “Aeaiue iacaaeneiinoe”. Oaea iinea ia?auo
ianyoeaa ii noae iaeiei ec naiuo eanniauo oeeueiia aiaea, a a Aa?iaiee
aiiaua iiaee ana ?aei?aeu eeiii?ieaoa – oaeiai eiiia?/aneiai oniaoa oai
ia ciaee ianeieueei eao. Oaio i?eoaeueoeaa ?aoee “iiyenieoaoe?iaaoue” e
ecaanoiue aia?eeaineee ?aaeenna? Oei Aa?oii, caeii/eaoee a aeaeaa?a 1996
aiaea oaioanoe/aneee oeeuei “Mars Attacks” (“Ia?n aoaeoao”) n Aeaeaeii
Ieeieniiii a aeaaiie ?iee. Oei Aa?oii ecaanoai, i?aaeaea anaai, eae
ianoa? iaoiaeeoue niaoiia, “ecthieieo” a, eacaeinue au, naiuo
aaciaaeaaeii ieioeo noa?uo oeeueiao. Oae, aai “Yae Aoae” iiaanoaoao i
“naiii ieioii ?aaeenna?a anao a?aiai e ia?iaeia” Yaeaa?aea Ae. Aoaea
Ieaaeoai”, aeaenoaeoaeueii nieiaaoai oeeueiu a Aieeeaoaea eiioea
40-ia/aea 50-o, oeeueiu n i?eieoeaiuie aeaaea aeey oiai a?aiaie
niaoeyooaeoaie. Enoaoe, iaeei ec aai oeeueiia aue oaeaea iinayuai
aoi?aeaieth ec einiina. Oei Aa?oii niia i?aa?aoeoue aai ec “naiiai
ieioiai ?aaeenna?a anao a?aiai e ia?iaeia” a niaoiiai /oaeaea,
ca?aaeaiiiai no?anoueth e eeiieneonnoao, oeeuei niyo n i?eaea/aieai
iiaeeeiiuo nuaiie Yaea Aoaea, niyo n aeia?ie e?iieae e iaeioi?ie
iinoaeueaeae ii noa?ui aeia?ui a?aiaiai ?anoeaaoa eeii. ss oiiiyioe i
“Yaea Aoaea” eneeth/eoaeueii aeey oiai, /oiau iiiiae?iaiaa iaicia/eoue,
/oi cia/eo ia?auaiea eiaiii Oeia Aa?oiia e yoie oaia. Athaeaeao
oeeueia ninoaaeyao 70 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia, /oi iicaieeei Aa?oiio
i?eaeaneoue Aeaeaea Ieeieniia ia aeaaioth ?ieue, a oaeaea naeaeaoue
aiciiaeiui o/anoea a ea?oeia Ie?na A?iniaia (iiaiai Aeaeaeina Aiiaea –
aaaioa 007 ec “Cieioiai aeaca”), Aeaiie aea Aeoi e ae?oaeo caacae. A
ioee/ea io “Aeiy iacaaeneiinoe”, aaea ?ac?ooaiea Iueth-Ei?ea e Aaeiai
aeiia a Aaoeiaoiia aucuaaao a caea iaeia naaei-iacioenoneia
oaeiaieuenoaea (yoi caiaoii ii ainoi?aeaiiui e?eeai, oethetheaiueth e
aieiaeeniaioai ia ie?aoneie eiiee, naeaeaiiie ec caea eeiioaao?a), eae e
a “Yae Aoaea”, Aa?oii iaiieiyao ana neooaoeee oeeueia naiei thii?ii e
e?iieae. Eiia/ii Aa?oii i?eiaiyao eiiiuethoa?iua niaoeyooaeou, ii a
ioee/ea io iiiaeo eanniauo eaio iineaaeiaai a?aiaie iie ia i?aa?auathony
a naiioeaeue aeey ?aaeenna?a e nuaii/iie a?oiiu – iaiai?io Aa?oii
noa?aaony i?eaianoe aeaaea iaeoth iaoo?aeueiinoue a oaioanoe/aneoth
ea?oeio. Aa?oii ethaeo ienoeoeeaoeeth. A “Ia?n aoaeoao” ii eniieuecoao
neaaeothuoth noeaio: eiaaea caeaiieeoeua i?eoaeueoeu ?anno?aeeaatho ec
naieo eaca?iuo iooae iaaine?aa, oi ?ooeony ioithaeue ia ea?oiiiay
aeaei?aoeey: Aa?oii, eiaaea a Ean-Aaaana niineee 32-yoaaeiue ioaeue,
onoaiiaee oai eaia?u e caniye ana ia ieaieo.
Anee ia?aoeoueny e aieaa ioaeaeaiiui a?aiaiai, oi iaeuecy ia oiiiyiooue
auiouaiiue aua 1889 aiaeo ciaiaieoue ?iiai Aa?aa?oa Oyeena “Aieia
ie?ia”. Iaoanoaea e?iaiaeaaeiuo ia?neai a iai noaiiaeony iieiaeoae
iaiaeeaeaiiinoueth aeey aeeoaeae Aiaeee, e ia?aeeciaaiiua no?aoii
aiaee/aia ia iiaoo ieacaoue i?eoaeueoeai ieeaeiai nii?ioeaeaiey. Ia
ai?ueao n ia?neaiaie a?ioaii ana naiia iiuiia i?oaeea OIO aaea, ii ie
aaeaoeey, ie a?oeeea?ey ia iiaoo i?ioeainoiyoue ia?neaineie oaoieea.
I?eoaeueoeu eniieuecotho naa?oiiaia i?oaeea – eaca?u, oaeooathuee aac e
o?aoiiaea naiiaeaeaeouea iaoeiu – oae Oyeen i?aaeainoeoee iiyaeaiea
no?aoiuo aiaiiuo ioe?uoee OO aaea. *aeiaa/aneay oeeaeeecaoeey iai?aiaiii
iiaeaea au, ia i?eaee ae ia iiiiuue n/anoeeaue neo/ae. Caiiua ae?onu
naeaeaee oi, /oi ia a ninoiyiee auee naeaeaoue aiaeeeneea aii?oaeaiiua
neeu: i?aaieci ia?neai ia aue ?ann/eoai ia aieaciaoai?iuo caiiuo
iee?iaia, e a oa/aiea nooie n i?eoaeueoeaie auei iieii/aii.
A 1938 aiaeo aia?eeaineee ?aaeenna? e aeoa? I?nii Oyeen naeaeae
?aaeeiiinoaiiaeo “Aieiu ie?ia”. Oyeen caienae na?eth ?aii?oaaeae n ianoa
niauoee, e niiauaiey i iaoanoaee eiiieaiaoyi o?ainee?iaaeenue ii ?aaeei
aac nnueee ia i?eaeiae (?iiai Oyeena). A Iueth-Ei?ea ia/aeanue iaieea.
Aia?eeaioeu i?eiyee aanoue i aoi?aeaiee ec einiina ca i?aaaeo, e o naiuo
aia/aoeeoaeueiuo ia auaea?aeaee ia?au – auei ca?aaeno?e?iaaii ianeieueei
neo/aaa naiioaeenoaa. Ia aei?iaa a Iueth-Aeaea?ne ia?aciaaeenue
iaauaaeua i?iaee. I?iecioee na?ueaciua aaa?ee. Ia Oiee-No?eoa ?acei
oiae Eiaeaen aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe – eiaeaen Aeio Aeaeiina. Aeaaeaeueoeu
aeoeee i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a ai?iaeao, iiaeaa?aaaoeony
ieoe/aneiio iaiaaeaieth eiiieaiaoyi, no?aieeenue i?iaeaoue aeoeee,
iianaynue ?aci?aiey. Iaeia ?aaeeiiueana niiaea iiaa?aiooue a oain oeaeue
?aeii NOA! Aa?a ethaeae a IEI auea ianoieueei neeueia. Iiaeii oieueei
i?aaenoaaeyoue naaa /oi i?iecioei au, anee au yoa iueana auea iinoaaeaia
nae/an, eiaaea aiieaeeioe/aneea iano?iaiey iaeaioia iiaiai aaea (aeaaea
iiaiai ouny/aeaoey) oieueei oneeeeenue. I?e/ai iinoaaeaia ia
oaeaaeaeaiee (neaaeai, CNN, a neeo aai anaie?iie ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe) a
oi?ia i?yiiai ?aii?oaaea n iano niauoee – eiiiuethoa?iua niaoeyooaeou
aeatho aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey iaioee/eiuo ia?acia eaoathueo oa?aeie, n
i?eaea/aieai i?aaeiaia?aiiuo “ooa/ae” eioi?iaoeee ec eiiiuethoa?ia
Aiaiiiai Aaaeiinoaa NOA, i?aaenoaaeythueo ia naiii aeaea i?inoi oeeoaou
ec Oyeena e iineaaeothuei ?ani?ino?aiaieai eo a Eioa?iaoa. Aaconeiaii,
caaeneiinoue nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa io eioi?iaoeee – naii nia?aiaiiia
iauanoai iacuaatho iinoeiaeono?eaeueiui eee eioi?iaoeeiiiui –
iaoneaaeeaaao iiyaeaiea iaeeo iiauo ieoia e ienoeoeeaoeee, e
ienoeoeeaoeey i i?eeaoa eiiieaiaoyi a neeo oei?aiaiiinoe ieoa IEI a
niciaiee nia?aiaiiuo ethaeae iiiaeie auea au aini?eiyoa, eae i?aaaea.
Anee a 30-o aiaeao ethaee aa?eee anaio, /oi neaaeao ?aaeei, oi, /oi
aiai?eoue i oaeoi?a aeiaa?ey e oaeaaeaeaieth, aaea oiio?aaeythony ia
oieueei ?a/aaua e caoeiaua, ii e aecoaeueiua niiniau oaaaeaeaiey. Anee
ethaee iiaa?eee oiio, /oi aiai?yo i ia?neaiao, oi ieeeeiiu c?eoaeae,
oaeaeaaoeo a iiainoyo eiiieaiaoyi, auee au ienoeoeoee?iaaiu. Nua?aee au
naith ?ieue e eieaeaee aeeeoi?ia. Na?ueaciua ethaee n oiiuie e
neiiaoe/iuie eeoeaie, a no?iaeo aeaeiauo einothiao, /eoathuea naiaeee i
i?eoaeueoeao – eoi iiaeao iiaeoiaoue, /oi ei n na?ueaciui aeaeii
aiooatho /ooue!
“Eeiiaeaatho” ia?neai ninoiyeny a 1953 aiaeo a oeeueia Aeaei?aeaea Iaea
“Aieia ie?ia”. Yoi aue iaeie ec ia?auo oaioanoe/aneeo oeeueiia,
oeaeeeii iino?iaiiue ia niaoeyooaeoao. Iiaeao auoue, naaiaeiyoiaio
c?eoaeth iie iieaaeoony i?eieoeaiuie, ii a oi a?aiy ia?iiiua eaoathuea
oa?aeee e iaoaie/aneea eaaaaee-oaeeoeu iio?ynaee aiia?aaeaiea c?eoaeae.
E?iia oiai, oeeuei auoae a naiue ?acaa? “oieiaeiie aieiu”, e i?inoiio
aia?eeaioeo i/aiue eaaei auei iiaa?eoue a aiciiaeiinoue nei?ie aieiu –
anee ia n Niaaoneei Nithcii, oi n ia?neaiaie.
Iinea auno?iai oniaoa “Aieiu ie?ia” ye?aiu aia?eeaineeo eeiioaao?ia
caiieiieee oeeueiu i i?eoaeueoeao ec einiina. A iniiaiii, yoi auea
aeaoaaay i?iaeoeoeey, e eaaeaeue ia/eiathuee ?aaeenna? no?aieeny niyoue
“eeii i ia?neaiao”. Ana yoe ?aaiou auee ioeaiaiu ii aeinoieinoao eeoue a
na?aaeeia 90-o, eiaaea ?aaeenna?u “na?ueaciiai eeii” i?eiyeenue /a?iaoue
aaeioiiaaiea a “eeiiioni?a” o?eaeoeaoeeaoiae aeaaiinoe. Aieueoei
oeaieoaeai eeiioaioanoeee 50-o, e i?eia?o, ieacaeny aiaeeeneee
?ie-iaaaoe Aeyaeae Aioe. Aai ?ieee “Hello Spaceboy” (“I?eaao, Caacaeiue
iaeue/ee!”) niiioe?iaai ec o?aaiaioia yoeo oeeueiia. Aieaa oiai, Aeyaeae
Aioe nicaeae naaa a naieaeanyouo aiaeao eieaeae eaaaiaeo, i oii, /oi ii
eiiieaiaoyiei Ceaae Noa?aeano (Ceaae Caacaeiay Iueue), iaeee caacaeiue
iaeue/ee, aia aic?anoa, aia iiea, aia caiiiai aeia?a e cea, oieiaeiue
aiae?aaei. Ii iiyaeyeny ia noeaia aaca?iaue, n aieinaie ii?eiaiiai
oeaaoa, a naa?eathuai eiiaeiaciia, a oooeyo ia i/aiue aunieie ieaooi?ia.
A 72 aiaeo Aioe caienae ieanoeieo The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust
and the Spiders from Mars. Aua ?aiueoa Aioe oaeaea ia?auaaony e
ae?oaiio iooaieo einie/aneiai ieoa. A 69 aiaeo a iania Space Oddity
?a/ue oea i iaei?a Oiia, eioi?ue, ia ia?auay aieiaiea ia i?eeacu n Caiee
aa?iooueny, iai?aaee naie ei?aaeue a ioe?uoue einiin. Oaeei ia?acii, a
oai?/anoaa ?anoe?aaee?iaaiiie ianniaie eoeueoo?ie ieo ia eiiieaiaoyiao,
i einie/aneeo iooaoanoaeyo i?aa?auaaony a ieo i oii, eae neo/ii,
aac?aaeinoii e iaothoii oiiei /oanoaothuei iaoo?ai (Ceaae, iaei? Oii) a
aoeueaa?iii e iioeii ie?a aie?oa ieo. Aioe niaaaeee ieo ianniaie
eoeueoo?u naiei iniaui, a?aie/auei n iaia?iinoueth ynoaoeciii, i?aa?aoee
oaea/aiea eaoathueie oa?aeeaie ec oaea/aiey nia?aiaiiuo iauai a
oaea/aiea onoaaoeo io ia?iiaioe/iiai oa/aiey aeecie eioaeeaeooaeia.
“I?inoua oaea/aiey – iineaaeiaa i?eaaaeeua neiaeiuo iaoo?”, – oae
aiai?ee aua Inea? Oaeeueae, enoaoe, aaoi? neacee i oieiaeiii e
aanna?aea/iii iaeue/eea, i?eoaeueoea ni caacaeu. Ia?auaiea e
enneaaeiaaieth eiiieaiaoyi aeey nia?aiaiiie eoeueoo?u a iaeioi?ie
noaiaie aiaeiae/ii ia?auaieth e ienoeea, nie?eoecio, enneaaeiaaieth ie?a
aeooia a yiioo aeaeaaeaina (eiiaoe OIX – ia/aei XX aaea).
Iiieii Aioe a?oiia “Eoei” (“Queen”) caienaea oeaeue aeueaii iocuee e
oeeueio “Oeao Ai?aeii. Aaee/aeoaa ec i?eeeth/aiee”, a eioi?ii
o?aaeeoeeiiiue ieo ianeieueei aeaeieciaiyaony. Aeaaiue aa?ie,
ieeiieeneee /aiieii Oeao Ai?aeii, iaoiaeynue a Aa?oaaa a 1939 aiaeo –
ai?iae iiaeaa?aaaony aeanoieie aiiaaaeea aeoea?iaoeaa – caoiaeeo e
naiaio ae?oao, eioi?ue, oie?ay, i?ieciineo eiy iaeiaai aeieoi?a
Ca?eiooa. Oeao Ai?aeii ioi?aaeyaony e iaio e ieacuaaaony a iaeiii
naiieaoa n e?aneaie aeaaooeie-aeo?iaeenoeie, eioi?ie caeacaii eioa?aueth
n aeieoi?ii. Iaiaeeaeaiii naiieao iiiaaeaao a iaoai?eoiue aeiaeaeue, e
?acaeaaaony, ii Oeao e aai iiaay iiae?oaa oniaaatho ni?uaiooue n
ia?aothoii e ieacuaathony o iaua?u, aaea iaoiaeeony oaeiay eaai?aoi?ey
Ca?eiooa. Io iiiaaoaai a iaai iaoai?eoa aeeaiienii ac?uaaaony aoeeai e
eaaa caoiieyao eaai?aoi?eth. Nianathueany io ?aneaeaiiie eaau aa?ie
oniaaatho iaeoe aeieoi?a e oeaoatho ia ?ac?aaioaiiii ei nae?aoiii
einie/aneii ei?aaea. Iie auoiaeyo a ioe?uoue einiin e a ?acoeueoaoa
aeieaoatho aei ieaiaou Iaiai, o?aaeoi?ey aeaeaeaiey eioi?ie neo/aeii
ia?anaeeanue n caiiie i?aeoie, oi anoue Iaiai e Caiey aeieaeiu
noieeiooueny. Ia ieaiaoa nouanoaotho iiiai ?an: a oii /enea, ?ana
ia?aiauoiuo ethaeae e aunieii?aaieciaaiiay oaoie/anee ?acaeoay ?ana,
iiae/eiythuayny eiia?aoi?o Ieiao. E iaio a ieai e iiiaaeatho Oeao,
aeo?iaeenoea e aeieoi?. A ?acoeueoaoa iiiaeo i?eeeth/aiee iie
oie/oiaeatho a?ieth Ieiaa e iiiaa a nae?aoioth caeo eciaiytho i?aeoo
Iaiai, nianay oai Caieth io iaieioaiie aeaaee. Iie aa?ie, iineieueeo
iiaea?oaiaaee niaie – aaaeue Iaiai ana aieaa oaeaeyaony io Caiee e iie
ieeiaaea ia niiaoo aa?iooueny aeiiie. A ?aoathuai iiaaeeiea Oeao oaeaaao
aeaieieea Ieiaa, a nai ceie eiia?aoi? oaeinoaaiii en/acaao. Oaeei
ia?acii, a yoii oeeueia ieo ia IEI aeaeieciaiyaony: ia i?eoaeueoeu
i?eiinyo naie aeaaie caeii e ciaiey ia Caieth, a iaiai?io Caieyia
ecaaaeytho ae?oaoth ieaiaoo io oe?aia. Ia?ac Ieiaa eiaao ?yae ia?aeeaeae
n Aeoea?ii (aieioue aei oiai, /oi nai Ieia iieacuaaao iaoiaeyuaiony o
iaai a ieaio Ca?e?iooo eaae?u n ?a/ueth Aeoea?a e aiai?eo, /oi Aeoea? –
aai oaeiue nithciee ia Caiea). Oaeei ia?acii, oaioanoe/aneee oeeuei
iaiieiyaony aua e nioeeaeueiui cia/aieai.
Iio?aaeoaeyie iiaeiaiie oaioanoe/aneie eeiii?iaeoeoeee ieacaeenue a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iiae?inoee. ?ann/eouaay ia ni?in o yoie aoaeeoi?ee a
1962 aiaeo eiiiaiey “Bubbles Inc.” Auionoeea niaoeeaeueioth
aeaaaoaeueioth ?aceieo “Mars Attacks”. E iae i?eeaaaeenue niaoeeaeueiua
aeeaaeuoe, ia?eniaaiiua ooaeiaeieeaie Ayeee Aoaeii e Ii?iii Naiaea?nii.
Yoe ea?oeiee ianoieueei oiee?iaaee o/eoaeae e ?iaeeoaeae, /oi anei?a
i?iaeaaeo aeaaaoaeueiie ?aceiee i?eoeinue i?ae?aoeoue. Nicaeaoaee
ecia?aceee ia?neai e?aeia aeanoieeie nouanoaaie, aeaaiie caaea/ae
eioi?uo auei eno?aaeaiea caieyi. Aeey aeinoeaeaiey naieo oeaeae
i?eoaeueoeu eniieueciaaee i?oaeea, /ai-oi iaiiieiathuaa iaiaei, e ia
uaaeeee i?e yoii ie noa?eeia, ie aeaoae, ie aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo. Naiay
aeanoieay ea?oi/ea, aie?oa eioi?ie e ?acai?aeny neaiaeae, ecia?aaeaea
oie/oiaeaiea ia?neaieiii niaaee. Iiieii ia?neai oaeaaee e eo iiiiuieee –
niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiua eie aeaaioneea io?aauee e iaoee-iooaiou. Ii
caieyiai ana-oaee oaeaeinue ieacaoue ia?neaiai aeinoieiia nii?ioeaeaiea,
e oeiaeueiua ea?oi/ee iinayuaiu oi?aeanoao /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia:
aia?eeaineea nieaeaou ?acaeaatho aieiau i?eoaeueoeai e auea?uaatho
iineaaeiaa n?aaeaiea ca Caieth.
A 1962 aiaeo ea?oi/ee “Mars Attacks” i?iaeaaaeenue ii 5 oeaioia. A 1996
aiaeo eo noieiinoue aic?inea ai iiiai ?ac – oaia?ue ca ioaeaeueiua
yecaiiey?u eieeaeoeeiia?u aioiau caieaoeoue aei 2000 aeieea?ia.
?aaeenna? iiauo “Mars Attacks” Oei Aa?oii cayaee a eioa?aueth, /oi a
aeaonoaa aue aieueoei ethaeoaeai yoeo aeeaaeuoae, e ?aoee niyoue oeeuei
iinea oiai, eae oaeaeae ea?oi/eo “Destroying a Dog” (“Oie/oiaeaiea
niaaee”). Ai anaie?iie eiiiuethoa?iie naoe Eioa?iao ioe?uo niaoeeaeueiue
naeo “Mars Attacks” (http://www. Marsattacks.com).
Eiaeono?ey eiiiuethoa?iuo ea? iaoea a ieoa ia IEI iaen/a?iaaiue enoi/iee
aeey nicaeaiey ana iiauo e iiauo i?ia?aii. Yoi iiaoo auoue eae
no?aoaae/aneea ea?u, aaea i?aaeeaaaaony ?oeiaiaeeoue aunaaeeie Caieyi
ia iaeoth ieaiaoo e inaiaieai aa eee iaiai?io ioaeii auoue
aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei caiiuo nee a ai?ueaa i?ioea eiiieaiaoyi, oae e ea?u,
iicaieythuea iaiin?aaenoaaiii o/anoaiaaoue a aith n i?eoaeueoeaie.
Ia?acu eiiieaiaoyi aeatho aieth au/o?iie oaioacee ooaeiaeieeia, eioi?ua
iiaoo nicaeaoue eiiieaiaoiue ie? ni naieie caeiiaie, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue
naieie aeonaie e oaioaceae.
Ana neacaiiia iicaieyao ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi aie?oa IEI oaea neiaeeeny
oeaeue e?oa eaaaiae. Naaiaeiy a iaoai ?anii?yaeaiee anoue iaoe?iay
aeaeeioaea ia aeaiioth oaio, ninoiyuay ec ?aaio “ca” e ”i?ioea”,
eaeeauo e na?ueaciuo, – e yoi ia n/eoay ouny/ aacaoiuo noaoae.
Iaaethaeaiey iieacuaatho, /oi ia naiii oaiiiaia yoi ia io?aceeinue. Eae
au oi ie auei, ynii iaeii: aiciee nia?aiaiiue ieo. ?iaeaeaaony eaaaiaea,
e iu aeaeei, eae a i?a/ioth yiioo ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa nicaeaaony
oaioanoe/aneia iiaanoaiaaiea i iiiuoea aoi?aeaiey eee, ii iaiueoae ia?a,
i i?eaeeaeaiee aiacaiiuo nee; ana yoi i?ienoiaeeo a iiiaio, eiaaea
/aeiaa/aneia aiia?aaeaiea caiyoi aiciiaeiinoyie iaaeieaiaoiuo
iooaoanoaee. Ethaee iiiaee ia Eoio, ia/oatho iiianoue ia Ia?n;
iaeiia?aiaiii, eae ooaa?aeaeaao ieo, aeeoaee ae?oaeo ieaiao oioyo
oaeaeaoue ian. AEaaeaea nainaoeee e i?eeeth/aiee, oiiaiea oaoie/aneei
i?ia?annii, eioaeeaeooaeueiia ethaiiuonoai iiaoo iieacaoueny
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie iioeaaie aeey iiaeiaiuo oaioacee.
Aaconeiaii, aeaaea i?e anai neacaiiii iaeuecy aiai?eoue, /oi oaiiiai IEI
i?iyaeeny oieueei a iaoe aeie. IEI auee ecaanoiu e a i?ioeii, ii oiaaea
i?aaenoaaeyee niaie ?aaeeia yaeaiea e, a eo/oai neo/aa, aucuaaee
ia?anoaeu a n?aaieoaeueii oceii e?oao. Eeoue a iaoo i?inaauaiioth yiioo
yoiio oaiiiaio aeiaaeinue noaoue ieoii a eieeaeoeaiii, anaiauai
ianooaaa. Oaioacee ia oaio eiioea naaoa, ea?aaoea aaaeioth ?ieue e
iieo/eaoea oe?i/aeoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a eiioea ia?aiai ouny/aeaoey ia
ioaeaeaeenue a i?eaea/aiee IEI aeey aeiiieieoaeueiiai iainiiaaiey.
Aiaoaoaeuenoai ni noi?iiu iaaa niioaaonoaiaaei oeeinioee e
ie?iaicc?aieth oiai a?aiaie.
Eioa?anii oi, /oi a nia?aiaiiii ie?a ia?acu IEI /anoi iaiieiythony
iaeiae ?aeeaeiciie neiaieeeie. Oi anoue anee aiieaeeioe/aneea iano?iaiey
eiioea 1-ai ouny/aeaoey ia auoiaeeee ca i?aaeaeu o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
?aeeaeiciuo aicc?aiee, oi a iaoa a?aiy iie ia/eiatho auiieiyoue
eaace?aeeaeicioth ?ieue. Anoue iiiaeanoai ethaeae, eioi?ua ia aa?yo a
Aiaa, ii aa?yo a IEI, a oi, /oi caiiay ?ana ethaeae i?iecioea io
eiiieaiaoyi e oae aeaeaa. IEI a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iienuaathony
e?oaeuie. Ai ana a?aiaia neiaieu ie?oaeie oi?iu ea?aee nouanoaaiioth
?ieue. E?oa – neiaie oeaeinoiinoe, aa/iinoe, Aiaa… Oi?ia IEI yaeyaony
neiaieii, eiiiaine?othuei aanii?yaei/iinoue nia?aiaiiie aeecie.
A ?aaioa iaae ?aoa?aoii auea eniieueciaaia neaaeothuay eeoa?aoo?a:
E. A. THia. I nia?aiaiiuo ieoao
Yioeeeeiiaaeey neiaieia
O. Iaeioi. Oaiiiai IEI.
AEo?iae i eeii “CINEMA” (iaoa?eae ii oeeueio Oeia Aa?oiia)
Aeueaii n ?ai?iaeoeoeeyie Eaa Oaiae.
Aeaeaiiaoa?eaeu:
?ieaiae Yiia?eo. Aeaiue Iacaaeneiinoe.
Oeao Ai?aeii. Aaee/aeoaa ec i?eeeth/aiee.
Nai?iee aeaeaieeeiia Aeyaeaea Aioe.
I?nii Oyeen. Oaeueoeaee. (Aeieoiaioaeueiue oeeuei)
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Iineianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oaoie/aneee Oieaa?neoao ei. I.Y.Aaoiaia
Iineaa ( 1997
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