11
Oeueyiianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oieaa?neoao
? A O A ? A O
ia oaio “Oeeinioey E. Iiiia?a e i?eioeei oaeueneoeeaoeee”
Auiieieea: nooaeaioea a?oiiu TH-26
Iaoeiaa A.A.
a. Oeueyiiane
1998 aiae
Oeeinioey Iiiia?a.
E o ?inneeneeo, e o caiaaeiuo /eoaoaeae neiaeeeny ?anoiaeee ia?ac
Iiiia?a eae oeeinioa iaoee, caieiaaoaainy oeceeie, iaoaiaoeeie, eiaeeie,
aiaeecii ?inoa iao/iiai ciaiey, noeeaioenoa e aeanoieiai ?aoeeiiaeenoa,
y?inoiiai i?ioeaieea iaoaoeceee, ?ac?aaioaaoaai aeey a? aeaia?eaoeee io
iaoee e?eoa?ee oaeueneoeeaoeeiiecia. I?aaaea, iiae aeeyieai oa?icu ni
noi?iiu oioaeeoa?ecia e niauoee Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ioaeaaoaai aeaiue
nioeeaeueii-oeeinianeie ?aoeaenee e iaienaaoaai “Ieuaoo enoi?eoeecia” e
“Ioe?uoia iauanoai”, ii anei?a aa?ioaoaainy niiaa a ?aniaeoaaaeueioth
iaeanoue oeeinioee iaoee.
Iaeei ec oacenia, eioi?ue y caueuath a yoie ?aaioa, ninoieo a oii, /oi
oaeie ia?ac iaiieii e a oeaeii iaaaeaeaaoai. Iiiia? aue prima facie
einiieiae/aneei iaoaoeceeii, i?e/?i oaeei, e eaeei enoi?eee iau/ii
i?eeaaatho yieoao “Grand”. Iiiia? n oaaaeaieai ioiineeny e iaoea, ethaee
a? e oaeaeaeny ath. E an? aea – yoi iie aoi?ie oacen – ia?iiiay ?aaioa,
i?iaeaeaiiay ei ii eiaeei-iaoiaeieiae/aneiio iniuneaieth iao/iiai
ciaiey, aunooiaea n?aaenoaii aeey ?aoaiey iaoaoece/aneeo caaea/. Eiaaea
oiai o?aaiaaea eiaeea iaoaoeceee, ii ia inoaiaaeeaaeny ia?aae oai, /oia
iiaeaa?aiooue niiiaieth neiaeeaoeany noaiaea?ou iaoee.
Iaoaoece/anee-einiieiae/aneay ea?oeia i?aaeiieaaaao ii?aaeae?iioth
oeaeinoiinoue, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeeth/aiea a ia? i?iaeaiu /aeiaaea.
Iie o?aoee oacen ninoieo a oii, /oi iiiyoea naiinoe, oi anoue
ia?niiaeeoe/aneee oaeoi?, yaeyaony aioo?aiiae ne?aieythuae eiino?oeoeeae
nicaeaiiie Iiiia?ii ea?oeiu.
O/anue a Aaineii iaaeaaiae/aneii einoeoooa, Iiiia? caeioa?aniaaeny
thiianeie o?aeoiaeie eiaeoeoeee e eaocaeueiinoe, nio?aiea eioa?an e
yoei i?iaeaiai aei eiioea naieo aeiae. Au? oiaaea, ii-aeaeeiiio, e iaai
iiyaeeny, eae iacuaatho ineoiaiaeeoeee, “iaoaoece/aneee coae”. Iaeiaei a
eiiiaiee ethaeae, naycaiiuo n Aaineei e?oaeeii, iieiaeiio /aeiaaeo
i?iyaeyoue aai auei iai?eee/ii. Niaoeeoe/aneee aeai? “Ioe?uoiai
iauanoaa” e “Ieuaou enoi?eoeecia” – nioeeaeueiay ?aoeaeney – iicaieye
aio i?iyaeoue aieueooth iaoaoece/aneoth ?aneiaaiiinoue. Aeey aieaa
oe?ieeo iaiauaiee aianoa n oai o iaai yaii iaaeinoaaaei ciaiee,
ioiinyueony e ninoiyieth iaoee. A 50-a aiaeu a noaoueyo ii oai?ee
aa?iyoiinoe e eaaioiaie oeceea, a oaeaea a “Postcript” e aiaeeeneiio
ecaeaieth “Eiaeea iao/iiai ioe?uoey”, iioaeeeiaaiiii a 80-o aiaeao a
aeaea o??o eiea: “Ioe?uoay Anaeaiiay”, “?aaeeci e oeaeue iaoee”,
“Eaaioiaay oai?ey e noeci a oeceea” eioa?an e iaoaoece/aneie
i?iaeaiaoeea eae?o ii ia?anoathuae, a a? niaea?aeaiea ?anoe?yaony.
Oeceeaeenoneay ea?oeia ie?a aai yaii ia ono?aeaaea; a iae ia auei
i?ioeannoaeueiinoe e ianoa aeey /aeiaaea. A 60-a aiaeu Iiiia? ia/eiaao
na?ue?cii caieiaoueny aiaeecii aeieiae/aneiai ciaiey e oai?ee
yaiethoeee. Yoi iaoneiaeei ?aceee naeaea a aai i?iaeaiaoeea e
aicc?aieyo, /oi yanoaoao oaea ec iacaaiee iiyaeythueony ?aaio: oeeee
eaeoeee 1969 a. “Iiciaiea e i?iaeaia oaeaniiai e aeooiaiiai. Caueoa
eioa?aeoeeiiecia”, “Iauaeoeaiia ciaiea. Yaiethoeeiiiue iiaeoiae” (1972),
“Naiinoue e a? iica. A?aoiaio a iieueco eioa?aeoeeiiecia” (eieaa
iaienaia a niaaoi?noaa n Aeae. Yeeecii, 1977). Caaa?oathuea yoo na?eth
aeaa eaeoeee, iioaeeeiaaiiua a aeaea eieae “Ie? i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae”
(1990), aeaiiino?e?oao, /oi Iiiia? ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo eao
nenoaiaoe/anee auno?aeaae ii?aaeae?iioth iaoaoece/aneoth oai?eth.
Eiia/ii, yoi ia auei o?aaeeoeeiiiui nenoaiiniceaeaieai. Iiiia? aue
oa??aei oaaaeae?i, /oi oeeinioneiio ?annoaeaeaieth i ie?a aeieaeia
i?aaeoanoaiaaoue ?aaioa ii iniuneaieth iao/iiai ciaiey. E ia iioiio, /oi
iia aea?o iai iioieiaeth ie?a, a i?aaeaea anaai iioiio, /oi iao/iia
ciaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieaa yniue e i?ic?a/iue aeae ciaiey, aiaeec
eioi?iai iiaeao noaoue ii?iie aeey aiaeeca ciaiey ethaiai oeia. Iaeiiea
a ?acoeueoaoa ?aciuoeaiee i oeceea, iaoaiaoeea, eiaeea, yaiethoeeiiiie
oai?ee ii?aaeae?iiue ?acoeueoaou e oaeaeaa nayce iaaeaeo ieie, Iiiia?
noae niaaeeiyoue eo a aaeeioth ea?oeio, caiieiyy iaaeinoathuea caaiuey
iaoaoece/aneeie aeiioacaie.
Ioe?uoay Anaeaiiay e ie? i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae.
Iiiia?ianeay iaoaoece/aneay einiieiaey noieo ia aeaoo “eeoao”:
eiaeaoa?ieiecia e eiioeaioeee ie?a i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae. ?anniio?ei eo
ii ii?yaeeo.
Eaeay eiaeaoa?ieiecia eiieeoeeoii i?enoonoaiaaea oaea a auaeaeiooie a
“Logik der Forschung” (1934) iaoiaeieiaee oaeueneoeeaoeeiiecia: iaoe
oai?ee iiaoo iiaeaa?aaoueny ii?iaa?aeaieth a ethaie iiiaio, eaeoth au
no?iaoth i?iaa?eo iie ia i?ioee a i?ioeii. Eiaeoeoeaeci e
“iiaeoaa?aeaeathuay” iaoiaeieiaey eiae/aneiai yiie?ecia i?aaeiieaaaee
aeaoa?ieieci. Auoaaeoay a 1950 a. noaouey E. Iiiia?a “Eiaeaoa?ieieci a
eaaioiaie oeceea e eeanne/aneie oeceea”, aaea aeieacuaaeinue, /oi ia
oieueei nia?aiaiiay eaaioiaay, ii e eeanne/aneay oeceea yaeyaony
eiaeaoa?ieienoneie, ciaiaiiaaea niaie i?eiyoea Iiiia?ii eae oece/aneiai,
oae e iaoaoece/aneiai eiaeaoa?ieiecia. Iu ia aoaeai eanaoueny ia?aiai:
Iiiia? auneacae ii iiaiaeo aai iaiaei eioa?aniuo eaeae, ia i?ioyaeaiee
iiiaeo eao aeeneooe?oaiuo eae oeeinioaie iaoee, oae e o/?iuie. Iu
nin?aaeioi/ei iaoa aieiaiea ia i?iaeaiao iaoaoece/aneiai
eiaeaoa?ieiecia.
THi n/eoae, /oi iaaeaeo aeaoa?ieieciii e eiaeaoa?ieieciii iao n?aaeiae
iiceoeee: eeai ie? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ae?noeee eaocaeueiue iaoaieci,
oiaaea naiaiaea aiee iaaiciiaeia, eeai ii ia iaoaieci, a yoii neo/aa
ioe?uaaaony aiciiaeiinoue aeey naiaiaeu aiee, ii oiaaea neaaeoao
i?eciaoue nouanoaiaaiea a i?i i?iaaeia, ec eioi?uo iaiiiyoii, eae
iiyaeythony neo/aeiinoe. Iiiia? ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi oaeay n?aaeiyy eeiey
nouanoaoao e iiaeii i?eaanoe iauaeoeaiua iniiaaiey aeey naiaiaeu aiee.
Iia aiciiaeia, anee enoiaeeoue ec oacena io ioe?uoinoe Anaeaiiie e
iiyaeaieth iiauo ea/anoa, o.a. yia?aeaeaioecia, e anee i?eiyoue
yaiethoeeiieci ca oieaa?naeueiue i?eioeei auoey.
Yoi cia/eo: neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi eaocaeueiua nayce iiaoo iineoue eae
ae?noeee, oae e ieanoe/iue oa?aeoa?, au?aaeaoueny e a eiaa?eaioiuo
caeiiao, e a aa?iyoiinoyo, e a ia ioe?uouo au? caeiiiia?iinoyo. “Iu
aeea?i a ioe?uoie Anaeaiiie … Iia /anoe/ii eaocaeueia, /anoe/ii
aa?iyoiinoiay e /anoe/ii ioe?uoay: iia yia?aeaeaioia … A iae iinoiyiii
aicieeatho ?aaeeeaeueii iiaua aaue; ia i?eaaaeaii au? ie iaeiiai
aaniiiai iniiaaiey, iicaieythuaai oniiieoueny a /aeiaa/aneie naiaiaea e
oai?/anoaa … *aeiaa/aneay naiaiaea, eiia/ii, yaeyaony /anoueth i?e?iaeu,
aianoa n oai iia o?ainoeaiaee?oao i?e?iaeo …”. Iiae/??eeaay ioe?uoinoue
Anaeaiiie, Iiiia? eiaao a aeaeo a? ioe?uoinoue aeey ?aciuo
iai?aaeneacoaiuo aiciiaeiinoae: oeene?iaaii eee “caii?iaeaii” oieueei
i?ioeia. Oai?/anoai iiaiai, a oii /enea e oai?/anoai naiiai /aeiaaea,
iinoiyiii eciaiyao anth neooaoeeth, ia?aie/eaaao iaoe aiciiaeiinoe
i?aaeaeaeaiey aoaeouaai (ia neo/aeii, /oi a iacaaiee aeaoo aai eiea n
niaa?oaiii ?aciie i?iaeaiaoeeie noieo neiai “ioe?uoia”: “Ioe?uoia
iauanoai” e “Ioe?uoay Anaeaiiay”).
Ecaanoii, /oi i?eiyoea nia?aiaiiie eaaioiaie oeceeie i?eioeeia
eiaeaoa?ieiecia ni?iaioee?iaaei iiyaeaiea iiiaeanoaa oeeinioneeo oai?ee,
iainiiauaathueo naiaiaeo aiee iaee/eai neo/aeiinoae ai acaeiiaeaenoaee
yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe. Ii Iiiia?o, eiaeaoa?ieieci eaaioiaie oeceee,
i?eiyaoae iauaeoeaiinoue neo/aeiinoe, au? ia i?aaenoaaeyao iauaeoeaiia
i?ino?ainoai aeey naiaiaeu e ia anoue iniiaa aeey iiieiaiey niaoeeoeee
/aeiaaea. A noaouea 1973 a. “Eiaeaoa?ieieci iaaeinoaoi/ai” ii ienae, /oi
iaoa oeaeue ninoieo ia a oii, /oiau i?eaanoe iniiaaiey aeey iaoeo
neo/aeiuo e iai?aaeneacoaiuo aeaenoaee, a a oii, /oiau iiiyoue, eae iu
iiaeai aeaenoaiaaoue ii cae?aaiio ?aciuoeaieth e naiaiaeii.
Enoiaey ec iinueee i cae?uoinoe Anaeaiiie, eeanne/aneay iaoea
iieueciaaeanue iiiyoeai “ainoiaeyuae” eaocaeueiinoe, o.a. iaeiieeiaeiie
aeaoa?ieie?iaaiiinoe auoanoiyueo o?iaiae ieaeanoiyueie. Iaeiei ec
oeeinioneeo iioeaia Eaieana auei no?aieaiea aeaeaoue /aeiaaea /anoueth
i?e?iaeu. A neo/aa i?eiyoey iinueee i cae?uoinoe noa?a /aeiaa/aneeo
aeaenoaee oiaea aeieaeia auoue iieiinoueth aeaoa?ieie?iaaiiie. Iaeiaei,
yoio a?aoiaio, aiai?eo Iiiia?, iiaeii e ia?aaa?iooue. I?eciaa /aeiaaea
naiaiaeiui eee ii iaiueoae ia?a /anoe/ii naiaiaeiui, eiae/ii oi aea
naiia neacaoue e i i?e?iaea: oece/aneee ie? ioe?uo. Aeaoa?ieieci
eaieanianeiai oeia aeeth/aao a naay i?aaeii?aaeae?iiinoue, eaeath, /oi
ieeeeiiu eao iacaae yeaiaioa?iua /anoeoeu ie?a, eae naiaia ?anoaiee,
niaea?aeaee a naaa iiyceth Aiia?a, oeeinioeth Ieaoiia, neioiiee
Aaooiaaia e anth /aeiaa/aneoth enoi?eth – eaeath, ?acoiaaony
aano?aeioth. Naaiaeiy eaieanianeoth iiceoeeth aic?iaeaeatho oeceeaeenou,
iieaaay, /oi, oioy a aeaiiue iiiaio n ia?niiaeeoe/aneei ycueii au? ia
iieii/aii, a iaoea aoaeouaai an? aoaeao iauyniaii ia aaeeiii ycuea –
ycuea oeceee.
Iiiia? oneeeaaao eiaeaoa?ieieci, i?aaeeaaay aeiiieieoue i?eioeei
“ainoiaeyuae” eacoaeueiinoe i?eioeeiii “ienoiaeyuae” eacoaeueiinoe (yoo
eaeath ii caeinoaiaae o oeceea Ae. Eyiiaaeea). Ec oeceee ecaanoii, /oi
iae?ino?oeoo?a a ii?aaeae?iiie ia?a ?aaoee?oao niauoey, i?ienoiaeyuea ia
iee?io?iaia, a? ooieoeeiie?iaaiea eae oeaeinoiinoe iiaeao
aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia ieaeiea o?iaie – oioiiu, yeaeo?iiu e o.ae. Nicaeaiea
/aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee aicaeaenoaoao ia aeieiae/aneea e oece/aneea
o?iaie. ssaea?iia i?oaeea iiaeao aiiaua oie/oiaeeoue i?e?iaeo,
nicaeaaooth /aeiaaea. *anoi eiaao ianoi acaeiiaeaenoaea, ia?aoiay naycue
“ainoiaeyuae” e “ienoiaeyuae” eacoaeueiinoe, ?acoeueoaou eioi?ie
/anoe/ii i?aaeneacoaiu, a /anoe/ii – iao. Iaeiei neiaii, iai iaaei
ioa?ineoue noa?ia i?aaenoaaeaiea i eacoaeueiinoe eae i?ioeiai, a nieio
oieeathuaai ian e aoaeouaio. E i?eciaoue, /oi eacoaeueiinoue – yoi
oieueei /anoiue neo/ae i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe, ?aaiue 1.
Caeanue iu iiaeioee ei aoi?iio e aeaaiiio “eeoo” iiiia?ianeie
iaoaoece/anee-einiieiae/aneie “enneaaeiaaoaeueneie i?ia?aiiu” – ie?o
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae.
Iiiia? aiai?eo, /oi eaeay “i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae” eee, ii-ae?oaiio,
“aaniiuo aeeniiceoeee”, “iai?aaeaiiinoe ia” i?eoea aio a aieiao au? a
30-a aiaeu a nayce e aeeneonneyie, eioi?ua aaeenue ethaeueie, oae eee
eia/a i?eiueaaoeie e Aaineiio e?oaeeo, ii oai?ee aa?iyoiinoe e
o?oaeiinoyo, naycaiiuo n iae. Ii oiaaea auneacae iiaiea, /oi i?eioeei
oaeueneoeeaoeeiiecia a aieueoae ia?a niaeanoaony n iauaeoeaiuie
iia?aoiinoyie aa?iyoiinoiiai en/eneaiey aiciiaeiinoe niauoey. Yoi
aucaaei ?acei iaaaoeaioth ?aaeoeeth A. ?aeoaiaaoa, ianoaeaaaoaai ia
iaae?aeiinoe aa?iyoiinoiiai iainiiaaiey eiaeoeoeee. A 1950 a. ?. Ea?iai
iioaeeeiaae eieao “Logical Foundation of Probability”, a eioi?ie ii
anoae ia noi?iio ?aeoaiaaoa.
Oai?aoe/aneea ?aciiaeaney n Ea?iaiii noeioee?iaaee aeaeueiaeooth
?ac?aaioeo Iiiia?ii iiiyoey i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe, aueeaoothny a
eiia/iii eoiaa a eiioeaioeeth noaiiaeaiey, ea?athuae oeaio?aeueioth
?ieue a yia?aeaeaienoneie einiieiaee.
A 1959 a. Iiiia? ioaeeeoao noaoueth “Eioa?i?aoaoeey aa?iyoiinoe:
aa?iyoiinoue eae i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue”, a eioi?ie i?ea?e
aeieacaoaeuenoaa ianinoiyoaeueiinoe iauyniaiey iia?aoiinoae
aa?iyoiinoiiai (noaoenoe/aneiai eee /anoioiiai) iainiiaaiey eiaeoeoeee
noauaeoeaiuie oaeoi?aie – ianiaa?oaiiie iaoiaeeeie en/eneaiey e
noi?ioee?iaae oacen: yoe iia?aoiinoe eiatho iauaeoeaioth iniiao. Yoa
iniiaa – nouanoaiaaiea i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae eae ?aaeueiuo oece/aneeo
yaeaiee eee “iaiaaethaeaaiuo aeeniiceoeeiiiuo naienoa oece/aneiai ie?a”.
Eo iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue ii aiaeiaee n iuethoiiianeie neeie i?eoyaeaiey
eee iieyie nee. I?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue yaeyaony ?aeyoeeiiiui iiiyoeai,
iia naienoaaiiay ia aauai, a oneiaeyi anae oece/aneie nenoaiu e
nicaea?ony neooaoeeiiiuie ioiioaieyie iauaeoia yoie nenoaiu. Iai?eia?,
eiaaea iu iiaea?anuaaai iiiaoo (ii oneiaeth, aac aeaoaeoia),
aa?iyoiinoiia en/eneaiea oiai, /oi iia oiaae?o ia ?aoeo, aoaeao ?aaii
1/2. A neo/aa, eiaaea iiiaoo a?inatho ia noie, eiathuee uaee e aoa?u,
?aniieiaeaiiua oae, /oiau iieiaoue a?, a? i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue oianoue
ia ?aoeo aoaeao cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa, /ai 1/2. I?ienoiaeeo yoi a neeo
oiai, /oi i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue oianoue ia ?aa?i oaaee/eony n ioey aei
eaeie-eeai iieiaeeoaeueiie aaee/eiu (neaaeai, aei o??o i?ioeaioia).
Iaeioi?ua e?eoeee oiaaea oaeaeaee a iiiyoee i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe
“eceeoanoai”, “oiiiaeaiea nouiinoae”, aac iaiaoiaeeiinoe oneiaeiythueo
oece/aneoth ea?oeio ie?a. A ioaao Iiiia? ianoaeaae, /oi yoi iiiyoea
nieiaao iiiaea ianoueiaee e i?ioeai?a/ey yoie ea?oeiu.
I?eiyoea Iiiia?ii aeieiaeoeenoeie ia?aaeeaiu iio?aaiaaei io iaai, eae e
io anao “oeeinioia i?ioeanna”, iauyniaiey iiaeciu e iiyaeaiey iiauo
ea/anoa. Ooieoeey eo noaiiaeaiey auea aiceiaeaia ia iiiyoea
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe. Eaeay neooaoeeiiiie caaeneiinoe
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe io iaeioi?uo niauoee eee nenoaiu niauoee iiaeao
eiaoue, n/eoaao ii, ya?enoe/aneea aiciiaeiinoe i?e iauyniaiee yaiethoeee
e yia?aeaeaioiinoe. I?e o?aaeeoeeiiiii en/eneaiee aa?iyoiinoue iiyaeaiey
ia Caiea ec aoiiia aauanoaa i?aaieee, /aeiaaea e eoeueoo?u ioeaaay. Anee
aea enoiaeeoue ec nouanoaiaaiey ia iiaeaeathueony ecia?aieth
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae, aeaenoaiaaaoeo a oieeaeueiie neooaoeee, a
eioi?ie iaoiaeeeanue Caiey, oi iiyaeythony iniiaaiey aeey
i?aaaeiiiaeiaiiai iauyniaiey.
Iiaeiaii iuethoiiianeei neeai i?eoyaeaiey i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe
iaaeaeeiu, ii oae aea eae yoe neeu, iie ?aaeueiu, aeaenoaaiiu,
aeooaeueiu. Eia/a aiai?y, ?aaeueiinoue a aeaiiii neo/aa i?eienuaaaony
/enoie aiciiaeiinoe, eioi?ay iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoueny a aoaeouai, a iiaeao
e ieeiaaea ia ?aaeeciaaoueny. Yoi “?aaeueiinoue a noaiiaeaiee”. “E a oie
ia?a, a eaeie yoe aiciiaeiinoe iiaoo e /anoe/ii aoaeoo ?aaeeciauaaoue
naay ai a?aiaie, ioe?uoia aoaeouaa n aai iiiaeanoaii eiieo?e?othueo
aiciiaeiinoae oaea iaee/anoaoao a ianoiyuai; iii ii/oe eae iaauaiea, eae
eneooaiea, eae niaeaci”.
N?aaee ?aaiuo aiciiaeiinoae, aeaeoueo naiae ?aaeecaoeee, anoue aeeceea e
ioeth, a anoue “aaniiua”, eo “i?aaeii/eoaao” e “aeae?o” aoaeouaa, o ieo
aieueoa oainia ?aaeeciaaoueny. I?aaeii/oaiey aeeauo i?aaieciia e iieiie
?aaeecaoeee naeaeaee “aaniiuie” aiciiaeiinoe, aaaeouea e aunieie
i?aaiecaoeee aeeaiai, iiyaeaieth niciaiey e /aeiaaea. “Ian i?eioaeaeatho
ia oaea?u ncaaee, ec i?ioeiai, a i?eoyaaoaeueiinoue, niaeacieoaeueiinoue
aoaeouaai e aai eiieo?e?othueo aiciiaeiinoae, iie i?eaeaeatho ian, iie
caiaieaatho ian”. E eiaiii yoi aea?aeeo e aeeciue e ie? a ninoiyiee
?acai?a/eaaiey”.
Iiiia?ianeee eiaeaoa?ieieci e aeiioaco i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae iiaeii
i?eiyoue ca i?aaaeiiiaeiaiua einiieiae/aneea aeiioacu, iauyniythuea
ea/anoaaiiia iiiaiia?acea auoey. Iie yaeythony iaiaoiaeeiuie, ii an? aea
iaaeinoaoi/iuie oneiaeyie aeey iauyniaiey /aeiaaea, niciaiey, eoeueoo?u
e eo acaeiiaeaenoaey. *oiau ainiieieoue yoio i?iaae, Iiiia? no?ieo
oai?eth “o??o ie?ia”.
O?e ie?a e eo eioa?aeoeey.
Iiiia?ianeay oeeinioey ia oieueei e?eoe/ia, iia iieaie/ia.
Eiino?oeoeaiua eaeae a iae anaaaea auiaoeaaeenue a i?ioeanna
oaeueneoeeaoeee e ii?iaa?aeaiey /ueeo-oi acaeyaeia – eiae/aneeo
iiceoeaenoia, eaeaieiaia oioaeeoa?ecia, eeiaaenoe/aneeo oeeinioia e ae?.
A 60-70-o aiaeao aai e?eoe/aneee aci? i?eaeaeei ia/aaoaany a
aiaeiycu/iie oeeinioee ianooieaiea ia “iineaaeiee aanoeii”
o?aaeeoeeiiiie oeeinioee – oeeinioeth niciaiey. Niune aai iiaeii
ii?aaeaeeoue neiaaie Aeae. ?aeea: “Enoi?ey aeaoo ie?ia – yoi ieo”.
?acaiai? i niciaiee eae “aeooa a iaoeia” eee naiaai ?iaea “aiioieoeona a
oaea” iai?aaiia?ai.
Ianooieaiea oei ?acee/iuie o?iioaie e iiae ?acee/iuie ciai?iaie
(eniieueciaaeenue oai?ee O. Eoaeia, A. Oaeaea, A. Eoeioiia, A. Neeiia?a,
Ae. A?ino?iiaa, Aeae. Aeae. Nia?oa). Noi?ie?iaaeenue ?acee/iua iiceoeee
– oai?ey oiaeaeanoaa, ineoi-oece/aneee ia?aeeaeeci, yieoaiiiaiaeeci,
ooieoeeiiaeeci e ae?oaea. I?e yoii oii caaeaaaee oeceeaeenou, ii ?yaeo
i?eioeeieaeueiuo iiiaioia i?iaeieaeeaoea o?aaeeoeeth iaiiiceoeaecia e
i?aaeeaaaaoea niyoue i?iaeaio oaeaniiai e aeooiaiiai. Niaeanii Aa?aa?oo
Oaeaeo, n eioi?ui Iiiia? iauaeny au? a ia?eiae Aaineiai e?oaeea,
i?iaeaia aeooiaiiai e oaeaniiai nieiaaony, anee i?eiyoue, /oi
auneacuaaiea i iaioaeueiii oiaeaeanoaaiiu auneacuaaieyi i oaeaniii.
Iauee auaiae ?acee/iuo aa?nee oeceeaeecia ninoiye a oii, /oi
o?aaeeoeeiiiua eiooeoeaiua i?aaenoaaeaiey i iaioaeueiuo niauoeyo,
nouanoaothueo a aieiaa, i naiaiaea aiee e o. i., oai?aoe/anee
iaaeieacoaiu. *aeiaae anoue ia /oi eiia, eae iae?ioeceieiaey,
iiaaaeaiea, ycue e eiiioieeaoeey. Iineieueeo e?iia oece/aneeo, a ie?a
iao ieeaeeo ae?oaeo oaeinoiaa?yaiuo nouiinoae, aaeeinoaaiii aaeaeaaoiui
ycueii iioieiaee neaaeoao i?eiyoue ycue oeceee.
Iiiia? n/eoaao iiceoeeth oeceeaeenoneiai iiiecia eiaeiie. Oioy a ?aieao
oeceeaeecia auei auneacaii iaiaei eioa?aniuo i?aaeiieiaeaiee, aai iauea
iinueee oai?aoe/anee iaaeinoiaa?iu: iie iniiaaiu ia i?aaenoaaeaiee i
eaocaeueiie cae?uoinoe nenoaiu, ia ieoa “eeiaaenoe/aneiai ea?eana”,
“ieoa i?inoiou”, aeia?o?ioe?iaaiee cia/eiinoe ?aaeoeoeeiienoneie
iaoiaeieiaee e o. ae. Ii nouanoao aea a oeceeaeecia aic?iaeaeaaony
noa?ay eaeay Eaiao?e i “/aeiaaea-iaoeia” . Eaiao?e aaconeiaii aue
oi?ioei /aeiaaeii e i?inaaoeoaeai, iaeiaei aai oaoaeenoe/aneee
aeaoa?ieieci ia inoaaeye ianoa aeey naiaiaeu e naiioeaiiinoe /aeiaaea.
Ia ia?aie/eaaynue /enoi iieaie/aneeie caaea/aie, Iiiia? nicaea?o
aeueoa?iaoeaioth oeceeaeenoneiio iiiecio oai?eth, i?eaioe?iaaiioth ia
yaiethoeeiiii-aeieiae/aneoth ia?aaeeaio. (Aaaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi
Iiiia? ?anniao?eaaao aea?aeieci ia eae oi?ioi iainiiaaiioth iao/ioth
oai?eth, a eae “iaoaoece/aneoth enneaaeiaaoaeueneoth i?ia?aiio”.)
A 1969 a. a eaeoeeyo, i?i/eoaiiuo a Yii?e oieaa?neoaoa (NOA), Iiiia?
noi?ioee?iaae iniiaiie einoye yoie oai?ee e i?eiye iiceoeeth aeoaeecia
eee, oi/iaa, ieth?aeecia. A OO a., aiai?ee ii, iaei eoi ec oeeinioia ia
caieiaeny ii?iaa?aeaieai Aeaea?oa e ana aac oniaoa – ii oie i?e/eia, /oi
?acee/aiea aeooiaiiai e oaeaniiai niia?acoaony e eiooeoeaiui
i?aaenoaaeaieai /aeiaaea i naiii naaa, ni cae?aaui niuneii e aiieia
niaeanoaony n nia?aiaiiuie iao/iuie aeaiiuie, a /anoiinoe yaiethoeeiiiie
aeieiaeae. A ?aaioao 70-80-o aiaeia, a iniaaiiinoe a eieaa “Naiinoue e
a? iica. A?aoiaio a iieueco eioa?aeoeeiiecia”, iaienaiiie a niaaoi?noaa
n Aeaeiiii Yeeecii, e?oiiaeoei iae?iaeieiaii, caueuathuei
aeoaeenoe/aneoth iiceoeeth, Iiiia? ?ac?aaioae aeinoaoi/ii oeaeueioth e
iineaaeiaaoaeueioth iaoaoeceeo. Ii iacuaaao a? “i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueiie”,
“i?iaiie” oai?eae, a aiinaieiae/aneii ioiioaiee ia eiathuae noaoona
oece/aneie oai?ee, ii eioi?oth, oai ia iaiaa, n iieiui i?aaii iiaeii
eiaiiaaoue oai?eae, iineieueeo auoaeathuea ec ia? neaaenoaey
iiaeoaa?aeaeathony oaeoaie.
Ii Iiiia?o, ai Anaeaiiie iiaeii auaeaeeoue o?e ?aaeee:
Ie? 1 – ie? oece/aneeo yaeaiee, aoaeue oi aoiiu, iiey e neeu eee
“oa??aeua iaoa?eaeueiua oaea” – aea?aauey, noieu e o.i.
Ie? 2 – ie? iaioaeueiuo eee ineoe/aneeo ninoiyiee – noauaeoeaiuo
ninoiyiee niciaiey, aeeniiceoeee e o.i.
Ie? 3 – ie? iauaeoeaiiai niaea?aeaiey iuoeaiey e i?iaeoeoia
/aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey. Yoi – aeiioacu, i?iaeaiu, iao/iua oai?ee
(enoeiiua eee eiaeiua), i?iaeou, iaoa?eaeeciaaiiua a aeaea iaoei,
neoeueioo?, caeaiee, eaaeauea a aeaeeioaeao eieae (eioi?ua, aiciiaeii,
ieeai ia aoaeoo i?i/eoaiu), e aeaaea aiciiaeiua a aoaeouai neaaenoaey ec
eiathueony oai?ee.
Iiiia? ia neeiiai iacuaaoue eo iioieiae/aneeie iiaeie?aie. Neiai “ie?”
eniieuecoaony ei aianoi oa?ieiia “iaoa?eaeueiia”, “iaioaeueiia”,
“eaeaaeueiia”, eiathueo iiiaeanoai eiiiioaoeee, e, nei?aa, eae iaoaoi?a
aeey ?acee/aiey ea/anoaaiiuo o?iaiae ?aaeueiinoe. Iiaeii auaeaeeoue e
aieueoa “ie?ia” (iai?eia?, ie? 3 iiae?acaeaeeoue ia enoeiiua oai?ee e
oaioacee eee /enoua aiciiaeiinoe). Ii yoi iaaaaeii. Aaaeii oi, /oi ana
o?e ie?a ?aaeueiu: ?aaeueiu ia oieueei oece/aneea nouiinoe, ii e
ninoiyiey niciaiey e niaea?aeaiey iuneae /aeiaaea. Aaiaoe/anee ana ie?u
naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie; neo/aeiua i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe a oece/aneii ie?a
i?eaaee e aicieeiiaaieth i?aaieee, ineoeee, a iooaoeey a aeeaioiie
ineoeea i?eaaee e iiyaeaieth ycuea e “iieiie niciaoaeueiinoe”, a aianoa
n yoei e o?ainoeaiaeaioeee i?iaeoeoia niciaoaeueiinoe a ie? 3 (“iiaua
eaeae eiatho oaeeaeoaeueioth noiaeanoue n aaiaoe/aneeie iooaoeeyie”). N
nicaeaieai ie?a 3 “ana ie?u ioe?ueenue ia?aae /aeiaa/aneei auoe?i”.
Ie? 3 iaoiaeeony “ieaaea” e ioiineoaeueii aaoiiiiai. A iieueco aai
aaoiiiiiinoe Iiia? i?eaiaeeo aeaa iniiaiuo a?aoiaioa:
1) Iaeiaaeaeu ecia?ao?iiua oai?ee, ooaeiaeanoaaiiua noeee e o.ae.
ii?iaeaeatho iineaaenoaey, eioi?ua eo nicaeaoaee ia iiaee i?aaeaeaeaoue.
Ecia?aoaiea aaaeeiiyiaie /eneiaiai ?yaea niaea?aeaei a naaa e oai?aio
Aaeeeaea e iineaaeothuoth iaoaiaoeeo. Iiiia? n?aaieaaao “iaeoaoaeae”
ie?a 3 n “eaeayie” e “oi?iaie” Ieaoiia, iaeiaei o iec aieueoa noiaenoaa
ia ni noaoe/aneeie ieaoiiianeeie “oi?iaie”, a n naiiaeayoaeueiui e
naiioai?/aneei “Aaniethoiui Aeooii” Aaaaey.
2) Ie? 3 aicaeaenoaoao eae ia oece/aneee ie?, oae e ia niciaiea
ethaeae. Anth oeeaeeecaoeeth iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae ?aaeecaoeeth
eaeaaeueiuo iauaeoia. Oai?ey O?aeaea, iai?eia?, yaeyaony ianeaicue
eiaeiie, iaeiaei iia iiaeao ieacuaaoue aicaeaenoaea ia noauaeoeaiua
ninoiyiey niciaiey: /ai aieueoa ineoiaiaeeoeee aoaeoo aiai?eoue i
cia/eiinoe naena, oai aieueooth ?ieue naen aoaeao ea?aoue a aeecie.
Oai?ey ie?a 3 – yoi, aaconeiaii, iaoaoece/aneia iaiauaiea
aioeineoieiaecia, “yienoaiieiaee aac iiciathuaai noauaeoa”, aai
onoaiiaee: “Iaiy eioa?anotho oieueei eiae/aneea oii?u, a ia
ineoieiae/aneea eiioeuenu”. Iaeiaei a iaoaoece/aneie noaia eaii?e?iaaoue
ineoieiae/aneea ninoiyiey iaeuecy, iie aeieaeiu a iae caiyoue naie
ianoi. E Iiiia? iiianoee eo a Ie? 2. Ie? 2 ia oieueei noauaeoeaai, ii a
ecaanoiie ia?a oaioe/ai. Caeanue ia?aieaoaiu /oanoaa oaeiaieuenoaey e
aiee, iuouaiey a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa, iiaeniciaoaeueiay iaiyoue e
iaeeaeaiey, a?iaeae?iiia ciaiea e eiioeuenu e aeaenoaeth. Yoi –
iaioaeueiinoue, naycaiiay n iicaii, ii ia oiaeaeanoaaiiay aio. Ninoiyiey
niciaiey, eee ineoeea, naienoaaiiu e aeeaioiui. Iiiia? e Yeeec
auneacuaatho i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi ia o?iaia ie?a 2 /aeiaaea ioee/aao io
aeeaioiiai aeeniiceoeey e onaiaieth ycuea e ii?aaeae?iiui oeiai
iiaaaeaiey. E oieueei n iiyaeaieai ycuea, aiciiaeiinoe au?aaeaoue a i?i
oaioaceeioth, a aianoa n yoei naii?aoeaeneaioth aeayoaeueiinoue iiaeii
aiai?eoue i niciaiee a iieiii niunea yoiai neiaa. Eia/a aiai?y, ie? 2
o?ainoeaiaee?oao naie ineoi-oece/aneee o?iaaiue e ia/eiaao aeeoue
aeeciueth ie?a 3.
Iaeaieaa eioa?aniue iiiaio iiiia?ianeie eiioeaioeee o??o ie?ia,
aucaaaoee e eioaineaioth iieaieeo e e?eoeeo – iiieiaiea eioa?aeoeee.
Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ie?aie ?enothony oaeei ia?acii, /oi ie? 3 e ie? 1
iiaoo anooiaoue a eioa?aeoeeth oieueei iin?aaenoaii ie?a 2, o. a. /a?ac
iaioaeueiia. Yoi cia/eoue, /oi ie? 2 o/anoaoao a aeaoo aeaeao
eioa?aeoeee: ai-ia?auo, n oece/aneei, ai-aoi?uo, n eaeaaeueiui. A
ioiioaiee aoi?iai aeaea eioa?aeoeee Iiiia? aiai?eo, /oi iia i?ienoiaeeo
a nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iii i?ioeanna ?aoaiey i?iaeai, auaeaeaeaiey iiauo
eaeae, iiiieiythueo /enei iaeoaoaeae ie?a 3. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia niciaiea i?iaioee?oao ?aaeecaoeeth eaeaaeueiuo
neaaenoaee ec eiathuaainy a eoeueoo?a iaoa?eaea, i?aa?auay eiae/aneea
aiciiaeiinoe a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, o. a. eioa?aeoeey inouanoaeyaony ii
oeio ia?aoiie nayce.
Aeinoaoi/ii i?iaieaoeaii oieeoaony aoi?ie aeae eioa?aeoeee – oece/aneiai
e ineoe/aneiai. Aeaea?o, noieeioaoenue n yoie i?iaeaiie, aiai?eo Iiiia?,
auneacae i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi ano?a/a oece/aneiai e ineoe/aneiai, nei?aa
anaai, i?ienoiaeeo a oeoeiaeaeiie aeaeaca iicaa. Iaae yoei aai
i?aaeiieiaeaieai iiiai iioaoaeenue. Iaeiaei iii ia aanii/aaiii, oieueei
ianoi eioa?aeoeee neaaeoao ia?aianoe a o/anoee iicaa, ioaaonoaaiiua ca
?a/ue. Yeeec oaeaea n/eoaao yoo aeiioaco Aeaea?oa aiieia cae?aaie e
iiaeoaa?aeae?iiie ?yaeii enneaaeiaaiee a iae?ioeceieiaee. “Iu oioaee
auneacaoue i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi ii?aaeae?iiua ?a/aaua iaeanoe iicaa e
ae?oaea, naycaiiua n ieie iaeanoe, ioiinyueany e ie?o 1, eioi?ua y
iau/ii iacuaath ioe?uouie iiaeoeyie, ioe?uou eiaiii yoei aeeyieai ie?a
2. Iu aeieaeiu iniciaaaoue, /oi yoi aanueia ?aaiethoeeiiiia iiiyoea a
oa?ieiao nia?aiaiiie iaoee”.
Eiia/ii, iienaiey eae ia?aiai, oae e aoi?iai aeaea eioa?aeoeee
niaea?aeao aieueoa aii?inia, iaaeaee ioaaoia. Oai ia iaiaa auneacaiiua
i?aaeiieiaeaiey aeatho iaeioi?ia, ioneae aeiioaoe/aneia, iniiaaiea aeey
iauyniaiey /aeiaa/aneie naiinoe.
Naiinoue – “ieeio” oaea.
Iaeei ec i?eioeeiia oeeinioee Iiiia?a – ecaaaaoue “*oi anoue?”
aii?inia, iineieueeo iie nii?yaeaiu n ynnaioeeaeeciii e
iaeii?iaeoeoeaiuie nii?aie i neiaao. Oai ia iaiaa aai iaoaoece/aneee
i?iaeo niaea?aeeo a naaa aiieia “ynnaioeeaeenoe/aneee” ii?o?ao naiinoe.
Naiinoue nouanoaoao, iia noieue ?aaeueia, eae e eiie?aoiua ethaee. Yoi
naiiniciathuaa niciaiea, ioeaieaathuaa naay, ei??aeoe?othuaa, oai?yuaa
iiaua niuneu. Yoi oi, /oi ?aiueoa iacuaaeinue “aeooie”, anee ioa?ineoue
?aeeaeiciue niune yoiai iiiyoey. ?aee iin/eoae, /oi “aeoo a iaoeia”
iainiiaaoue iaaiciiaeii. “ss aa?th a aeoo a iaoeia”, aiai?eo Iiiia?.
Oa?ieiu “naiinoue”, “aeoo”, “yai”, “aeooa”, “ee/iinoue” Iiiia? /anoi
oiio?aaeye /a?ac caiyooth; i?aaaea, o iaai anoue iaiai?ee a ioiioaiee
iiiyoey “ee/iinoue”. Ii aiiaua-oi oa?ieiieiae/aneea aeenoeieoeee ia
aaaeiu, n/eoaao ii, aaaeia i?iaeaia. A i?iaeaia ninoieo a iainiiaaiee
auoey naiinoe.
O naiinoe anoue aeoaieee aeieiae/aneee niune, eo/oa anaai iauyniyaiue a
oaeaieiae/aneeo oa?ieiao. Aicieeioa iiae i?anneiaii naeaeoeaiiai ioai?a,
naiinoue neoaeeo ii?aaeae?iiui oeaeyi aaeaioaoeee: aeey i?aiaeieaiey
o?oaeiinoae, iiyaeythueony i?e noieeiiaaiee n ia?ooeiiuie i?iaeaiaie,
aeey iaoiaeaeaiey aaeaeaaoiiai ?aoaiey a neooaoeee n aeueoa?iaoeaiuie
aiciiaeiinoyie e aeueoa?iaoeaiuie eino?oiaioaie, aeey auai?a
iai?aeeia?iiai niiniaa aeaenoaey, aeey inouanoaeaiey eiio?iey iaae
nenoaiie aeaenoaee e o. i. Oeiiaica Noeoai a iiuoao Eaeea?a,
aeiaeoiaaoeeny oaeeeieoue iaeeo, aioeioa iaeio aaiaoeiaoth iaeeo a
ae?oaoth, /oiau aeinoaoue ieiae, iaaeinyaaaiue i?e eniieueciaaiee
ei?ioeie iaeee, i?eiaiee iaoiaeioth no?aoaaeth e ia?ooeiiue niinia
?aoaiey i?iaeaiu. Eiaiii a oaeeo neooaoeeyo iaoiaeaeaiea iai?aeeia?iiai
niiniaa ?aoaiey i?iaeai, nei?aa anaai, oi?ie?iaaeanue naiinoue. A ?oeao
yaiethoeee naiinoue yaeeanue eae au eino?oiaioii oai?/anoaa iiaiai e
ai?iaaoeee iiaeciu.
*aeiaae ia ?iaeaeaaony n naiinoueth. I?e an?i yoii eneaoue aeey ia?
aeieiae/aneia eee iae?ioeceieiae/aneia iauyniaiea, e /aio neeiiyaony
Yeeec, cia/eo, ii Iiiia?o, caieiaoueny inaaaeii?iaeaiie. Eiia/ii,
naiinoe ?acee/iuo ethaeae ?acee/iu, eae ?acee/iu eo oaea. Iaeiaei
aaiaoe/anee-aeieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe, i?iyaeythueany a ee/iie
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe, ia eiatho aieueoiai cia/aiey. ?aaeueiia cia/aiea,
niaeanii Iiiia?o, eiatho ae?oaia. “ss aeoiath, /oi oieeaeueiinoue
naienoaaiia /aeiaa/aneei aeinoeaeaieyi, eiuie neiaaie, i?iaeoeoai ie?a
3, e eiaiii yoi aeaeaao iaoe naiinoe e iaoe niciaiey oieeaeueiuie”.
Oieoniue iiiaio iiiia?ianeiai iiieiaiey naiinoe – o?aeoiaea a?
aeoeaiinoe. Ecaaaay iieueciaaoueny iiiyoeai “naiaiaeiay aiey” (iii
neeoeii ii?aeueii iaa?oaeaii), Iiiia? nin?aaeioi/ee nai? aieiaiea ia
aieaa neeueiii niunea aeoeaiinoe – iaoaoece/aneii. “ss oi/o
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi naiinoe yaeythony aaeeinoaaiiuie aeoeaiuie aaaioaie
ai Anaeaiiie: aaeeinoaaiiuie aaaioaie, ii ioiioaieth e eioi?ui oa?iei
“aeoeaiinoue” iiaeao auoue i?eiai?i a iiaeeeiiii niunea yoiai neiaa”.
I?e anae iaethaae e “ynnaioeeaeecio” e “noanoaioeeaeecio” Iiiia? ia
inoaiaaeeaaaony ia?aae oai, /oiau i?eienaoue aeoeaiinoe naiinoe
“eaace-ynnaioeeaeenoneoth” e “eaace-noanoaioeeaeenoneoth” i?e?iaeo. Iu
/oanoaoai, /oi nouanoaoao ioaaonoaaiiue, eiio?iee?othuee naieo oeaio?,
iaoe ee/iinoe. Ii aunooiaao /ai-oi a?iaea i?ia?aiienoa iica n?aaieoue n
eiiiuethoa?ii. Oi?ioee ia?ac iiaeii iaeoe o Nie?aoa e Ieaoiia,
?anniao?eaathueo aeoo eae “ieeio ei?aaey-oaea”; ii eo/oa, iaaeaee
?aeeianeay iaoaoi?a “aeoo a iaoeia”. “Eae ieeio naiinoue iaeiia?aiaiii
iaaethaeaao e i?aaei?eieiaao aeaenoaey. Iia – aeaenoaothuay e
no?aaeathuay, aniiieiathuay i?ioeia e i?ia?aiie?othuay aoaeouaa,
iaeeaeathuay e ii?iaa?aathuay. A auno?ie niaia e n?aco ana iaeiia?aiaiii
iia niaea?aeeo aeaeaiey, ieaiu, iaaeaaeaeu, aioiaiinoue aeaenoaiaaoue e
aeeaia nica?oeaiea naiie naay eae auoey aeoeaiie naiinoe, oeaio?a
aeaenoaey. Iia aeaaeaao yoei naienoaii a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a aeaaiaea?y
eioa?aeoeee n ae?oaeie ee/iinoyie e n ie?ii”.
Ia iniiaaiee yoeo auneacuaaiee Iiiia?a iai?aoeaaaony aa?aeeeo: yoi –
ieaoiieci. Iaeiaei ii aoaeao i?aaeaeaa?aiaiai: “ieaoiiianeay ianiue”
Iiiia?a iinoiyiii i?a?uaaaony e caaeooaaony iiuiui i?eano?ii aai
iaoo?aeecia. O naiinoe iiieii “cayei??aiinoe” (“anchored” – oa?iei
Iiiia?a) a ie?a 3 anoue au? aieaa iiuiue ooiaeaiaio, /anoe/ii
oece/aneee, /anoe/ii aeeniiceoeeiiiue, iaoiaeyueeny a ie?a 2. Iaoa?eae,
eioi?ue naiiniciathuay naiinoue auae?aao, ni?oe?oao e o.ae., yoi oieueei
iaeaiueeay oieeea ec oiai, /oi aeaenoaoao ia ia? aanniciaoaeueii eee
iiaeniciaoaeueii ec ieaeiae /anoe aenaa?aa. Aeeniiceoeee e aeaenoaeth, e
iaeioi?ui oeiai iiaaaeaiey, iaeeaeaiey, eiooeoeee, aanniciaoaeueiua
iaauee, aaiaoe/aneay e iiaeniciaoaeueiay iaiyoue – yoi ia?iiiue ie?,
aicaeaenoaothuee ia naiinoue, ia a? auai?u e i?aaeii/oaiey iauaeoia ie?a
3. Oi, /oi iacuaatho cae?aaui niuneii, yoi a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ciaiea,
i?ioaaeoaa eiio?ieue ie?a 2.
A eaeoeee, i?i/eoaiiie a Eiiaeiineie oeiea yeiiiieee a 1989 a., Iiiia?
aiai?ee, /oi iaoea – yoi a nouiinoe i?inaau?iiue cae?aaue niune. “ss
aeaaea aeoiath, /oi iia ia aieaa /ai i?inaau?iiue cae?aaue niune
aaeoa?ee”. Eaio, auaeaeioaoee oai?eth ai?ei?iiai ciaiey, ia ycuea naiaai
a?aiaie i?aaeainoeoee iaeaieaa aaaeiua ?acoeueoaou yaiethoeeiiiie oai?ee
ciaiey. Nae/an, n/eoaao Iiiia?, iiaeii eaeoe aeaeueoa Eaioa e
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi 99% ciaiey anao i?aaieciia yaeyaony a?iaeae?iiui,
eiei?ii?e?iaaiiui a eo aeioeie/aneoth no?oeoo?o. E 99% ciaiey,
i?eieiaaoaainy Eaioii ca aiinoa?ieaeiia, oaeoe/anee yaeyaony ia
aiinoa?ieaeiui, a ai?ei?iui. Aeaiiua i?aaiia /oanoa eioa?i?aoe?othony a
naaoa iaoeo aei?aoeaeneaiuo eaeae. E /anoi, iie eioa?i?aoe?othony
eiaeii.
Iiiia?, eiia/ii, iiieiae, /oi iiiaea aai noaeaeaiey i?ioeai?a/ao
oece/aneiio ciaieth, iai?eia?, oacen i naiiaeoeaiinoe naiinoe anooiaao a
i?ioeai?a/ea n caeiiaie oa?iiaeeiaieee. *oi eanaaony aoi?iai caeiia –
yio?iiee, oi caeanue iao ioaeaeu aaniieieoueny: iaioaeueiay ?aaioa iicaa
i?iecaiaeeo iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai oaiea, onoaaoee /aeiaae aiai?eo, /oi o
iaai “aieiaa iueaao”. Neiaeiaa ianoieo aeaei n ia?aui caeiiii
oa?iiaeeiaieee – caeiiii nio?aiaiey yia?aee. Caeanue anoue ?aciua
aiciiaeiinoe. Ia eneeth/aii, /oi yoio caeii aa?ai oieueei noaoenoe/anee.
Anee oeceea ia niiaeao iaeoe ianoi a naieo caeiiao aeey aeooa, oi, eae
aiai?eony, oai ooaea aeey oeceee. Naaiaeiyoiyy oeceea iaoiaeeony a
neooaoeee ioe?uoinoe e /aio-oi iaecaanoiiio. (“Nai y iaaeathnue ia
?aaiethoeeth a oeceea”, – aiai?eo Iiiia?.) Auoiaeii yaeyaony i?eiyoea
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae eee aeeniiceoeee, ia iiaeaeathueony
aa?iyoiinoiiio en/eneaieth, ca ?aaeueiua oece/aneea yaeaiey. “Neooaoeey
a oeceea aaae?o e aeiiouaieth iauaeoeaiuo aa?iyoiinoae eee aa?iyoiinoiuo
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae a oeceea. Aac yoie eaeae, iieaaath, nia?aiaiiay
aoiiiay oeceea (eaaioiaay iaoaieea) aaeaa ee iiaeao auoue iiiyoa”.
Iiaeaaae?i eoiae iiiia?ianeie eiioeaioeee ie?a i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae e
naiinoe. Auneacuaaoue ii a? iiaiaeo “e?eoe/aneea caia/aiey” ia eiaao
niunea: oeeinioeth Iiiia?a iiaeii eeai i?eiyoue e ?acaeaaoue, eeai
ioaa?aiooue, ii a iineaaeiai neo/aa neaaeoao i?aaenoaaeoue
aeueoa?iaoeaiue, “oaeueneoeoee?othuee” aa?eaio. Caieiaoueny iu yoei,
?acoiaaony, ia niae?aainy; iu ia?aie/ei iaoo caaea/o ianeieueeeie
auneacuaaieyie iaoaoeeinioneiai ii?yaeea.
Oeeinioey Iiiia?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeinoaoi/ii oeaeueioth iaoaoeceeo
– Grand Metaphysics, aeeth/athuoth a naay e ia?niiaeenoe/aneoth
eiiiiiaioo. Iniiaiia aieiaiea iu nin?aaeioi/eee ia yenieeeaoeee a?
einiieiae/aneiai i?iaeoa, ii iaeiia?aiaiii noa?aeenue iieacaoue, /oi o
ia? anoue “ee/iay iiaanoea aeiy” – ionoiyoue e caueoeoue oeaiiinoue
naiinoe, a aianoa n iae niciaiea, naiaiaeo aiee, eoeueoo?o, e /oi a?
enoiaeiay onoaiiaea: anee iu ia aeieaaeai, /oi eiaai naiaiaeo a
einiieiae/aneii niunea, “iu aaeaa ee eiaai eaeoth-eeai ii?aeueioth
naiaiaeo”.
“A eaeie aea ia?ac /aeiaaea ?enoao Iiiia? a yoie i?ia?aiia?” Ia?ac
“/aeiaae-iaoeia” aai ia ono?aeaaao ie ii oai?aoe/aneei, ie ii
i?aanoaaiii-aoiaienoe/aneei iioeaai. Iaeiaei o iaai naiiai, ai anyeii
neo/aa a aiinaieiae/aneeo ?aaioao, ia?ac /aeiaaea ?aoeeiiaeueiiai aue
aeinoaoi/ii iaeiiaieei, n ec?yaeiui “oethnii” iauaeoeaiiai ciaiey.
Ai?ynue n ineoieiaeciii, o?aeaeeciii, ia aeoo ia i?eieiay
oaeaeaaaa?eainoai, ii naeaeae aeoeaio ia ie?a 3 (eaeay yoiai ie?a
aicieeea o iaai ec ?aciuoeaiee i i?e?iaea iaoaiaoeee). Oioy Iiiia? e ia
n/eoae, /oi ie?o 3 naienoaaiii aeneiiaoe/aneia iino?iaiea e ia naiaeee
?aoeeiiaeueiinoue oieueei e aeiioaoeei-aeaaeoeoeaiiio iaoiaeo, yoio ie?
?acaeaaeny e iaai ii noaia ?1 – OO – AA – ?2 e /aeiaae, au?eniauaaoeeny
ec aai ?aaio, i/aiue iioiaeee ia eiaeei-aeaaeoeoeaioth iaoeio. E,
enoaoe, yaii ioee/aeny io iieiie?iaiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i /aeiaaea,
eioi?iio ii neaaeiaae a “Ioe?uoii iauanoaa”. Yoi /oanoaiaae e nai
Iiiia?. Aio, ii/aio, caaeoiaa iaoaoece/aneee i?iaeo, ii ca iiauie
e?aneaie ia?aoeeny e “Iaoooea I?e?iaea”, a, oi/iaa aiai?y, e “A?
Aaee/anoao Yaiethoeee”. A eoiaa anao ?aoeaenee aue nicaeai iiaue ia?ac.
*aeiaae – yoi eoeueoo?ii-aeieiae/aneee eee aeieoeueoo?iue i?aaieci,
iaeaaeathuee, eae e ana aeeaioiua, a?iaeae?iiui ciaieai, iaeiaei a
?acoeueoaoa iooaoeee i?e?iaeu ia?aooee oieeaeueioth aeeniiceoeeth e
nicaeaieth ycuea, o?ainoeaiaeaioeee a?iaeae?iiiai ciaiey ia iiaue
yia?aeaeaoiue o?iaaiue, o?iaaiue ?aoeeiiaeueiinoe. ?aoeeiiaeueiinoue e
a? eino?oiaiou – oai?ee, aeiioacu e o. i., aunooiatho oaea n?aaenoaii
ia?aoaiey ioiineoaeueiie naiaiaeu eae io aeanoieiai aaiaoe/aneiai
aeaoa?ieiecia, oae e io aeanoieinoe caeiiia i?e?iaeu. N iiyaeaieai ie?a
3 iiyaeyaony oain, /oi i?enouee yaiethoeee anoanoaaiiue ioai? oa?yao
naie ianeeuenoaaiiue oa?aeoa? e /aeiaae iieo/aao aiciiaeiinoue ?aoaoue
naie i?iaeaiu e eiioeeeou iaianeeuenoaaiiui ioo?i. Eiia/ii, iiaeii e
oionoeoue yoio oain, iiaeaeaoueny e??aoeeiiaeecio, ieoieiaecio,
naeaeaoue noaaeo ia ianeeea. Aaeeinoaaiiui i?ioeaiyaeeai i?ioea anaai
yoiai, n/eoaao Iiiia?, yaeyaony ioe?uoinoue aeey e?eoeee – ia anao
o?iaiyo /aeiaa/aneie aeecie.
Ii aieueoiio n/?oo oeeinio ioeaieaaaony ii oiio aeeaaeo, eioi?ue ii
aiineo a iinoaiiaeo iiauo i?iaeai, ia?aoi?ioee?iaeo noa?uo, aaaaeaiea
iiauo eiioeaioeee, iaoiaeieiaee, nicaeaiea iiaiai iiiyoeeiiai neiaa?y e
niuneia e o. ae. Iu iinoa?aeenue iieacaoue iaeioi?ua ec iiaaoeee
iiiyoeeiiai neiaa?y e niuneia e o. ae. Iu iinoa?aeenue iieacaoue
iaeioi?ua ec iiaaoeee Iiiia?a. Ii aeeaae oeeinioa a ia iaiueoae ia?a
ioeaieaaaony ii aai niiniaiinoe i?iaioee?iaaoue e?eoe/aneea aeeneonnee,
caaeaaaoue iiaue noeeue iuoeaiey, noeioee?iaaoue iiyaeaiea ieiaeioai?iuo
ii?iaa?aeaiee. Oeeinioey Iiiia?a, aaconeiaii, yaeeanue iiuiaeoei
eaoaeecaoi?ii oai?/aneeo eneaiee oeeinioee XX a. Aacioiineoaeueii e
i?eiyoeth eee iai?eiyoeth aai acaeyaeia, aai eiy iinoiyiii aicieeaei a
aeeneonneyo ii iiaiaeo eiaeoeoeee e aeaaeoeoeee, yiie?ecia e oai?aoecia,
?aaeoeoeeiiecia e aioe?aaeoeoeeiiecia, aeaoa?ieiecia, oeceeaeecia e
yaiethoeeiiecia, eiiioiecia e eeaa?aeueiiai ?aoi?iecia e o. ae.
A iaoai yeneo?na iu iuoaeenue iooaieoue iiiiceoeeth
yaiethoeeiiii-einiieiae/aneeie iaoaoeceee Iiiia?a oeceeaeenoneiio
iiiecio (naienoaaiiiai ia oieueei eiae/aneei iiceoeaenoai, ii e
iinoiiceoeaenoneei aiaeeoeeai). Aio oaea iieoi?a noieaoey, ni a?aiaie
ioaeeeaoeee “I?ienoiaeaeaiey aeaeia” *. Aea?aeia, a oeeinioee
“e?ooyony”, i?aoaiaeoy ia i?ei?eoaoiinoue, o?e iniiaiuo oeia iaoaoeceee
– oeceeaeenoneee, aeieiaeoeenoneee e eoeueoo?ieiae/aneee. Oeceeaeeci
enoiaeeo ec iiienoe/aneie onoaiiaee – “An? anoue oece/aneia”, i?eieiaao
oeceeo ca ia?aaeeaio iioieiae/aneiai ecia?aaeaiey ie?a, i?eaea?aeeaaaony
a iauai e oeaeii aeaoa?ieiecia, oae e eee eia/a yeeieie?oao ec
“iioieiae/anee aaeaeaaoiiai ycuea” iiiyoey niciaiey, ee/iinoiiai,
eaeaaeueiiai, naiaiaeu aiee e o. i. Aeieiaeoeenoneee oei iaoaoeceee,
i?eaioe?iaaiiue ia aeieiae/aneee ia?ac iaoee, aeeth/aao a naay
yaiethoeeth Anaeaiiie, ia?aaeooee?oaiinoue a? o?iaiae, i?aaieoeeci,
oaeaieeci, iai?a?uaiinoue i?e?iaeiiai e nioeeaeueiiai e o. i. Aai
iauynieoaeueiua oeiu aieaa ieanoe/iu e aeatho aiciiaeiinoue ioaaoeoue
eae i?e?iaeo, oae e /aeiaa/aneea oaiiiaiu.
A oa/aiee aeieaiai a?aiaie i?aaeiaoii iniuneaiey aeey Iiiia?a, eae e
eiae/aneeo yiie?eeia, auee oeceea, iaoaiaoeea, eiaeea. Iaeiaei aai ia
ono?aeaaee oa?aeoa?iua aeey eiae/aneiai yiie?ecia oeceeaeenoneea
i?eioeeiu: eaeay aaeeiie iaoee, ?aaeoeoeey auneacuaaiee i ineoe/aneii e
auneacuaaieyi i oece/aneii, oai?ey “ycueiaiai ea?eana”, ?acaeaeaiea
“aiaoieo” e “aioo?aiieo” aii?inia e o. i. ?acoiaaony, au? iaiueoa aai
ono?aeaaee eoeueoo?ieiae/aneea e ia?niiaeenoneea iiaeaee, no?iyuea naie
eiino?oeoeee a io?uaa io oiai, /oi aeaeaaony a iaoea (iai?eia?,
oaeaeaaaa?eainoai). Ciaeiinoai n aeieiaeae e i?eiyoea yaiethoeeiienoneie
ia?aaeeaiu icia/aei, iiieii anaai i?i/aai, ?ac?aaioeo aeueoa?iaoeaiuo
oeceeaeecio a?aoiaioia. Aianoa n oai yoio oaa iaeuecy iaeiicia/ii
o?aeoiaaoue eae “aeieiaeci”. Aea?aeieci aeey iaai – ia ae?noeea
i?eioeeiu, eioi?ui iaaeeaaeeo neaaeiaaoue. A neo/aa n iiiia?ianeie
oeeinioeae iu, nei?aa anaai, eiaai aeaei ni niaoaiiui
eoeueoo?ii-yaiethoeeiiiui oeiii iaoaoeceee. Oai?ey iauaeoeaiiai ciaiey
ie?a 3 – yoi ieaoiiianeay ianiue eoeueoo?a, a? iiue, aaoiiiiee,
oieeaeueiinoe e ioiineoaeueiie naiaiaea. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi yoi aeii
oai?/aneie niiniaiinoe /aeiaaea.
Oaea yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iicaieyao iai aiai?eoue, /oi ?anoiaeee ia?ac
Iiiia?a eae “noeeaioenoa” – eiaeai. Iiiia?, aaconeiaii, ethaee e oaaaeae
iaoeo, iinea eneonnoaa e iocuee iia – iaeaieaa aaeeeieaiiia aeinoeaeaiea
/aeiaa/aneiai aeooa. Ii no?aieeny auoue /ooeei e oaeoai iaoee, ia
iiaoi?youe ioeaie Aaaaey e ia niiecaoue e “aeo?iie iaoaoeceea”. Aianoa n
oai, eiaaea oiai o?aaiaaea eiaeea aai iaoaoeceee, Iiiia? ia
inoaiaaeeaaeny ia?aae oai, /oiau iiaeaa?aiooue niiiaieth i?eiyoua a
iaoea enoeiu. Oae auei n caeiiaie oa?iiaeeiaieee, i?ioeai?a/aueie eaeaa
aeoeaiinoe naiinoe, oae auei n aea?aeiianeie eaeaae ianeeuenoaaiiiai
ioai?a, eiaaea aio ioaeii auei aeieacaoue aiciiaeiinoue aeaenoaey
iaianeeuenoaaiiiai ioai?a a ie?a 3, oae auei n i?eiyouie a iaoea
oai?eyie noaiiaeaiey iiaiai, eiaaea iio?aaiaaeny “ie?
i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoae” aeey iauyniaiey ea/anoaaiiiai iiiaiia?acey
auoey.
A nouiinoe iniiaiie iaeanoueth e aeaaiie aeenoeeieeiie Iiiia? n/eoae
einiieiaeth; /oi eanaaony eiie?aoiuo iaoe – oeeinioee, nioeeaeueiuo
oai?ee e o. ae., oi iie eiatho noaoon “iaoaoece/aneeo
enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo i?ia?aii”, iiaeoiaeia e n?aaenoa a ?aoaiee i?iaeai
yoie aeaaiie aeenoeeieeiu.
Einiieiae/aneay iaoaoeceea n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth o?aaoao e iiaeaiaeeo e
“i?aaeaeueiui aii?inai”. A iineaaeiai, XII aeeaeiaa eieae “Naiinoue e a?
iica” Aeae. Yeeec, – aa?othuee o?enoeaiei e ?aoeeiiaeeno – auneacae
oaaaeaeaiea, /oi aaeeeay oaeia auoey ia iiaeaeanoia ieeaeei iao/iui
oniaoai, e n yoei ioaeii i?eie?eoueny. Aaiinoee e ?aoeeiiaeeno Iiiia?
niaeaneeny, /oi “iu aeaenoaeoaeueii aeieaeiu naaa ynii i?aaenoaaeyoue
iaoe iuiaoiea ia?aie/aiiinoe, e oi, /oi nouanoaotho ii?aaeae?iiua aaue,
eioi?ua ii iaiueoae ia?a naaiaeiy auaeyaeyo eae anee au iie – aa/iua
oaeiu. Aeaeueoa yoiai y ia oi/o eaeoe… i?iaeaiu neeoeii aaeeee aeey
ian a ianoiyuaa a?aiy”. E an? aea iu ia iiaeai ia no?aieoueny
“i?iieeaoue a ieo n?aaenoaaie ?acoiiuie”.
I?eioeei oaeueneoeeaoeee.
A 1935 a. a Aaia auea iioaeeeiaaia eieaa Iiiia?a “Eiaeea iao/iiai
enneaaeiaaiey”. Eanaynue a iae iiiaeo ?aciuo i?iaeai oai?ee iiciaiey,
Iiiia? nin?aaeioi/ee aieiaiea ia ii?iaa?aeaieyo aeaoo aeaaiuo onoiaa
eiae/aneiai iiceoeaecia – i?eioeeiia aa?eoeeaoeee e eiiaaioeeiiaeecia.
Ii nooe aeaea Iiiia? caeinoaiaae auaiae, naeaeaiiue iaoa?eaeenoii O.
Aaeiiii au? a XVII a., ia ia?iiiie ?iee a iiciaiee oaeoia (e eo
eiinoaoaoeee), io?eoeathueo oi eee eiia oaea ecaanoiia iieiaeaiea.
Aaaeue aeaaea i/aiue aieueoia /enei iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo oaeoia a
ioiioaiee oiai eee eiiai ooaa?aeaeaiey, iieo/aiiiai ioo?i eiaeoeoeaiiai
iaiauaiey, aeaeaao aai eeoue aanueia aa?iyoiui, ii an?-oaee ia oa??aei
aeinoiaa?iui. I?e yoii aeinoaoi/ii iaeiiai, ii aiieia aannii?iiai,
ii?iaa?aathuaai oaeoa aeey oiai, /oiau yoi eiaeoeoeaiia iaiauaiea auei
ioa?ioaii eae iaaiaeiia. I?inoie i?eia? yoiio – i?aa?auaiea
ooaa?aeaeaiey “ana eaaaaee aaeua” a eiaeiia, eiaaea noaei ecaanoii, /oi
a Aano?aeee aeeaoo e /??iua eaaaaee. Iaiaeeiaeiaua “neeo” e ?ieue a
aeaea i?iaa?ee iniuneaiiinoe e enoeiiinoe iao/iuo oai?ee, eioi?ua
naienoaaiiu iiaeoaa?aeaeathuei e ii?iaa?aathuei oaeoi?ai, Iiiia? iacaae
iiciaaaoaeueiie “aneiiao?e/iinoueth”.
Ia iniiaaiee yoie “aneiiao?e/iinoe” Iiiia? i?iaicaeanee caiaio
i?eioeeia aa?eoeeaoeee (o.a. iieiaeeoaeueii inouanoaeyaiie i?iaa?ee,
eia/a aiai?y, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey) i?eioeeiii oaeueneoeeaoeee (o.a. noieue
aea ?aaeueii inouanoaeyaiiai ii?iaa?aeaiey). Ii icia/aao, /oi i?iaa?ea
iao/iie iniuneaiiinoe, a caoai e enoeiiinoe iao/iuo oai?ee aeieaeia
inouanoaeyoueny ia /a?ac eo iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea, a i?aeiouanoaaiii (eee
aeaaea eneeth/eoaeueii) /a?ac eo ii?iaa?aeaiea.
Iiiia? oanii naycae naie iaiaaeee ia i?eioeei aa?eoeeaoeee ia oieueei n
e?eoeeie a aae?an iaeiinoi?iiiinoe eiaeoeoeaecia e ineoieiaecia a oai?ee
iiciaiey (caeanue ii aue aei iaeioi?ie noaiaie i?aa), ii e io?eoeaieai
iaoa?eaeecia e o/aiey i ?acaeoee iiciaiey eae ainoiaeaeaiey io
ioiineoaeueiuo enoei e aaniethoiui. Iaeiaei aio naiiio aea i?eoiaeeeinue
a naieo aueeaaeeao enoiaeeoue ec oiai, /oi i?eioeei oaeueneoeeaoeee
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony, o.a. aa?eoeoee?oaony. Ii iaiae oaeaea e ia
iaiiiceoeaenoneee eiiaaioeeiiaeeci, iaeiaei nai aea inoaeny ia iiceoeeyo
eiiaaioeeiiaeeci: aeey iaai i?eiyoea oao eee eiuo ooaa?aeaeaiee a
ea/anoaa enoeiiuo (eee aiiaua a ea/anoaa iao/ii iniuneaiiuo) – yoi ia
aieaa eae oneiaiia e i?eoii a?aiaiiia niaeaoaiea (eiiaaioeey).
Nianoaaiii iao/iuo ooaa?aeaeaiee (a cia/eo, e oai?ee!) aeey Iiiia?a
aiiaua ia nouanoaoao: eiatho ianoi ia oai?ee, a eeoue aeiioacu, e yoe
aeiioacu ieeiaaea a noaoon enoeiiuo iao/iuo oai?ee ia?aeoe ia niiaoo.
Iie iaoiaeyony eeoue ai a?aiaiiii oiio?aaeaiee, e ia aieaa oiai,
eiia/iay noaeueaa eo iai?aiaiii ieaaeaony e?aoii. Oaeie acaeyae
i?aa?auaao ethaua ioiineoaeueiua enoeiu eeoue a i?eiyoua ia a?aiy
caaeoaeaeaiey. Iauaeoeaiia enoeiiia ciaiea a “Eiaeea iao/iiai
enneaaeiaaiey” Iiiia?a enia?eeenue.
A eiioea 60-o aiaeia Iiiia?o i?eoeinue an?-oaee i?eciaoue, /oi eiaao
ianoi “?ino” ciaiee ethaeae. Ii aeey inouanoaeaiey “?inoa” ciaiee, ii
Iiiia?o, aeinoaoi/ii yeaiaioa?iiai iaoiaea i?ia e ioeaie, eioi?ue e aue
i?eciai ei a ea/anoaa aeaaiiai iaoiaea iao/iiai iuoeaiey.
?a/ue eae?o i naiii i?eieoeaiii iaoiaea. Aai einoeieoeaii eniieuecotho
a naiae aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe aeeaioiua (iai?eia?, eiaaea e?una euao
auoiae ec eaae?eioa). Aianoa n oai yoio iaoiae aiiaua yaeyaony
ia/aeueiui caaiii a enoi?e/anee i?ienoiaeeaoai ?acaeoee iaoiaeia
iiciaiey, aieaa oiai, ei i?eoiaeeony oi e aeaei iieueciaaoueny e
eaaeaeiio nia?aiaiiiio /aeiaaeo (iai?eia?, eiaaea a iaciaeiiie o?iiie
eiiiaoa iu euai ianoaiiue aueeth/aoaeue yeaeo?e/aneiai naaoa). Ii
aeaenoaoao iuia a YAI eae i?aaeei “ia?aai?a” anao neo/aaa e eae i?e?i
eniuoaiey ?aciuo aa?eaioia ioaaoa ia neiaeioth i?iaeaio a aieaa eee
iaiaa iaoe?iii, ii an? aea eiia/iii aeeaiaciia oai?aoe/aneeo
aiciiaeiinoae. Ii nio?aieony a eino?oiaioa?ee iaoee e a aoaeouai. Ae.E.
Iaiaeaeaaa ienae, /oi eneaoue /oi-eeai iiaia “iaeuecy, eia/a, eae niio?y
e i?iaoy”. Eiuie neiaaie, iaeuecy eia/a, eae i?eiaiyy i?e?i i?ia
(aeiaaaeie) e eo i?aeoe/aneeo i?iaa?ie.
Aeeaeaeoeea ?acaeoey iiciaiey, iaeiaei, oaeiaa, /oi iaoea aiiaua aoaeao
no?aieoueny e oiio, /oiau ii aiciiaeiinoe ia?aie/eoue eniieueciaaiea
yoiai iaoiaea, oae eae ii a niunea i?eeaaaaiuo oneeee /aua anaai auaaao
/?acau/aeii ?anoi/eoaeueiui. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea iao/iie iaoiaeieiaee
eae?o, a /anoiinoe, ii iooe iouneaiey iiauo i?e?iia e i?aaee
aeaeueiaeoaai ia?aie/aiey aeaenoaey (i?eiaiaiey) yoiai iaoiaea. Ii aeey
Iiiia?a a iaoiaea i?ia e ioeaie, noeoeeiii e iaeneiaeueii naiaiaeiii io
anyeie iaoiaee/iinoe, iaiai?io, neiioeaio?e?iaai aeaaiue niune
iiciathuae aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay ia eiaao aoaeoi au ie/aai iauaai n
i?iieeiiaaieai a nouiinoue iiciaaaaiuo iauaeoia e ?ac?uaaao anth naith
nianoaaiioth enoi?eth ia ?yae acaeiiiainiaeaiiuo ianiecia?eiuo e
iaia?aaiaeeiuo ae?oa aeey ae?oaa yoaiia, ec eioi?uo aieaa iicaeiea
ioithaeue ia “aeeaea” e nouiinoe, /ai ei i?aaeoanoaothuea.
Eaeay Iiiia?a i “ianiecia?eiinoe” ?acee/iuo enoi?e/aneeo yoaiia
niciaiey, i iieiii ionoonoaee naycae iaaeaeo ieie auea yaii iai?aaeaia
i?ioea aeeaeaeoeei-iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie oai?ee io?aaeaiey e o/aiey i
?acaeoee ciaiee io ioiineoaeueiuo enoei e aaniethoiui. Yoa iiceoeey
Iiiia?a iieo/eea ia Caiaaea iaeiaiiaaiea “aioeeoioeyoeaeci”, eioi?ue
ioithaeue ia iia. Eiae/aneee iiceoeaeno 30-o aiaeia E. Aeaeoeaae/,
i?iaicaanoieee eaeae eeiaaenoe/aneie ioiineoaeueiinoe yoiia?aou N. Naie?
e A. Oi?o, “iai?aoeeiiaeenou” O. Aiinao e A. Aaoey? e enoi?ee iaoee O.
Eoi ii nooe aeaea ?annoaeaeaee a iieueco oie aea naiie aaiinoe/aneie
eaeae. Aneaae ca Iiiia?ii eaeath i “ianiecia?eiinoe” ?acaee I.
Oaea?aaaiae.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. Ia/eiieeia I.O. “Ea?e Iiiia?, iao nia?aiaiiee, oeeinio XX aaea”.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1992, ?8.
2. Ia/eiieeia I.O. “Ia eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeia?aoee Iiiia?a”.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1995, ?11.
3. Iiiia? E. “Eiaeea e ?ino iao/iiai ciaiey”., I, 1983a.
4. Iiiia? E. “Eiaeea nioeeaeueiuo iaoe”.
//Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1992, ?10.
5. Naaeianeee A.I. “Ea?e Iiiia?, Aaaaeaaneay aeeaeaeoeea e oi?iaeueiay
eiaeea”.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1995, ?1.
6. Naaeianeee A.I. “I Ea?ea Iiiia?a e noaeueaa aai o/aiey a ?innee”.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1995, ?10.
7. Nieoea? C.A. “I?iaeaiu iaiiaeaiey ciaiey: aiinaieiae/aneea
eiioeaioeee E. Aeoaaiooaeia e E. Iiiia?a”, I, 1988a.
8. Nie?iia A.A. “E. Iiiia? i?aa: aeeaeaeoe/aneay eiaeea iaaiciiaeia”.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1995, ?1
9. *aeeianeee TH.A. “Ia yaiethoeeiiiuo acaeyaeao E. Iiiia?a”.
// Aii?inu oeeinioee, 1995, ?11
10. Ia?neee E.N. “Nia?aiaiiay ao?aeoaciay oeeinioey: aeaa aaaeoueo
oa/aiey ia/aea 80-o aiaeia XX aaea”.
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