OAAAI?IANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE ?AAeEIOAOIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
Aeieeaae ii
Oeeinioee
ia oaio :
Aioenoeeaioeci a nia?aiaiiie caiaaeiie oeeinioee (iaieaioeainoai,
yecenoaioeeaeeci, ia?niiaeeci)
A?oiia I-78
Oaaai?ia, 1999 a.
Iauei oeeinioneei enoi/ieeii aioenoeeaioenoneie eioa?i?aoaoeee
oeeinioee, eae iu oaea iieacaee a ia/aea aeaiiie aeaau, aunooiaao e?ecen
eeanne/aneie iiaeaee oeeinioee e naiaia?aciue ?ac?ua oiai aaeeinoaa
?aoeeiiaeueii-oai?aoe/aneeo e oeaiiinoiuo eiiiiiaioia, eioi?ia auei aa
aaaeiaeoei i?eciaeii. Anee noeeaioeci aace?oaony ia aaniethoecaoeee
?aoeeiiaeueii-oai?aoe/aneeo eiiiiiaioia oeeinioneiai ciaiey, oi
aioenoeeaioeci enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi aaaeiaeoei i?eciaeii oeeinioee
yaeyaony aa oeaiiinoiue oa?aeoa?.
I?aaenoaaeoaee aaaeaineie oeieu iaieaioeainoaa, oaeea, iai?eia?, eae A.
Aeiaeaeueaaiae (1848-1915), A. ?eeea?o (1863-1936), ?acaeaatho
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii-ineoieiae/aneia enoieeiaaiea oeeinioee Eaioa, a
.eioi?ii iniaia aieiaiea ia?auaaony ia ?ieue noauaeoa a i?ioeanna
iiciaiey. A i?ioeaiaan oai?aoeeai auoaeceiaeaiiie ia?ao?aneie oeieu, iie
ia?auatho aieiaiea ia oi, /oi iiciaiea – yoi iniaue oaiiiai, eioi?ue,
ianiio?y ia anth aai niaoeeoeoee?iaaiiinoue, iaeuecy ioi?aaoue io
eoeueoo?u, a ?aieao eioi?ie ii ?acaeaaaony. Iiyoiio iaoea ia yaeyaony
iniaui aeiieie?othuei oaeoi?ii eoeueoo?u, a aa iaoiaeu e i?eioeeiu ia
iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa aaniethoiiai yoaeiia aeey ae?oaeo oi?i
iiciaaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aieaa aaaeiuie ai acaeiiioiioaiee
iauaeoa e noauaeoa, ii iiaieth i?aaenoaaeoaeae aaaeaineie oeieu,
aunooiatho nenoaiu oeaiiinoae, ia eioi?uo iniiaaiu a oii /enea e
aiinaieiae/aneea ioiioaiey /aeiaaea n ie?ii. *aeiaae ia iiaeao
inaiaiaeeoueny io naiae ecia/aeueiie noauaeoeaiinoe, eioi?ay ieacuaaao
aeeyiea ia ana aiaaonoai aai acaeiiioiioaiee n ie?ii e ae?oaeie
ethaeueie.
Oeaeue oeeinioee ia iiaeao auoue naaaeaia e aiaeeco oieueei iao/iiai
iiciaiey, iia aeieaeia enneaaeiaaoue ana nenoaiu oeaiiinoae, eioi?ua
nouanoaotho a /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?a. Oaeay onoaiiaea aeaao ia/aei, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, auyniaieth niaoeeoeee aoiaieoa?iiai ciaiey e aai.
ioee/ey io anoanoaaiiuo e iaoaiaoe/aneeo iaoe. A n ae?oaie noi?iiu,
eiioeuen aeey aiaeeca oeeinioee i?aaeaea anaai eae oi?iu aiaiao/iiai, a
iicaea e aia?aoeeiiaeueiiai niciaiey.
Aua aieaa ino?i yoa i?iaeaia ?aoaaony a ?acee/iiai ?iaea
e??aoeeiiaeenoe/aneeo eiioeaioeeyo oeia aa?aaiieainoaa eee “oeeinioee
aeecie” n eo ia?aie/aieai ?acoiiiai iiciaiey e aaniethoecaoeeae cia/aiey
aia?aoeeiiaeueiuo (eiooeoeaiuo, ioeaii/iuo) oaeoi?ia oeeinioneiai
iiieiaiey auoey. Eiaiii a yoio enoi?e/aneee ia?eiae aicieeaao oeaeay
na?ey oeeinioneeo eiioeaioeee, oae eee eia/a ?acaeaathueo
aioenoeeaioenoneoth o?aaeeoeeth, /oi oa?aeoa?ii aeey oai?/anoaa oaeeo
iuneeoaeae, eae A. Oiiaiaaoy? (1788-1860), N. Euea?eaai? (1813-1855), o.
Ieoeoa (1844-1900), A. Aeeeueoae (1833-1911), A. Aa?anii (1859-1941) e
ae?. I Ia eiay aiciiaeiinoe iiae?iaii eceaaaoue oeeinioneea acaeyaeu
anao i?aaenoaaeoaeae aioenoeeaioenoneie o?aaeeoeee, inoaiiaeiny ia oao,
eioi?ua, n iaeiie noi?iiu, au?aaeatho aa a ?acaa?iooii e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiii aeaea, a n ae?oaie – iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu a iaoa
a?aiy.
Eeanne/aneei au?aaeaieai aioenieaioecia a oeeinioee aunooiaao
yecenoaioeeaeeci, eioi?ue iu ?anniio?ei ia i?eia?a oai?/anoaa I.
Oaeaeaaaa?a e E. ssnia?na.
I. Oaeaeaaaa? (1889-1976) ai?yioth iieaiece?oao n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
ia?ao?aneie oeieu iaieaioeainoaa. Naaaeaiea oeeinioee e aiinaieiaee,
ioia/aao ii, i?eaaaeao aa e oiiaeiaeaieth anoanoaaiiui iaoeai, e
i?aaeaea anaai iaoaiaoeea. Ia?ao?aeoeu iaaa?ii i?ieioa?i?aoe?iaaee
Eaioa, eioi?ue, auaeaeaay iieiaeaiea i iaaiciiaeiinoe nouanoaiaaiey
iaoaoeceee eae iaoee, eiae a aeaeo ioeai/iinoue o?aeoiaee oeeinioee ii
ia?acoeo oeceee eee iaoaiaoeee e auaeaeaae i?ia?aiio aa iino?iaiey eae
iniaie iaoee, eioi?ay aeieaeia caieiaoueny e?eoeeie ?acoia, iaoaoeceeie
i?e?iaeu e iaoaoeceeie i?aaia.
A yoii ieaia, ioia/aao I. Oaeaeaaaa?, eaieaaaa?aneee iuneeoaeue ieacaeny
ai?acaei aeoaaea aai aeeaeaeoeo eioa?i?aoaoi?ia. O iaai iaoaoeceea e
oeeinioey – yoi ia iaeii e oi aea, iiyoiio auaiaeu ioiineoaeueii
iaoaoeceee ia ?ani?ino?aiythony ia anth oeeinioeth a oeaeii. Naycaii yoi
n oai, /oi iaeanoue oeeinioneiai iuoeaiey i?eioeeieaeueii ioee/ia io
iao/iiai. Ai-ia?auo, oeeinioey anoue ?aoeaeney (o.a. iniaia i?eiaiaiea
?acoia) e aiaeeco naieo iaoe, iniiaaiiay ia auyaeaiee eo
aiinaieiae/aneeo i?aaeiinueie e ia?aie/aiiinoe. Oaea a yoii niunea
oeeinioey yaeyaony naiaia?aciie iaoaiaoeie ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaei, oae
eae cao?aaeaaao aii?inu i?aaeiinueie iao/iiai ciaiey a oeaeii.
Ai-aoi?uo, oeeinioey oioy e iie?aaony ia ciaiey, ii ia aeieaeia e iei
naiaeeoueny. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa iu iieo/ei “oeeeeiie/aneoth o/aiinoue”
(Eaio) e ia aieaa.
Oaeaeaaaa? ioia/aao, /oi iaieaioeaioeu iiiuoaeenue ?anniio?aoue Eaioa
eeoue eae aiinaieiaa. Iaeiaei aeaaea a yoie iaeanoe ii aeaeaei auoiaeeo
ca ?aiee /enoie aiinaieiaee. Iainiiauaay aiciiaeiinoue ciaiey. Eaio
inouanoaeyao yoi n aieaa oe?ieeo oeeinioneeo iiceoeee, oaeoe/anee aeaaay
yoiio iioieiae/aneia iainiiaaiea. “Aaaaeaieai i?iaeaiu o?ainoeaiaeaioeee
ia ianoi iaoaoeceee noaaeony ia “oai?ey iiciaiey”, a iioieiaey,
?anniio?aiiay a aa aioo?aiiae aiciiaeiinoe”.
Aeaeaa Oaeaeaaaa? aeaao e??aoeeiiaeenoe/aneoth eioa?i?aoaoeeth,
iiaeaeoe, naiie ?aoeeiiaeueiie /anoe oeeinioee Eaioa, oniao?eaay
nouiinoue oeeinioee a iniaii oeeinioneii nica?oeaiee, eioi?ia yaeyaony
i?aaeiinueeie iuoeaiey. N iiiiuueth nica?oeaiey oeeinio aeieaeai
oeiaeoue iniaaiiinoe ie?a, oi anoue naeaeaoue eo i?aaeiaoii naiaai
aioo?aiiaai ?aciuoeaiey. ?ieue ?annoaeea, aiai?eo iuneeoaeue, caeanue,
eiia/ii, i/aiue auniea, ii ii ia iiaeao auoue ioi?aai e io
/oanoaaiiinoe, oae eae e oi e ae?oaia yaeythony i?iyaeaieai “nouiinoiiai
aaeeinoaa”, caieiay aioo?e aai eeoue ?aciua ea?a?aoe/aneea o?iaie.
Eiaiii Eaio, n/eoaao Oaeaeaaaa?, ?an/enoee ianoi aeey nia?aiaiiie
oeeinioee, a ea/anoaa eioi?ie e aunooiaao yecenoaioeeaeueiay iaoaoeceea.
Iaoea (iao/iia iiciaiea), aaconeiaii, yaeyaony iaeiie ec oi?i
iinoeaeaiey auoey, ioia/aao iuneeoaeue, ii iia au?aaeaao niaie eeoue
ia?aie/aiiia, ii n?aaiaieth n oeeinioeae, ciaiea, oae eae iia ia
eanaaony auoey a oeaeii. Iaoea ia iiaeao i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia “/enoia”
iienaiea ie?a oaea iioiio, /oi iia, eae e ethaay eiino?oeoeaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ?acoia, aace?oaony ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo oeaiiinoyo e
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?aaeaea anaai iniaoth ie?iaicc?ai/aneoth
i?eaioaoeeth. A iniiaa yoie i?eaioaoeee eaaeeo i/aiue neeueiay (e ieeae
ia iainiiauaaaiay) i?aaeiinueea i iieiii iinoeaeaiee ie?a n iiiiuueth
eiie?aoii-iao/iuo iaoiaeee. Ii ie i eaeie iieiioa iinoeaeaiey auoey
caeanue e ?a/e auoue ia iiaeao, oae eae iii anaaaea i?aaeiaoii
ia?aie/aii. Oaeei ia?acii, iaoea – eeoue iaeii ec n?aaenoa
oii?yaei/eaaiey (eiino?oe?iaaiey, eioa?i?aoaoeee) ie?a n iiceoeee
“ii?aaeia/eaaiey nouaai”, o.a. iaeeaaeuaaiea ia ethaie enneaaeoaiue
iauaeo nenoaiu oii?yaei/eaaiey, oa?aeoa?iie aeey aeaiiie eiie?aoiie
iaoee. A ?acoeueoaoa aicieeaao ia/oi, eioi?ia aiana ia yaeyaony
au?aaeaieai nouiinoe yaeaiey eae oaeiaiai. “Eiaiii aeey oiai, /oiau
enneaaeiaaoue ninoiyiey auoey, auee ?acaeou iaoiaeu iaoe, ii iie ia
i?eniiniaeaiu e oiio, /oiau enneaaeiaaoue auoea yoiai nouaai…”
Oaeaeaaaa? oeacuaaao, /oi a oeeinioee nouanoaoao iaeanoue, naycaiiay n
?ac?aaioeie iauae iioieiae/aneie ea?oeiu ie?a, eioi?ay eaaeeo a iniiaa
eiie?aoiuo iaoe, yaeyaony iaoeie naia ii naaa. Iaoee iienuaatho eae au
eieaeueiua ea?oeiu ie?a ii n?aaiaieth n iauaoeeinioneei i?aaenoaaeaieai
aai a oeaeii. Iieiay ea?oeia iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaia eeoue a
oeeinioee.
A iicaeieo ?aaioao Oaeaeaaaa? iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna caieiaao aua aieaa aeanoeoth iiceoeeth ii
ioiioaieth e iao/iiio iiciaieth, iooiaey io iieneia oiai iauaai, /oi
anoue iaaeaeo oeeinioeae e iaoeie, i?iaiaey ?aceoth aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth
iaaeaeo ieie, ooaa?aeaeay, /oi iaoea ana aieaa io/oaeaeaaony io
oeeinioee e eoeueoo?u. Ii oa?aeoa?ecoao iaoeo eae “au/eneythuaa
iuoeaiea”, eioi?ia yaeyaony i?eioeeieaeueii iaeiinoi?iiiei, iniiaaiiui
ia oceeo e i?aaiaoe/iuo caaea/ao. Nouiinoue iiiaeo iaeanoae ciaiey e
oaiiiaiia aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae (enoi?ey, eneonnoai, iiycey,
ycue. Aia) ia iiaeaeaaony aeanoeiio ii?aaeia/eaaieth e iiyoiio
iaaeinooiia iaoea. Eiaiii a yoii ieaia iiaeii neacaoue, aeaeaao auaiae
iuneeoaeue, /oi iaoea aiiaua ia iuneeo. “Io iaoee a iuoeaiea iao iinoia,
aiciiaeai eeoue i?uaeie. A ii ia?aiineo ian ia oieueei ia ae?oaoth
noi?iio, ii e a ae?oaoth enoeiiinoue”.
Iiiuoee iaoee i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia ananoi?iiiaa enneaaeiaaiea, a yoi iaeia
ec oeaeae iaoee, ?aaeecothueany a aa yeno?aiecia eae aeaeaiee naeaeaoue
naiei iauaeoii ana /oi oaiaeii, ia naiii aeaea i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
eeoue noiiaoeaioth ananoi?iiiinoue, aeinoeaaaioth ca n/ao iaeiieaiey
eiee/anoaa enneaaeoaiuo yaeaiee, eioi?ia ia iicaieyao ?ane?uoue a
i?ioeanna iiciaiey nouiinoioth ananoi?iiiinoue auoey. Eiaiii onoaiiaea
iiciaoue “/oi oaiaeii e ianeieueei oaiaeii” e aeinoeaeaiea
aeaenoaeoaeueiie aani?aaeaeueiinoe a aa ?aaeecaoeee auaeatho
ia?aie/aiiinoue iaoee, ia iicaieythuoth ae iiciaoue auoea eae oaeiaia.
Auoea n?aaenoaaie iaoee iiciaoue iaeuecy, ei eeoue iiaeii iaeaaeaoue n
iiiiuueth oeeinioee, eioi?ay e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie enoeiiia iuoeaiea.
Oeeinioey iuneeo i niunea, eioi?ue aeaeaao aauue eiaiii oaeiaie, eaeay
iia anoue. Enoeia auoey ia naycaia n aa i?aeoe/aneei eniieueciaaieai,
eae yoi inouanoaeyaony a iaoeao. Oeaeue iaoe – iaeaaeaiea ie?ii, ii ia
iiieiaiea niunea. Oeeinioey ia no?aieony iaeaaeaoue auoeai, a iai?aaeaia
ia iinoeaeaiea aai niuneia.
Aioenoeeaioenoneay iiceoeey oa?aeoa?ia e aeey ae?oaiai aaeeeiai
iaiaoeeiai oeeinioa, Ea?ea ssnia?na (1883-1969).
Enoiaey ec oiai, /oi e iaoea, e oeeinioey eae oi?iu niciaiey iniiaaiu ia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oeaiiinoiuo nenoaiao, oeeinio ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi iie
aaniethoii ianiaianoeiu. “Oeeinioneia iuoeaiea ii naiaio niuneo
?aaeeeaeueii ioee/aaony io iao/iiai”. A iaoea a ea/anoaa aunoae
aunooiaao iiciaaaoaeueiay oeaiiinoue, oiaaea eae a oeeinioee onoaiiaea
ia iaycaoaeueiia aeinoeaeaiea enoeiu ionooiaao ia aoi?ie ieai. Eiaiii
iiyoiio oeeinioey i?eioeeieaeueii ia aeieaeia no?ieoueny ii ia?acoeo
eaeeo-eeai iaoe, yaeyynue niaa?oaiii eiui niiniaii iinoeaeaiey auoey.
I?eia?ii iineaaeiaai neoaeeo oio oaeo, ieoao ssnia?n, /oi eiae/aneia
aeieacaoaeuenoai, i?eciathuaany noeeaioenonee iano?iaiiuie iuneeoaeyie
naiaia?aciui yoaeiiii aeieacaoaeuenoaa, ieacuaaaony iaaeinoaoi/iui a
oeeinioee. Aieaa oiai, oa oi?iu ?annoaeaeaiey, eioi?ua a eiaeea
n/eoathony ioeai/iuie, a eiaiii “i?ioeai?a/ey, e?oa, oaaoieiaey…
aunooiatho eae i?eciaee ?acee/ey iaaeaeo oeeinioneei e iao/iui
iuoeaieai”. Anee a iaoeao iuoeaiea yaeyaony eeoue n?aaenoaii iaeaaeaiey
ciaieyie e n eo iiiiuueth i?aaeiaoiui ie?ii, oi oeeinioey anoue iuoeaiea
a /enoii aeaea – naiiiuoeaiea, eioi?ia ?aaeecoaony /a?ac aioo?aiithth
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea.
Oeeinioey ia noaaeo ia?aae niaie caaea/o i?aaeiaoiiai iaeaaeaiey ie?ii.
Iia aeeaea noieo e eneonnoao. Oeeinio nicaeaao oieeaeueiua
i?iecaaaeaiey, yaeythueany ?acoeueoaoii aai nianoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
Niioaaonoaaiii oeeinioey – aeoaiei iai?aeoe/iay oi?ia aeooiaiiai
inaiaiey auoey. “Anee iaoee a naieo iaeanoyo iieo/eee oaaaeeoaeueii
aeinoiaa?iua e iauai?eciaiiua ciaiey, oi oeeinioey ia aeiaeeanue yoiai,
ianiio?y ia naie noa?aiey a oa/aiea ouny/aeaoee”. Oaeei ia?acii, a
oeeinioee ionoonoaoao e?eoa?ee iauacia/eiinoe ?acoeueoaoia, oae eae a
iae iao aaeeiie nenoaiu iaoiaeia. Iiyoiio iaoea ?acaeaaaony
eeiaeii-i?ia?anneaii, iinoiyiii iaeaieeaay ciaiey i i?aaeiaoiie iaeanoe.
Iineaaeiyy ii a?aiaie iao/iay oai?ey iaeiia?aiaiii aunooiaao e eae
iaeaieaa enoeiiay. A oeeinioee aeaiiay iai?aaeaiiinoue e eeiaeiinoue
ionoonoaotho. Oeeinioa iiaoo eioa?aniaaoue i?iaeaiu, iinoaaeaiiua ouny/e
eao iacaae. Ono?aieaiiinoue iaoee a aoaeouaa ii?iaeaeaao oaeoth aa
iniaaiiinoue, eae iaoeaeaiiinoue ia aaniethoiia iiciaiea ie?a. Yoi
oeaio?aeueiay oeaiiinoiay onoaiiaea o/aiuo. Oeeiniou aea, ia/eiay n
Nie?aoa, noaaeee yoo aiciiaeiinoue iiae niiiaiea, auaeaeaay aeey yoiai
aaniiua a?aoiaiou. Nieaioenoneay ie?iaicc?ai/aneay onoaiiaea yaeyaony
aaaeiie i?aaeiinueeie iao/iie aeayoaeueiinoe, iaeiaei iaeuecy aa
?ani?ino?aiyoue ia iiciaiea auoey a oeaeii, oae eae yoi ii?iaeaeaao
naiaia?aciia noaaa?ea, /oi “iaoaio ?annoaeeo aeinooiia any enoeia e any
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue ie?a. Iia canoaaeyao ieoaoue aaniethoiia aeiaa?ea e
iaoea e aani?aeineiaii iiae/eiyoueny aa aaoi?eoaoo, aiieiuaiiiio a
i?aaenoaaeoaeyo nioeeaeueiuo einoaioeee”. I?aoaicee iaoee
aani?aaeaeueiu, oai, aaea oeeinio caaeoiuaaaony, o/aiue inouanoaeyao.
Iineaaeothuay ioeaiea yoiai aeaenoaey, iaeiaei, iiaeao ieacaoueny
aanueia iaaaoeaiie eae ni noi?iiu naiie iaoee, oae e iauanoaa,
auioaeaeaiiiai iioii i?aiaeieaaaoue “?aaioo, naeaeaiioth ca aeueyaiea”.
A ?acoeueoaoa, caieiay a eaeii-oi niunea eeaee?othuaa iieiaeaiea a
?aieao iaua/aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u, aa?y ia naay ianaienoaaiiua ae
ooieoeee ii au?aaioea aeeciaiiuo i?eaioe?ia aeey /aeiaaea e
/aeiaa/anoaa, iaoea a eiia/iii n/aoa “ia iiaeao aeaoue ieeaeeo oeaeae
aeey aeecie. Iia ia aunoaaeyao ie iaeiie iauacia/eiie oeaiiinoe”.
Oaeei ia?acii, oeeinioey ia eiaao oeaeueth iiciaoue ia/oi eae eiia/iia,
oi anoue ieii/aoaeueii e iaanaaaea. A oeeinioee aieaa aaaeiie aunooiaao
oeaeue ee/iie oaeinoiaa?aiiinoe a i?iaeaia, a oie eee eiie neooaoeee, a
ee/iii aeaeaiee /aeiaaea ii?aciuoeyoue iaae iae. Iaoea anaaaea
iai?aaeaia ia i?aaeiao. Yoi aa noeoey, e ae iao caeanue ?aaiuo. Noeoey
oeeinioee – yoi auoea e ianoi /aeiaaea a iai, e caeanue iaoea
aanneeueia. Yoi ia cia/eo, /oi iaiaoiaeeii ioeacaoueny io iaoe, iao,
aieaa oiai, oeeinioey aeieaeia iie?aoueny ia ieo, ii anaaaea iniciaaay
eo i?eioeeieaeueioth ia?aie/aiiinoue. Oeeinioey iaoeaeaia ia iiene e
?aaeecoaony eae anaaaea iacaaa?oaiiue i?ioeann. Iniaaiiinoueth oeeinioee
yaeyaony oaeaea e ionoonoaea iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeieacuaaoue naith i?aaioo
aeey ae?oaiai. Anee iaoee ai?thony ca enoeio, oi oeeinioey ioe?uaaaony
eeoue oiio, eoi yoiai oi/ao nai, iia aac?acee/ia e /eneo aa neooathueo e
iiieiathueo.
*aeiaae eae au iuouaao, /oi nouanoaoao ie? iaaei?aaeiaoaue. A /aeiaaea
“i?inuiaaony oeeinio”, eioi?ue ia/eiaao i?eiauaoueny e oaeiai
iaaei?aaeiaoiiai ie?a, ?anoeo?iauaay niune e cia/aiea aai oeo?ia.
Aaaeouay ?ieue i?e yoii i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia ?annoaeeo, a oaioacee,
eioa?i?aoaoeee neiaieia iaaei?aaeiaoiiai ie?a.
*aeiaae /oanoaoao naith neaainoue e aanneeea ia?aae iauaeoeaiuie e
iaiaoiaeeiuie caeiiaie i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa, e iaeiia?aiaiii ii /oanoaoao
naith caaeneiinoue io neo/aeiinoe, eioi?ay ana a?aiy noaaeo aai a ?aciua
aeeciaiiua neooaoeee. I?e/ai niaiyaiinoue oaeeo neooaoeee aan. eiia/ia,
e iaeieo oieueei ciaiee ieacuaaaony neeoeii iaei aeey eo i?a. iaeieaiey.
Aieaa oiai, ethaee iiaoo ieacaoueny a iniauo neooaoeeyo, aaea iie a
iaeaieueoae noaiaie i?iyaeythony eae ee/iinoe, a neooaoeeyo, “ec eioi?uo
iu ia iiaeai aueoe, eciaieoue eioi?ua iu ia a neeao”. Yoi yoai
i?aiaeieaiey “iia?aie/iuo neooaoeee”, iaeaieaa aaaeiue aeey naiiniciaiey
/aeiaaea. Iniciaiea eo yaeyaony aeaaiui enoi/ieeii oeeinioee, ieoao E.
ssnia?n. A iauaeaiiie aeecie /aeiaae “caauaaao”, iai?eia?, /oi ii
nia?oae e /oi aai aeeciue eiia/ia, /oi ii iiaeao auoue aeiiaiui e ianoe
aioo?aiithth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca naie iinooiee. *aeiaae eaaei auoiaeeo
ec ia?eiaoee iauaeaiiie aeecie, ioa?anuaay oaeiai ?iaea ?aciuoeaiey a
noi?iio. Eeoue a iia?aie/iie neooaoeee, eiaaea aii?in aai nouanoaiaaiey
noaaeony a iaeaieaa ?aaeeeaeueiie oi?ia, /aeiaae noaiiaeony naiei niaie,
auioaeaeai i?yii auae?aoue iaaeaeo aeia?ii e ceii, aeeciueth e
nia?oueth, aa?ie e ?acoiii e o.ae. Iaoea aea – yoi naiaia?aciay iiiuoea
ethaeae iaaciianeoue naay ia?aae iaiaoiaeeiinoueth ioaa/aoue ia
iiaeiaiiai ?iaea aii?inu ca n/ao inaiaiey i?aaeiaoiiai ie?a, iaeaaeaiey
ei.
Aicieeaao aii?in, a aeey /aai oiaaea nouanoaoao oeeinioey, aaaeue n aa
?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneie onoaiiaeie iia ia iiaeao aeaoue iaaeaaeaeo iiaeiaii
aa?a. Oeeinioey, ioaa/aao ia yoio aii?in iuneeoaeue, “yaeyaony
i?aiaeieaieai ie?a, aiaeiaii nianaiey”. Yoi eioaeeaeooaeueiia nianaiea,
nianaiea aioo?e ?aciuoeaiee, aioo?e ?aoeaenee iaae i?aaeaeueiuie
iniiaaieyie auoey. Oeeinioey – yoi aiaeia aa?u, ii ia eioaeeaeooaeueiii
o?iaia, iaeee neioac aa?u e oaaaeaeaiey. Aa?a aeaao iaaeaaeaeo,
oeeinioey – iniciaiea aa, aunooiay a aeaea eiioeaiooaeueiiai
eiiioieeaoeeiiiiai ea?eana aa?u. Yoi aunoee yoai o?ainoeaiaeaioiie
oeeinioee.
A ?onea eeanne/aneiai aioenieaioecia ?aoaaony i?iaeaia niaoeeoeee
oeeinioee a nia?aiaiiii ia?niiaeecia. Aai i?aaenoaaeoaee oaeaea enoiaeyo
ec i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey ?aoeeiiaeueiiio iiaeoiaeo e iinoeaeaieth ie?a
e??aoeeiiaeecia, ?anniao?eaay aai eae ?aaeoeeth “ia iaaeinoaoee
ii?aaeaeaiiie oi?iu ?aoeeiiaeueiinoe”. Eeoue iiaia iiieiaiea
?aoeeiiaeueiinoe e aa neioac n aa?ie ninoaaeytho nouiinoue oeeinioee a
ia?niiaeenoneii iiieiaiee. Iiyoiio “ia?niiaeeci anoue ia /oi eiia, eae
?aoeeiiaeueiay aa?a”.
Niioaaonoaaiii n oaeeo iiceoeee oeeinioey i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony iaoea eae
ia/oi ia?aoeeiiaeueiia ?aoeeiiaeueiiio, a oeeinioneia iuoeaiea –
iao/iiio. “Iaoea anoue ooaa?aeaeaiea eee io?eoeaiea, oeeinioey anoue
aii?ioaiea”. Iineieueeo oeeinioey i?eioeeieaeueii ?anoiaeeony n iao/iui
iiciaieai, iia ia iiaeao i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia eaeia-eeai io?aaeaiea
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e ia naycaia n iieneii iauaeoeaiie enoeiu.
Oe-aeinioey aiiaua ia iaoeaeaia ia ?acoeueoao, a a neeo yoiai e naiae
He-I?aeoe/iinoe, naycaiiie n oaeaeaiiinoueth io ?aaeueiiai ie?a,
oeeinioey ia iiaeao ie/aai nicaeaoue a i?aaeiaoiii ie?a. Iia ia
iaeaaeaaaao enoeiie, ia iiciaao ie?, a yaeyaony aioo?aiiei oai?/anoaii
noauaeoa.
Oeeinioeth iaeuecy no?ieoue eae no?iaoth ?aoeeiiaeueioth nenoaio, oai
aieaa ii ia?aco eaeie-eeai iaoee, eae /aua anaai yoi i?ienoiaeeo, oae
eae a yoii neo/aa ana aa aiaaonoai naiaeeony e oceei e?eoa?eyi aua?aiiie
iaoee. Iia i?ioeainoieo iaoea, eae eaoaai?ey noauaeoeaiiai i?ioeainoieo
eaoaai?ee iauaeoeaiiai. Iaeiaei, iaiaa?eaaaony Eae?oa, noauaeoeaiinoue a
oeeinioee – yoi ia ineoioeceieiae/aneay noauaeoeaiinoue, a iaeay
oieaa?naeueiay noauaeoeaiinoue, eiaaea noauaeo a ?acoeueoaoa ee/iie
?aoeaenee iiciaao oieaa?naeueiua caeiiiia?iinoe auoey. Noauaeoeaai nai
iaoiae, ii ia oi, /oi iieo/aaony a aai ?acoeueoaoa. oeeinioey ia
iiciaao, ii ciaao.
Iaeei ec ethaeiuo oacenia, oae eee eia/a aa?uee?oaiue a aioenoeeaioecia,
naycai n ooaa?aeaeaieai i oii, /oi oeeinioey – yoi ia oai?ey, a iniaue
iuneeoaeueiue i?ioeann. Nia?aiaiiue iaiaoeeee oeeinio E,
Oioeea?-Aa?oiai, ?acaeaay aeaiiue oacen, no?ieo naiaia?acioth
oeeinioneoth eiioeaioeeth, eioi?oth ii iaicia/aao eae “aeeaeaeoeea
oeeinioee”.
Oacenu, ec eioi?uo ii enoiaeeo, iai oaea ciaeiiu. Oeeinioey e iaoea –
yoi aioeiiaeu. Iaoea – yoi oai?ey. Oeeinioey – aeo iuoeaiey. Iiyoiio
iaoeo iu iiaeai onaieoue iooai ii?aaeaeaiiie iaoiaeeee, naycaiiie n
caiiieiaieai. A oeeinioee ana ianoieo ii-ae?oaiio. Niiniaiinoue e
oeeinioee i?enoonoaoao a eaaeaeii /aeiaaea, e iao/aiea oeeinioee iiyoiio
anoue oiaiea ?ane?uoue aa a eiie?aoiie ee/iinoe. A yoii caeeth/aaony
oaeaio oeeinioa eae ianoaaieea. Auei au aeaeaoaeueii, ieoao iaiaoeeee
iuneeoaeue, aiiaua ioeacaoueny io oiio?aaeaiey oa?ieia “oeeinioey”, oae
eae a yoii neo/aa /aua anaai iiae iae iiieiaaony I?eciaiea eaeie-oi
iaeiie eiioeaioeee a ea/anoaa yoaeiiiie. Eiiaaea aea iao/aiea oeeinioee
iiaeiaiyaony e?aoeei eceiaeaieai eiioeaioeee, eioi?ua auee a aa enoi?ee.
A eoiaa oaeiai iao/aiey /aeiaae ia noieueei ?ane?uaaao naay, neieueei
ioiineoaeueii iieii onaaeaaao eaeoth-oi iaeio eiioeaioeeth eee aea
iieo/aao iiaa?oiinoiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i iiiaeo ec ieo.
Oeeinioeth iaaei iiieiaoue eiaiii eae “aeeaeaeoeeo oeeinioee”, a eioi?ie
ia ia?aue ieai aunooiaao nai i?ioeann iao/aiey e naiiiao/aiey iniaie
eoeueoo?a iuoeaiey. I?e/ai enoiaeiui ioieoii iao/aiey oeeinioee aeieaeii
noaoue iniciaiea /aeiaaeii oiai oaeoa, /oi ii yaeyaony iniaie /anoueth
auoey, aai yeaiaioii. Iao/aiea oeeinioee aeieaeii ia/eiaoueny n
auyaeaiey noaiaie yoie naiiiniciaiiinoe, eioi?ay “iaoneiaeaia aai ee/iui
ai?eciioii e iiyoiio ia oi/ii ecia?eia”‘. *aeiaaea iaiaoiaeeii iao/eoue
i?eaioe?iaaoueny a ie?a, iieacaa aio, /oi iauai?eiyoay i?eaioaoeey (ia
o?iaia iauaeaiiiai niciaiey) yaeyaony ai iiiaii eeoue neo/aeiie. *aeiaae
e iae, eiia/ii, ia aac?acee/ai, oae eae iia oaeaea naycaia n iniciaieai
auoey, ii auoey ia naiuo aai i?eieoeaiuo o?iaiyo, oiaaea eae oeeinioneia
iuoeaiea i?eaiaeeo e iiciaieth iaeaieaa neiaeiuo no?oeoo?.
Iiieiaiea neeoiinoe /aeiaaea n auoeai iicaieyao iniciaoue oio oaeo, /oi
iaoea iai?aaeaia ia ?ac?ua yoiai aaeeinoaa ie?a e /aeiaaea, aaa?aay aai
naiiai e niiauanoaa ethaeae, ?aaeecothueany a nia?aiaiiuo ainoaea?noaao,
a oea?noai aioeaoiaiiinoe e ai?ueau n i?e?iaeie. No?ieiinoue e oi/iinoue
iao/iiai iuoeaiey, au?aaeathueany a nenoaia ?acaeouo oai?ee, eiaaea
eaaeaeay ec iineaaeothueo yaeyaony aieaa enoeiiie ii ioiioaieth e
i?aaeoanoaothuae, ia naiii aeaea aanueia oneiaiu e naycaiu n noaeaieai
i?aaeiaoiie iaeanoe. A oeeinioee, nianoaaiii aiai?y, iaeuecy nicaeaoue
eiioeaioeee oaeiai ?iaea, oae eae iia “ia iiaeao iaeoe ie/aai iiaiai, a
eeoue iuoaaony auyaeoue oi, /oi eaaeeo a niciaiee /aeiaaea”. Iaoea,
aeaeaao auaiae Oioeea?-Aa?oiai, iniiaaiiay ia aa?a a ?aoeeiiaeueiia,
?ac?ooaao ie?, a oeeinioey aaaeao e iaae?aoeeiiaeueiiio iinoeaeaieth
auoey, neeaay iiciaiea, niciaiea e aa?o a aaeeioth aa?iiieth.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. A.A. Ie?iiia. Oeeinioey. I., 1998 a.
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