AeA?AEIIANEAss IAOAOI?A E OEEINIOEss IAOEE
?iaa?o I. ssia
Oioaeinue au ia/aoue n aeiiieiaiey, naeaeaiiiai Aea?aeiii e o?aoueaio
ecaeaiey aai “I?ienoiaeaeaiey aeaeia…”, iioaeeeiaaiiiai a 1861 aiaeo. Ni
a?aiaiai y oaa?eeny, /oi iiaeiyoua oai i?iaeaiu yaeythony
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuie aeey oeeinioee iaoee. Aio, nianoaaiii, nai oaeno:
“Ioaeaeueiua aaoi?u, aiciiaeii, ec-ca iaiiieiaiey, ia i?eieiatho oa?iei
“anoanoaaiiue ioai?”. Iaeioi?ua aeaaea aeoiatho, /oi anoanoaaiiue ioai?
aucuaaao eciai/eainoue, oiaaea eae ii iiae?acoiaaaao eeoue nio?aiaiea
eciaiaiee, auaiaeiuo i?aaiecio a aeaiiuo oneiaeyo aeecie. Oai ia iaiaa,
ieeoi ia aic?aaeaao caieaaeaeueoeo, eiaaea ii aiai?eo i aia/aoeythueo
?acoeueoaoao ioai?a, i?iecaiaeeiiai /aeiaaeii; a yoii neo/aa ii ioae?aao
n?aaee i?e?iaeiiai ?aciiia?acey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?acee/ee n eaeie-oi
ii?aaeaeaiiie oeaeueth, i?iaeeeoiaaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth. Ae?oaea
aic?aaeatho i?ioea oa?ieia “ioai?” eae aeeth/athuaai a naay aeo
niciaoaeueiiai auai?a eciaiaiee aeeaioiuie; a nayce n /ai iaeioi?ua
aeaaea ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi anoanoaaiiue ioai? ia i?eiaiei e ?anoaieyi,
o.e. o ieo iao aiee! Ianiiiaiii, oiio?aaeaiea oa?ieia “anoanoaaiiue
ioai?”, a aoeaaeueiii niunea yoiai neiaa, ia nianai i?aaeeueii; ii
aic?aaeae ee oioue eoi-ieaoaeue oeieeo, aiai?yuaio ia ecae?aoaeueiii
n?iaenoaa ?acee/iuo yeaiaioia? No?iai aiai?y, iaeuecy aeaaea
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi eeneioa “auae?aao” iniiaaiea, n eioi?ui iia
i?aeiouanoaaiii ?aaae?oao. Anoue iiaiea, /oi y ?anniao?eaath
anoanoaaiiue ioai? eae aeayoaeueioth Aiaeanoaaiioth neeo, ii eoi
aic?aceo aaoi?o, aiai?yuaio, /oi neeu oyaioaiey iai?aaeytho aeaeaeaiea
ieaiao? Eaaeaeiio ecaanoii, i /ai eaeao ?a/ue, /oi caeeth/atho a naaa
oaeea iaoaoi?e/iua o?acu, eioi?ua yaeythony /ooue ee ia iaiaoiaeeiuie
aeey e?aoeinoe eceiaeaiey. Eoae, iiaoi?yth, /oi o?oaeii ecaaaeaoue
iaeooaaeaiey neiaa “I?e?iaea”, ii iiae i?e?iaeie y iiae?acoiaaath
oieueei niaieoiiia aeaenoaea iiiaeo aa caeiiia, au?aaeathuaany a
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe iaaethaeaaiuo iaie niauoee. Oaeei ia?acii, ia
aoaeao i?iecaieii caauoue i iiaeiaiuo iiaa?oiinoiuo aic?aaeaieyo”
(Darwin, 1895, p. 58-59).
Ia?aae oai, eae aiaeece?iaaoue yoi ooaa?aeaeaiea, y oi/o ioiaoeoue
iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe ienueiaiiie ?a/e Aea?aeia. Ii i/aiue ouaoaeueii
ia?a?aaaouaae naie oaaeaa?. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eaaeaeia iineaaeothuaa
ecaeaiea niaea?aeaei aieueoa eciaiaiee, /ai i?aaeuaeouaa. Iin Iyeoyi,
caieiaaoeeny eo iiaen/aoii, ooaa?aeaeaao: “Ec aieaa /ai 3 878
i?aaeeiaeaiee ia?aiai ecaeaiey, ieiei 3 000 eee 75 i?ioeaioia, auee
ia?aienaiu io iaeiiai aei iyoe ?ac. Auei aeiaaaeaii aieaa 1 500
i?aaeeiaeaiee, e ieiei 325 i?eaeiaeueiuo o?ac auei au/a?eiooi. Anaai
nouanoaoao ieiei 7 500 ?aciiia?aciuo aa?eaioia i?eaeiaeueiuo e aianaiiuo
iicaeiaa i?aaeeiaeaiee. Oanoia ecaeaiea ia o?aoue aeeeiiaa ia?aiai ec-ca
aeiiieiaiee” (Peckham, 1959, p. 9). 7 % anao eni?aaeaiee iiyaeeinue ai
aoi?ii ecaeaiee, 14 % a o?aoueai, 21 % a /aoaa?oii, 29 % a iyoii e
inoaeueiua — a oanoii. (pp. 20—24).
Oaeei ia?acii, iu eiaai aeaei n /aeiaaeii i/aiue e i/aiue inoi?iaeiui a
naieo neiaao. Ii ?aaae?iaae ia ana noaouee, iinayuaiiua aii?ino, ienueia
ae?ocae e e?eoe/aneea caia/aiey. Iai?eia?, ny? Aeaei?aeae Aeaeaenii
Iaeaa?o auneacae iiiai caia/aiee, ii-ianoiyuaio acaieiiaaaoeo Aea?aeia,
ia eioi?ua ii ioaa/ae n aieueoei aieiaieai e inoi?iaeiinoueth, iiyoiio a
oanoii ecaeaiee oae iiiai eni?aaeaiee. ss oi/o ia?aoeoue Aaoa aieiaiea
ia oi, n eaeie ouaoaeueiinoueth ii ?aaioae iaae i?iaa?eie i?aaeeueiinoe
naieo auaiaeia, niaea?aeaueony a oaenoa.
Ia?aoeiny oaia?ue e aiaeeco oaenoa. Ai-ia?auo, Aea?aei aiai?eo, /oi ia
eanaaony i?e/ei eciai/eainoe, o.a. ii ia ioaa/aao ia aii?in, ii/aio
aeaeu eciaiythony, i?aaeiaoii ?anniio?aiey yaeythony eeoue auaeeaathuea
aeaeu. Ai-aoi?uo, ia yaeyynue eaia?eenoii, ii ia oiiieiaao ie a eaeii
aeaea i oae iacuaaaiii “no?aieaiee e niaa?oainoao” o aeeaioiuo e
?anoaiee. A-o?aoueeo, /oi iniaaiii eioa?anii aeey ian, ii iia?oaeaaony a
oeeinioeth iaoee, aaea iu n iei e inoaiainy aei ia i?ioyaeaiee yoiai
i/a?ea.
*oi iiaeii neacaoue i oa?ieia “anoanoaaiiue ioai?”, eioi?ue y iacaae
“Aea?aeiianeie iaoaoi?ie” (Young, 1985a)? Aea?aei n/eoaao, /oi yoio
oa?iei iaeuecy oiio?aaeyoue a aoeaaeueiii niunea. Aini?eiyoue
aoeaaeueii, ii ia?anoaao auoue ei??aeoiui. Aeaeaa, ii-iiaio, ii
i?eaiaeeo a i?eia? oeieeia, eniieuecothueo iiaeiaiua oa?ieiu —
“ecae?aoaeueiia n?iaenoai”, e oeceeia n eo “neeaie oyaioaiey”,
iai?aaeythueie aeaeaeaiey ieaiao. “Eaaeaeiio ecaanoii, i /ai eaeao
?a/ue, /oi caeeth/atho a naaa oaeea iaoaoi?e/iua o?acu,— aiai?eo
Aea?aei,— eioi?ua yaeythony /ooue ee ia iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey e?aoeinoe
eceiaeaiey”. Iaoaoi?e/aneay iniiaa aai noeey oeaio?aeueia ioiineoaeueii
iiae a?aoiaioaoeee, iiyoiio a aeaeueiaeoai iu aua aa?iainy e yoie oaia.
Neaaeothuee oanii naycaiiue n yoei aniaeo —oiiieiaiea i I?e?iaea eae i
niciaoaeueii aeaenoaothuae neea aio?iiiii?oecaoeey, oi anoue I?e?iaea o
Aea?aeia aio?iiiii?oe/ia. “…o?oaeii ecaaaeaoue iaeooaaeaiey neiaa
“I?e?iaea”, ii iiae i?e?iaeie y iiae?acoiaaath oieueei niaieoiiia
aeaenoaea iiiaeo aa caeiiia, au?aaeathuaany a iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe
iaaethaeaaiuo iaie niauoee. Oaeei ia?acii, ia aoaeao i?iecaieii caauoue
i iiaeiaiuo iiaa?oiinoiuo aic?aaeaieyo”. Ia aeoiath, /oi yoe aic?aaeaiey
iiaa?oiinoiua, e, ii?aaeaeaiii, aieaa oiai, iie ia auee caauou, a
i?aneaaeiaaee Aea?aeia anth inoaaoothny aeeciue. Ii-iiaio, eo iiaeii
ioianoe e ianeaaeeth ia?aoaiiuo i?iaeai, inoaaeaiiiio iao/iie
?aaiethoeeae XVI—XVII aaeia, iacaaiiuo A.I. Oaeooyaeii “aoeeeaniaie
iyoie anae nenoaiu” (Whitehead, 1985, p. 71).
*oi aea caeanue i?ienoiaeeo? ?aiaa a ienueia e *a?eueco Eaeaeth, naiaio
aaeeeiio ianoaaieeo e aa?ith, Aea?aei aiai?ee, /oi i/ooeeny a oi?ioae
eiiiaiee n oao ii? eae Eaeaieoe iinoaaee iiae niiiaiea caeii anaie?iiai
oyaioaiey ec-ca oiai, /oi Iuethoii oae e ia niia iieacaoue, /oi aea
oaeia a?aaeoaoeey. Oi?ioi, ionoue a?aaeoaoeey iai?aaeyao ieaiaou, a
oaeii neo/aa ii/aio au anoanoaaiiiio ioai?o ia iai?aaeyoue enoi?e/aneia
?acaeoea aeecie? Iiaeaeoe, iaiy caeanue aieueoa oaeeaeytho i?eia?u n
neeie oyaioaiey e ecae?aoaeueiui n?iaenoaii, /ai n anoanoaaiiui ioai?ii.
Iiiyoea neeu, eae iia eaaeaony, ioiineony e oie aea iaeanoe, /oi y
iauynith ieaea. Ia?aoeoa aieiaiea, eae ieoao Aea?aei i i?e?iaea e
i?aaeiieaaaaiii ei iaoaiecia — anoanoaaiiii ioai?a. Ii, nia/aea aeaaaeoa
ni?inei naay, ii/aio yoi oae aaaeii.
Iu eiaai a aeaeo ia e?anii?a/eainoue, i?enouoth noeeth Aea?aeia, ii
iineaaeiaaoaeueiia i?aaenoaaeaiea iiiyoey anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a, eioi?ia
naycuaaao aeeciue n oneiaeyie aa nouanoaiaaiey, naycuaaao /aeiaa/anoai n
inoaeueiuie nouanoaaie e aeieacuaaao oacen ia enoi?e/iinoe aeecie,
niciaiey e iauanoaa. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anee iu niaeaneiny n Oaeooyaeii,
/oi aieaa ieiaeioai?ii i?eiyoue aaaeiaeoei yeaiaioii iaoaoeceee iiiyoea
i?aaiecia, a ia iaoa?ee, neeu eee /anoeoeu, oi Aea?aeiianeay oai?ey
iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae aaciaay, aeoai/aeoay eaeay aeey anae iaoee e
anaai iauanoaa.
Iiyoiio i?iaeaia yaeyaony, anee ia neacaoue aieueoaai, aaaeiie, e aei
iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie, y au neacae, aanueia i?ioeai?a/eaie. Oioy Aea?aei
iiaoi?ye niiaa e niiaa, /oi ioai?, inouanoaeyaiue naeaeoeeiia?aie,
oa?ia?aie e aieoaaaiaeaie anaai eeoue iniiaa aeey aiaeiaee n oai, /oi
i?ienoiaeeo a i?e?iaea — anoanoaaiiui ioai?ii, iiiaea enoi?eee aeieiaee
i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi yoi ia oae. ss aeoiath, /oi noaouey E.O. Yaaina ia
eniieueciaaiee Aea?aeiii aiaeiaee iaaeaeo eneonnoaaiiui e anoanoaaiiui
ioai?ii (1984) aeaao oaaaeeoaeueiue i?eia? cia/aiey yoie aiaeiaee aeey
Aea?aeia a ia?eiae aai aeecie aieioue aei ciaeiinoaa n ?aaioaie
Iaeueoona. Eae ieoao Aea?aei a aaoiaeia?aoee, “A ieoya?a 1838 aiaea, oi
anoue /a?ac iyoiaaeoeaoue ianyoeaa iinea ia/aea iiie nenoaiaoe/aneeo
enneaaeiaaiee, iia neo/eeinue i?i/eoaoue ?aaee ?acaea/aiey, ?aaioo
Iaeueoona i Iiioeyoeee. Oae eae y aue oi?ioi iiaeaioiaeai aeey iiieiaiey
yaeaiey aacaeanouae ai?ueau ca nouanoaiaaiea aeieaeie iaaethaeaieyie ca
aeeaioiuie e ?anoaieyie, oi iia n?aco aea i?eoei a aieiao, /oi a aeaiiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeieaeia auoue oaiaeaioeey e nio?aiaieth
i?eniiniaeaiiuo aeaeia e e en/aciiaaieth iai?eniiniaeaiiuo. A
?acoeueoaoa aeieaeii i?ienoiaeeoue ia?aciaaiea iiauo aeaeia. Oae y,
iaeiiaoe, iieo/ee ?aai/oth oai?eth, ii, aeaeay ecaaaeaoue i?aaeacyoinoe,
?aoee iaeioi?ia a?aiy ie/aai ia ienaoue ia yoii, aeaaea e?aoeeo
iaa?ineia” (Darwin, 1959, p. 120).
I/aaeaeiay i?e/eia, ii eioi?ie y inoaiaaeeaathnue ia yoii, oi, /oi n
oi/ee c?aiey ioeoeeaeueiuo i?aaee iaoee, neiaini/aoaiea “anoanoaaiiue
ioai?” e niinia aai iienaiey Aea?aeiii, niaea?aeeo iiiaeanoai
aiethioa?enoneeo, aio?iiiii?oe/aneeo, aoeueaa?iuo neia. Iaeii ec
ea?aeeiaeueiuo i?aaee nia?aiaiiie iaoee — ecaaaaoue o?aeoiaie iooai
aiaeeyoeee e /aeiaa/aneei aeaeaieyie e iaia?aieyie, aicaea?aeeaaoueny io
ioeaii/iiai ycuea. Oaeoe/anee, ioeac io eioa?i?aoaoeee a oa?ieiao
oeaiiinoe e i?aaeiacia/aiey (ioeac io oaeaieiae/aneiai iiaeoiaea)
yaeyaony i?e/eiie i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey nia?aiaiiie iaoee aieaa ?aiiei
oi?iai enoieeiaaiey yaeaiee anoanoaaiiiai ie?a.
Iiy no?aoaaey — oaaaeeoue ian, /oi ieeoaea ia aeaoueny io oiai oaeoa,
/oi oaeie niinia iuoeaiey eaaeeo a naiii na?aeoea eaeae Aea?aeia,
iaiaueoue yoio ioieo aeey ae?oaeo io?aneae iaoee, e, a caeeth/aiea,
i?eaanoe auneacuaaiey iaeioi?uo iuneeoaeae, n/eoaaoeo /oi oaeei iooai
iiaeii ?annoaeaeaoue i iaoea aiiaua.
A ienueia e naiaio ae?oao, Aeaeicaoo Aoea?o Aea?aei niiaa iiae/a?eeaaao
yoi iieiaeaiea. A 1844 aiaeo ii ieoao: “ss i?i/eoae eo/e eiea ii
naeueneiio oicyenoao e naaeiaiaenoao, ia ia?anoaaay niae?aoue oaeou. Iia
oaea aeaeai naao a eiioea oiiiaey, e y aiieia oaaaeaeai (a i?ioeai?a/ee
n iei ia?aiia/aeueiui iiaieai), /oi aeaeu ia yaeythony iaeciaiiuie (yoi
iioiaea ia i?eciaiea a oaeenoaa)” (Darwin, 1887, Vol. 2, p. 23).
“ss n/eoath,— i?iaeieaeaao ii,— /oi ana yoe aano?aeiua acaeyaeu
aicieeee, ianeieueei iia ecaanoii, a ?acoeueoaoa iiaeoiaea e
enneaaeiaaieth aii?ina ni noi?iiu eciai/eainoe i?e iaeiiaoieaaiee e i?e
eco/aiee anaai, /oi i?i yoi ecaanoii” (Darwin, 1887, Vol. 2, pp. 29—30).
Iu ciaai, /oi a neo/aa naeaeoeeiia?a aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo eiaao ianoi aeo
iniciaiiiai auai?a. A ae?oaii ianoa Aea?aei ieoao: “…ana iie
iaaethaeaiey i niiniaao eciai/eainoe aeaeia i?ienoiaeyo io
aeieaia?aiaiiiai eco/aiey ?aaio aa?iiiiia e naaeiaiaeia”. Iinea
aeaiaoi/ey ii i?iaeieaeaao, oiiieiay i?e?iaeo eae aaaio ioai?a: “y
oaa?ai, /oi i/aiue io/aoeeai i?aaenoaaeyth naaa, eaeeie n?aaenoaaie
iieuecoaony i?e?iaea aeey eciaiaiey aeaeia e i?eniiniaeaiey eo e
oaeeaeoaeueiui e niaa?oaiii iai?aaeneacoaiui oneiaeyi, aicaeaenoaothuei
ia eaaeaeia aeeaia nouanoai…” (Ibid.).
Aeueo?aae ?annae Oieean, niaaoi? oai?ee anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a, a eo
ia?aie niaianoiie n Aea?aeiii noaouea, aaea a 1858 aiaeo aia?aua a ie?a
auea iioaeeeiaaia eo oai?ey, ioaa?a aiciiaeiinoue naeaeaoue eaeea-eeai
auaiaeu ioiineoaeueii anoanoaaiiuo oneiaee ia iniiaa eco/aiey
eneonnoaaiiiai ioai?a. A nayce n yoei aiaeiaey iaaeaeo
/aeiaaeii-naeaeoeeiia?ii e i?e?iaeie i?eia?aoaao ?aoathuaa cia/aiea. Ii
ieoao: “Iu aeaeei, /oi ia iiaeao auoue naeaeaii ieeaeeo auaiaeia a
ioiioaiee iinoiyinoaa aeaeia a eo i?e?iaeiii ninoiyiee ia iniiaaiee
eco/aiey eo a iaeiiaoiaiiii ninoiyiee” (Wallace, 1891, p. 31).
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ii niaeaeae ioiineoaeueii eniieueciaaiey Aea?aeiii
iiaeiaiuo au?aaeaiee. Caueuay ana oi, /oi ii n ii/oeoaeueiinoueth
iacuaae “aea?aeieci”, Oieean aeeth/ee a noaoueth ?acaeae iiae iacaaieai
“Iaoaoi?u i-?a Aea?aeia, aaaeouea e caaeoaeaeaieth” (p. 144).
Oai ia iaiaa, n?aaee iiaeoiaeia Aea?aeia e anoanoaaiiiio ioai?o,
neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oa?iei, eioi?ue, ii neiaai Yaaina,
Aea?aei ia/ae oiio?aaeyoue ii i?i/oaiee o?aeoaoa /aeiaaea ii eiaie THaoo
“Neio, aai ?acaaaeaiea, niaea?aeaiea e aieacie” a ia?oa 1840 aiaea
(Evans, p. 122). Ae?oaia eeth/aaia iiiyoea n oai aea iiaeoaenoii — ioai?
(picking), aiineaaenoaee caiaiaiiia a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie neiaii
“selection” (p. 123).
Yaain n/eoaao, /oi eco/aiea ?aaio oaeiai oeia eiaei ?aoathuaa cia/aiea a
iniuneaiee Aea?aeiii ?aaiou Iaeueoona a 1838 aiaeo. Iinea yoiai niauoey,
Aea?aei ieoao, iai?eia?, neaaeothuaa: “Oi, /oi iaeiiaoiaiiua ?anu
i?aaieciia aicieeee a oi/iinoe oae aea, eae e eo aeeeea ni?iaee/e, ii
iineaaeiea iiyaeeenue iaiiiai aieaa niaa?oaiiui iooai e aaneiia/ii
iaaeeaiiaa, yaeyaony caia/aoaeueiie /anoueth iiae oai?ee” (Darwin, 1987,
p. 416; Evans, p. 125). A ae?oaii ianoa ii ?aciuoeyao i ai?cuo, neaeiauo
eioaaeyo e aieoayo: “A i?e?iaea, iaaa?iia, aeieaeiu auoue aiaeiae/iua
i?ioeannu, anee iia iiaeao eo aeanoyua caaa?oaoue” (Darwin, 1987, p.
430; Evans, p. 126).
Aea?aei naeaeae ea?aiaeaoiue iaa?inie naieo eaeae a 1842 aiaeo, a 1844
aiaeo ii ieoao aua iaeei, aieaa iieiue (Darwin and Wallace, 1958). Ii
ana?ueac aaniieieeny, /oi iiaeao oia?aoue, ia oniaa iioaeeeiaaoue naith
oai?eth, ii inoaaeyao oeacaiey ian/ao yoiai neo/ay. Ianiio?y ia oaeoth
icaai/aiiinoue, ii oae e ia ioaeeeoao oai?eth aua iyoiaaeoeaoue eao, aea
e iinea eeoue a e?aoeii eceiaeaiee.
A 1844 aiaeo, /a?ac aeanyoue eao iinea iaienaiey i/a?ea, eaaoaai a
iniiao aai aieueoie eieae, oae e ia iioaeeeiaaiiie i?e aai aeecie,
iacaaiiie “Anoanoaaiiue ioai?” (Darwin, 1975). Ia?aua aeaa aeaau auee
iinayuaiu eciai/eainoe i?e iaeiiaoieaaiee — aeaanoe no?aieoe, eioi?ua
auee caaa?oaiu a ieoya?a 1856 aiaea. Caoai ii iaienae /anoue,
iinayuaiioth anoanoaaiiiio ioai?o, caaa?oea aa a ia?oa 1857-ai. Ii aue
iiaeiuai ?aaioie, eiaaea a na?aaeeia ethiy 1858 aiaea ii iieo/ee
ienueii, a eioi?ii eae a?ii n?aaee yniiai iaaa, i?icao/aea eiioeaioeey
Oieeana, niaiaaeaaoay n aai nianoaaiiie, o.a. neo/eeinue iacaaeneiia
yeno?ai?aeeia?iia ioe?uoea yaiethoeee iin?aaenoaii anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a.
Aea?aei aue niaa?oaiii iio?ynai yoei niaiaaeaieai. *a?euec Eaeaeue
i?aaeoi?aaeaeae aai, /oi Oieean oaea ianooiaao aio ia iyoee, /ai onei?ee
iaienaiea magnum opus Aea?aeia. Ii ienae Eaeaeth: “ss ieeiaaea ia aeaeae
aieaa ii?aceoaeueiiai niaiaaeaiey; aeaaea aoaeue o Oieeana auee iie
iaa?inee, naeaeaiiua a 1842 aiaeo, ii ia iia au iaienaoue eo/oa! Eo
iiaeii aeaaea iaienaoue eae caaeaaey /anoae iiae eieae” (Darwin, 1887,
Vol. 2, p. 116).
Naiui iauaiiui i?iecaaaeaieai Aea?aeia, iaienaiiui aua aei oiai, eae ii
ia?aoeeny e “I?ienoiaeaeaieth /aeiaaea”, oi anoue, aeaaea aei iiiuoie
i?eiaieoue yaiethoeeth e /aeiaaeo, auei “Eciai/eainoue aeeaioiuo e
?anoaiee i?e iaeiiaoieaaiee” — aeaa oiia, 300 000 neia, iioaeeeiaaii a
1868 aiaeo. Ii aieueoa ia iioaeeeiaae ie iaeiie aeaau “Anoanoaaiiiai
ioai?a”. Yaain caeeth/aao, /oi i?eciaiea Aea?aeiii aeaenoaaiiinoe
anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a a ioiioaiee eciaiaiey i?aaieciia auei i?aeoe/anee
iieiinoueth ?acoeueoaoii aai eco/aiey naeaeoeee aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee.
I/aiue i?inoi, eae yoi eaaeaony nae/an, ii naeaeae aeanoyuee niaeue oaa,
a eiaiii iniciae, /oi iiaeao eniieueciaaoue oaeou e eco/aiea naeaeoeee
aeey iiieiaiey aeaeia a i?e?iaea. Ny? Oieoa? ?aeae e ae?oaea aeaeaee
iiaeiaiua i?aaeiieiaeaiey ?aiaa, ii ca noieaoey ooaa?aeeeinue iiaiea,
/oi iaeiiaoiaiiua aeaeu, ie/ooue ia iioiaee ia aeeeea, aoaeo/e iaiiiai
aieaa eciai/eauie a ?acoeueoaoa eo/oaai ieoaiey e ooiaea, e a neo/aa eo
ionoonoaey iiaouea aa?iooueny a aeeeia ninoiyiea (Evans, p. 133).
Nae/an y au oioae aeaoue ii/oanoaiaaoue aai ycue, nia/aea ec 6 aeaau
aieueoie eieae, iinayuaiiie anoanoaaiiiio ioai?o, aaea /anoi
oiiieiathony iaeiiaoiaiiua aeeaioiua. Ia ia?aie no?aieoea ii ieoao:
“anee iiaeoiaoue i aan/eneaiiuo aa?eaoeeyo no?oeoo?u iaiiiaeo aeiiaoieo
aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee, oi iiaeii neacaoue, /oi /aeiaae yenia?eiaioe?iaae
n iaeiiaoieaaieai…” (Darwin, 1975, p. 214; Evans, p. 137). Ii
eeethno?e?oao yoi iiiaeanoaii i?eia?ia e caoai ia?auaaony e i?e?iaea.
Ia?aoeoa aieiaiea ia eniieuecoaiua ei aeaaieu, ia?a/ey e
i?eeaaaoaeueiua. Ii ieoao: “Acaeyieoa, eae ii-?aciiio aeaenoaoao
I?e?iaea!… Iia ia i?inoi caaioeony i aiaoiinoe, iiaeii neacaoue, iia
i?enoaeueii auaa?yao eaaeaeue aeac, ia?a, ninoae, iuooeo; eaaeaeoth
iiaaaeeo, einoeieo, /a?oo neiaeaiey, — anth i?aaiecaoeeth. Iao ieeaeiai
eai?eca eee i?aaeacyoinoe: oi?ioaa aoaeao nio?aiaii, a ieioia auno?i
oie/oiaeaii… I?e?iaea ia ia/eiaao n eaeeo-oi iieoiiino?ia e aaniieaciuo
oi?i… I?e?iaea uaae?a ia a?aiy e iiaeao aeaenoaiaaoue ia ouny/ao
iieieaiee: iia oaeaea uaae?a e ia oi?iu aeecie… Iiaeai ee iu iinea yoiai
oaeeaeyoueny, /oi i?e?iaeiua nicaeaiey ianoo ia/aoue aieueoaai
niaa?oainoaa, /ai nicaeaiiua eneonnoaaiiui ioai?ii /aeiaaea” (Darwin,
1975, pp. 224—225; Evans, p. 137).
Ai aaaaeaiee e “I?ienoiaeaeaieth…” ii ieoao: “A ia/aea iieo iaaethaeaiee
iia eacaeinue aa?iyoiui, /oi ouaoaeueiia eco/aiea iaeiiaoiaiiuo
aeeaioiuo e eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee aeano eo/oee oain ?aoeoue yoo
caiooaiioth i?iaeaio. ss ia ?aci/a?iaaeny, oae eae iaeciaiii iaoiaeee,
/oi a yoii e a ae?oaeo neiaeiuo neo/ayo, ianiio?y ia ana naia
ianiaa?oainoai, iiaeao aeaoue eo/ooth e iaaeaaeioth ?acaaaeeo. Auoue
iiaeao, y ?eneoth, i?aaeaeaa?aiaiii auneacuaay iia oaaaeaeaiea a aunieie
oeaiiinoe iiaeiaiuo enneaaeiaaiee, oai aieaa /oi iie i/aiue /anoi
i?aiaa?aaaeenue iaoo?aeenoaie” (Darwin, 1967, p. 4).
A iaa?ineao 1842 aiaea ii ieoao (yoio noeeue ai iiiaii ia?aoae a caiaoee
1844 aiaea e a “I?ienoiaeaeaiea…”): “eaaeaeay /anoue aeeaioiiai e
?anoaiey iiaeaa?aaeanue eciai/eainoe…, aaneiia/ii aieaa
i?aaeoniio?eoaeueiie…” (Darwin and Wallace, 1858, p. 44). Eoae, ia/aa n
/aeiaaea-naeaeoeeiia?a, naaeiaiaea, aieoaaaiaea, ii i?iaeieaeaao:
“…aaneiia/ii aieaa i?aaeoniio?eoaeueiie, /ai /aeiaae (ia yaeythueeny
anaaaaeathuei nicaeaoaeai), ia i?ioyaeaiee ouny/ e ouny/ eao ioae?aaoee
ana oi?iu, ianouea ii?aaeaeaiiua /a?ou eciai/eainoe ([eee auaoee
enoi/ieeii e?eoa?eaa ioai?a]), iai?eia?, a ?acoeueoaoa ioai?a aieaa
aeeeiiiiiaeo e no?ieiuo niaae aeey oniaoiie ioiou ia caeoeaa iiyaeeanue
ii?iaea a?yeoaoiae [aeaeaa Aea?aei iieuecoaony oaeiiienueth]… Oaeaeaa
ana ?aciiia?acea naaeiauo ?anoaiee, iiyaeaoaany a ?acoeueoaoa
ianeieueeeo eao aac?annoaeiuo, neaiuo aeaenoaee /aeiaaea, eoi iiaeao
ioeacaoue a iiaouanoaa Nicaeaoaeth, aeaenoaothuaio a oa/aiea ouny/aeaoee
eae i?iaeaeaieai naiei, oae e iin?aaenoaii ae?oaeo iaoiaeia” (pp.
45-46).
A 1857 aiaeo, a ienueia ae?oao, eioi?ia ii iicaea i?eaiaeee a
aeieacaoaeuenoai naiaai i?ei?eoaoa ia?aae Oieeanii, ii ieoao: “ia
ioiinynue e oai, eoi noaeeo eeoue ii aiaoiinoe… aeoiath, iiaeii
iieacaoue, eaeay aacioeai/iay neea i?enoonoaoao a aeayoaeueiinoe
“Anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a” (iacaaiea iiae eieae), ioae?athuaai
eneeth/eoaeueii aeaaii?eyoiua i?eciaee i?aaie/aneie aeecie” (Darwin &
Wallace, 1958, pp. 264—265). Caeanue ia?aae iaie any neea anoanoaaiiiai
ioai?a. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, a iacaaiee aai eieae anoue iaeioi?ua neiaa, n
o?oaeii iiaeoiaeyuea aeey iacaaiey iao/iie ?aaiou n oi/ee c?aiey
nia?aiaiiie iaoee n aa ioeacii io oaeaieiae/aneiai iiaeoiaea: “I
i?ienoiaeaeaiee aeaeia iooai anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a, eee nio?aiaiea
i?eniiniaeaiiuo aeaeia a ai?ueaa ca nouanoaiaaiea” (On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured
Races in the Struggle for Life). Aeaenoaeoaeueii, oaeea oa?ieiu, eae
“ioai?”, “nio?aiaiea”, “i?eniiniaeaiiua”, “ai?ueaa”, naia “aeeciue”,
iiieiaaiua a naaoa ?aaeoeoeeiiecia, n o?oaeii aienuaathony a
nia?aiaiioth oeeinioeth iaoee.
Oaeoe/anee, a aeaaa “Ai?ueaa ca nouanoaiaaiea” Aea?aei aiai?eo: “Iu
aeaeei, /oi /aeiaae, iieuecoynue ioai?ii, ii?aaeaeaiii iiaeao aeinoe/ue
i?ae?aniuo ?acoeueoaoia, i?eniinaaeeaay aeeaua nouanoaa e naiei ioaeaeai
iooai iaeiieaiey iaaieueoeo, ii iieaciuo eciaiaiee, aeaiiuo aio
I?e?iaeie. Ii anoanoaaiiue ioai?… iinoiyiii aioiaay e aeaenoaeth neea,
iaecia?eii i?aainoiaeyuay aeaeeea /aeiaa/aneea oneeey, eae e i?e?iaeiua
e?aniou, i?aainoiaeyo i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa” (Darwin, 1967, p. 61).
A oie aea aeaaa ii ieoao a naiae iaia?a: “Iiaeii ee i?eiaiyoue e
i?e?iaea caeiiu naeaeoeee, noieue yooaeoeaiua a ?oeao /aeiaaea? Aeoiath,
yoi iaeaieaa aeaenoaaiiue niinia” (p. 80). “Iineieueeo /aeiaae niiniaai,
e, ii?aaeaeaiii, aeinoeaaao i?ae?aniuo ?acoeueoaoia, eniieuecoy eae
niciaoaeueiue, oae e aanniciaoaeueiue ioai?, ii/aio au ia auoue
iiaeiaiiio a i?e?iaea?” (p. 83). Ii i?iaeieaeaao (yoi iia ethaeiia
noaeaeaiea Aea?aeia): “Anoanoaaiiue ioai?, iiaeii neacaoue, iianthaeo a
ie?a, aaeaaeiaaii e aaea/anii iooeeoiauaaao ethaua, aeaaea iaeue/aeoea,
eciaiaiey, ioa?anuaay a?aaeiua e nio?aiyy e i?eniaieoieyy iieaciua. Ii
aeaenoaoao oeoi e iaiuooeii, i?e iaee/ee iaeaeoae aiciiaeiinoe aacaea e
anaaaea, iaae niaa?oainoaiaaieai eaaeaeiai aeeaiai nouanoaa
ioiineoaeueii i?aaie/aneeo e iai?aaie/aneeo oneiaee aai nouanoaiaaiey”
(p. 84).
Caeanue iu eiaai eaneaae aio?iiiii?oe/aneeo iienaiee i?e?iaeu. Ii
auieaneeaaao ia /eoaoaey oi, /oi e?eoeee Aeeoi?eaineie iiycee iacuaatho
“iaoaoe/aneei caaeoaeaeaieai” (Miles, 1965), i?eienuaay i?e?iaea
/aeiaa/aneea yiioeee e aeaeaiey: “aeaenoaea”, “i?e?iaeiay neea ioai?a”,
“iaauee”, “iiaouanoai”, “aeaeeiay iiuue”, “nin?aaeioi/aiii ace?athuay
neea”, “anoanoaaiiue ioai?, aeaenoaothuee n iaiia?aoeiie oi/iinoueth”.
E niiaa iu /eoaai a “Auaiaeao e caeeth/aieyo” (iicaieth naaa auaeaeeoue
“aa?anneaiua” o?acu): “Iao ieeaeie i/aaeaeiie i?e/eiu, ii/aio caeiiu,
noieue yooaeoeaii aeaenoaothuea i?e iaeiiaoieaaiee, ia aeieaeiu
aeaenoaiaaoue a i?e?iaea… Anee a i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo anoue eciai/eainoue
e iiaouanoaaiiay neea, aioiaay e aeaenoaeth e ioai?o, ii/aio iu aeieaeiu
niiiaaaoueny, /oi eciaiaiey, /ai-eeai iieaciua nouanoaai a eo /?acia?ii
neiaeiuo aeeciaiiuo ioiioaieyo, aoaeoo nio?aiaiu, iaeiieaiu e
oianeaaeiaaiu? Anee /aeiaae iiaeao oa?iaeeai ioae?aoue aa?eaoeee,
iaeaieaa iieaciua aio, oi ii/aio i?e?iaea a iaiythueony oneiaeyo
nouanoaiaaiey ia iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoue ioai? iieaciuo aa aeeaui
nicaeaieyi eciaiaiee? *oi iiaeao iieiaeeoue i?aaeae yoie neea,
aeaenoaothuae oeaeua yiioe e i?eaee?/eai ia?aniao?eaathuae
eiinoeoooeeth, no?iaiea e iiaaaeee eaaeaeiai nicaeaiey, aeaaii?eyonoaoy
oi?ioaio e ioa?anuaay a?aaeiia? ss ia aeaeo i?aaeaea aiciiaeiinoae yoie
neeu a iaaeeaiiie, ii niaa?oaiiie aaeaioaoeee eaaeaeie oi?iu e naiui
neiaeiui aeeciaiiui acaeiiioiioaieyi, aeaaea anee ia?aie/eoueny oaea
i?eaaaeaiiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, oai?ey anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a,
ii-aeaeeiiio, aa?ia” (Darwin, 1967, pp. 467, 469).
Oieean ia iia inoaoueny aaco/anoiui. Ii ienae Aea?aeio: “Iaiy noieueei
?ac ii?aaeaea aaniethoiay ianiiniaiinoue iiiaeo aiieia ?acoiiuo ethaeae
iiiyoue naie niaie ?acoiathueany, iaiaoiaeeiua yooaeou anoanoaaiiiai
ioai?a, /oi y i?eoae e auaiaeo i iaaeinoaoi/iie iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe e
naiiai oa?ieia, e niiniaa aai iauyniaiey, aeey iiieiaiey aieueoeinoaii
anoanoaieniuoaoaeae, oioy iie aiieia oi?ioe e iiiyoiu aeey iiiaeo ec
ian” (Darwin & Seward, 1903, p. 267). Ii i?eaiaeeo a i?eia? iaeioi?uo
aaoi?ia, niaa?oaiii iai?aaeeueii iiiyaoeo eaeae Aea?aeia. Iaeei ec ieo
“n/eoaao Aaoei neaaui ianoii oi, /oi “iai?aaeaiiinoue e ii?aaeaeaiiay
oeaeue iaiaoiaeeiu aeey aeaenoaey anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a”. ss iinoiyiii
neuoae iiaeiaiua aic?aaeaiey io aaoeo aeaaiuo iiiiiaioia, ianoaeaeay yoe
aii?inu. Ii-iiaio, i?e/eia yoiai e?iaony oieueei a auai?a oa?ieia
“anoanoaaiiue ioai?” e a noieue /anoii n?aaiaiee aai yooaeoia n
eneonnoaaiiui ioai?ii, a oaeaea a /anoii iaeooaaeaiee i?e?iaeu,
“ioae?athuae”, “i?aaeii/eoathuae”, “euouae oieueei i?eniiniaeaiiua
aeaeu” e o.ae. e o.i. Aeey iaeioi?uo ec ian yoi ynii eae aeaiue, ii aeey
iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa yoi ianoiyuee eaiaiue i?aoeiiaaiey” (pp.
267—268). A aeiiieiaiea ii aiai?eo, /oi “ethaee ia iieioo, /oi ana yoe
o?acu nooue iaoaoi?u” (p. 269), e niaaooao Aea?aeio eniieueciaaoue,
neiiieie/ioth, n aai oi/ee c?aiey, o?aco “auaeeaaiea iaeaieaa
i?eniiniaeaiiuo” (p. 268). Oieean iaienae yoi iinea oiai, eae aai
“Iaoaoi?u i-?a Aea?aeia, aaaeouea e caaeoaeaeaieyi” auee i?ieaii?e?iaaiu
Aea?aeiii.
Aea?aei ioaa/ae: “Aei yoiai iia eacaeinue, auoue iiaeao, aeaaea neeoeii,
/oi naycue iaaeaeo anoanoaaiiui e eneonnoaaiiui ioai?ii aoaeao
a?iiaaeiui i?aeiouanoaii. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, y noae eniieueciaaoue yoio
oa?ieiii iinoiyiii, e aei neo ii? n/eoath yoi i?aeiouanoaii” (pp.
270—271). Ii neacae, /oi iiaia ecaeaiea “I?ienoiaeaeaiey…” oieueei /oi
caeii/aii e oaea a ecaeaoaeuenoaa e, a caeeth/aiea, n iaaieueoie e?iieae
auneacuaaaony i oa?ieia, i?aaeeiaeaiiii Oieeanii: “oa?iei “anoanoaaiiue
ioai?” a ianoiyuaa a?aiy noieue oe?iei eniieuecoaony eae ca a?aieoeae,
oae e caeanue, /oi niiieoaeueii, iiaeii ee io iaai ioeacaoueny,
ianiio?y ia ana aai iaaeinoaoee. Aoaeao ee ii ioa?ioai eee iao, caaeneo
io “auaeeaaiey iaeaieaa i?eniiniaeaiiiai” ec ieo. Aic?aaeaiey i?ioea
oa?ieia, yniinoue e /aoeinoue niaea?aeaiey eioi?iai ni a?aiaiai
oaaee/eaaaony, aoaeoo neaaaoue” (p. 271).
Neacaiiia caeanue Aea?aeiii i?aaeainoeoeei oai?eth eeoa?aeecaoeee
iaoaoi? ?e/a?aea ?i?oe (1989, chs 1—2), iaeei ec iiaeoiaeia e iienaieth
enoi?ee iaoee. AEeciue iao/iuo eaeae ia/eiaaony n iaoaoi?, nio?aiythueo
naia aiaaonoai e iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue ii ia?a ?acaeoey oai?ee. N ?inoii
/enea onoiyaoeony oaeoia, iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue iinoaiaiii ionooiaao io
ieo, inoaaeyy eeoue noooth enoeio. Eiie?aoecaoeey iiaeiaiuo oa?ieiia
o?aaoao ana iaiueoa e iaiueoa aeiiieieoaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee. Ethaee
ianoieueei e iei i?eaueatho, /oi ia?anoatho aini?eieiaoue eo eae
iaoaoi?u. A caeeth/aiee y aua aa?ionue e yoie oai?ee.
Aea?aei ia ainiieueciaaeny niaaoii Oieeana. Auei ee yoi i?iecaieii,
inoaaeaoei aai iaeiiai ni naieie oaaaeaeaieyie? ss aoaeo
a?aoiaioe?iaaoue a aeaoo iai?aaeaieyo. Ia/io n iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey aaoeo
ooaeoeo iianaiee, a caoai iiiuoathnue aeaoue aieaa “naaoneoth” aa?neth
naiae oi/ee c?aiey. Iiae “ooaeoeie iianaieyie” y iiae?acoiaaae naie
iaia?aiey oaea?eoueny a aieieci, iaiineoeci eee eiua iieoienoe/aneea
iai?aaeaiey oeeinioee iaoee. Enoaoe, iiaeiaiua aicc?aiey auee aanueia
oaaaeaaiie oi/eie c?aiey a na?aaeeia XIX a. Ioaoe nia?aiaiiie oeeinioee
iaoee, Oeueyi Oeaae, ec-iiae ia?a eioi?iai auoee oa?ieiu “oecee”,
“aiiae”, “eaoiae” e iiiaea ae?oaea, aeaenoaeoaeueii ?anniao?eaae aii?in
a oao aea naiuo oa?ieiao. Ii ienae, iieiinoueth ioaeaaay io/ao naiei
neiaai, /oi iu aeieaeiu aini?eieiaoue iiiyoey “i?e/eiu”, “iaoa?ee”,
“neeu”, ana eeth/aaua oa?ieiu iaoee ii aiaeiaee n /aeiaa/aneeie
no?aieaieyie (intentions). Ia naiii aeaea, aiai?y i iiiyoee “neeu”,
“i?eaeiaeueiia cia/aiea a?a/aneiai neiaa auei “iuooea” eee “nooiaeeeea”…
Ia?aia aai i?eiaiaiea a ea/anoaa aano?aeoiiai oa?ieia niioaaonoaiaaei
iuoa/iie neea… Naienoai, aeaaiaea?y eioi?iio oaea aicaeaenoaotho ia
aeaeaeaiey ae?oa ae?oaa auei anoanoaaiiui ia?acii naycaii n oneeeyie,
i?eeaaaaiuie e iei /aeiaaeii ni noiaeiui ?acoeueoaoii… Oae, /aeiaa/aneia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i neea nia/aea auei, aa?iyoii, iiaeneacaii aai iuoa/iuie
oneeeyie”, e i?e eniieueciaaiee iiiyoey “neea” iu anaaaea aeieaeiu
iiiieoue yoo iiaeiieaeo (Whewell, 1840, Vol. 1, p. 178). Ii caeeth/aao,
/oi iiiyoea “neea” “aicieeaao n iniciaieai iaoeo nianoaaiiuo iuoa/iuo
oneeee” (p. 179). Oi aea naiia ii aiai?eo i oaa?aeinoe e iaoai iiiyoee
“iaoa?ee”: “iiiyoey Neeu, Iaoa?ee, Oaa?aeinoe e Eia?oiinoe” ia naiii
aeaea i?iaeoeou /oanoaa inycaiey eee i?ii?eioeaioeee (proprioception),
i?ienoiaeyuaai io iaoae iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiie nenoaiu e yaeythony iaoei
aeaaiui eino?oiaioii aini?eyoey i?ino?ainoaa” (pp. 180—184).
Oaeiaa aai iiceoeey a nii?a iaaeaeo oaiiiaiaeenoaie, eaeaaeenoaie,
?aaeenoaie e iiceoeaenoaie, aaea aeaaiuie aii?inaie auee “eaeiai
cia/aiea yoeo oa?ieiia?” e “e /aio iie ioiinyony?”. Oeaae ooaa?aeaeae,
/oi iu iiae?acoiaaaai iiae ieie /oi-oi oaeia, /oi, a eiia/iii n/aoa,
iniiauaaaony ia /aeiaa/aneeo ono?aieaieyo, iiuoa — iiyoiio iaoa
iniuneaiea i?e?iaeu neiaeiui ia?acii naycaii n iaoei iiiyoeai
i?aaeiacia/aiiinoe /aeiaaea.
Ii ioeoeeaeueiie aa?nee, iinea ii?aaeaiey Oeaaea a yoii nii?a, oeeinioey
iaoee ioioea io aai oi/ee c?aiey. Ianiio?y ia yoi, aai iiceoeey,
ia?ac?uaii naycaiiay n aeieiae/aneeie iaoeaie, auea aeinoieiie ai?ueau a
oi a?aiy, eiaaea Aea?aei ienae naie i?iecaaaeaiey (Young, 1989).
Iiei aoi?ui i?eia?ii aoaeao nai Aeueo?aae ?annae Oieean. Iiiaea
iaaeiytho aai a oii, /oi ii noae neeiiyoueny e nie?eoecio e ienoeea. Ii
aai i?ia?anneaiua aeey naiaai a?aiaie acaeyaeu a oeeinioee i?e?iaeu,
iaoa?ee, niciaiey aeinoieiu anyeiai oaaaeaiey, yoiai ia iiaoo iiiyoue
eeoue enoi?e/anee iaeia?aiioiua ethaee.
A 1870 a. Ii iaienae naith ciaiaieooth noaoueth “Ia?aie/aiey a
i?eiaiaiee anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a e /aeiaaeo”, aaea ii au?aaeaao
ianiaeanea n Aea?aeiii ii iiaiaeo i?eiaiaiey eiioeaioeee anoanoaaiiiai
ioai?a e /aeiaaeo, ooaa?aeaeay iaaiciiaeiinoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey
iaoo?aeenoe/aneeo iauyniaiee ia ana noa?u aeecie. Ii y oioae caino?youe
aaoa aieiaiea ia ia yoii aniaeoa iuoeaiey Oieeana, a ia aai
i?aaenoaaeaieyo i iaoa?ee, niciaiee e neea. Eae e Oeaae, ii
?anniao?eaaao eo aiaeiae/ii neea aiee /aeiaaea; ii i?eaiaeeo aeiaiaeu,
/oi a iniiaa oece/aneiai iiiyoey “neea” eaaeeo iiiyoea aiee; i?e
?aciuoeaiee i i?e?iaea eo naycue iaecaaaeia. Yoi icia/aao ia i?yiia
i?aa?auaiey neeu aiee a oece/aneoth neeo, a iaecaaaeiinoue aa
acaeiinayce ni no?aieaieyie e aiia?aaeaieai /aeiaaea.
Ano?aeaay yoe iunee a eaiao aeieacaoaeuenoa eaeae yoie ?aaiou, iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi iu ia iiaeai ieii/aoaeueii ecaaaeoueny io iaoaoi?e/aneiai
e aio?iiioeaio?e/aneiai iiaeoiaea aeaaea a iniiaiuo aii?inao oeceee.
Oaeei ia?acii, anoanoaaiiue ioai? noae ia ioaeaeueiie oi?iie
anoanoaaiiiiao/iiai ciaiey, a n?aaenoaii ouaoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey
oaeeo iiiyoee, eae “a?aaeoaoeey”, “iaoa?ey”, “neea”. Caaeyioa a
iineaaeiee ?acaeae i/a?ea Oieeana “Ia?aie/aiey a i?eiaiaiee
anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a e /aeiaaeo”, iiaeii iaeoe oai aeiaiae oaeiai
oa?aeoa?a: “anee iu iaia?oaeei oioue iaeio neeo, aeaaea nianai
iaaieueooth, naiei i?ienoiaeaeaieai iaycaiioth iaoae nianoaaiiie aiea,
oi aeaaea ia eiay eiiai ia?ae/iiai ciaiey i iae, iai ia iieaaeaony
iaaa?iyoiui auaiae i oii, /oi ana neeu i?e/anoiu e neea aiee” (Wallace,
1891, p. 212).
Eae oaea auei neacaii, a oeeinioee iaoee XIX noieaoey auee ?acaa?ioou
ai?y/ea aeaaaou aie?oa yoeo aii?inia. Iaeei ec iieo auaoeo nooaeaioia,
?iaeaea? Nieo, iaienae ia yoii eioa?anioth aeenna?oaoeeth (Smith, 1970,
1972, 1973). Oeaae e Oieean ooaa?aeaeaee, /oi i?ioeann iao/aiey ia
yaeyaony ianneaiui; ii — i?yiia neaaenoaea iaoeo aeaenoaee. A nayce n
yoei iiaeaeueth iao/aiey yaeyaony nei?aa ia ia?oeaioeey, a
i?ii?eioeaioeey (?aiaa y ?ane?uaae aniaeou yoie oi/ee c?aiey: Young,
1990).
Niaeanii yoie oai?ee, ycue aeieiae/aneie iaoee, iao/iay eioa?i?aoaoeey
yaeaiee ia iiaoo ieii/aoaeueii inaiaiaeeoueny io aio?iiioeaio?ecia,
aio?iiiii?oecia, yeaiaioia ioeaii/iiai iiaeoiaea e noauaeoeaiinoe. Yoi
niaa?oaiii ii?iaeueii, e iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe ecaaaaoue yoiai a aeieiaee.
I?eiaiyy iiiyoea oyaioaiey (gravitas) e acaeiiaeaenoaeth oae, Iuethoii
oiaea au?aaeaeny iaoaoi?e/ii. Neiai “oyaioaiea” ia eiaei oiaaea naiaai
nia?aiaiiiai cia/aiey “acaeiiia i?eoyaeaiea aeaoo oae”, icia/ay
/aeiaa/aneia ea/anoai. Iai aei neo ii? ia ecaanoii, /oi oaeia
a?aaeoaoeey ia naiii aeaea. Aniiieiaaony iie ia?aue eo?n oeceee. Ia
o?aoee aeaiue y iiaeioae e i?aiiaeaaaoaeth e ni?inee: “*oi oaeia neea?”
Ii ioaaoee n e?iieae: “Yoi iaei??aeoiue aii?in. Aaeeinoaaiii, /oi y iiao
Aai ioaaoeoue, neea — yoi i?iecaaaeaiea iannu ia onei?aiea; inoaaaynue a
?aieao iaoee, iu ia oaeoaeyainy aeaeaa”.
Oaeei ia?acii, Aea?aei ia iaeeiie; a iauai niunea, i?iaeaiu, iiaeiyoua
aai ?eoi?eeie, eaaeao a naiii na?aeoea iao/iie oai?ee iiciaiey. Ia naiii
aeaea, ecia/aeueiue niune a?a/aneiai au?aaeaiey, iuia oiio?aaeyaiiai
aeey iaicia/aiey iiiyoey “i?e/eia” — “i?e/eia auoey aauae,
ia?aii?e/eia”. Eae ecaanoii, o A?enoioaey auei /aou?a ia?aii?e/eiu:
iaoa?ey, oi?ia, aeaeaeaiea e oeaeue. Aeey eioa?i?aoaoeee ie?oaeathuaai
ie?a iaiaoiaeeiu ana /aou?a i?e/eiu. Ia?aay ec ieo — iaoa?eaeueiue
yeaiaio, eioi?iio ca n/ao ae?oaeo ia?aaeaaony oi?ia, aiciiaeiinoue
aeaeaeaiey, eciaiaiey; a oaeaea aa oeaeue. Ec yoie i?aaie/iie noaiu auee
oaeaeaiu aio?iiiii?oe/aneea yeaiaiou, /oi i?aa?aoeei aa a
iaoaienoe/aneia ie?iaicc?aiea n aeiieie?othueie iiiyoeyie iaoa?ee,
aeaeaeaiey e /enea.
Oaia?ue io aeeeiiuo oeeoao Aea?aeia ia?aeaeai e iaiauaieth. Aicieeathuee
iiaue ia?ac iuoeaiey, eae i?aaeei, au?aaeaaony iaoaoi?e/ii, iooaieaie
ia?aiiniiai niunea. Ii niaea?aeeo niaa?oaiii iiaoth oeeinioeth iaoee e
eoeueoo?u, eioi?ay, i?eieiay aai ni anae na?ueaciinoueth, ia?aiai?aaeyao
a niioaaonoaee n iei iiieiaiea iaoee. Eiia/ii, a nayce n yoei aeiaieueii
aeoii auei au ioaeaeyoue ee iaoeo io eneonnoaa, eeoa?aoo?u e inoaeueiie
eoeueoo?u. ss iaienae eieao “Aea?aeiianeay iaoaoi?a”, a Aeaeeeeeai Ae?,
iiy aeaaiyy eieeaaa, iaienaea eieao iiae iacaaieai “Eio?eae Aea?aeia”, n
oao ii? nii?u ii yoiio aii?ino oae e i?iaeieaeathony.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue enoi?eth iaoee eae enoi?eth
iaoaoi?u. Niaeanii yoiio iiaeoiaeo, enoeia nicaeaaony, ii ia
?ane?uaaaony. Iia nicaeaaony iooai io?aaeaiey iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iuo e
cia/eoaeueiuo aeey /aeiaaea naienoa i?aaeiaoia e yaeaiee, n
eniieueciaaieai anaai aiaaonoaa ycuea e aiia?aaeaiey. ?e/a?ae ?i?oe, iie
ia?aue o/eoaeue oeeinioee, e eaeayi eioi?iai y iinoiyiii ia?auaeny,
i?i/eoae eo?n eaeoeee ia i/aiue iaaieueooth oaio iiae iacaaieai
“Iaoaoi?a” (1986), iicaea aioaaeoee a aai nai?iee i/a?eia “Neo/aeiinoue,
e?iiey e aaeeinoai” (1989). Ii n/eoaao, /oi enoi?eth eioaeeaeoa ioaeii
iiieiaoue eae enoi?eth iaoaoi?u (Rorty, 1989, p. 16). Ia naiii aeaea iu
?acee/aai ia iaoaoi?e/iia e aoeaaeueiia, a ciaeiiia e iaciaeiiia;
?anniao?eaaai ee iu /oi-oi iaoaoi?e/iia eee iao — aii?in eoeueoo?iiai
iiuoa, oae eae ana au?aaeaiey aicieeatho ia iniiaa iiuoa /aeiaaea e
aiaaou iiaeoaenoii. Aoeaaeueiua au?aaeaiey aeiaieueii aaaeiu e
iaeaaeatho iaaieueoei oai?aoe/aneei iioaioeeaeii, n yoie oi/ee c?aiey ii
ianoo a naaa iaeia “iia?oaaiea”. Iaecaanoiia aaeioiiaeyao ian ia
?aciuoeaiey, a oi a?aiy eae oaea ciaeiiia noaiiaeony aaiaeueiui e, a
eiioea eiioeia, ioiaaeaao, iiaeiaii noa?ie ia?oaie eiaea.
Ii ?i?oe, enoi?ey iaoaoi?u iioiaea ia oai?eth enoi?ee ei?aeeiauo ?eoia
Aea?aeia. Noa?ua iaoaoi?u, iinoiyiii ioie?atho, i?aa?auaynue a
aoeaaeueiua au?aaeaiey, a oa a naith i/a?aaeue, neoaeao ii/aie aeey
iiauo iaoaoi? (Ibid.). Oaeay aiaeiaey iicaieyao aeoiaoue, /oi iao ycue,
a oii /enea iao/iue, oi?ie?oaony nei?aa neo/aeii, /ai a ?acoeueoaoa
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiuo iieneia “enoeiu”. A ?acoeueoaoa, eae aiai?eo Iy?e
Aann, “iao/iua ?aaiethoeee yaeythony, nei?aa, iaoaoi?e/aneeie iienaieyie
i?e?iaeu, /ai i?iieeiiaaieai ai aioo?aiithth nooue i?e?iaeu” (Ibid.).
Io?aaeay cia/eoaeueioth /anoue naiae eoeueoo?u a yaeaieyo e i?aaeiaoao,
iu ia noaiiaeiny aeeaea e eo nooe. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eiioeaioeey iaoaoi?u
nouanoaoao n oao ii?, eae Eaio ioaeaeee yaeaiea io nouiinoe. Aeaei eeoue
a oii, eae iacuaaoue iinooee?iaaiioth i?iianoue iaaeaeo aauueth a naaa e
ciaieai i iae. Iiiyoea ia?aaeeaiu Eoia ia aieaa i?eaieaii a iao/iii
niiauanoaa, oae eae yoi anaai eeoue aieaa iaoeiia?aciay oi?ia iaoaoi?u.
Ii yoie i?iaeaia nouanoaoao aeiaieueii aieueoia eiee/anoai iaciaeiiie
eeoa?aoo?u. ?aaioa Iaiia?a i ie?iauo aeiioacao iiaanoaoao i iaoaoi?ao a
eoeueoo?a. Ii ia?a/eneyao eo e i?eaiaeeo oeaeoth noaio, iniiaaiioth ia
ieo. Oeeinioey Aaeaeiaa?a ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi “ana ciaiea, eaeouaa aeaeaa
i?inoie i?aainoaaiiinoe, iiaeao iniiauaaoueny oieueei ia aiaeiaee…
iaoaoi?u yaeythony aeaaiie, iacaiaieiie ooieoeeae anae iunee”
(Vainhinger, 1935, p. 29). Eoae, au?aaeaoueny iaoaoi?e/ii cia/eo
au?aaeaoueny a ia?aiiniii niunea, a ia aoeaaeueii. Eniieueciaaoue
iaoaoi?u icia/aao aiineoue oi/ee aaoaeaiey, naiaiaeiua i?ino?ainoaa,
auoue ioe?uoui a iiieiaiee ie?a, oiaaea eae eniieueciaaiea
eneeth/eoaeueii aoeaaeueiuo au?aaeaiee iaia?oai “canoiii?eaaao”
ie?oaeathuoth ea?oeio. I?enoaeueiia eco/aiea iieacuaaao, ianeieueei
ieiaeioai?ia iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue Aea?aeiianeie iaoaoi?u anoanoaaiiiai
ioai?a (Young, 1985a, ch. 4).
Ii ii?aaeaeaieth iaoaoi?a — “oi?ia ?a/e, a eioi?ie iacaaiea eee naienoai
ia?aaeaaony ae?oaiio iauaeoo, ii niioaaonoaaiii noaiaie aai i?eiaieiinoe
e yoiio iauaeoo” (OED, 1971, Vol. 1, p. 1781). Iaoaoi?a eae au ioe?uaaao
i?inoi?, aaea a?aieoeu iaaeaeo ynoaoeeie e eiae/aneei iauyniaieai
niaa?oaiii ?aciuou. Eiaiii ii i?e/eia oaeie iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe iia noieue
aiaaoa. Yoi ia i?inoi aeo n?aaiaiey aac onoaiiaeaiey oi/iie
eaeaioe/iinoe, ii eniieueciaaiea iaeiie /anoe iiuoa aeey inaauaiey
ae?oaie. Enoiaey ec yoiai, iiaeii neacaoue “A anoue B”, e iaaethaeaoue
iineaaenoaey; a ia i?inoi ooaa?aeaeaoue “A iiaeiaii B” (Pepper, 1973, p.
197).
Ii yoi ia nianai i?eaeiaeueiua oai?ee. Aua A?enoioaeue a naiai i?e/eiiii
iiaeoiaea oiiieiae i iaoaoi?a. Aieioue aei XVI aaea n/eoaeinue, /oi
/aeiaae nei?aa iinoeaiao enoeio n iiiiuueth aeeaai?ee e iaoaoi?u, /ai
eiui iooai. O?aeoao ii ?eoi?eea 1553 aiaea aiai?eo: “Iaoaoi?a — yoi
eciaiaiea neiaa io anoanoaaiiiai, naienoaaiiiai aio cia/aiey e
i?eaeeceoaeueiiio niioaaonoaeth, niaeanothuaiony n iaeioi?uie aai
/a?oaie” (OED, loc. cit.).
Inoaaei eco/aiea ii?aaeaeaiee e iiiuoaainy caaeaoueny aii?inii,
nouanoaotho ee eaeea-eeai iaiaoaoi?e/iua iiiyoey. ss aeinoea oie oi/ee,
eiaaea ia iiao naaa i?aaenoaaeoue, /oi aoaeao n iiiyoeyie, anee eeoeoue
eo anaai, iaiieiythuaai eo /aeiaa/aneei niuneii. I?inoi y ia ciath, ia
/oi aoaeao iioiae ycue, ninoiyuee ec oaeeo “o?acaiiuo” iiiyoee;
iicaieythuee ethaeyi iauaoueny aucuaay ae?oa o ae?oaa ia?acu yaeaiee e
i?aaeiaoia, auoue iiaeao, ia “?acaiai?” aeaoo eiiiuethoa?ia. Iu aeioee
aei oiai, /oi, ianiio?y ia aeiiouaiea iaoaoi?ie nouanoaiaaiey /aai-oi
iaiaoaoi?e/iiai, o?oaeii aiia?aceoue, ia /oi aoaeao iioiaea iauaiea n
iiiiuueth iaeiicia/iuo au?aaeaiee, aac ?aciiaina e ithainia,
caeii/aiiuo, cae?uouo, n ?ac e ia anaaaea onoaiiaeaiiui cia/aieai. Oaeea
au?aaeaiey, ii-iiaio, eeoaiu /aeiaa/aneie iniuneaiiinoe.
?i?oe n/eoaao, /oi y niiiaaathnue a aiciiaeiinoe i?aaenoaaeaiey
eioaeeaeooaeueiiai i?ia?anna a aeaea eeoa?aeecaoeee iaoaoi?. ss oaea
i?eaae naie aic?aaeaiey eiioeaioeee eeoa?aeecaoeee: y ia iiao
aiia?aceoue iieiinoueth eeoa?aeeciaaiiia iauaiea. Ii n/eoaao, /oi
enoi?ey iunee, nei?aa, enoi?ey naiiniceaeaiey enoeiu, /ai aa ioe?uoey,
oi anoue enoi?ey iaoaoi?u. Eoi aiai?eo, /oi eioaeeaeooaeueiue e
ii?aeueiue i?ia?ann iauanoaa aiciiaeai aeaaiaea?y iiaui iaoaoi?ai.
Ana yoi, eiia/ii, auei au oi?ioi, anee au iiaee inoaaeoue iaoeo eae
ia?aaeeaio ?annoaeaeaiey, n aieaa-iaiaa oniaoii n?aaieioth n
inoaeueiuie. Ii/aio iu aeieaeiu eneaoue iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey /aeiaa/aneeo
iuneae o eaeeo-oi ia/aeiaa/aneeo aaoi?eoaoia? Yoi auaeyaeeo
iaanoanoaaiii. E?oiiui enoi?e/aneei i?eia?ii yaeyaony iiiuoea
iaoo?aeecaoeee nenoaiu /aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoae, naycaiiay n nioeeaeueiui
aea?aeieciii e ooieoeeiiaeueiie oai?eae iauanoaa. Nioeeaeueiue
aea?aeieci iiiuoaeny ooaa?aeeoue i?eioeeiu yoeee e yeiiiieee ia
i?aaenoaaeaieyo i eiieo?aioeee, ii/a?iioouo ec caeiiia i?e?iaeu, a
ooieoeeiiaeueiay nioeeaeueiay oai?ey iuoaeanue eniieueciaaoue aeey
eni?aaeaiey iiaeaeae i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa oaeiaua ec oeceieiaee. A yoeo
ineoieiae/aneeo, aio?iiieiae/aneeo e nioeeieiae/aneeo oai?eyo
aeaaainoaothuei i?eioeeiii yaeyaony oaa?aiiinoue a niiniaiinoe iaeioi?uo
iiaeaeae ec aeieiae/aneie oai?ee i?eaeaoue eaeei-oi ia?acii aieueooth
enoeiiinoue nioeeieiae/aneei iiaeaeyi a ieaia noaaeeueiinoe, no?oeoo?u,
aaeaioaoeee, eiioeaioeee i?aaiecia (Young, 1981, 1992).
?aciuoeyy i iaoaoi?ao e aio?iiiii?oecia a i?aaeeiaeaiiii iiie eeth/a, iu
aeieaeiu aoaeai i?eeoe e auaiaeo ia eo iai?e/anoiinoe e iniiaiie
oeeinioee. Iaoaoeceea ia yaeyaony aeaaiaeoae iniiaie ycuea eee oeeinioee
iaoee. Iia eeoue aieaa-iaiaa oniaoii i?eeiaeeia e iaeioi?ui i?iaeaiai
?ane?uoey e ia?aaea/e iiiyoee a oie ia?a, a eaeie ethaee aa iaoiaeyo
iieaciie aeey inouanoaeaiey naieo iaia?aiee.
Eiaaea y i?eaoae a oieaa?neoao ec Oaoana, y aue oaa?ai, /oi a eaaeaeii
neiaa Aeaeee niaea?aeeony aoeaaeueiay enoeia. ss ia a ninoiyiee
ia?aaeaoue, ianeieueei aieaciaiiui aue ioeac io yoeo acaeyaeia.
Oeeinioey, iaoea e eiaeea iaieee iaiy a iieneao enoeiu “aac no?aoa e
oi?aea”. Iinea ia?aiai eo?na y acye aeiiie ia eaoi o/aaiee ii eiaeea,
oae eae oioae “iao/eoueny aeoiaoue”. O iaiy yoa eieaa o?aieony aei neo
ii?: “Aaaaeaiea a eiaeeo” E?aeia I. Eiie (1953). Iia ia/eiaeanue n
/aoeiai ia?a/eneaiey ioeaie, eioi?uo neaaeoao ecaaaaoue, iuoaynue auoue
?aoeeiiaeueiui. ss auienae eo aeey naay. Yoio “ioeaea neaaeiaaiey”,
“aeieacaoaeuenoai neeie”, argumentum homineum, “aeieacaoaeuenoai ec
iaciaiey”, “aeieacaoaeuenoai ec aeaeinoe”, argumentum ad populum,
“aeieacaoaeuenoai n iiiiuueth aaoi?eoaoa”, post hoc ergo propter hoc,
“neiaeiue aii?in”, “aeaoniuneaiiinoue”, “aioeaie” (oi anoue
ooaa?aeaeaiea a?iaea oao, eaeei aauae I?aeoe Yaeeio), “aeoeaiooaoeey”
(oi anoue, ioeaee ec-ca iaaa?iie iinoaiiaee eiae/aneiai oaea?aiey),
“ioeaea iauaaeeiaiey”. Oaeei ia?acii, ecaaaay yoeo ioeaie, iiaeii oaeaea
ecaaaeaoue Ayeiiianeeo eaeieia. Ouaoaeueii eco/ea yoe i?aaeea e
n?aaenoaa, y n niaeaeaieai iiiye, /oi oae e ia iao/eeny aeoiaoue.
Eiaaea y ia?aoae e enoi?ee e oeeinioee iaoee, oi iaia?oaeee na?ueaciua
i?aaeinoa?aaeaiey i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?acaeaeaiey eiioaenoa ioe?uoey io
eiioaenoa aa?eoeeaoeee, i?iaa?yaiinoe eee oaeueneoeoee?oaiinoe. Iu
aeieaeiu niaethaeaoue a?aieoeu iaaeaeo oaeoii e aai cia/aieai, iaoeie e
eoeueoo?ie, iaoeie e eaeaieiaeae.
Aio oaea /aoaa?oue aaea i?ioei n oao ii?, eae y aia?aua ia?aoeeny e yoei
iuneyi. Ia?aae caeeth/aieai y oi/o neacaoue, /oi ana eioa?aniua e
iieaciua naaaeaiey, ecaanoiua iia, i?eoee io oa?ieiinoe e ioeaeai,
iniaaiii aaiaoe/aneei e iaoaoe/aneei. Ana, neacaiiia a yoii i/a?ea i
Aea?aeia e aai auneacuaaieyo i i?e?iaea, ioiineony eae ?ac e
iaoaoe/aneei ioeaeai. Aaiaoe/aneea ioeaee caeeth/athony a
i?ienoiaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u e iiaoaeaeaao ethaeae ni?aoeaaoue iaoeo e
eneaoue ?aii/iua e?eoa?ee i?eaieaiuo ioaaoia.
Aieueoeinoai iieo ciaiee i i?e?iaea aio?iiiii?oe/iu, a i i?e?iaea
iiciaiey — iaoaoi?e/iu e eaeaieiae/iu a ?acoeueoaoa iienea ana aieaa
aeeeiaeiiuo acaeiinaycae iiae ciaiaiai “enneaaeiaaiey
ia?aii?aaeaeaiiinoe”.
Ii yoio aeae ciaiey canoaaeyao nooaeaioa-aeieiaa ionoaeaaoue naie
oaaaeaeaiey. ss aniiieiath yoi, iioiio /oi eiaaea y aue auioneieeii
oieaa?neoaoa, ia?aaeeaiie ciaiey auea oeceea, neoaeeaoay iiaeaeueth
oi?ie?iaaiey ae?oaeo io?aneae ciaiey. Eaeoeeiiiua eo?nu (i?i/eoaiiua
Oaeeii, A?iaeaaeii e Aeia?ii), i?aeoeeoiu,— ana oeacuaaei ia no?aieaiea
noi?ie?iaaoue inoaeueiua oi?iu ciaiey a niioaaonoaee n
oeceei-oeie/aneeie iaoeaie, a oi a?aiy eae oeeinioey noiyea a noi?iia io
iaoee eae i?aainoiaeyuay aa (y eiath a aeaeo eeth/aaua aeey oiai a?aiaie
?aaiou ?aeoaiaaoa e Iaia).
O ?i?oe anoue caia/aoaeueiue i/a?e ia yoo oaio a iineaaeiae aeaaa aai
eieae “Neaaenoaey i?aaiaoecia”. Ii n/eoaao caaea/ae ianoiyuaai a?aiaie
ioaanoe oeeinioeth eae io aoiaieoa?iuo, oae e io anoanoaaiiuo iaoe. ss
oi?ioi iiiith, /oi a 1969 aiaeo, eiaaea iiaeae noaoueth iiae iacaaieai
“Ee/iinoe, i?aaieciu e… ia?ae/iua i?eciaee”, aaea iieacae eae oeceieiaey
e aeieiaey anaaaea ia?ooaao i?aaeea eioa?i?aoaoeee, eee aa ioeoeeaeueiie
ia?aaeeaiu a nia?aiaiiie iaoea. Iai?eia?, a “?annoaeaeaieyo i iaoiaea”
Aeaea?o, iiieii oeacaiee ia ioiioaiee ei anaio ciaieth aiiaua,
ooaa?aeaeae, /oi iu aeieaeiu aini?eieiaoue o/aiea Aa?aay, “naeaeioaoaai
eco/aiea yoie i?iaeaiu n ia?oaie oi/ee”, i na?aeoea eae i ianina, a
aeaaiuie ioiioaieyie a /aeiaa/aneii oaea — iaoaie/aneeie. Aa?aae aea
aiiaua ie/aai oaeiai ia ienae, ii aue oaaaeaeaiiui a?enoioaeenoii, a
Aeaea?o iuoaeny naeaeaoue ec iaai oeeinioa-iaoaieoeenoa.
Eeth/aauie iiiyoeyie a ?aaioao oii Aaeea?a, iooea nia?aiaiiie
oeceieiaee, auee “?acae?aaeeiinoue”, “nie?aoeiinoue”,
“/oanoaeoaeueiinoue” — aanueia iioiaee ia oaeiaua Aea?aeia, i?eaaaeaiiua
auoa. Iiaeii iienaoue a iiaeiaiuo oa?ieiao anth enoi?eth aeieiaee e
iniaaiii oeceieiaee. Eae cao/eo a ?aieao ?aaeoeoeeiiecia iieiinoueth
i?eciaiiay nia?aiaiiie oeceieiaeae eiioeaioeey “a?iaeaeaiiie
?eoie/iinoe” (a i?eeiaeaiee e aieieiai-?eoiaiaeeoaeyi na?aeoea)?
Iiy noaouey ia yoo oaio, iiaeaiiay a A?eoaineia iauanoai oeeinioee
iaoee, auea ano?a/aia eaiaiiui iie/aieai, aoaeoi y neacae /oi-oi
iai?eee/iia. ss aue ianoieueei iaaneo?aaeai, /oi aeieai ia iuoaeny
iioaeeeiaaoue aa (Young, 1989). Ii oaia?ue, nionoy ianeieueei
aeanyoeeaoee, ana eia/a. Ana aeaoe ia?aaeeaiu eioa?i?aoaoeee nia?aiaiiie
iaoee — iiceoeaenou, oeceeaeenou, ?aaeenou, aeaia?eaoeeiiaeenou n
o?oaeii oaea?aeeaatho naie iiceoeee.
Oeeinioey iaoee aieueoa ia ioiinyony e ooaa?aeaeaieth Iuethoiia i
auaiaeeiinoe anao yaeaiee ie?a ec iaoa?ee e aeaeaeaiey, a oaeaea e
iienaieth i?e?iaeu Aaeeeaai iaoaiaoe/aneei ycueii eae e ia?aaeeaiai.
Iai?ioea, iu ?aciuoeyai i iaoea a oa?ieiao iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
i?ioeannia i?iecaiaenoaa, e, ana aieueoa e aieueoa, eae i oi?ia
eoeueoo?u. Oeeinioey, oaea aeaeaei ia neoaeaiea iaoee e ia iniaue aeae
anoanoaiciaiey, yaeyaony, ii ?i?oe, iaeiei ec iacaaiee ?acaeaeia, ia
eioi?ua ?acaeoa n aaeieieno?aoeaiuie e aeaeeia?aoe/aneeie oeaeyie
/aeiaa/aneay eoeueoo?a.
Oaia?ue iu ia aeieaeiu noaniyoueny Aea?aeiianeie iaoaoi?u —
anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a — iineieueeo iia aiieia aeiionoeia, a /anoiinoe,
i?eciaaay yeaiaio i?aaeiacia/aiiinoe e eiia/iie i?e/eiu, ec-ca aiaeiaee
n /aeiaa/aneeie no?aieaieyie, aiaae?aiiuie a iaoa iiiyoea i?e?iaeu. Iu
iiaeai aieueoa ia i?eieiaoue ia/aeueiue eiiiaioa?ee Oaeooyaea e
?acoeueoaoai iao/iie ?aaiethoeee. I?eieiay cai?ao ia eniieueciaaiea
iaoaoi?e/aneeo au?aaeaiee, iiaeii i?eeoe e neaaeothuei auaiaeai:
“iauaeou aini?eieiathony ni naienoaaie, a ?aaeueiinoe ei ia
i?eiaaeeaaeaueie, oaeoe/anee yaeythueieny /enouie i?iecaiaeiuie
niciaiey. Oaeei ia?acii i?e?iaea aa?ao o ian naiaia?aciue e?aaeeo
aeiaa?ey, ?ica a n/ao naiaai caiaoa, nieiaae — ianie, nieioea — eo/ae.
Iiyou aaniethoii ia i?aau: eo noeoe aeieaeiu auoue aae?aniaaiu ei aea,
i?aa?auay eo a naiiainoaaeaiea i?aainoiaenoaa /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia”
(Whitehead, 1985, p. 69). Ie iaeii ec auoaia?a/eneaiiuo naienoa n oi/ee
c?aiey ioeoeeaeueiie iiaeaee eioa?i?aoaoeee iaoaienoe/iie,
?aaeoeoeeiienoneie iaoee, ia i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?e?iaea. “I?e?iaea — yoi
/oi-oi neo/iia, aaccao/iia, aanoeaaoiia e ia eiathuaa caiaoa; anaai
eeoue aaneiia/iia e aanniuneaiiia aeaeaeaiea iaoa?ee” (Ibid.).
Aeaa auaiaea. Ioe?uaay iaoa iuoeaiea i i?e?iaea anaio aiaaonoao
/aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia, iu aeieaeiu naeaeaoue aieaa i?ic?a/iie a?aieoeo
iaaeaeo iaoei iiieiaieai i?e?iaeiuo i?ioeannia a oa?ieiao cae?aaiai
niunea e ?ieueth aanniciaoaeueiuo i?ioeannia a iaoeo acaeiiioiioaieyo n
ie?ii, ainniaaeeiaiee aiaoiaai e aioo?aiiaai. Anoue iaiaei noi?iiieeia
yoie eaeae n?aaee oeeinioia e ineoiaiaeeoeeia, iai?eia?, Ae.A.
Oeiieeioo, Oaeeo?aae Aaeii, Aa?ieueae Ne?ec, Aeiiaeueae Iaeueooea?, Ea?e
Oeeei. Yoe eiioeaioeee aeieaeiu auoue iauaaeeiaiu, aeey /aai iiie oaea
i?aaei?eiyou iaeioi?ua oneeey (ni. aeaeeia?aoeth), ii iieiiai
acaeiiiiieiaiey aua ia ianooieei.
A caeeth/aiea y oioae au ia?aniio?aoue iaeioi?ua aieaa oe?ieea i?iaeaiu,
cao?iiooua nii?aie i Aea?aeia e aeieiae/aneeo oai?eyo eae iie
?anniao?eaathony a nia?aiaiiuo iiaeaeyo eioa?i?aoaoeee, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
enoi?ee e oeeinioee iaoee. Ianiio?y ia neeueiue canoie, auea iaea?aeaia
iiaaaea a o?ao i?eioeeieaeueiuo nii?ao. Ai-ia?auo, onoaiiaeaia naycue
iaae Aea?aeiii e Iaeueoonii, ooaa?aeeaoay aaaeioth ?ieue eaeaieiaee a
iniiaa iao/iiai oai?aoece?iaaiey. Ai-aoi?uo, iaoaoi?e/aneay i?e?iaea
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iiiyoee oae iacuaaaiuo aaceniuo iaoe — n?iaenoaa,
a?aaeoaoeee, anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a — oae?aao aa?uea? iaaeaeo iao/iui
?annoaeaeaieai e ae?oaeie niiniaaie au?aaeaiey. A-o?aoueeo,
iai?aoiaeyuay e ooiaeaiaioaeueiay ?ieue aio?iiiii?oe/aneie e
oaeaieiae/aneie eioa?i?aoaoeee a aaceniuo iaoeao aeieacuaaao
iaaiciiaeiinoue iieiiai iooiaea io yeaiaioia oaeaieiaee a
eioa?i?aoaoeee. Iacaae e Aic?iaeaeaieth iooai eioaa?e?iaaiey iaoee n
aieaa oe?ieei ie?iaicc?aieai, aiaaouie n?aaenoaaie au?aaeaiey e
iauaaeeiaiey oaeoa e aai cia/aiey, aia?aae e i?aanoaaiiie iaoea.
Yoa noaouey oaeaea iioaeeeiaaia a Science as Culture (no. 16): p.
375-403, 1993.
Eeoa?aoo?a
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Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Routledge.
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Aronson.
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C. R. Darwin (1967) On the Origin of Species(1859) A Facsimilie of the
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Corrections. London: Murray, 1895.
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Domestication, 2 vols. Murray.
C. R. Darwin (1871) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex.
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Natural Selection’, J. Hist. Biol. 17:113-40.
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External Worlds’.
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Octagon.
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Spottiswoode.
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Address for correspondence: 26 Freegrove Rd., London N7 9RQ. E-mail:
robert@rmy1.demon.co.uk
© The Author
Iaa neiaa — picking e selection, iiaoo auoue ia?aaaaeaiu eae “ioai?”,
ii a ia?aii neo/aa aeiieie?oao niuneiaie iooaiie “iiaeai?, ninoaaeaiea
eaeiai-oi iaai?a”, a ai aoi?ii — eiaiii “ioai?, auai?” — caeanue e
aeaeaa i?eia/aiey ia?aaiae/eea.
A eaaae?aoiuo neiaeao caeanue e aeaeaa i?eia/aiey aaoi?a noaouee
eaiiie/aneee ia?aaiae iacaaiey o?oaea Aea?aeia ia ?onneee ycue
ianeieueei “naeaaeeaaao ino?ua oaeu”: favourable caeanue iiaeii
ia?aaanoe nei?aa eae “aeaaii?eyoiue”, “iiaeoiaeyuee”, “oaeiaiue”, oai ia
iaiaa, aeey ia?aaiaea eniieuecoaony aiieia ei??aeoiue oa?iei
“i?eniiniaeaiiue”.
eco/aiey
niiinoaaeiua nia?aiaiiua oa?ieiu — aeioe/aneea e aaeioe/aneea oaeoi?u
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
i?ii?eioeaioeey — oeceieiae/aneia iiiyoea iuoa/iiai eee “oaiiiai”
/oanoaa, aini?eyoea iieiaeaiea oaea a i?ino?ainoaa ia iniiaa iuouaiee,
eaeoueo io iuooe, aac iiiiue c?aiey eee inycaiey.
Iioaeeeiaaii a Eiiaeiia, anee ia oeacaii ioaeaeueii
PAGE 23
?.I. ssia. Aea?aeiianeay iaoaoi?a e oeeinioey iaoee
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