Niaea?aeaiea.
no?.
Aaaaeaiea.
3
1. Iaoea e aa ooieoeee a iauanoaa.
5
1.1. Ooiaeaiaioaeueiia e i?eeeaaeiia a iaoea.
5
1.2. Iaoea e oaoiieiaey.
9
1.3. Iaoea e eneonnoai i?aaeaeaeaiey.
11
1.4. Iaoea e oeaeinoiia ?acaeoea /aeiaaea.
12
2. Nioeeaeueiua e ineoieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe iaoee.
14
3. Iaoea e oeeinioey.
20
4. Iaoea e ia?aciaaiea.
26
Caeeth/aiea.
30
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
31
Aaaaeaiea.
Iaoea yaeyaony iaeiie ec ii?aaeaeythueo iniaaiiinoae nia?aiaiiie
eoeueoo?u e, aiciiaeii, naiui aeeiaie/iui aa eiiiiiaioii. Naaiaeiy
iaaiciiaeii ianoaeaeaoue nioeeaeueiua, eoeueoo?iua, aio?iiieiae/aneea
i?iaeaiu, ia i?eieiay ai aieiaiea ?acaeoea iao/iie iunee. Ie iaeia ec
e?oiiaeoeo oeeinioneeo eiioeaioeee XX a. ia iiaea iaieoe oaiiiaia iaoee,
ia au?aceoue naiaai ioiioaiey e iaoea a oeaeii e e oai ie?iaicc?ai/aneei
i?iaeaiai, eioi?ua iia noaaeo. *oi oaeia iaoea? Eaeiaa aeaaiay
nioeeaeueiay ?ieue iaoee? Nouanoaotho ee a?aieoeu iao/iiai iiciaiey e
iiciaiey aiiaua? Eaeiai ianoi iniiaaiiie ia iaoea ?aoeeiiaeueiinoe a
nenoaia ae?oaeo niiniaia ioiioaiey e ie?o? Aiciiaeii ee aiaiao/iia
iiciaiea, eaeia aai noaoon e ia?niaeoeau? Iiaeii ee iao/iui niiniaii
ioaaoeoue ia i?eioeeieaeueiua aii?inu ie?iaicc?aiey: eae aicieeea
Anaeaiiay, eae iiyaeeanue aeeciue, eae i?iecioae /aeiaae, eaeia ianoi
caieiaao oaiiiai /aeiaaea a anaiauae einie/aneie yaiethoeee?
Ianoaeaeaiea anao yoeo e iiiaeanoaa ae?oaeo ie?iaicc?ai/anei –
oeeinioneeo aii?inia nii?iaiaeaeaei noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea nia?aiaiiie
iaoee e auei iaiaoiaeeiie oi?iie iniciaiey iniaaiiinoae eae naiie iaoee,
oae e oie oeeaeeecaoeee, a ?aieao eioi?ie iao/iia ioiioaiea e ie?o noaei
aiciiaeiui. Naaiaeiy yoe aii?inu noiyo a iiaie e aanueia ino?ie oi?ia.
Yoi naycaii i?aaeaea anaai n oie neooaoeeae, a eioi?ie ieacaeanue
nia?aiaiiay oeeaeeecaoeey. N iaeiie noi?iiu, auyaeeenue iaaeaeaiiua
ia?niaeoeau iaoee e iniiaaiiie ia iae oaoieee. Nia?aiaiiia iauanoai
anooiaao a eioi?iaoeeiiioth noaaeeth ?acaeoey, ?aoeeiiaeecaoeey anae
nioeeaeueiie aeecie noaiiaeony ia oieueei aiciiaeiie, ii e aeeciaiii
iaiaoiaeeiie. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iaia?oaeeeenue i?aaeaeu ?acaeoey
oeeaeeecaoeee iaeiinoi?iiia oaoiieiae/aneiai oeia: e a nayce n
aeiaaeueiui yeieiae/aneei e?ecenii, e eae neaaenoaea auyaeaoaeny
iaaiciiaeiinoe oioaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey nioeeaeueiuie i?ioeannaie.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu aieiaiea e yoei aii?inai a iaoae no?aia caiaoii
nieceeinue. Aeoiaaony, /oi iaeia ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei yoiai a iauai ?aceii
iaaeaiee i?anoeaea iao/iiai ciaiey a iaoai iauanoaa, a oie eaoano?ioa,
eioi?oth ia?aaeeaaao iaoea ?innee a iineaaeiea aiaeu. Iaaeaeo oai
niaa?oaiii ynii, /oi aac ?acaeoie iaoee ?inney ia eiaao aoaeouaai eae
oeeaeeeciaaiiay no?aia.
1. Iaoea e aa ooieoeee a iauanoaa.
1.1. Ooiaeaiaioaeueiia e i?eeeaaeiia a iaoea.
Iaoea anoue iinoeaeaiea ie?a, a eioi?ii iu aeeaai. Iinoeaeaiea yoi
cae?aieyaony a oi?ia ciaiee eae iuneaiiiai (iiiyoeeiiai,
eiioeaiooaeueiiai, eioaeeaeooaeueiiai) iiaeaee?iaaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Niioaaonoaaiii yoiio iaoeo i?eiyoi ii?aaeaeyoue eae
aunieii?aaieciaaiioth e aunieiniaoeeaeece?iaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii
i?iecaiaenoao iauaeoeaiuo ciaiee i ie?a, aeeth/athuai e naiiai /aeiaaea.
Aianoa n oai i?iecaiaenoai ciaiee a iauanoaa ia naiiaeinoaoi/ii, iii
iaiaoiaeeii aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey e ?acaeoey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea. Noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea iiuoiie iaoee a XVII noieaoee i?eaaei e
ei?aiiui i?aia?aciaaieyi ia?aca aeecie /aeiaaea. Eae ioia/ae A. ?annae:
“Ii/oe ana, /ai ioee/aaony iiaue ie? io aieaa ?aiieo aaeia, iaoneiaeaii
iaoeie, eioi?ay aeinoeaea ii?aceoaeueiuo oniaoia a XVII aaea… Iiaue
ie?, ianeieueei yoi eanaaony aeooiaiuo oeaiiinoae, ia/eiaaony n XVII
aaea”.[1]
Iuoeaiea ethaeae noaei iie?aoueny ia i?aaenoaaeaiea i iaee/ee caeiiia
i?e?iaeu, “aeaeay iaaa?iyoiui oaeea aaue, eae iaaey e eieaeianoai. A
1700 aiaeo ie?iaicc?aiea ia?aciaaiiuo ethaeae auei aiieia nia?aiaiiui,
oiaaea eae a 1600 aiaeo, ca eneeth/aieai i/aiue iaiiiaeo, iii auei aua
aieueoae /anoueth n?aaeiaaaeiaui”.[1] Iiaaaea iaoee e eieiiecaoeey
aa?iiaeoeaie ae?oaeo iaoa?eeia i?eaaee e oiio, /oi “ethaee XVII aaea
ii/oanoaiaaee naay aeeauie ethaeueie, a ia ian/anoiuie a?aoieeaie, eae
iie ana aua iacuaaee naay a iieeoaao”.[1]
Iiaeiaiay ioeaiea iao/iie ?aaiethoeee XVII a. aeaia e A. E. Aa?iaaeneei
“A iauai oiaea enoi?ee /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u, a iau/iuo i iae
i?aaenoaaeaieyo, – ioia/ae ii, – iao ianoa enoi?ee oiai ia?aeiia,
eioi?ue niaa?oeeny a /aeiaa/anoaa aoiaeaeaieai oi/iiai ciaiey a aai
aeeciue e i?eaae aia?aua a iiiaiouny/aeaoiai aai nouanoaiaaiee e iiaui,
ianeuoaiiui ?aiueoa oi?iai e oeeaaeai auoa e iauanoaaiiiai no?iy.
Ia?aeii yoio niaa?oeeny a XVII noieaoee. A yoi noieaoea aia?aua iaoea i
i?e?iaea e iaoaiaoeea auaeaeioeenue a aeeciue, iieo/eee cia/aiea eae
eciaiythuea oneiaey /aeiaa/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey enoi?e/aneea neeu”.[2]
Nia?aiaiiia ?acaeoea iaoee aaaeao e aeaeueiaeoei i?aia?aciaaieyi anae
nenoaiu aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Iniai aia/aoeythua aa
aicaeaenoaea ia ?acaeoea oaoieee e iiaaeoeo oaoiieiaee, aicaeaenoaea
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna ia aeeciue ethaeae. Iaoea nicaeaao iiaoth
n?aaeo aeey auoey /aeiaaea. “Eae e eneonnoai, – ieoao I. Oaeaeaaaa?, –
iaoea ia anoue i?inoi eoeueoo?iia caiyoea /aeiaaea. Iaoea – niinia,
i?eoii ?aoathuee, eaeei aeey ian i?aaenoaao oi, /oi anoue. Iu aeieaeiu,
iiyoiio neacaoue: aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, aioo?e eioi?ie aeaeaeaony e
iuoaaony inoaaaoueny naaiaeiyoiee /aeiaae, ana aieueoa ii?aaeaeyaony
oai, /oi iacuaatho caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie iaoeie”.[3]
Ia?aia, enoiaeiia “/eaiaiea” iaoee – auaeaeaiea aa a no?oeoo?a
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo e i?eeeaaeiuo enneaaeiaaiee, ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo e
i?eeeaaeiuo iaoe. Aiai?y i?aaeaeueii e?aoei, ooiaeaiaioaeueiua
enneaaeiaaiey – yoi oaeea enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ua ioe?uaatho iiaua
yaeaiey e caeiiiia?iinoe. Yoi enneaaeiaaiey oiai, /oi eaaeeo a i?e?iaea
aauae, yaeaiee, niauoee. Iaoea i?eeeaaeiay noaaeo ia?aae niaie caaea/o
?aoaiey ii?aaeaeaiiie oaoie/aneie i?aeaiu iau/ii a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
nayce n iaoa?eaeueiuie eioa?anaie iauanoaa. Ii i?e i?iaaaeaiee
ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey iiaeii noaaeoue e /enoi iao/ioth
caaea/o, e eiie?aoioth i?aeoe/aneoth i?iaeaio. I?e yoii iaaaaeii, eaeiau
nooue noauaeoeaiua iaia?aiey e onoaiiaee enneaaeiaaoaey. Ii yoiai /anoi
ia ciaao, a anee e ciaao, oi ioeaaaony. Oieueei a?aiy niiaeao iieacaoue,
eoaea nianoaaiii ioiineeanue iinoaiiaea caaea/e. Oai ia iaiaa
ieacaeinue, ieoao i?eiaieoaeueii e oeceea aeaaeaiee A. I. I?ioi?ia,
oaeiaiui ?acaeoue ooiaeaiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey ia aeaa aieueoea
a?oiiu. Iaeia ec ieo iai?aaeaia ia oaaee/aiea iauaia iaoeo ciaiee,
i?ecaaia oaeiaeaoai?youe iio?aaiinoue /aeiaa/anoaa a oeaeii e, i?aaeaea
anaai eiie?aoiiai /aeiaaea – enneaaeiaaoaey – ai ana aieaa aeoaieii
iiciaiee iauaeoeaiiai ie?a. Ae?oaay a?oiia enneaaeiaaiee eiaao naiae
oeaeueth iieo/aiea ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo ciaiee, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ioaaoa ia
aii?in i oii, eae aeinoe/ue oiai eee eiiai eiie?aoiiai i?aeoe/aneiai
?acoeueoaoa. Eae i?aaeei, ia eaeii-oi ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey iaoee
i?aaeiaoiia niaea?aeaiea oie eee ae?oaie a?oiiu ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo
enneaaeiaaiee ?acee/ii, ii iaoiaeieiae/anee iie aeecee ae?oa ae?oao,
e iaaeaeo ieie iaeuecy i?iaanoe ?aceoth a?aieoeo.[4]
Ia neaaeoao aeoiaoue, /oi anee noaaeony /enoi iao/iay caaeaia, oi oaeia
enneaaeiaaiea ia iiaeao aeaoue i?aeoe/aneiai auoiaea. A ?aaiie ia?a ia
neaaeoao aeoiaoue, /oi anee noaaeony ooiaeaiaioaeueiia enneaaeiaaiea,
iai?aaeaiiia ia ?aoaiea i?aeoe/anee aaaeiie caaea/e, oi oaeia
enneaaeiaaiea ia iiaeao eiaoue iauaiao/iie cia/eiinoe. Yoi ia oae. E
naeaeaoaeue oiio – enoi?ey ?acaeoey iaoee.
Iiaaeoay enoi?ey aiai?eo iai i acaeiiaeaenoaee, ia?aieaoaiee,
acaeiii?aa?auaiee yoeo aeaoo a?oii ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee.
Iaeiaei oae auei aeaeaei ia anaaaea. E i?aaeia anaai, iioiio /oi
ioithaeue ia n?aco ia iiaa?oiinoue aini?eyoey iauanoaaiiinoe auieuea
i?eeeaaeiay cia/eiinoue ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey.
A oa/aiea aaeia ooiaeaiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey, o. a. enneaaeiaaiey,
ieeae ia naycaiiua ni ceiaie aeiy, oee ioaeaeueii io i?eeeaaeiiai,
ieeaeeo i?aeoe/aneeo caaea/ ia ?aoaee. Oei /enoia oaeiaeaoai?aiea
aano?aeoiie ethaiciaoaeueiinoe.
Aaee/aeoea aeinoeaeaiey Iiaiai a?aiaie ieeae ia naycaiu n i?aeoeeie a
oi/iii niunea yoiai neiaa. Nei?aa iaiai?io, iaoea oea iicaaee, iauyniyy,
a ia i?aaeneacuaay, ia i?aaeaeaey iiaiai e ia oieeay e ecia?aoaieth,
nicaeaieth iiaiai.
Iiniio?ei n yoie oi/ee c?aiey ia oaeoth ii naiie naiae nooe
ooiaeaiaioaeueioth iaoeo eae oeceea.
Iniiao iniia nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee ninoaaeyao yia?aaoeea, Aeaie
Iaiai (1680), Oiian Iuetheiiai (1717), E.E. Iiecoiia(1761), Aeaeaein
Oaoo (1720), ?iaa?o Ooeoii (1805), Aeaei?aeae Noaoainii (1815) naeaeaee
aeinooiiie oaieiaoth yia?aeth aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iaoaie/aneie ?aaiou,
iao/eeenue eniieueciaaoue yia?aeth naeaoiai ia?a. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi ana
iie, ca eneeth/aieai Ae. Iaiaia.—naiio/ee, oaeaioeeaua ecia?aoaoaee,
iaoaaeoea oaoie/anee inouanoaeiia e yeiiiie/anee auaiaeiia ?aoaiea
aeooaeueiie i?iaeaiu, ?aoaiea, ioe?uaoaa aei?iao iao/ii-oaoie/aneie,
eiaeono?eaeueiie ?aaiethoeee. E ana yoi ianiio?y ia ainiiaenoai
aioeiao/iie oai?ee oeiaenoiia.
Iaiai, ia/aaoee caiaoii ?aiueoa inoaeueiuo, iieo/ee i?aaeeueiia
ia?aciaaiea, eae oecee iiiaia iiiye, ii ie/aai naeaeaoue ia niia, ia
niia ?aaeeciaaoue naia iiieiaiea. Iiae/a?eiai, /oi ana, /oi niaa?oeee
yoe ethaee, auei naeaeaii aei nicaeaiey oa?iiaeeiaieee, aei oiai, eae
auei noi?ioee?iaaii oaeia ooaa?aeaeaiea, eae caeii nio?aiaiey yia?aee.
Ciaiaieoue oeeee Ea?ii, EIAe eaeaaeueiie oaieiaie iaoeiu,
neieueei-ieaoaeue iniuneaiiua iiaeoiaeu e ia?aiio e aoi?iio ia/aeai
oa?iiaeeiaieee – ana yoi noaei yniui a oiaea e a ?acoeueoaoa
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee, iinoaaeaiiuo e i?iaaaeaiiuo, iinea oiai
eae oaoie/aneee e oaoiieiae/aneee i?i?ua oaea aue naeaeai.
Enoi?ey ?acaeoey iaoee eciaeeoao iiaeiaiuie i?eia?aie.
Ainoaea?noai, ethaia ainoaea?noai caeioa?aniaaii a ?acaeoee
ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoee eae iniiau iiaie, i?aaeaea anaai aiaiiie
oaoieee. Yoi ?oeiaiaeeoaee iauanoaa iiieiaee anaaaea, iauanoai – ii/oe
ieeiaaea. Ii e ?oeiaiaeeoaee ii/oe ieeiaaea ia iiieiaee, /oi iaoea eiaao
naie nianoaaiiua caeiiu ?acaeoey, /oi iia naiiaeinoaoi/ia e naia naaa
noaaeo caaea/e. E /oi aeaeatho iaoeo ethaee o/aiua, o. a. aanueia
naiaia?aciua. I?aaeaea anaai o/aiue ia iiaeao auoue /aeiaaeii
i?aaeacyoie eaeae, i?aaecaaeaiiiai ia?aca iuneae, i?aaeienaiiiai
iiaaaeaiey. Eiaiii yoi eo naienoai, eiiaioiia ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoea, e
i?eaiaeeo e o?oaeiinoyi ai acaeiiiiieiaiee e acaeiiaeaenoaee o/aiuo n
ei?ionii iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey.
Eae aeaeei, ooiaeaiaioaeueiua e i?eeeaaeiua enneaaeiaaiey ea?atho
?acee/iua ?iee a iauanoaa e ii ioiioaieth e naiie iaoea. Iaoea
?acaeaaaony oe?ieei o?iioii, eiaao neiaeioth no?oeoo?o, eioi?oth ai
iiiaii iiaeii oiiaeiaeoue no?oeoo?a aunieii?aaieciaaiiuo nenoai,
i?aaeaea anaai aeeauo nenoai. A aeeauo nenoaiao anoue iiaenenoaiu e
i?ioaeathuea a ieo i?ioeannu, eioi?ua iai?aaeaiu ia iiaeaea?aeaiea
naieo nenoai eiaiii a aeeaii, aeayoaeueiii, aeoeaiii ninoiyiee, ii anoue
iiaenenoaiu e i?ioeannu, iai?aaeaiiua ia acaeiiaeaenoaea n ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeie, ia inouanoaeaiea iaoaaieecia ni n?aaeie. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii e
a iaoea iiaeii auaeaeeoue iiaenenoaiu e i?ioeannu, i?eaioe?iaaiiua,
i?aaeaea anaai ia iiaeaea?aeaiea iaoee a aeoeaiii e aeayoaeueiinoiii
ninoiyiee, a anoue iiaenenoaiu e i?ioeannu, i?eaioe?iaaiiua ia aiaoiea
i?iyaeaiey iaoee, aa aeeth/aiiinoue a eiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe.
?ac?aaioea ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoee iai?aaeaia, i?aaeaea anaai, ia
aioo?aiiea iio?aaiinoe e eioa?anu iaoee, ia iiaeaea?aeaiea
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaoee eae aaeeiiai oeaeiai, e aeinoeaaaony yoi iooai
?ac?aaioee iaiauaiiuo eaeae e iaoiaeia iiciaiey, oa?aeoa?ecothueo
aeoaeiiua iniiaaiey auoey. Niioaaonoaaiii yoiio aiai?yo i “/enoie”
iaoea, oai?aoe/aneie iaoea, i iiciaiee ?aaee iiciaiey. I?eeeaaeiua iaoee
iai?aaeaiu aiaia, ia anneieeyoeeth n eiuie, i?aeoe/aneeie aeaeaie
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, e iniai ia anneieeyoeeth n i?iecaiaenoaii.
Ionthaea e aiai?yo i i?aeoe/aneie iaoea, iai?aaeaiiie ia eciaiaiea ie?a.
1.2. Iaoea e oaoiieiaey.
Iineieueeo iniiaiia cia/aiea i?eeeaaeiuo iaoe anoue enneaaeiaaiea
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, oi inoaaony ioe?uoui aii?in i i?eeiaeaieyo iaoee, aa
?acoeueoaoia. Aii?inu i?eeiaeaiee iaoee, aa aeeth/aiiinoe a
?aciiia?aciua noa?u i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea iuia
oa?aeoa?ecothony eae aii?inu oaoiieiaee. Iia nooue i?eiaiaiea ciaiee ia
i?aeoeea n oeaeueth i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeiaoia iio?aaeaiey, n oeaeueth
eciaiaiey, niaa?oainoaiaaiey e eiio?iee?iaaiey oneiaee aeecie.
Eiaaea iuia ?anniao?eaathony i?iaeaiu oaoiieiaee, oi iaecaaaeii anoaao
aii?in i iai?aaeaiiinoe aa ?acaeoey, aa aicaeaenoaey ia aeeciue
iauanoaa. Eae eiiaaea aiai?yo eaaeaeia oaoiieiae/aneia aeinoeaeaiea ii
iaiaoiaeeiinoe aiaeaaeaioii, o. a. iii iiaeao neoaeeoue a caaeneiinoe io
iiaeoiaea e iaio eee neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee ia iieueco eee aea ai a?aae
/aeiaaeo. Aieaa oiai, oaoiieiaee, caaeaenoaiaaiiua ai aeaai /aeiaaea,
iiaoo eiaoue a oiaea naiaai ?acaeoey e io?eoeaoaeueiua iiai/iua
iineaaenoaey, oae /oi oaoiieiae/aneia ?acaeoea ioaeaeaaony a iinoiyiiii
iiieiaiee e eiio?iea. Iineaaeiaa noaei aieaa /ai i/aaeaeiui a iaoa
a?aiy, a ia?eiae no?aieoaeueiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai ?acaeoey iauanoaa.
Iuia iauanoai iaeaaeaei oaeeie iiuiuie neeaie, aeaenoaea eioi?uo
n?aaieii n aaieiae/aneeie e a?iceo /aeiaa/anoao naiioie/oiaeaieai.
Iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey i?iieeatho a oii/aeoea iaoaieciu aaiaoe/aneiai
oi?aaeaiey aeeauie nenoaiaie, /oi iiaeao i?eaanoe e ei?aiiui,
iaia?aoeiui eciaiaieyi a oiaea yaiethoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia.
*aeiaae ana aieueoa iniciaao ia oieueei oi, /oi ii “aeanoaeei ie?a”, ii
oaeaea e oi, neieue cuaei naii aai nouanoaiaaiea. Ia yoii aeanoii
cayaeytho aicieeoea a iaoa a?aiy iiiaea aeiaaeueiua i?iaeaiu, e a
/anoiinoe yeieiae/aneee e?ecen.
Ionthaea e anoatho aii?inu i iai?aaeaiiinoe oaoiieiae/aneiai ?acaeoey
iauanoaa e ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iineaaenoaey yoiai ?acaeoey.
I?e ioaaoa ia yoe aii?inu ?acaeathony aieina, /oi ioaaonoaaiia ca
io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey oaoiieiae/aneiai ?acaeoey naia iaoea.
Iiaeiaiay “aoiaienoe/aneay” e?eoeea iaoee iieo/eea aeinoaoi/iia
?ani?ino?aiaiea. Iieo/aaony, /oi naii i?iecaiaenoai ciaiee a?aaeii aeey
/aeiaaea. Eeiey ?annoaeaeaiee caeanue aeinoaoi/ii i?inoay: iineieueeo
iaoea yaeyaony oai?aoe/aneei aacenii iuiaoieo iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo
?ac?aaioie e ii?aaeaeyao naio aiciiaeiinoue iineaaeieo, oi iia, ia
i?aaao ni?iaeeoaey, e ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iiyaeaiea ia naao
oaoiieiae/aneeo iiaoanoa eae iieiaeeoaeueiuo, oae e io?eoeaoaeueiuo. Ii
yoi aeaeaei ia oae.
Auai? iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiee a iauanoaaiiii ?acaeoee iaiin?aaenoaaiii
cao?aaeaaao naie aaceniua oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee aeecie ethaeae.
Niioaaonoaaiii yoiio ei?aiiua aii?inu ?acaeoey iauanoaa ii?aaeaeythony
eioa?anaie ii?aaeaeaiiuo a?oii, neiaa, eeannia – iieeoe/aneeo nee. Aieaa
oiai, ana iaeaieaa cia/eiua iao/ii-oaoie/aneea i?ia?aiiu (?acaeoea
yaea?iie yia?aaoeee, yeaeo?iieee e o.i.) i?eieiathony ia o?iaia
i?aaeoaeuenoa, ia?eaiaioia. Ionthaea neaaeoao caeeth/eoue, /oi
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oaoiieiae/aneia ?acaeoea ianoo i?aaeaea anaai
iieeoe/aneea neeu e i?aaiecaoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa (aecian).
1.3. Iaoea e eneonnoai i?aaeaeaeaiey.
E /eneo aaaeiaeoeo ooieoeee iaoee ioiineony i?aaeaeaeaiea. A naia a?aiy
ii yoiio aii?ino aeanoyua auneacaeny A. Inoaaeueae: “…I?iieeiiaaiiia
iiieiaiea iaoee: iaoea – yoi eneonnoai i?aaeaeaeaiey. Any aa oeaiiinoue
a oii, a eaeie ia?a e n eaeie aeinoiaa?iinoueth iia iiaeao
i?aaeoaaaeaoue aoaeouea niauoey. Ia?oai anyeia ciaiea, eioi?ia ie/aai ia
aiai?eo i aoaeouai, e oaeiio ciaieth aeieaeii auoue ioeacaii a ii/aoiii
caaiee – iaoea”. [4]
Ia i?aaeaeaeaiee oaeoe/anee iniiauaaaony any i?aeoeea /aeiaaea.
Aeeth/aynue a ethaie aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, /aeiaae ca?aiaa i?aaeiieaaaao
(i?aaeaeaeeo) iieo/eoue iaeioi?ua aiieia ii?aaeaeaiiua ?acoeueoaou.
Aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea a naiae iniiaa i?aaieciaaia e oeaeaiai?aaeaiia,
e a oaeie i?aaiecaoeee naieo aeaenoaee /aeiaae iie?aaony ia ciaiey.
Eiaiii ciaiey iicaieytho aio ?anoe?eoue a?aae naiaai nouanoaiaaiey, aac
/aai ia iiaeao i?iaeieaeaoueny aai aeeciue. Ciaiey iicaieytho
i?aaeaeaeaoue oiae niauoee, iineieueeo iie iaeciaiii aeeth/athony a
no?oeoo?o naieo iaoiaeia aeaenoaey. Iaoiaeu oa?aeoa?ecotho ethaie aeae
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, e a eo iniiaa eaaeeo au?aaioea iniauo i?oaeee,
n?aaenoa aeayoaeueiinoe. Eae au?aaioea i?oaeee aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e eo
“i?eiaiaiey” iniiaaiu ia ciaieyo, /oi e aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oniaoii
i?aaeaeaeaoue ?acoeueoaou yoie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aiai?y i i?aaeaeaeaiee, iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea eiaoue a aeaeo aai
ioiineoaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Aoaeouaa ioe?uoi, iii anaaaea a /ai-oi
iai?aaeneacoaii. Eae aiai?yo aei?iaa a aoaeouaa auiiuaia neo/aeiinoyie,
e aai aiaeec o?aaoao iai?a?uaiuo oneeee, iinoiyiiith iaeaaeaiey ana
iiauie neo/aeiinoyie. Eiathuaany ciaiea ninoaaeyao iniiao i?aaeaeaeaiey,
a i?aeoeea aaaeao e iai?a?uaiiio ooi/iaieth, ?anoe?aieth yoeo ciaiee.
Inaiaiea iiaie i?aeoeee aeeth/aao a naay e eeieth i?aainoaaiiinoe, e
o/ao iiaeciu. Eneonnoai i?aaeaeaeaiey e iie?aaony ia yoe eiiiiiaiou a
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.
1.4. Iaoea e oeaeinoiia ?acaeoea /aeiaaea.
Ia?ae/iui a iiieiaiee i?e?iaeu iaoee yaeyaony aa aicaeaenoaea ia naiiai
/aeiaaea, ia nenoaio aai eioa?ania, iio?aaiinoae e aiciiaeiinoae e
aeaenoaeth a i?aaiecaoeee naiaai auoey e aai niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Iaoea ia
anoue ia/oi aiaoiaa ii ioiioaieth e nouiinoe /aeiaaea, iia, nei?aa,
naycaia, oae neacaoue, n naiie aai nooueth. Iineaaeiyy au?aaeaaony,
i?aaeaea anaai, a iio?aaiinoyo /aeiaaea. Eiaiii iio?aaiinoe, eo oae eee
eia/a oii?yaei/aiiua nenoaiu ii?aaeaeytho oi, /oi iiaeii iacaaoue
oaiiiaiii /aeiaaea. Iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea aanueia ?aciiia?aciu,
ea?a?oe/anee i?aaieciaaiu e enoi?e/anee iiiaea ec ieo iaiiaeythony. A
iaoa a?aiy i?eiyoi auaeaeyoue o?e aeaea aaceniuo iio?aaiinoae:
aeoaeueiua (aeieiae/aneea), nioeeaeueiua (i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e
ii?aaeaeaiiie a?oiia) e iiciaiey. “Iineaaeithth a?oiio enoiaeiuo
iio?aaiinoae, – ieooo I. A. Neiiiia e I. I. A?oia, – ninoaaeytho
eaeaaeueiua iio?aaiinoe iiciaiey ie?oaeathuaai ie?a e naiaai ianoa a
iai, iiciaiey niunea e iacia/aiey naiaai nouanoaiaaiey ia caiea eae
iooai i?enaiaiey oaea eiathueony eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, oae e ca n/ao
ioe?uoey niaa?oaiii iiaiai, iaecaanoiiai i?aaeoanoaothuei iieieaieyi.
Iiciaaay aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, /aeiaae no?aieony oynieoue i?aaeea e
caeiiiia?iinoe, eioi?ui iiae/eiai ie?oaeathuee ie?. Aai caaaaei/iinoue
oae o?oaeii ia?aiineony /aeiaaeii, /oi ii aioia iaaycaoue ie?o
ieoe/aneia, oaioanoe/aneia iauyniaiea, eeoue au ecaaaeoueny io a?aiaie
iaiiieiaiey, aeaaea anee yoi iaiiieiaiea iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia a?iceo aio
ie aieiaeii, ie iianiinoueth aeey aeecie”.[5]
Aanueia aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iio?aaiinoue iiciaiey ia yaeyaony
i?iecaiaeiie io aeieiae/aneie e nioeeaeueiie iio?aaiinoae, a aaaeao naia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea io oieaa?naeueiie, naienoaaiiie anaio aeeaiio
iio?aaiinoe a eioi?iaoeee. Iineaaeiaa iaoiaeeo naia io?aaeaiea,
iai?eia?, a oii, /oi A. A. Yiaaeueaa?aeo e /eneo ao?eaooia aeecie
ioiinee ociaaaiea. Anee ia i?eciaaaoue no?aieaiea e iiciaieth a ea/anoaa
aaceniie iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea, oi aa ieoo caeioo eiua, aniiiiaaoaeueiua
iio?aaiinoe, n?aaee eioi?uo iniai aa?anneaia aiey e aeanoe. “Iiea iu ia
i?eciaai, – ieoao A. Aaoey?, – /oi a aeoaeiao /aeiaa/aneie aeooe
i?enoonoaoao no?aieaiea e iiciaieth, iiieiaaiiio eae aeiea, iu aoaeai
neeiiiu ?anoai?youe yoi no?aieaiea a ieoeoaaineie aiea e aeanoe”.[6]
Oaeiaeaoai?yy e ?acaeaay iio?aaiinoe iiciaiey, /aeiaae aeaeaao
aiciiaeiui naia eiiieaeniia, oeaeinoiia ?acaeoea. Iaoea nicaeaao
eaeaaeueiue ie?, nenoaio eaeaaeueiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee i ie?a, i?aaeaa?yy
yoei i?aeoe/aneea aeaenoaey. Oai naiui iaoea oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?yaeii
acaeiiaeiiieiythueo ooieoeee a aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e ee/iinoe, e
iauanoaa. I?e iauae ioeaiea eaeaaeueiiai ie?a, ie?a ciaiee iniai
ia?auatho aieiaiea ia aeaa aniaeoa. I?aaeaea anaai ioia/aaony, /oi
aiaea/aiea a iao/ioth aeayoaeueiinoue, i?eiauaiea e noa?a ciaiee
iiauoaao e iauoth eoeueoo?o /aeiaaea. Eae neacae A. Ioaiea?a: “ *aeiaae
ia iiaeao ioeacaoueny io ciaiey, ia iioneaynue, iiyoiio-oi eioa?anu
iaoee nayuaiiu.[7] Aeaiiay ioeaiea iaoee aeiiieiyaony aa oa?aeoa?enoeeie
eae no?aoaae/aneiai ?ano?na iauanoaa. “A ea/anoaa iieacaoaey
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa, – ieoao A.A. Ieaaeae, – aunooiatho ia caianu
nu?uey eee oeeo?u i?iecaiaenoaa, a eiee/anoai niiniaiuo e iao/iiio
oai?/anoao ethaeae”.[8]
A ?acaeoee iaoee aiieiuaia, i?aaeaea anaai, yaiethoeey iuoeaiey
/aeiaaea, aai eioaeeaeoa. Eiaiii iaoea ?aaeeeaeueiui ia?acii
niaeaenoaoao noaiiaeaieth e iaiaauaieth aano?aeoii-eiae/aneiai iuoeaiey,
aeaeay aai ana aieaa ooii/aiiui e eciu?aiiui. Aianoa n oai i?e?iaea
/aeiaaea aeaeaei ia naiaeeony e iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aaaeiaeoae oa?aeoa?enoeeie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea yaeyaony aa
yiioeeiiaeueii-i?aanoaaiiue aniaeo, i?aaenoaaeaiey i eioi?ii aiieiuaiu
aeaaiui ia?acii a eneonnoaa. Niioaaonoaaiii yoiio acaeiiaeaenoaea iaoee
e eneonnoaa iaoneiaeeaaao oeaeinoiia ?acaeoea /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe, ii
iaiueoae ia?a, aa aeooiaiiai ie?a.
2. Nioeeaeueiua e ineoieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe iaoee.
Oaea a aeaeaeie ae?aaiinoe ioe?uoea iiaiai a i?e?iaea aauae
ia?aaeeaaeinue ioaeaeueiui eiaeeaeaeii eae nioeeaeueiay oeaiiinoue,
i?aainoiaeyuay ethaua ae?oaea. Auoue iiaeao, ia?aue oieeaeueiue
i?aoeaaeaio naycai n iao/iui ioe?uoeai, eioi?ia eaaaiaea i?eienuaaao
iaeiiio ec ae?aaiaa?a/aneeo ioae?aoeia Oaeano (VII aaea aei i. y.),
i?aaeneacaaoaio nieia/iia caoiaiea. Oe?aio, iiaeaeaaoaio aiciaa?aaeeoue
aai ca ioe?uoea, Oaean ioaaoee: “Aeey iaiy auei au aeinoaoi/iie
iaa?aaeie, anee au ou ia noae i?eienuaaoue naaa, eiaaea noaiaoue
ia?aaeaaaoue, ae?oaei oi, /aio io iaiy iao/eeny, a neacae au, /oi
aaoi?ii yoiai ioe?uoey yaeythnue nei?aa y, /ai eoi-eeai ae?oaie”. A yoie
?aaeoeee neacaeanue i?aainoiaeyuay ethaua ae?oaea oeaiiinoe e i?eoycaiey
nioeeaeueiay iio?aaiinoue a i?eciaiee ia?niiaeueiiai aaoi?noaa.
Ineoieiae/aneee niune ioe?uoey (cia/eiinoue aeey ee/iinoe) iai?a/eaaeny
nioeeaeueiui (cia/eiinoue aeey ae?oaeo, iai?aiaiii nii?yaeaiiay n
ioeaieie iauanoaaiiuo caneoa ee/iinoe a ioiioaiee aacee/iinoiiai
iao/iiai ciaiey). Naie ?acoeueoao, aeinoeaiooue aeaaiaea?y aioo?aiiae
iioeaaoeee, a ia “ecaioiaeaiiue” ii caeaco ae?oaeo, aae?aniaai yoei
ae?oaei, i?eciaiea eioi?uie oniaoia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai oia
aini?eieiaeinue eae aunoay iaa?aaea. Oaea yoio yieciae aeaeaeie
ae?aaiinoe eeethno?e?oao ecia/aeueioth nioeeaeueiinoue ee/iinoiiai
“ia?aiao?a” iaoee eae nenoaiu aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ii enoi?e/aneee iiuo naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi nioeeaeueiinoue iaoee
aunooiaao i?e ia?auaiee ia oieueei e aii?ino i aini?eyoee ciaiey, ii e e
aii?ino i aai i?iecaiaenoaa. Anee aiiaue ia?aoeoueny e ae?aaiei
a?aiaiai, oi oaeoi? eieeaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa ciaiee oaea oiaaea
iieo/ee eiioeaio?e?iaaiiia au?aaeaiea a aeayoaeueiinoe
enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo a?oii, eioi?ua i?eiyoi iacuaaoue oeieaie.
Iiiaea i?iaeaiu ioe?uaaeenue e ?ac?aaaouaaeenue eiaiii a yoeo oeieao,
noaaoeo oeaio?aie ia oieueei iao/aiey, ii e oai?/anoaa. Iao/iia
oai?/anoai e iauaiea ia?acaeaeueiu. Iaiyeny – io iaeiie yiioe e ae?oaie
– oei eo eioaa?aoeee. Iaeiaei ai anao neo/ayo iauaiea aunooiaei
iaiouaieaiie eii?aeeiaoie. Iio?aaiinoue a enneaaeiaaiee yoiai aniaeoa
ii?iaeeea ia 3aiaaea niaoeeaeueioth iaoiaeieiaeth “aeeneo?n – aiaeeca”.
Ie iaeiie no?i/ee ia inoaaee Nie?ao, ii ii nicaeae “iuneeeueith” – oeieo
niaianoiiai aeoiaiey, eoeueoeae?oy eneonnoai iaeaaoeee (“iiaeaaeueiiai
eneonnoaa”) eae i?ioeanna ?iaeaeaiey a aeeaeiaa io/aoeeaiai e yniiai
ciaiey.
Iu ia onoaai oaeeaeyoueny aiaaonoao eaeae A?enoioaey, caauaay, /oi ei
nia?aii e iaiauaii nicaeaiiia iiiaeie enneaaeiaaoaeyie, ?aaioaaoeie ii
aai i?ia?aiiai. Eiua oi?iu nayce iiciaiey e iauaiey ooaa?aeeeenue a
N?aaeiaaaeiauea, eiaaea aeiieie?iaaee ioaee/iua aeenioou, oaaeoea ii
aeanoeiio ?eooaeo (aai ioaieinee a i?ioeaaeo?ao caueou aeenna?oaoeee).
Ei ia niaio i?eoae iai?eioaeaeaiiue ae?oaeaneee aeeaeia iaaeaeo
ethaeueie iaoee a yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey.
A iiaia a?aiy n ?aaiethoeeae a anoanoaiciaiee aicieeatho e ia?aua
iaoi?iaeueiua iauaaeeiaiey o/aiuo, nicaeaiiua a i?ioeaiaan ioeoeeaeueiie
oieaa?neoaoneie iaoea. Iaeiiaoe a XIX a. aicieeaao eaai?aoi?ey eae
oeaio? enneaaeiaaiee e i/aa iao/iie oeieu.
“Naeniia?aou” enoi?ee iaoee iiaaeoaai a?aiaie oeene?otho “ac?uau”
iao/iiai oai?/anoaa a iaaieueoeo e?aiei niayiiuo a?oiiao o/aiuo.
Yia?aeae yoeo a?oii auee ?iaeaeaiu oaeea ?aaeeeaeueii eciaieaoea iauee
no?ie iao/iiai iuoeaiey iai?aaeaiey eae eaaioiaay iaoaieea,
iieaeoey?iay aeieiaey, eeaa?iaoeea.
?yae iiai?ioiuo ioieoia a i?ia?anna ineoieiaee ii?aaeaeeea
aeayoaeueiinoue iao/iuo oeie, eeaea?aie eioi?uo yaeyeenue A. Aoiaeo, E.
I. Iaaeia, 3. O?aeae, E. Eaaei, AE. Ieaaea, E. N. Auaioneee e ae?.
Iaaeaeo naieie eeaea?aie e eo iineaaeiaaoaeyie oee aeeneonnee, eioi?ua
neoaeeee eaoaeecaoi?aie iao/iiai oai?/anoaa, eciaiyaoeie iaeee
ineoieiae/aneie iaoee. Iie eniieiyee iniaoth ooieoeeth a noaeueaao
iaoee eae oi?iu aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaenoaaeyy aa eiiioieeaoeaiia
“ecia?aiea”. Iii, eae e ee/iinoiia “ecia?aiea”, iaio/eaieii io
i?aaeiaoa iauaiey – oao i?iaeai, aeiioac, oai?aoe/aneeo ioe?uoee, ii
iiaiaeo eioi?uo iii aicieeaao e ?acai?aaony.
Aiai?y i nioeeaeueiie iaoneiaeaiiinoe aeecie iaoee, neaaeoao ?acee/aoue
ianeieueei aniaeoia. Iniaaiiinoe iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey a eiie?aoioth
yiioo i?aeiieythony neaicue i?ecio aeayoaeueiinoe iao/iiai
niiauanoaa (iniaiai nioeeoia), eiathuaai naie ii?iu e yoaeiiu. A iai
eiiaeoeaiia iaioaeaeeii io eiiioieeaoeaiiai, iiciaiea io iauaiey. Eiaaea
?a/ue eaeao ia oieueei i noiaeiii iniuneaiee oa?ieiia (aac /aai iaiai
eaeae iaaiciiaeai), ii e ia eo i?aia?aciaaiee (eai eiaiii iii
niaa?oaaony a iao/iii enneaaeiaaiee eae oi?ia oai?/anoaa), iauaiea
auiieiyao iniaoth ooieoeeth. Iii noaiiaeony e?aaoeaiui.
Iauaiea o/aiuo ia en/a?iuaaaony iaiaiii eioi?iaoeeae. Eeethno?e?oy
aaaeiua i?aeiouanoaa iaiaia eaeayie ii n?aaiaieth n iaiaiaie oiaa?aie,
Aa?ia?ae Oio ienae: “Anee o aan yaeiei e o iaiy yaeiei, e iu
iaiaieaaainy eie, oi inoaainy i?e naieo – o eaaeaeiai ii yaeieo. Ii anee
o eaaeaeiai ec ian ii iaeiie eaeaa e iu ia?aaeaai eo ae?oa ae?oao, oi
neooaoeey iaiyaony. Eaaeaeue ec ian noaiiaeony aiaa/a, a eiaiii –
iaeaaeaoaeai aeaoo eaeae”.
Yoa iaaeyaeiay ea?oeia i?aeiouanoa eioaeeaeooaeueiiai iauaiey ia
o/eouaaao aeaaioth oeaiiinoue iauaiey a iaoea eae oai?/aneiai i?ioeanna,
a eioi?ii aicieeaao “o?aouea yaeiei”, eiaaea i?e noieeiiaaiee eaeae
i?ienoiaeeo “aniuoea aaiey”. I?ioeann iiciaiey i?aaeiieaaaao
o?ainoi?iaoeeth cia/aiee.
Anee iauaiea aunooiaao a ea/anoaa iai?aiaiiiai oaeoi?a iiciaiey, oi
oaeay eioi?iaoeey ia iiaeao eioa?i?aoe?iaaoueny oieueei eae i?iaeoeo
oneeee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai oia. Iia ii?iaeaeaaony ia?ana/aieai iunee,
eaeouae ec iiiaeo enoi/ieeia.
?aaeueiia aeaeaeaiea iao/iiai iiciaiey aunooiaao a oi?ia ii?ie aanueia
iai?yaeaiiuo aeeaeiaia, i?inoe?athueony ai a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa.
Aaaeue enneaaeiaaoaeue caaeaao aii?inu ia oieueei i?e?iaea, ii oaeaea
ae?oaei aa eniuoaoaeyi, eua a eo ioaaoao eioi?iaoeeth (i?eaieaioth eee
iai?eaieaioth), aac eioi?ie ia iiaeao aicieeiooue aai nianoaaiiia
?aoaiea. Yoi iiaoaeaeaao iiae/a?eiooue aaaeiue iiiaio. Ia neaaeoao, eae
yoi iau/ii aeaeaaony, ia?aie/eaaoueny oeacaieai ia oi, /oi cia/aiea
oa?ieia (eee auneacuaaiey) naii ii naaa “iaii” e niiauaao ia/oi
nouanoaaiiia oieueei a oeaeinoiii eiioaenoa anae oai?ee. Oaeie auaiae
eeoue /anoe/ii aa?ai, eai iayaii i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi oai?ey i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ia/oi ioiineoaeueii caieiooia. Eiia/ii, ethaie oa?iei eeoai
enoi?e/aneie aeinoiaa?iinoe aia eiioaenoa eiie?aoiie oai?ee, niaia
iinooeaoia eioi?ie iaiyao e aai cia/aiea.
I?ineaaeeaay nioeeaeueiue ia?aiao? iaoee eae aeayoaeueiinoe, iu aeaeei
iiiaiia?acea aai “na/aiee”. Yoa aeayoaeueiinoue aienaia a
eiie?aoii-enoi?e/aneee nioeeieoeueoo?iue eiioaeno. Iia iiae/eiaia
ii?iai, au?aaaouaaaiui niiauanoaii o/aiuo. (A /anoiinoe, aioaaeoee a yoi
niiauanoai i?ecaai i?iecaiaeeoue iiaia ciaiea e iaae iei iaeciaiii
oyaioaao “cai?ao ia iiaoi?”.) Aua iaeei o?iaaiue i?aaenoaaeyao
i?e/anoiinoue e oeiea eee iai?aaeaieth, e e?oao iauaiey, aoiaey a
eioi?ue eiaeeaeae noaiiaeony /aeiaaeii iaoee.
Iaoea, eae aeeaay nenoaia, – yoi i?iecaiaenoai ia oieueei eaeae, ii e
oai?yueo eo ethaeae. Aioo?e naiie nenoaiu eaeao iac?eiay iai?a?uaiay
?aaioa ii iino?iaieth oiia, niiniaiuo ?aoaoue aa iac?aaathuea i?iaeaiu.
Oeiea eae aaeeinoai enneaaeiaaiey, iauaiey e iao/aiey oai?/anoao,
yaeyaony iaeiie ec iniiaiuo oi?i iao/ii – nioeeaeueiuo iauaaeeiaiee,
i?eoii ae?aaiaeoae oi?iie, oa?aeoa?iie aeey iiciaiey ia anao o?iaiyo aai
yaiethoeee. A ioee/ea io i?aaiecaoeee oeia iao/ii – enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai
o/?aaeaeaiey oeiea a iaoea yaeyaony iaoi?iaeueiui, o. a. ia eiathuei
th?eaee/aneiai noaoona iauaaeeiaieai. Aa i?aaiecaoeey ia ieaie?oaony
ca?aiaa e ia ?aaoee?oaony ?aaeaiaioii.
Ia anyeay oeiea eeaee?oao a ia?niaeoeaiii iai?aaeaiee enneaaeiaaiee.
Aiciiaeiu neooaoeee, eiaaea i?ia?aiia naay en/a?iaea, ii oeiea
i?iaeieaeaao aa ionoaeaaoue. A yoeo neo/ayo oeiea iauaeoeaii noaiiaeony
i?aa?aaeie ia iooe enneaaeiaaiey i?iaeai, a eioi?uo iia i?aaeaea oniaoii
i?iaeaeaaeanue. Iaeiaei e yoe neo/ae oo?aou iaeiaaea aeecianiiniaiui
iao/iui eieeaeoeaii naiae i?iaeoeoeaiinoe caneoaeeaatho na?ueaciiai
aiaeeca, iineieueeo iie iicaieytho auyaeoue oaeoi?u, io aeaenoaey
eioi?uo yoa i?iaeoeoeaiinoue caaenaea. (Iiaeiaii oiio, eae eco/aiea
iaoieiae/aneeo ninoiyiee iiaeao i?ieeoue naao ia ?aaioo caei?iaiai
i?aaiecia.)
A yoii ioiioaiee iia iiaeiaia oaeei iaoi?iaeueiui iauaaeeiaieyi o/aiuo,
eae “iac?eiua eieeaaeaee”. Yoei oa?ieiii iaicia/aia ia eiathuay /aoeeo
a?aieoe naoue ee/iuo eiioaeoia iaaeaeo o/aiuie e i?ioeaaeo? acaeiiiai
iaiaia eioi?iaoeeae (iai?eia?, oae iacuaaaiuie i?ai?eioaie, o. a.
naaaeaieyie i aua ia iioaeeeiaaiiuo ?acoeueoaoao enneaaeiaaiee).
“Iac?eiue eieeaaeae” ioiineony e aoi?e/iiio – yenoaineaiiio – ia?eiaeo
?inoa iao/iiai ciaiey. Ii iauaaeeiyao o/aiuo, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia ?aoaiea
niaieoiiinoe acaeiinaycaiiuo i?iaeai, iinea oiai eae a iaae?ao
iaaieueoie eiiiaeoiie a?oiiu neiaeeony i?ia?aiia enneaaeiaaiee. A
“eieeaaeaea” eiaaony i?iaeoeoeaiia “yae?i”, ia?anoathuaa iiiaeanoaii
aaoi?ia, eioi?ua ?ai?iaeooee?otho a naieo ioaeeeaoeeyo, i?ai?eioao,
iaoi?iaeueiuo onoiuo eiioaeoao e o. ae. aeaenoaeoaeueii iiaaoi?neea
eaeae yoiai “yae?a”, iaiei/ea aie?oa yae?a iiaeao neieue oaiaeii
?ac?anoaoueny, aaaey e ?ai?iaeoeoeee ciaiey, oaea aioaaeoaai a oiiae
iaoee.
E nioeeiineoieiae/aneei oaeoi?ai iao/iiai oai?/anoaa ioiineony
iiiiiaioiue e?oa o/aiiai. Iiiyoea i iai aaaaeaii n oeaeueth aiaeeca
eiiioieeaoeee o/aiiai iiae oaeii c?aiey caaeneiinoe aeeiaieee aai
oai?/anoaa io eiio?iioaoeeiiiuo ioiioaiee n eieeaaaie. Ec yoeiieiaee
oa?ieia “iiiiiaio” yanoaoao, /oi eiaaony a aeaeo “oio, eoi aic?aaeaao”,
eoi aunooiaao a ea/anoaa inia?eaathuaai /uea-eeai iiaiea. ?a/ue iieaeao
i acaeiiioiioaieyo o/aiuo, aic?aaeathueo, ii?iaa?aathueo eee
inia?eaathueo /uee-eeai i?aaenoaaeaiey, aeiioacu, auaiaeu. O eaaeaeiai
enneaaeiaaoaey eiaaony “naie” iiiiiaioiue e?oa. Aai iiaeao
eieoeee?iaaoue o/aiue, eiaaea a?inaao aucia eieeaaai. Ii aai nicaeatho e
naie yoe eieeaae, ia i?eaiethuea eaeae o/aiiai, aini?eieiathuea eo eae
oa?ico naiei aicc?aieyi (a oai naiui e naiae iiceoeee a iaoea) e iioiio
ionoaeaathuea eo a oi?ia iiiiie?iaaiey.
Iineieueeo eiio?iioaoeey e iiiiie?iaaiea i?ienoiaeyo a ciia, eioi?oth
eiio?iee?oao iao/iia niiauanoai, aa?oauaa noae iaae naieie /eaiaie,
o/aiue auioaeaeai ia oieueei o/eouaaoue iiaiea e iiceoeeth iiiiiaioia n
oeaeueth oynieoue aeey naiiai naay noaiaiue iaaeaaeiinoe naieo
ieacaaoeony iiae iaiai e?eoeee aeaiiuo, ii e ioaa/aoue iiiiiaioai.
Iieaieea, oioy au e ne?uoay, noaiiaeony eaoaeecaoi?ii ?aaiou iunee.
Iaaeaeo oai, iiaeiaii oiio eae ca eaaeaeui i?iaeoeoii iao/iiai o?oaea
noiyo iac?eiua i?ioeannu, i?ienoiaeyuea a oai?/aneie eaai?aoi?ee
o/aiiai, e iei iau/ii ioiinyo iino?iaiea aeiioac, aeayoaeueiinoue
aiia?aaeaiey, neeo aano?aeoeee e o. i., a i?iecaiaenoaa yoiai i?iaeoeoa
iac?eii o/anoaotho iiiiiaiou, n eioi?uie ii aaaeao ne?uooth iieaieeo.
I/aaeaeii, /oi ne?uoay iieaieea i?eia?aoaao iaeaieueoee iaeae a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea auaeaeaaaony eaeay, i?aoaiaeothuay ia ?aaeeeaeueiia
eciaiaiea onoiyaoaainy naiaea ciaiee. E yoi ia oaeeaeoaeueii. Niiauanoai
aeieaeii iaeaaeaoue naiaai ?iaea “caueoiui iaoaieciii”, eioi?ue
i?aiyonoaiaae au “anayaeiinoe”, iaiaaeeaiiie anneieeyoeee ethaiai
iiaiey. Ionthaea e oi anoanoaaiiia nii?ioeaeaiea iauanoaa, eioi?ia
i?eoiaeeony eniuouaaoue eaaeaeiio, eoi i?eoycaao ia i?eciaiea ca aai
aeinoeaeaieyie iiaaoi?neiai oa?aeoa?a.
I?eciaaay nioeeaeueiinoue iao/iiai oai?/anoaa, neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo,
/oi ia?yaeo n iae?ineiie/aneei aniaeoii (eioi?ue ioaaouaaao eae
nioeeaeueiua ii?iu e i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee ie?a iaoee, oae e neiaeiue
eiiieaen ioiioaiee iaaeaeo yoei ie?ii e iauanoaii) eiaaony
iee?inioeeaeueiue. Ii i?aaenoaaeai, a /anoiinoe a iiiiiaioiii e?oaa. Ii
a iai, eae e a ae?oaeo iee?inioeeaeueiuo oaiiiaiao, au?aaeaii oaeaea e
ee/iinoiia ia/aei oai?/anoaa. Ia o?iaia aicieeiiaaiey iiaiai ciaiey –
eaeao ee ?a/ue ia ioe?uoee, oaeoa, oai?ee eee enneaaeiaaoaeueneii
iai?aaeaiee, a ?onea eioi?iai ?aaioatho ?acee/iua a?oiiu e oeieu, – iu
ieacuaaainy eeoeii e eeoeo n oai?/aneie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoueth o/aiiai.
Aa eaii?e?iaaiea noieue aea iai?aaiia?ii, eae ?aaeoeoeey i?ioeanna
iao/iiai iiciaiey e aioo?eineoe/aneei “aniuoeai aaiey”.
Iao/iay eioi?iaoeey i aauao neeaaaony n eioi?iaoeeae i iiaieyo ae?oaeo
ii iiaiaeo yoeo aauae. A oe?ieii niunea e aeiauaaiea naaaeaiee i aauao,
e aeiauaaiea naaaeaiee i iiaieyo ae?oaeo ii iiaiaeo yoeo aauae iiaeao
auoue iacaaii eioi?iaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Iia noieue aea
ae?aaiyy, eae naia iaoea. Aeey oiai /oiau oniaoii auiieieoue naith
aeaaioth nioeeaeueioth ?ieue (eioi?ay caeeth/aaony a i?iecaiaenoaa
iiaiai ciaiey), o/aiue aeieaeai auoue eioi?ie?iaai i oii, auei /oi
ecaanoii aei iaai. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa, ii iiaeao ieacaoueny a iieiaeaiee
ioe?uaaoaey oaea onoaiiaeaiiuo enoei.
3. Iaoea e oeeinioey.
Iaoea a naieo aeoaeiiuo iniiaaieyo anaaaea auea naycaia n oeeinioeae,
oioy yoa naycue ia anaaaea iniciaaaeanue, a eiiaaea i?eieiaea o?iaeeeaua
oi?iu – eae, iai?eia?, a iaoae no?aia ia i?ioyaeaiee 20-50-o aa.
Acaeiiaeaenoaea oeeinioee e iaoee oi?ioi i?ineaaeeaaaony a oai?/anoaa
iiiaeo auaeathueony anoanoaieniuoaoaeae. Iniaaiii iii oa?aeoa?ii aeey
ia?aeiiiuo yiio, eiaaea nicaeaaaeinue i?eioeeieaeueii iiaia iao/iia
ciaiea. Iiaeii aniiiieoue, neaaeai, “I?aaeea oiicaeeth/aiee a oeceea”,
?ac?aaioaiiua aaeeeei Iuethoiiii, eioi?ua caeiaeeee iaoiaeieiae/aneee
ooiaeaiaio eeanne/aneie iaoee e ia noieaoea aia?aae noaee yoaeiiii
iao/iiai iaoiaea a oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneii anoanoaiciaiee. Cia/eoaeueiia
aieiaiea oeeinioneei i?iaeaiai oaeaeyee e nicaeaoaee iaeeanne/aneie
iaoee, – Yeiooaei e Ai?, Ai?i e Aaecaiaa?a, a o ian a ?innee – A. E.
Aa?iaaeneee, i?aaeainoeoeaoee a naieo oeeinioneeo ?aciuoeaieyo ?yae
iniaaiiinoae iao/iiai iaoiaea e iao/iie ea?oeiu ie?a iaoeo aeiae.
Auniei ioeaieaay ?ieue oeeinioneie iunee a iaoea, A. E Aa?iaaeneee,
iaeiaei, i?iaiaeee iaaeaeo ieie a?aieoeo, oi?ioi iiieiay, /oi eaaeaeay
ec yoeo noa? /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u eiaao naith niaoeeoeeo.
Eaii?e?iaaiea yoie aaoiiiiee iao/iie aeayoaeueiinoe, a?oaia
aiaoaoaeuenoai a iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey oaeoi?ia aiaiao/iuo, aea aua a
aeiaiaoece?iaaiiii aeaea, i?eaiaeeei e oyaeaeui iineaaenoaeyi. I?eia?u
iauaecaanoiu. O?aae/aneie neacaeanue noaeueaa iiiaeo auaeathueony
o/aiuo, – anai iaiyoiu eiaia I. E. Aaaeeiaa, I. E. Eieueoeiaa e ae?oaeo.
Auee ?ai?anne?iaaiu oeaeua iaoee e iai?aaeaiey iao/iiai iienea
(aaiaoeea, eeaa?iaoeea, ?aeyoeaenoneay einiieiaey e ae?.).
Iaeiiiaoaioiia aiaoaoaeuenoai a iaoeo ia ?ac nicaeaaaei i?aiyonoaey aeey
naiaiaeiiai iao/iiai enneaaeiaaiey. Iaeuecy caauoue e iiiuoee oao eee
eiuo anoanoaieniuoaoaeae ionoaeaaoue naie ianinoiyoaeueiua eiioeaioeee n
iiiiuueth inaaaeioeeinioneie ?eoi?eee. I?eia?aie yoiai eciaeeoao
?acaeoea i?aeoe/anee anao iaoe ii?aaeaeaiiie yiioe. Ii ana iie ia
a?inatho oaiue ia naioth eaeath nayce iaoee e anoanoaiciaiey,
nio?oaeie/anoaa niaoeeaeenoia ?aciuo iaeanoae iaoee n oeeinioaie.
Aeiaiaoe/aneea eneaaeaiey ?iee oeeinioee a iiciaiee, niaa?oaiiuo a yiioo
oae iacuaaaiie eaeaieiaece?iaaiiie iaoee, auee ?aoeoaeueii inoaeaeaiu
ia Ia?aii niaauaiee ii oeeinioneei aii?inai nia?aiaiiiai anoanoaiciaiey,
ninoiyaoainy a 1958a. Niaauaiea iaianei iuooeiue oaea? ii
iaaaaeanoaaiiui oieeiaaieyi aeinoeaeaiee nia?aiaiiie iaoee, eioi?ua
eiino?oe?iaaeenue oieueei ia oeeoaoao ec aaoi?eoaoiuo a oi a?aiy
oeeinioneeo oaenoia, e na?ueacii iiaei?aaei aeooua ?aiooaoeee aaoi?ia
oaeeo oieeiaaiee. Ii iio?aaiaaeanue aua iiiaieaoiyy eioaineaiay e
iai?inoay ?aaioa, eioi?oth i?eoiaeeeinue aanoe a oneiaeyo aanueia
aeanoeiai eaeaieiae/aneiai aeaaeaiey, /oiau caeii/eeanue, oae neacaoue,
“oieiaeiay aieia” iaaeaeo oeeinioaie e niaoeeaeenoaie a iaeanoe
anoanoaaiiuo, iauanoaaiiuo, oaoie/aneeo iaoe e noaei iaeaaeeaaoueny
nio?oaeie/anoai iaaeaeo ieie.
Ioaeaeaaony a oeeinioneii iniuneaiee e nia?aiaiiay iaoea, eioi?ay eiaao
?yae iniaaiiinoae, ea/anoaaiii ioee/athueo aa io iaoee aeaaea iaaeaaiaai
i?ioeiai. Aiai?y ia yoeo iniaaiiinoyo, neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo ia
oieueei iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue naio ii naaa, ii e
aa ?ieue a ea/anoaa eioaeeaeooaeueiiai ooiaeaiaioa oaoiieiae/aneiai
i?ia?anna, no?aieoaeueii iaiythuaai nia?aiaiiue ie?, a oaeaea
nioeeaeueiua iineaaenoaey nia?aiaiiie iaoee.
Ioiaoei, ai-ia?auo, neaaeothuea iiiaiou a eciaiaiee ia?aca iaoee iaoeo
aeiae:
a) Eiia/ii, auaeaeaeaiea i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo eaeae a iaoea inoaaony
aeaeii n?aaieoaeueii iaiiiaeo iaeaieaa e?oiiuo o/aiuo, eioi?ui oaeaaony
caaeyiooue ca “ai?eciiou” iiciaiey, a ia?aaeei e nouanoaaiii eo
?anoe?eoue. Ii ana aea aeey iao/iiai iiciaiey a oeaeii noaiiayony ana
aieaa oa?aeoa?iuie eieeaeoeaiua oi?iu aeayoaeueiinoe, inouanoaeyaiua,
eae au?aaeathony oeeiniou, “iao/iuie niiauanoaaie”. Iaoea ana aieaa
noaiiaeony ia i?inoi nenoaiie aano?aeoiuo ciaiee i ie?a, ii e iaeiei ec
i?iyaeaiee /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?eiyaoae oi?io iniaiai
nioeeaeueiiai einoeoooa. Eco/aiea nioeeaeueiuo aniaeoia anoanoaaiiuo,
iauanoaaiiuo, oaoie/aneeo iaoe a nayce n i?iaeaiie iao/iiai oai?/anoaa
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eioa?anioth, iiea aua ai iiiaii ioe?uooth i?iaeaio.
a) A nia?aiaiioth iaoeo ana aieaa i?iieeatho iaoiaeu, iniiaaiiua ia
iiauo oaoiieiaeyo, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu—iiaua iaoaiaoe/aneea iaoiaeu,
eioi?ua na?ueacii iaiytho i?aaeithth iaoiaeieiaeth iao/iiai iiciaiey;
neaaeiaaoaeueii, o?aaothony e oeeinioneea ei??aeoeau ii yoiio iiaiaeo.
I?eioeeieaeueii iiaui iaoiaeii enneaaeiaaiey noae, iai?eia?,
au/eneeoaeueiue yenia?eiaio, eioi?ue iieo/ee nae/an naiia oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea. Eaeiaa aai iiciaaaoaeueiay ?ieue a iaoea? A /ai ninoiyo
niaoeeoe/aneea i?eciaee yoiai iaoiaea? Eae ii aeeyao ia i?aaiecaoeeth
iaoee? Ana yoi i?aaenoaaeyao aieueoie eioa?an.
a) Noa?a iao/iiai iiciaiey no?aieoaeueii ?anoe?yaony, aeeth/ay i?aaeaea
iaaeinooiiua iauaeou e a iee?iie?a, aeeth/ay oii/aeoea iaoaieciu
aeeaiai, e a iae?ineiie/aneeo ianooaaao. Ii ia iaiaa aaaeii, /oi
nia?aiaiiay iaoea ia?aoea e enneaaeiaaieth iauaeoia i?eioeeieaeueii
iiaiai oeia – naa?oneiaeiuo, naiii?aaiecothueony nenoai. Iaeiei ec oaeeo
iauaeoia yaeyaony aeinoa?a. Ii e Anaeaiiay iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny a
ecaanoiii niunea a ea/anoaa oaeie nenoaiu.
a) Aua iaeia oa?aeoa?iay /a?oa nia?aiaiiie iaoee ninoieo a oii, /oi iia
ia?aoea e eiiieaeniiio enneaaeiaaieth /aeiaaea iaoiaeaie ?aciuo
iaoe. Iauaaeeiaiea iniiaaiee yoeo iaoiaeia iaiuneeii aac oeeinioee.
ae) Cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeyo a nenoaia iao/iiai ciaiey. Iii
ana aieaa oneiaeiyaony, ciaiey ?aciuo iaoe ia?ae?aueaathony, acaeiii
iieiaeioai?yy ae?oa ae?oaa a ?aoaiee eeth/aauo i?iaeai nia?aiaiiie
iaoee. I?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an iino?iaiea iiaeaeae aeeiaieee iao/iiai
ciaiey, auyaeaiea iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia, aeeythueo ia aai ?ino, auyniaiea
?iee oeeinioee a i?ia?anna ciaiee a ?acee/iuo noa?ao eco/aiey ie?a e
/aeiaaea. Ana yoi – oaeaea na?ueaciua i?iaeaiu, ?aoaiea eioi?uo
iaiuneeii aac oeeinioee.
Ai-aoi?uo, aiaeec oaiiiaia iaoee neaaeoao aanoe n o/aoii oie ia?iiiie
?iee, eioi?oth iia ea?aao a nia?aiaiiii ie?a. Iaoea ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia
ana noi?iiu aeecie eae iauanoaa a oeaeii, oae e ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea.
Aeinoeaeaiey nia?aiaiiie iaoee i?aeiieythony oai eee eiui ia?acii ai
anao noa?ao eoeueoo?u. Iaoea iaania/eaaao aani?aoeaaeaioiue
oaoiieiae/aneee i?ia?ann, nicaeaaay oneiaey aeey iiauoaiey o?iaiy e
ea/anoaa aeecie. Iia aunooiaao e eae nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee oaeoi?:
ainoaea?noai, iaeaaeathuaa ?acaeoie iaoeie e ia iniiaa yoiai nicaeathuaa
ia?aaeiaua oaoiieiaee, iaania/eaaao naaa e aieueoee aan a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii niiauanoaa.
A-o?aoueeo, aeiaieueii auno?i iaia?oaeeeenue e iaeioi?ua iianiinoe,
naycaiiua n aiciiaeiui i?eiaiaieai aeinoeaeaiee nia?aiaiiie iaoee.
Neaaeai, nia?aiaiiay aeieiaey eco/aao oiieea iaoaieciu
ianeaaenoaaiiinoe, a oeceieiaey i?iieeea oae aeoaiei a no?oeoo?o iicaa,
/oi ieacuaaaony aiciiaeiui yooaeoeaii aeeyoue ia /aeiaa/aneia niciaiea e
iiaaaeaiea. Naaiaeiy noaee i/aaeaeiuie aeiaieueii nouanoaaiiua
iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey iaeiio?iee?oaiiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?aaeiauo
oaoiieiaee, einaaiii nicaeathuaa aeaaea oa?ico naiiio auaeeaaieth
/aeiaa/anoaa. Iiaeiaiua oa?icu i?iyaeythony, iai?eia? a iaeioi?uo
aeiaaeueiuo i?iaeaiao – en/a?iaiey ?ano?nia, caa?yciaiey n?aaeu
iaeoaiey, oa?ica aaiaoe/aneiai au?iaeaeaiey /aeiaa/anoaa e ae?.
Iacaaiiua iiiaiou, oa?aeoa?ecothuea ?aceia oneeaiea aicaeaenoaey iaoee
ia oaoiieiaeth, iauanoai e i?e?iaeo, canoaaeytho aiaeece?iaaoue ia
oieueei iiciaaaoaeueioth noi?iio iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee, eae yoi auei
?aiueoa, ii e “/aeiaa/aneia” ecia?aiea iaoee.
N iaoae oi/ee c?aiey, i/aiue aaaeiui i?aaenoaaeyaony nae/an
ianoiyoaeueiue aiaeec anao ioia/aiiuo noi?ii oaiiiaia iaoee a oeaeii, oi
anoue a aaeeinoaa aai iiciaaaoaeueiuo e /aeiaa/aneeo aniaeoia. Aeaei a
oii, /oi i?ienoiaeyuea nae/an eciaiaiey ia?aca e noaoona iaoee aucuaatho
aa ?anoouee io?ua io iauaeaiiiai niciaiey. A ea/anoaa eiiiainaoeee iu
eiaai “iuoiue” ?anoeaao anaaiciiaeiuo inaaaeiiaoe, aeey iauaeaiiiai
niciaiey aieaa iiiyoiuo, ii ia eiathueo e iaoea ?iaiui n/aoii ieeaeiai
ioiioaiey. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo inaaaeiiaoea i?eia?aoaao oaeoth iiuue
a niciaiee iaeioi?uo neiaa ethaeae (aeeth/ay ii?ie e o/aiuo), /oi iia
ia/eiaao i?aaenoaaeyoue iianiinoue aeey caei?iaiai ?acaeoey naiie iaoee.
Aio ii/aio iaiaoiaeei aeoaieee aiaeec iniiaaiee iao/iiai iaoiaea, aai
ioee/ee io niiniaia ?annoaeaeaiey, i?eiaiyaiuo inaaaeiiaoeie.
Aeaeaa, ianoiyoaeueii iaiaoiaeeii i?iaeieaeeoue eco/aiea iaoee a aa
nayce n i?ia?annii nia?aiaiiie oaoiieiaee e eciaiaieai aa nioeeaeueiie
?iee. Iiiaea ec oao, eoi ioithaeue ia ioeacuaaaony io eniieueciaaiey
aeinoeaeaiee iaoee a naiae iianaaeiaaiie aeecie, ecia?aaeatho
iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann eae iaeiaai “iiino?a”, iiaeaaeythuaai e
ii?aaiuathuaai /aeiaaea, oi anoue eae aaconeiaiia “cei”. Nae/an, eae ec
?iaa eciaeeey, nuiethony iaaeiaiey a aae?an ia oieueei
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, ii e naiie iaoee, eioi?ua n/eoathony
ii?aaaoeie n “/aeiaa/aneeie oeaeyie”. E oioy a aeaiiii neo/aa
e?eoeea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie aueao ieii oeaee – iaoea iaaeiyaony a
“a?aoao”, a eioi?uo iiaeiia ia noieueei iia naia, neieueei oa nenoaia
einoeoooia, a ?aieao eioi?uo iia ooieoeeiie?oao e ?acaeaaaony – e?eoeee
iaoee i?aau a iaeiii: a yiioo, eiaaea ni anae yniinoueth iaia?oaeeeinue,
/oi ?acaeoea iaoee iiaeao i?eaiaeeoue e nioeeaeueii-io?eoeaoaeueiui
iineaaenoaeyi, i?eaioaoeeth o/aiiai ia iieo/aiea iauaeoeaii enoeiiiai
ciaiey, yaeyynue aaconeiaii iaiaoiaeeiui noeioeii aai aeayoaeueiinoe,
oai ia iaiaa ia yaeyaony aeinoaoi/iie. Aieueooth aeooaeueiinoue
i?eia?aoaao aii?in i nioeeaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe o/aiiai ca aiciiaeiia
eniieueciaaiea aai ioe?uoee eae aaaeiaeoae yoe/aneie ii?ia iao/iie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoio e?oa i?iaeai oaeaea o?aaoao iaineaaiiai aieiaiey.
Nia?aiaiiia iao/iia e oaoiieiae/aneia ?acaeoea, oaeei ia?acii, ii-iiaiio
noaaeo aii?inu e ia yoeea iaoee. Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie iiiaea auee
oaaaeaeaiu, /oi yoeea iaoee ninoieo a ?aaeecaoeee iniiaiuo
ii?i-oneiaee aeinoeaeaiey iauaeoeaiinoe ciaiey: aani?eno?anoiinoe e
aeia?iniaanoiinoe a oai?aoe/aneeo ecuneaieyo, aunieiai i?ioanneiiaeecia,
/enoiou i?iaaaeaiey yenia?eiaioa. N/eoaeinue, /oi iao/iua ?acoeueoaou,
iieo/aiiua i?e niaethaeaiee yoeo oneiaee, iai?aiaiii i?eianoo ethaeyi
iieueco. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy noaei i/aaeaeii, /oi neaaeiaaiea oieueei
o?aaeeoeeiiiui yoe/aneei ii?iai iao/iie aeayoaeueiinoe ia anaaaea aaaeao
e aeaeaaiie oeaee. Yoi ia cia/eo, iaeiaei, /oi o?aaeeoeeiiiuo yoe/aneea
?aaoeyoeau iooiaeyo ia aoi?ie ieai. Iie ii-i?aaeiaio aeiieie?otho a
enneaaeiaaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. E aeaei ia oieueei a oii, /oi eo
niaethaeaiea yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai nio?aiaiey iaoee eae iniaiai
oeia eoeueoo?u, ea?athuaai a /aeiaa/aneii iauanoaa ia iaiaa aaaeioth
?ieue, /ai aoiaieoa?iay eoeueoo?a. Aeaei a oii, /oi oieueei naiia
no?iaia niaethaeaiea oaeeo yoe/aneeo ii?i, eae aani?eno?anoiinoue e
iai?aaeacyoinoue i?e i?iaaaeaiee iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee, niiniaii
iaania/eoue iaeeo/oaa auiieiaiea e?eoa?ey yoe/aneiai. I?iaeieaeay iuneue
Nie?aoa, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi oieueei iauaeoeaiia ciaiea caeiiia
i?e?iaeu iiaeao aeaoue aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaoue aeinoeaeaiey iaoee
ia aeaai /aeiaaea.
4. Iaoea e ia?aciaaiea.
Iineieueeo nia?aiaiiue niaoeeaeeno aeieaeai auoue iiaeaioiaeai oae,
/oiau anaaaea auoue aioiaui eaeoe iiaa a iiao n i?ia?annii iaoee e
oaoiieiaee, aai ia?aciaaiea aeieaeii ainieouaaoue a iai niiniaiinoue eae
e eioaeeaeooaeueiiio oai?/anoao, oae e e eioaeeaeooaeueii aeoeaiiio
aini?eyoeth naeaeaiiiai ae?oaeie. Ii i?yiiio niuneo neiaa, iaoea – yoi
oi, /aio iiaeii iao/eoue eee iao/eoueny, o. a. ia?aaeaoue (e
iieo/eoue) ciaiea e oiaiea eee aea aeiauoue yoi ciaiea e oiaiea naiiio.
Ia?aciaaoaeueiue i?ioeann—yoi i?ioeann ia?aaea/e e iieo/aiey ciaiey e
oiaiey, iiaee?aieaiiue aeiau/ae iiiai. A aeiau/a ciaiey, nicaeaiea
iiaiai ciaiey e oiaiey – yoi i?ioeann ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey,
i?e/ai aacioiineoaeueii e oiio – i?eeeaaeiiai eee aano?aeoiiai. Aeey
oiai /oiau yoio i?ioeann oae, iaiaoiaeeia niioaaonoaothuay aoiinoa?a,
aoiinoa?a eioaeeaeooaeueiiai ee/iiai iauaiey e ia oieueei a oeaii/ea
o/aiee—o/eoaeue, ii e ai acaeiiaeaenoaee o/eoaeue – o/eoaeue, o/aiee –
o/aiee. Aeey yoiai ioaeai oieaa?neoao.
?acaeaay eioi?iaoeeiiiua oaoiieiaee, ie?, ii e?aeiae ia?a, ie?
ia?aaioee e ia?aaea/e ciaiey ooiaeeo io eaeae eaiion – oeaio?e?iaaiiiai
oieaa?neoaoa. E niaeaeaieth, ana aieueooth i?eoyaaoaeueiinoue
i?eia?aoaao eaeay ae?ooaeueiiai oieaa?neoaoa. Ii iaaei iiiyoue, /oi
ia?aciaaiea ia iiaeao auoue ?aaeueiui a ae?ooaeueiii ie?a ae?ooaeueiuo
?aaeueiinoae.
A aeey /aai aea ioaeii ?aaeueiia ia?aciaaiea? Aeey oiai /oiau
niioaaonoaiaaoue ecaanoiie iaeneia Aieueoa?a, /oi “oieueei /aeiaae
ia?aciaaiiue, /aeiaae i?inaauaiiue naiaiaeai”? Eee iioii, /oi, ii
Ayeiio, – “ciaiea—neea”? Eee, aica?auaynue ia caieth, iioiio, /oi
/aeiaa/aneiio iauanoao ioaeia oi?ioi auiieiaiiay neiaeiay ?aaioa,
o?aaothuay, a naith i/a?aaeue, oi?ioi ia?aciaaiiuo ?aaioieeia?
Oi?ioi ia?aciaaiiua ?aaioieee iiaoo auoue iieo/aiu oieueei n iiiiuueth
nenoaiu ianoiyuaai aunoaai ia?aciaaiey. Aeaaaoue aunoaa ia?aciaaiea, –
cia/eo aioiaeoue iieiaeuo ethaeae e aoaeouae aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiie
?aaioa. I?e yoii ?aaioa, iieo/aaiay ii caaa?oaiee ia?aciaaiey, aeieaeia
oaeiaeaoai?youe eae ?aaioiaeaoaey, oae e ?aaioieea.
?aaioa eaeao oniaoii, e ana noi?iiu acaeiiaeaenoaey eniuouaatho /oanoai
oaeiaeaoai?aiey, anee iieiaeua ?aaioieee i?iyaeytho oai?/aneia ioiioaiea
e aeaeo e naiiioaea/o, anee iie /anoiethaeau e i?eoii aeaiiino?e?otho
eiiaiaeiue aeoo. Yoe ea/anoaa i/aiue aaaeiu. Eie aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue
ethaie /aeiaae. Ii iie ia iiaoo auoue ii caeaco eee i?eeaco aeiaeaiu a
iieiaeiai /aeiaaea. Iie aeieaeiu auoue ?acaeou a i?ioeanna iao/aiey,
aeieaeii auoue ?acaeoi oi aeia?ia, /oi a ca?iaeuoaaie oi?ia nouanoaoao a
eaaeaeii /aeiaaea. Ii nouanoao yoi—aii?in ia ia?aciaaiey, a ainieoaiey,
aii?in oi?ie?iaaiey oeaeinoiie ee/iinoe.
Ii yoiai iaei. Aeey oniaoiinoe ?aaiou e oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe ?aaioiaeaoaey
e ?aaioieea iieiaeua ethaee, i?enooiay e ?aaioa, aeieaeiu eiaoue iieioth
eioi?iaoeeth iai anao, a oii /enea iiaaeoeo aeinoeaeaieyo a naiae
iaeanoe e iaeaaeaoue aeinoaoi/ii aeoaieeie ciaieyie niioaaonoaothueo
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iaoe, oiay ana yoi i?eiaieoue e aeaeo. Oaeay
iinoaiiaea aii?ina o?aaeeoeeiiia aeey aeaaeaie/aneie iauanoaaiiinoe.
Caaea/a oi?ioee?oaony i?aaeaeueii ynii: iao/eoue iieiaeuo ethaeae
i?eiaiyoue aanue a?naiae nia?aiaiiuo iao/iuo iaoiaeia aeey aeinoeaeaiey
o?aaoaiuo ?acoeueoaoia a eiie?aoiie iaeanoe, eaaei aaeaioe?oynue i?e
yoii e iaiythueiny oneiaeyi.
?aoaia yoa caaea/a iiaeao auoue oieueei ia aaca i?i/iiai
ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey. Eaca?iua oaoiieiaee, aeioaoiieiaee,
eioi?iaoeeiiiua oaoiieiaee, oaoiieiaee nia?aiaiiuo iaoa?eaeia
iieacuaatho, – /oi aeey oiai /oiau a iaoa a?aiy noaoue, neaaeai, oi?ioei
eiaeaia?ii, iaiaoiaeeii iieo/eoue oi?ioaa ooiaeaiaioaeueiia ia?aciaaiea.
Iao/aiea ooiaeaiaioaeueiui iaoeai aeieaeii oanii ninaaenoaiaaoue n
nianoaaiiuie ooiaeaiaioaeueiuie enneaaeiaaieyie.
Caeanue anoaao caeiiiia?iue aii?in: a ca/ai oiio aea eiaeaia?o
ooiaeaiaioaeueiia ciaiea? ?acaa ia aeinoaoi/ii eiie?aoiiai,
?aoeaioo?iiai ciaiey, ciaiey – oiaiey aeaeaoue aaue, enoiaey ec
i?aeoeee aeaea? Iniaaiii, anee a i?ioeanna ia?aciaaiey eco/eoue
ouaoaeueii e eiioeaio?e?iaaiii, aeaaea iaiauaiii anth i?aaeuaeouoth
i?aeoeeo, aei nooe aeaea ioiinyuothny. Oi/aony iaaeayoueny, /oi ioaao ia
yoio aii?in i?aaenoaaeyaony naiii/aaeaeiui.
E niaeaeaieth, yoi ia anaaaea oae. Aaaeue iooue iinoaiaiiiai
i?eia?aoaiey ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoeie i?eeeaaeiiai ea/anoaa aeieia e
oa?ieno. Iauanoai, aeeaouaa nethieiooiuie eioa?anaie, ia neeiiii
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue eiaiii ooiaeaiaioaeueioth eiiiiiaioo ia?aciaaiey. Iii,
iauanoai, ni ne?eiii aioiai ianoaeaeaoue aii?in i eaae?iaii iaania/aiee
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, i eaae?iaii nii?iaiaeaeaiee ?acai?ioa
?aaio ii nicaeaieth oaoiieiae/aneie aacu yoiai i?ia?anna, ii iii e
neuoaoue ia oi/ao ia iia?aaeathuai nii?iaiaeaeaiee, i ?aaioa ia
ia?niaeoeao, /oi aiciiaeii oieueei ia iniiaa ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoee.
Ooiaeaiaioaeueiay iaoea aioo?aiia niiniaia e eaae?iaiio
naiiaini?iecaiaenoao. Aeey oiai /oiau yoa ?ai?iaeoeoeaiay niiniaiinoue
iaoee ia auea iiaeaaeaia, iaiaoiaeeiu eae einoeooou yeeoa?iiai
ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey, iiaeiaiua iineianeiio oecoaoo, oae e
niioaaonoaothuee o?iaaiue iaoaiaoe/aneie anoanoaaiiiiao/iie e
aoiaieoa?iie ooiaeaiaioaeueiinoe ai anae oe?ieie naoe aunoeo o/aaiuo
caaaaeaiee no?aiu.
Caeeth/aiea.
Iaoea anoue iinoeaeaiea ie?a, a eioi?ii iu aeeaai. Niioaaonoaaiii yoiio
iaoeo i?eiyoi ii?aaeaeyoue eae aunieii?aaieciaaiioth e
aunieiniaoeeaeece?iaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoao iauaeoeaiuo
ciaiee i ie?a, aeeth/athuai e naiiai /aeiaaea. Aianoa n oai
i?iecaiaenoai ciaiee a iauanoaa ia naiiaeinoaoi/ii, iii iaiaoiaeeii aeey
iiaeaea?aeaiey e ?acaeoey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. *oiau
iieo/eoue oi?iooth ?aaioo, iieiaeie /aeiaae aeieaeai
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue iieiia e aeeaia ciaiea oiai, /oi e eae aeaeaaony
i?yii nae/an a eca?aiiie ei iaeanoe /aeiaa/aneie aeoeaiinoe. *oiau
oaea?aeaoue yoi ?aai/aa ianoi /a?ac iyoue eao iinea ieii/aiey
oieaa?neoaoa, ii aeieaeai auoue ooiaeaiaioaeueii ia?aciaai n oai, /oiau
ia yoii ooiaeaiaioa oiaoue iino?ieoue iiaia caeaiea iiaiai eiie?aoiiai
ciaiey a niioaaonoaee n iiauie o?aaiaaieyie aeiy. *oiau /a?ac aeanyoue –
iyoiaaeoeaoue – aeaaaeoeaoue eao noaoue eeaea?ii, ?oeiaiaeeoaeai ia ii
auneoaa eao e ii oi?ia, a ii nooe aeaea, auioneiee oieaa?neoaoa aeieaeai
auoue ooiaeaiaioaeueii ia?aciaai a aoiaieoa?iie iaeanoe, a iaeanoe iaoe
i /aeiaaea, iaoe nioeeaeueiuo.
?inney iiaeao eiaoue aeinoieiia aoaeouaa eeoue ia iooe nio?aiaiey e
?acaeoey ia?aciaaiey e nicaeaiey iiauo niaa?oaiiuo oaoiieiaee.
Ananoi?iiiyy ia?aciaaiiinoue ianaeaiey – aeaaiay iii?a iaoee.
Ooiaeaiaioaeueiay iaoea ioaa/aao yoiio oneiaeth.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
?annae A. Enoi?ey caiaaeiie oeeinioee. I., 1959
Aa?iaaeneee A.E. O?oaeu ii anaiauae enoi?ee iaoee. I., 1988
Oaeaeaaaa? I. A?aiy e auoea. I., 1993
Nea/eia TH.A. Iieeooieoeeiiaeueiinoue iaoee. “Aii?inu oeeinioee”, 1995,
?11
Neiiiia I.A., A?oia I.I., Aycaineee TH.I. I?ienoiaeaeaiea aeooiaiinoe.
I., 1989
Aaoey? A. Iiaue ?aoeeiiaeeci. I., 1987
Ioaiea?a A. I iaoea. I., 1983
Ieaaeae A.A. Iienee enoeiu. I., 1987
Ea?eia I.A. I ooiaeaiaioeueiii e i?eeeaaeiii a iaoea e ia?aciaaiee, eee
“Ia aicaiaee aeii naie ia ianea”. “Aii?inu oeeinioee”, 1995, ?12
“Aii?inu oeeinioee”, 1995 ? 2 – 12
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