O?aeueneee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oieaa?neoao
? A O A ? A O
ii aeenoeeieeia: “Ynoaoeea”
“Eneonnoai e iaoea.”
Auiieiee: nooaeaio 3-ai eo?na
oee. oaeoeueoaoa
Eociaoeia ss?ineaa
Eaiieaeiae/
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue: I?eia
Ai?en Aeeoi?iae/
Eaiaine-O?aeueneee
1998
NIAeA?AEAIEA
Aaaaeaiea 3
Niia?ieee eee nithcieee 4
Caeeth/aiea 9
Eeoa?aoo?a 10
1. AAAAeAIEA
A iao aae ao?iiai ?acaeoey iaoee e oaoieee, anaioaaouaathueo n?aaenoa
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee ian, eacaeinue au, o?oaeii oaeeaeoue /ai-oi iiaui.
A iiaia aaeaaeiaaii iaoiieeii e ooiii aoi?aaaony a iaoo aeeciue. E ana
aea ie? aaneiia/ii aiaa/a e iiiaiia?aciaa, /ai ana naiua iiaaeoea
ioe?uoey a iaoea, oaoieea, eoeueoo?a e eneonnoaa. Yoi noaaeo a
cao?oaeieoaeueiia iieiaeaiea aeaaea nia?aiaiiuo oaioanoia.
Ia?aaeienaeueii? Ii yoi oae. Ia?aaeienu anaaaea au?aaeatho ia/oi
iaiaeeaeaiiia, ?anoiaeyuaany n onoaiiaeaoeiny, iauai?eiyoui.
Iiciaiea – i?aaeaea anaai /aeiaa/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue. Yoi ii,
/aeiaae, anaie aeinooiiuie aio, enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeieny niiniaaie
inaaeaaao e i/aeiaa/eaaao aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. *aeiaae nicaeae aeaa
iienoeia iiao/eo n?aaenoaa iiciaiey i?e?iaeu e naiiai naay – iaoeo e
eneonnoai.
Eneonnoai aicieeei ?aiueoa iaoee, iii aia/aea aae?aei a naay ana oi?iu
/aeiaa/aneiai iiciaiey. Ii/aio aea iie aiineaaenoaee ?acaeaeeeenue?
Ioaao ia yoio aii?in iaaei eneaoue a enneaaeiaaiee naiie enoi?ee
/aeiaa/aneiai iiciaiey. Naia aea enoi?ey ia /oi eiia, eae
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aneaaeothuaai naie oeaee /aeiaaea. Ia enoi?ey, eiaiii
/aeiaae, aeaenoaeoaeueiue, aeeaie /aeiaae inaaeaae, iaaeeaae caiiie ie?,
/a?iae ana naie ciaiey, iuouaiey e i?i/aa ec /oanoaaiiiai ie?a e iiuoa
iieo/aaiiai io yoiai ie?a. No?aieeny ono?ieoue ie?oaeathuee ie? oae, /oi
au /aeiaae a iai iiciaaae e onaaeaae enoeiii /aeiaa/aneia, /oiau ii
iiciaaae naay eae /aeiaaea.
2. Niia?ieee eee nithcieee?
Ecia?aoaiea ia?iaica, aaoiiiaeey e naiieaoa, eeii e ?aaeei, ia
niaa?oeee ia?aai?ioa a ineoieiaee ethaeae eee eo ie?iaini?eyoee. Iiaua
ioe?uoey a iaoea e oaoieea ian?aaieiu n i?aaeoanoaothueie.
Iaoea e oaoieea ia iiaoo ia aeeyoue ia ie?iaini?eyoea ethaeae a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ia eo ineoieiaeth. E ana aea nouanoaoao ee
acaeiiaeeyiea iaaeaeo eneonnoaii e iaoeie? Aea, iaoea e eneonnoai ia
oieueei aannii?ii aeeytho ae?oa ia ae?oaa, ii e niia?ie/atho a
ioe?uoeyo: ia?aia – a iaeanoe oaei i?e?iaeu, aoi?ia – /aeiaa/aneie
aeooe. Nai aea ie? iaoee iiaeao auoue iaeiei ec iiiaeo iauaeoia, e
eioi?ui ia?auaaony eneonnoai. Iaoea iiaeao naeaeiooue n ianoa ai?o
Yaa?ano, ii iia ia iiaeao naeaeaoue oioue /ooi/eo aeia?aa /aeiaa/aneia
na?aeoea. Yoi iiaeao naeaeaoue oieueei eneonnoai, Iaei oiai – yoi aai
caaeaaiay, ecaa/iay oeaeue. Nia?aiaiiie Aia?eea ieeae ia ioeaaeaoue a
oaoie/aneii e iao/iii i?ia?anna, ii iaeuecy neacaoue, /oi aa eneonnoai
aeooiaii aiaa/a, /aeiaa/iaa, aeoaaea, y?/a eneonnoaa Eoaeueyineiai
Aic?iaeaeaiey, O?aioeocneiai eneonnoaa XVIII aaea eee ?onneiai eneonnoaa
XIX noieaoey.
Eneonnoai – yoi a?aiaeeiciia caeaiea, ioaeaeueiia aea i?iecaaaeaiea –
caeaiea iee?ineiie/aneia, ii oiaea caaa?oaiiia. A iaoea aea ie iaeii
enneaaeiaaiea ia caaa?oaii iii eiaao niune e oeaiiinoue a ?yaeo
i?aaeoanoaaiieeia e iineaaeiaaoaeae. Anee iaoeo oiiaeiaeoue
a?aiaeeiciiio caeaieth, oi ioaeaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey – yoi ee?ie/ a aai
noaia. Iiyoiio eneonnoai aaeaie iaeaieeaaao oeaiiinoe, ionaeaaao neaaia,
ii o?aieo aaeeeia, e iii nioie e ouny/e eao aieioao neooaoaeae e
c?eoaeae. O iaoee iooue aieaa i?yiie: iunee eaaeaeiai enneaaeiaaoaey,
aeiauoua ei oaeou – yoi eoni/ae i?ieaeaiiiai iooe. Iao aei?iae aac yoiai
iao?a anoaeueoa, ii ii i?ieaeai, aei?iaa eaeao aeaeueoa, ionthaea oae
iae n?ie aeecie iao/iiai i?iecaaaeaiey, /oi-oi ieiei 30-50 eao. Oaeiaa
noaeueaa eiea e ?aaio aaieaeueiuo oeceeia Iuethoiia, Iaenaaeea, e aeaaea
nianai aeeceiai e iai Yeiooaeia. E ciaeiieony n ?aaioaie aaieaa o/aiua
niaaootho ii eceiaeaieyi nia?aiaiieeia, oae eae a?aiy iaoanuaaao
aaieaeueiia ioe?uoea, i?eaeaao aio iiaoth oi?io, aeaaea iaiyao /a?ou. A
yoii iaaei eneaoue enoi/iee ineoieiae/aneeo ?acee/ee iao/iiai e
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
Ii o/aiue aeaeeo e iaeio iaeanoue, aaea iaoea e eneonnoai
ia?ae?aueaathony. Yoi oi, /aai ia auei a i?ioeii, /oi iiyaeeinue a
iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey. Iaeanoue yoa – i?aaeea iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea. A
i?ioeii aaea iineoaeai ii?aeueiuo oeaiiinoae yaeyeinoue oieueei
eneonnoai. A iaoai aaea iaoea ?acaeaeyao n eneonnoaii, yoi a?aiy.
Nia?aiaiiua acaeyaeu ia ono?ienoai Anaeaiiie, e i?e?iaeo naiiai /aeiaaea
noaayo aeanoeea auaiaeu ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ethaeae ca ana aeeaia ia
caiea. Eneonnoai oiaea i?eaiaeeo e oaeei aea caeeth/aieyi, ii a iai
?a/ue eaeao ia noieueei i aeieacaoaeuenoaa, neieueei ia yiioeeiiaeueiii
iieaca. E a oii, /oi eneonnoai iiaeao canoaaeoue ian i?iaeeoue ouny/e
/oaeeo aeeciae, o/aiue aeaeeo naioth caia/aoaeueioth e oieeaeueioth
iniaaiiinoue eneonnoaa. Yoi ia cia/eo, /oi eneonnoai – iaeanoue oieueei
/aeiaa/aneeo yiioeee, aaoi? ia iiaeao niaeaneony n iiaieai /oi
?aoeeiiaeeci iauaaeeiyao e nooeo /aeiaaea. Oecee ia aeaeeo niia?ie/anoaa
iaaeaeo eneonnoaii e iaoeie, oeaeue o ieo iaeia e oa aea – naeaeaoue
ethaeae n/anoeeauie.
*ai aea iauyniyaony iaaeaiea i?anoeaea eneonnoaa e iianiinoue
i?aa?auaiey aai a oe?aoaoaey aeecie? Iineooaai. O eneonnoaa iiiai aaeia
eiaaoaai oieueei iaeiiai niia?ieea a ai?ueaa ca /aeiaaea – ?aeeaeth,
oaia?ue iiyaeeny iiaue niia?iee, iacaiaoii au?inoee e i?aaenoaaoee, eae
ii iaiueoae ia?a ?aaiue, ia?aae ecoieaiiui aci?ii ooaeiaeieeia,
i?eaueoeo ace?aoue ia iaoeo aunieiia?ii e n i?aiaa?aaeaieai. Oaia?ue
eeoa?aoo?a e eneonnoai iiaoo auiieieoue naia aunieia iacia/aiea oieueei
oiaaea; eiaaea iie i?aaeacyoi iniuneyo, iieioo iaiaic?eiue aeooiaiue ie?
iaoee, anee aoaeoo i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia oi aea aunieee o?iaaiue, eioi?ue
iieiaeaaeue euao e oae /anoi iaoiaeeo a iaoea. Aeaaiue iaoin noaouee e
iai?aaeai e ?aaeeeaeueiiio eciaiaieth ioiioaiey ni noi?iiu eneonnoaa e
ia?iiiiio, iieiiio eneaiee e iiaeaeaia ie?o ethaeae iaoee, e eo
oai?/anoao, e eo iuneyi, no?anoyi, no?aaeaieyi e ?aaeinoyi.
A i?ioeii noieaoee, eiaaea iaoea, a anaeaae ca iae e oaoieea caieiaeenue
aieaa eee iaiaa iauaaeinooiiuie aauaie, ienaoaee, ooaeiaeieee aiieia
iiaee iiaea?anuaaoue o/aiui ieiaeioai?iua eaeae. Oaia?ue aea o?iio
enneaaeiaaiee, ai anyeii neo/aa a iaeaieaa ?acaeouo iaoeao, oaeoaeeny a
oaeea aeaa?e, /oi aeaeaoue yoi o?oaeiiaaoi. I?aaaea, /oi
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia iiaea?anuaaiea eaeae, iaeaieaa i?inoay oi?ia aeeyiey
ia iaoeo. Anee iu oioei iiiyoue aeaenoaeoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe eneonnoaa
a yoii ieaia iu aeieaeiu aieaa aeoaiei eco/eoue yoio aii?in.
Aicaeaenoaea iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee ia ana noa?u iaoae aeecie
ieeoi ia iiaeao io?eoeaoue – ianoieueei yoi i/aaeaeii. Ii eae ia
ia?aaeienaeueii, a aicaeaenoaea nia?aiaiiie e ia oieueei nia?aiaiiie
iaoee e oaoieee ia ooaeiaeanoaaiiia oai?/anoai iiiaea aiaeu
aeeneooe?oaony a niaoeeaeueiie ianniaie ia/aoe. A oiaea ianoaeaeaiey
auneacuaathony e ieiaeioai?iua e i?ioeai?a/eaua, a /anoi e i?yii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua oi/ee c?aiey. Iie aanueia iio/eoaeueiu.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey yaeyaony aoi?aeaieai aoaeouaai a
ianoiyuaa, noaayuaa i?aeoe/aneie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth naaiaeiyoithth
i?aaiecaoeeth caao?aoiaai aeiy, i?e/ai a ianooaaao anaai ie?a. ?a/ue
caeanue eaeao i iaauaaeii ?acaeoee iaoee e oaoieee, n?aaenoa
eiiioieeaoeee, eioi?iaoeee, ?inoa ianaeaiey caiee. Eiee/anoai e o?iaie
anao oaeoi?ia aeinoeaei oaeeo aaee/ei, ia iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue a
i?aaeiai ea/anoaa, a i?aaeieo oneiaeyo. E nooue caeanue ia a yaiethoeee
a a niiioaiiii ?acaeoee, aeaei ia oieueei a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ethaeueie
?aciuo nioeeaeueiuo eeannia e ?aciuo no?ai, ii e a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo
anaie ethaeueie ni anai ie?ii, iaeooaaeaiiui e iaiaeooaaeaiiui,
nouanoaothuei io i?e?iaeu e nicaeaiiui ethaeueie ca a?aiy eo
nouanoaiaaiey.
A i?ioeii eeoa?aoo?a ia i/aiue-oi ionoaaaea io yaeaiee oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna. A eae ianoieo aeaei naaiaeiy? Iaoa a?aiy iaoea e oaoieea ii
aicaeaenoaeth ia /aeiaaea, aai ineoieiaeth e ie?iiuouaiea i?aainoiaeeo
aai o?aaeeoeeiiiua aeaeu ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
Eae iu aeaeei, i?eciaaony aeiaaeueiia aicaeaenoaea iao/ii-oaoie/aneie
?aaiethoeee ia ana /aeiaa/anoai, e?iia ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u –
/aeiaaeiaaaeaiey, oioy, ?acoiaaony, aa?ii aiai?eony, /oi oeaeue aa a
ia?aciie oi?ia eae iiaeii iieiaa iniuneeaaoue e ioia?aaeaoue i?iaeaiu
naiaai a?aiaie.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey aoi?aaynue ai ana iaeanoe /aeiaa/aneie
aeecie, ianao iai e iiiaeanoai aeaa, e noaaeo ia?aae iaie iiaua
iai?aaeaeaeaiiua neiaeiua i?iaeaiu, eioi?ua i?aaenoieo ?aoaoue e a
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ianooaaao, e ai anaie?iuo. Ii i?eienuaaoue anai iai
anaiauoth ?anoa?yiiinoue, ioaaoue ian caneeeai iao/iiai ?aoeeiiaeecia
aaaeouaai e iianiinoe, aacaeooiiai eiaece?iaaiey, a iiaeao auoue e
yiioeeiiaeueiiai ineoaeiaiey e o.i. iiaeii oieueei ec ethaae e eneonnoao
a?iieeo neia. Ana yoi iiiaaeiaeeinue aeey oiai, /oi au ni anae
no?anoueth iieacaoue aaaeioth ?ieue eneonnoaa i?eciaiiiai
eiiiaine?iaaoue a iaoae iuneeoaeueiie aeecie ?acei aic?inoaa cia/aiea
aano?aeoeee, nio?aieoue /aeiaaeo iao/iiio oeaeinoiinoue naiaai nouanoaa,
ae?aaioeaiiia niioaaonoaea ?acoia e /oanoaa. Eiia/ii aea, yoa eaeay
eiiiainaoeee ia aicauoaao, a i?eieaeaao eneonnoai, aai cia/aiea a
iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
A eneonnoaa, eae e a iaoea, naiay aeeaioai?yuay o?aaeeoeey – aa/iua
iienee, yenia?eiaiou, oyaa e aiaeeco e neioaco. Iaoea o/eo ii iiaiio,
ai?acaei oiiueoa niio?aoue ia oieueei ia no?iaiea aauanoaa ii e ia naii
eneonnoai. E, iaeiiaoe, naiia aeaaiia: n?aaenoaa, iacia/aiey iaoee e
eneonnoaa ?acee/iu, ii naycue iaaeaeo ieie anoue. Eae aeaa ia?aeeaee iie
eii?aeeie?othony ae?oa n ae?oaii e ono?aieythony e aoaeouaio, eae au
aeiiieiyy ae?oa ae?oaa, iiiiaay niaa?oainoaiaaoue iaoiae
ooaeiaeanoaaiiue e iao/iue. Ii iaoeiio au?aaeaieth aoiiiay oeceea, iiaay
iaoaiaoeea, eeaa?iaoeea, einiiaiiey, eioi?iaoeea e eioa?iao ioaeaeaaony
a aieueoae niaeinoe oaioacee e ia/oa. Eneonnoao aea ioaeiu ciaiey,
aeoaieay iuneue.
Noaieneaa Eai a ioaeaeaiiie a?yaeouae aunieie oeeaeeecaoeee oiaea
i?aaeaeaeeo iaecaaaeiinoue aic?anoaiey “aeaeiaeeaeaeoaeece?othuae ?iee”
oaoiieiaee e i?aiaeaaeaiey iaeneiaeueii ?aaeenoe/aneiai oeia /aeiaaea e
eoeueoo?u.
Eaeia aea ianoi ioaiaeeony a yoie oaoiieiae/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee
eeoa?aoo?a e eneonnoao? Ioaao aeaaony yaii iaooaoeoaeueiue. A oinoaaiiii
yenia?eiaioa aeiioneaaony iiyaeaiea ia naao aaeeeiai iiiaeanoaa
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oaeaioia ?aaiuo Oaenie?o. Ii yoio ia?aecauoie aaieaa
eneonnoaa iaa?iaony aeey ieo o?aaaaeeae. A aoaeouai oaoiieiae/aneii
iauanoaa aeaaea aaeeeea ooaeiaeieee noaioo yaeaieai ii/oe
aiao?iie/aneei, eioi?ia iiaeii iiiua?youe e aeaaea oaaaeaoue, ii ia aac
iaeioi?ie oniaoee.
Auaiae yaii ia?aaeienaeueiue. E aeaei caeanue ieacuaaaony, i?aaeaea
anaai a eiee/anoaa aeaiaa. “Iaeei Oaenie?”, – ieoao Eai, – “yaeaiea
aaeeeieaiiia, 10 Oaenie?ia – e oiio aea aua e ia iau/iia, ii oai, aaea
aeeaao aeaaaeoeaoue ouny/ ooaeiaeieeia n Oaenie?ianeei oaeaioii, iao
aieueoa ia aaeeiiai Oaenie?a; eai iaeii aeaei – a i?aaeaeao iaeaiueeie
a?oiiu oai?oeia ni?aaiiaaoueny ca ia?aaea/o aini?aaiieeai naiaai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai niiniaa aeaeaiey ie?a, e nianai ae?oaia – aeaaeony o
aoiaea a nenoaio eioi?iaoeeiiiuo eaiaeia, /oi auaeyaee noieue aea
niaoii, neieueei aeaeei”.
Oaeie ia?aecauoie i?iecaaaeaiee Oaenie?ianeiai ianooaaa, oaeay eo
eaaeia i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi ana aoaeouea n?aaenoaa eioi?iaoeee ia
niiaoo eo inaieoue e aeiianoe aei ianniaiai iio?aaeoaey.
Iiyaeaiea aeaaaeoeaoe ouny/ Oaenie?ia i?eaaaeao e iaanoeaieaaieth
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
3. CAEETH*AIEA
Aeaaiia aea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iaoea a aoaeouai oaoiieiae/aneii
iauanoaa ianiiiaiii ?ane?iao oaeiu /aeiaaea, a iioiio oaeiu eneonnoaa
iioa?ieo ii?aaeaiea a naiai niia?ie/anoaa n iaoeie e a iinoeaeaiee
/aeiaa/aneie ineoieiaee.
*oi aea inoaaony oiaaea eneonnoao? Iiaeao auoue, iii ana-oaee nio?aieo
eaeia-oi naia cia/aiea a ynoaoe/aneii inaiaiee ie?a? Aaaeue iiey
aeayoaeueiinoe iaoee e eneonnoaa ia niaiaaeatho, ii aaaeue nouanoaiaaiea
onoa?aeiai e iiyoiio eeoue ia iieiiai ciaiey iaeiia?aiaiii ni ciaieai,
iinoeaathuei ?aaeueiia iieiaeaiea aauae iaaiciiaeii. I/aiue
iai?eaeaeaoaeueiay “?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneay”, “aeaeiaeeaeaeoaeece?iaaiiay”,
eeoaiiay anao aaneiia/iuo aiaaonoa /oanoaaiiie, yiioeeiiaeueiie
/aeiaa/aneie aeecie, oieiaeiay oaoiieiae/aneay oeeaeeecaoeey, eioi?oth
iaauatho iaoei aeaeaeei iioiieai.
*oi aea aeaea iai iiiaieaoiyy aeeneonney enneaaeiaaoaeae aeaiiie
i?iaeaiu? Ieiaeioai?iinoue aa ianiiiaiia. Aeeneonney ia oieueei ni anae
ino?ioie iinoaaeea iaeio ec naiuo ea?aeeiaeueiuo e iac?aaoeo i?iaeai
acaeiinayce e acaeiiaeeyiey eneonnoaa e iaoee – aeaoo iiaouanoaaieeoeo
oi?i /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey e i?aia?aciaaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ii
au/eaieea neiaeiaeoea i?iaeaiu, eioi?ua noaee caoai enneaaeiaaoueny a
aieaa ianoiyoaeueiie oi?ia. I?eneooaainy e ioae?ui neiaai Aaoa:
“Aiai?yo, /oi iaaeaeo aeaoiy i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie iiaieyie iaoiaeeony
Enoeia. Ie a eiai neo/aa! Iaaeaeo ieie eaaeeo i?iaeaia”.
Oaeei ia?acii i?eaeeceony e Enoeia – cia/eo enneaaeiaaoue i?iaeaio a aa
?aaeueiii, enoi?e/aneii ?acaeoee.
4. EEOA?AOO?A
Aaaaeue A. “?aaiou ?aciuo eao”, I. 1970-1971;
Aaoa E. “Ia eneonnoaa”, I. 1975;
Aai?ia A. “I?iaeaiu ynoaoeee”;
Noa?iei A. I. “Iaoa?eaeeci e yiie?eie?eoeoeeci”
Iaieei I. “Eneonnoai e iaoea”, I. 1982.
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