Iineianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Aaeaoeeiiiue Einoeooo
(Oaoie/aneee Oieaa?neoao)
?aoa?ao ia oaio
“Aioe/iay ieoieiaey e aa aeeyiea ia nia?aiaiiinoue”
Auiieiee: nooaeaio a?oiiu 08-301
*a?aaeieeia Ieoaee
I?iaa?ee:
Ioeaiea:
Aeaoa:
Iineaa, 1995.
Niaea?aeaiea.
Aeaaa 1. *ai iaeaiueeay ia?iaeiinoue
iiaea iiaeeyoue ia aieueooth Aa?iio?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . no?. 3.
Aeaaa 2. Eco/aiea aioe/iie ieoieiaee /a?ac aioe/ioth
enoi?eth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .no?. 12.
TOC \o “1-3” Aeaaa 1. *ai iaeaiueeay ia?iaeiinoue iiaea
iiaeeyoue ia aieueooth Aa?iio?
Oai, eoi eioa?anoaony enoi?eae eoeueoo?u, eeoa?aoo?ie e eneonnoaii,
ciaeiinoai n a?aei-?eineie ieoieiaeae niaa?oaiii iaiaoiaeeii. Aaaeue,
ia/eiay n yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey, ooaeiaeieee e neoeueioi?u noaee oe?iei
/a?iaoue aeey naieo i?iecaaaeaiee nthaeaou ec neacaiee ae?aaieo a?aeia e
?eieyi. I?eaey a ethaie ec ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo iocaaa, iaeneooaiiue
iinaoeoaeue ieacuaaaony a ieaio i?ae?aniuo, ii ca/anooth iaiiiyoiuo aio
ii niaea?aeaieth i?iecaaaeaiee aaeeeeo ianoa?ia ?onneiai
ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa: ea?oei I. Nieieiaa (“Aeaaeae,
i?eaycuaathuee e?ueuey Eea?o”), E. A?theeiaa (“Ano?a/a Aiieeiia e
Aeeaiu”), E. Aeaacianeiai (“Iinaeaeii, ianoueeny ii ii?th”), O. A?oie
(“Nia?oue Eaieeeu, nano?u Ai?aoeey”), A. Na?iaa (“Iioeuaiea Aa?iiu”),
neoeueioo? oaeeo auaeathueony ianoa?ia, eae I. Eiceianeee (“Aoeee n
oaeii Iao?ieea”), A. Aeaioo-Iaeeiianeee (“Iioeuaiea I?ica?ieiu”), I.
Uaae?ei (“Ia?nee”). Oi aea naiia iiaeii neacaoue e i iaeioi?uo oaaeaa?ao
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai eneonnoaa, aoaeue oi “Ia?nae e Aiae?iiaaea”
?oaaina, “Iaecaae n Iieeoaiii” Ionnaia, “Aeaiay” e “Oei?a” ?aia?aiaeoa,
“Iooeee Noeaaiea a eaaa?a Ii?naiiu ”, Oueaiiei eee no?oeoo?iua a?oiiu
“Aiieeii e Aeaoia” Aa?ieie, “Ieaiaeeii e Aaeaoay” Oi?aaeueaenaia, “Aio?
e Ineoay” e “Aaaa” Eaiiau.
A?aei-?eineay ieoieiaey noieue aeoaiei i?iieeea a ?onneoth eeoa?aoo?o,
/oi /aeiaaeo, /eoathuaio noeoioai?aiey A.N. Iooeeia (iniaaiii ?aiiea) e
iainaaaeiieaiiiio i ieoieiae/aneeo ia?niiaaeao, ia anaaaea aoaeao ynai
ee?e/aneee eee naoe?e/aneee niune oiai eee eiiai i?iecaaaeaiey. Yoi
ni?aaaaeeeai a ioiioaiee noeoia A.?. Aea?aeaaeia, A.A. AEoeianeiai,
I.TH. Ea?iiioiaa, aanai E.A. E?ueiaa e ae?oaeo. Ana yoi eeoue
iiaeoaa?aeaeaao caia/aiea O. Yiaaeuena i oii, /oi aac oiai ooiaeaiaioa,
eioi?ue aue caeiaeai A?aoeeae e ?eiii, ia auei au e nia?aiaiiie Aa?iiu.
Neeueiaeoaa aeeyiea, eioi?ia ieacaea aioe/iay eoeueoo?a ia ?acaeoea anao
aa?iiaeneeo ia?iaeia, oaeei ia?acii, ia iiaeeaaeeo niiiaieth.
Ii/aio aea eiaiii ieou iaaieueoiai a?a/aneiai ia?iaea, eioi?ue iuoaeny
iniuneeoue ana i?ienoiaeyuaa aie?oa iaai, eaaee a iniiao
iaua/aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u e iaeaaeatho noieue i?eoyaaoaeueiie neeie e
oae aeoaiei i?iieeee a i?aaenoaaeaiey e ia?ac iuneae nia?aiaiiiai
/aeiaaea, /oi ii, ia ioaeaaay naaa a yoii io/aoa, a naiie iauaeaiiie
?a/e aiai?eo i neceoiaii o?oaea (eiay a aeaeo aanniuneaiiia, aaniieaciia
a?aiyi?ai?iaiaeaeaiea), i oeoaie/aneeo oneeeyo e aeaaioneeo ?acia?ao (a
aaaeue oeoaiu e aeaaiou – ii?iaeaeaiey aiaeie Caiee, ai?iaoaeny n
a?a/aneeie aiaaie), i iaie/aneii no?aoa (a yoi i?iaeaeee aiaa Iaia,
ethaeaoaai iaaiaeeoue aacio/aoiue oaean ia ethaeae), ia ieeiieeneii
niieienoaee (eioi?ui iaeaaeaee ae?aaiea aiae-iaeoaoaee nayuaiiie ai?u
Ieeii) eee i aiia?e/aneii niaoa (yoi aacoaea?aeiue a?iiiaie niao aiaia,
iienaiiue iiyoii Aiia?ii). E iauai?eiyoui n?aaiaieyi iiaeii ioianoe e
oiiaeiaeaiea iiao/aai e neeueiiai /aeiaaea Aa?eoeano, a niaeie e
?aoeoaeueiie aeaiueiu – aiaciiea. Ooaeiaeieeia, iiyoia, neoeueioi?ia
i?eaeaeaea i?aaeaea anaai aeoaeia e ooaeiaeanoaaiiinoue ieoe/aneeo
ia?acia. Ii, ii-aeaeeiiio, ia oieueei a yoii neaaeoao eneaoue iauyniaiea
oie neeu aicaeaenoaey ia ethaeae, eioi?oth ianea a naaa a?a/aneay
ieoieiaey. Iia aicieeea eae iiiuoea ae?aaieo iauynieoue iiyaeaiea aeecie
ia caiea, i?e/eiu noeoeeiuo yaeaiee i?e?iaeu, ia?aae eioi?uie /aeiaae
aue aanneeai, ii?aaeaeeoue aai ianoi a ie?oaeathuai ie?a.
Naii nicaeaiea ieoia auei ia?aui oaaii /aeiaaea e oai?/anoao e iiciaieth
naiiai naay. Iinoaiaiii ec ioaeaeueiuo neacaiee, ca?iaeeaoeony a
?acee/iuo iaeanoyo a?a/aneie caiee, neiaeeeenue oeaeua oeeeeu i
noaeueaao aa?iaa e iie?iaeoaeuenoaothueo ei aiaao. Ana yoe eaaaiaeu,
ieou e ianie, eniieiyaoeany no?ainoaothueie iaaoeaie-ayaeaie, n oa/aieai
a?aiaie iauaaeeiyeenue a aieueoea yie/aneea iiyiu, oaeea, eae “Eeeaaea”
e “Iaeennay” Aiia?a, “Oaiaiiey” e “O?oaeu e aeie” Aaneiaea e iiiaeanoai
ae?oaeo, ia aeioaaeoeo aei iaoaai a?aiaie. Aaeeeea ae?aaiaa?a/aneea
iiyou-ae?aiaoo?ae V aaea aei iaoae y?u – Ynoee, Nioiee, Aa?eieae –
no?ieee naie o?aaaaeee ia iaoa?eaea ae?aaieo neacaiee i aiaao e aa?iyo.
Ae?aaiea a?aee auee aeayoaeueiui, yia?ae/iui ia?iaeii, ia aiyaoeiny
iiciaaaoue ?aaeueiue ie?, oioy ii e aue ianaeai a?aaeaeaaiuie /aeiaaeo
nouanoaaie, anaeyaoeie a iaai no?ao. Ii aaca?aie/iay aeaaeaea iiciaiey
yoiai ie?a ia?aneeeaaea no?ao ia?aae iaecaanoiie iianiinoueth.
I?eeeth/aiey Iaeennay, iioiae a?aiiaaoia ca cieioui ?oiii – yoi
caia/aoeaiiua a iiyoe/aneie oi?ia ana oa aea no?aieaiey ociaoue eae
iiaeii aieueoa i oie caiea, ia eioi?ie iaeoaao /aeiaae. A naieo iieneao
caueou io no?aoiuo noeoeeiuo nee a?aee iiaeiaii anai ae?aaiei ia?iaeai,
i?ioee /a?ac oaoeoeci – aa?o a iaeooioai?aiiinoue ia?oaie i?e?iaeu
(eaiiae, aea?aaa, iaoaeea), eioi?ue iioii nio?aieeny a iieeiiaiee
i?ae?aniui noaooyi, ecia?aaeaaoei eo iiiai/eneaiiuo aiaia. A eo
aa?iaaieyo e ieoao iiaeii caiaoeoue e neaaeu aieiecia e naiuo a?oauo
noaaa?ee ia?aiauoiie yiioe. Ii a?aee aeiaieueii ?aii ia?aoee e
aio?iiiii?oecio, nicaeaa naieo aiaia ii ia?aco e iiaeiaeth ethaeae, i?e
yoii iaaeaeea eo iai?aiaiiuie e iai?aoiaeyueie ea/anoaaie – e?anioie,
oiaieai i?eieiaoue ethaie ia?ac e, naiia aeaaiia, aannia?oeai.
Ae?aaiaa?a/aneea aiae auee ai anai iiaeiaiu ethaeyi: aeia?u,
aaeeeiaeooiu e ieeinoeeau, ii a oi aea a?aiy ca/anooth aeanoiee,
inoeoaeueiu e eiaa?iu. *aeiaa/aneay aeeciue iaecaaaeii eii/aeanue
nia?oueth, aiae aea auee aannia?oiu e ia ciaee a?aieoe a auiieiaiee
naieo aeaeaiee, ii ana ?aaii auoa aiaia auea noaeueaa – Iie?u –
i?aaeii?aaeaeaiea, eciaieoue eioi?ia ia iia ieeoi ec ieo. Oaeei ia?acii,
a?aee, aeaaea a o/anoe aannia?oiuo aiaia oniao?eaaee eo noiaenoai n
noaeueaaie nia?oiuo ethaeae. Oae, Caan a “Eeeaaea” Aiia?a nai ia ai?aaa
?ac?aoeoue enoiae iiaaeeiea aa?iaa Aaeoi?a e Aoeeea. Ii aii?ioaao
noaeueao, a?inea ae?aaee iaieo aa?iaa ia /aoe cieiouo aania. *aoa ni
ae?aaeai nia?oe Aaeoi?a iioneaaony aiec, e any aiaeanoaaiiay aeanoue
Caana aanneeueia iiii/ue aai ethaeioeo. Aeiaeanoiue Aaeoi? iiaeaaao io
eiiuey Aoeeea, aii?aee aeaeaieth Caana, a niaeanee n ?aoaieai noaeueau.
Iu iiaeai oaeaeaoue yoi e o ?eineiai iiyoa Aa?aeeey. Iienuaay a
“Yiaeaea” ?aoathuee iiaaeeiie o?iyineiai aa?iy Yiay n eoaeeeneei
aiaeaeai Oo?iii, iiyo canoaaeyao aa?oiaiiai aiaa ?eieyi THieoa?a,
“o?iaiya no?aeeo aania”, a?ineoue iaa ae?aaey n?aaeathueony ia /aoe.
*aoa ni ae?aaeai Oo?ia eaeao eieco, e Yiae no?aoiui oaea?ii ia/a
ii?aaeaao naiaai i?ioeaieea.
Aiae e aa?ie a?a/aneiai ieoioai?/anoaa auee aeeauie e iieiie?iaiuie
nouanoaaie, iaiin?aaenoaaiii iauaaoeieny n i?inouie nia?oiuie,
anooiaaoeie n ieie a ethaiaiua nithcu, iiiiaaaoea naiei ethaeioeai e
eca?aiieeai. E ae?aaiea a?aee aeaeaee a aiaao nouanoaa, o eioi?uo ana,
naienoaaiiia /aeiaaeo, i?iyaeyeinue a aieaa a?aiaeeiciii e aicauoaiiii
aeaea. Aaconeiaii, yoi iiiiaaei a?aeai /a?ac aiaia eo/oa iiiyoue naay,
iniuneeoue nianoaaiiua iaia?aiey e iinooiee, aeinoieiui ia?acii
ioeaieoue naie neeu. Oae, aa?ie “Iaeennae”, i?aneaaeoaiue y?inoueth
iiaouanoaaiiiai aiaa ii?ae Iinaeaeiia, oeaieyaony ec iineaaeieo nee ca
nianeoaeueiua neaeu, i?iyaeyy ioaeanoai e aieth, eioi?ua ii niiniaai
i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue ?acaooaaaaoeiny ii aiea aiaia noeoeyi, /oiau aueoe
iiaaaeeoaeai. Ae?aaiea a?aee iaiin?aaenoaaiii aini?eieiaee ana
aeeciaiiua ia?eiaoee, e iiyoiio e aa?ie eo neacaiee i?iyaeytho oo aea
iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue a ?aci/a?iaaieyo e ?aaeinoyo. Iie i?inoiaeooiu,
aeaai?iaeiu e iaeiia?aiaiii aeanoiee e a?aaai. Yoi – io?aaeaiea
?aaeueiie aeecie e ?aaeueiuo /aeiaa/aneeo oa?aeoa?ia ae?aaieo a?aiai.
AEeciue aiaia e aa?iaa ianuuaia iiaeaeaaie, iiaaaeaie e no?aaeaieyie.
Ai?thao Ao?iaeeoa, iioa?yaoay ai?y/i ethaeiiai i?ae?aniiai Aaeiiena;
io/aaony Aeaiao?a, o eioi?ie i?a/iue Aeae iioeoee ethaeioth aei/ue
Ia?naoiio. Aaneiia/iu e iaia?aiineiu no?aaeaiey oeoaia I?iiaoay,
i?eeiaaiiiai e aa?oeia neaeu e oa?caaiiai i?eii Caana ca oi, /oi ii
iioeoee aiaeanoaaiiue iaiiue n ieeiia aeey ethaeae. Ieaiaiaaaao io ai?y
Ieiaa, o eioi?ie iiaeaee ana aa aeaoe, n?aaeaiiua no?aeaie Aiieeiia e
A?oaieaeu. Iiaeaaao aa?ie o?iyineie aieiu Aaaiaiiii, i?aaeaoaeuenee
oaeoue naiae aeaiie n?aco aea iinea aica?auaiey ec iioiaea. Aaee/aeoee
aa?ie A?aoeee – Aa?aee, ecaaaeaoee ethaeae io iiiaeo /oaeiaeu, eii/ee
naith aeeciue ia eino?a a no?aoiuo no?aaeaieyo. Iiiaino?aaeaeueiue
oea?ue Yaeei a io/ayiee io niaa?oaiiuo ei ii iaaaaeaieth i?anooieaiee,
aueieia naaa aeaca, neeoaaony ni naiae aei/a?ueth Aioeaiiie ii a?a/aneie
caiea, ieaaea ia iaoiaey naaa iieiy. I/aiue /anoi yoe ian/anoiua ianoo
ea?o ca iaeiaaea niaa?oaiiua eo i?aaeeaie ceiaeayiey. E oioy ana yoi
ca?aiaa i?aaeii?aaeaeaii, iie naie naay iaeacuaatho ca niaeayiiia eie,
ia iaeeaeay ea?u aiaia. *oanoai ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae naiei niaie ca
naie iinooiee, /oanoai aeieaa ii ioiioaieth e aeeceei e e ?iaeeia,
oa?aeoa?iua aeey a?a/aneeo ieoia, iieo/eee aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea a
ae?aaia?eineeo eaaaiaeao. Ii anee ieoieiaey a?aeia ii?aaeaao naiae
e?ani/iinoueth, ?aciiia?aceai, aiaaonoaii ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai auiunea, oi
?eineay ?aeeaey aaaeia eaaaiaeaie. ?aeeaeiciua i?aaenoaaeaiey ?eieyi,
eioi?ua, ii nouanoao, yaeyee niaie nianue ?acee/iuo eoaeeeneeo ieaiai,
neiaeeaoeony iooai caaiaaaiey e nithciuo aeiaiai?ia, niaea?aeaee a naiae
iniiaa oa aea enoiaeiua aeaiiua, /oi e o a?aeia, – no?ao ia?aae
iaiiiyoiuie yaeaieyie i?e?iaeu, noeoeeiuie aaaenoaeyie e i?aeeiiaiea
ia?aae i?iecaiaeyueie neeaie caiee (eoaeeeneea caieaaeaeueoeu ii/eoaee
iaai, eae enoi/iee naaoa e oaiea, e caieth, eae iiaeaoaeueieoeo anao
aeaa e neiaie ieiaei?iaeey). Aeey ae?aaiaai ?eieyieia nouanoaiaaei aua
iaeii aiaeanoai – naiaeiue e ainoaea?noaaiiue i/aa, oeaio? aeiiaoiae e
iauanoaaiiie aeecie. ?eieyia aeaaea ia iio?oaeeeenue ni/eieoue
eaeea-eeai eioa?aniua enoi?ee i naieo aiaao – o eaaeaeiai ec ieo auea
oieueei ii?aaeaeaiiay noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe, ii, ii nouanoao, yoe ana
aiaeanoaa auee aaceeee. Iieyueeny i?eiinee ei aea?oau, aiae aeieaeiu
auee ieacaoue aio oo ieeinoue, ia eioi?oth ii ?ann/eouaae. Aeey i?inoiai
nia?oiiai ia iiaei auoue e ?a/e ia iauaiee n aiaeanoaii. Eneeth/aieai
auee eeoue aei/ue oea?y Ioieoi?a, ?ay Neeueaey, iniiaaoaeue ?eia ?iioe e
oea?ue Ioia Iiiieeee. Iau/ii eoaeeeneea aiae i?iyaeyee naith aieth
iieaoii ioeoe, oaea?aie iieiee, oaeinoaaiiuie aieinaie, enoiaeyueie ec
aeoaeiu nayuaiiie ?iue, ec oaiiiou o?aia eee iaua?u. E iieyueeny
?eieyiei a ioee/ea io a?aea, naiaiaeii nica?oeaaoaai noaooth aiaeanoaa,
noiye, iae?ua aieiao /anoueth ieaua. Aeaeae yoi ii ia oieueei aeey oiai,
/oiau nin?aaeioi/eoueny ia iieeoaa, ii e aeey oiai, /oiau iaia?ieii ia
oaeaeaoue i?ecuaaaiiai ei aiaa. Oiieyy aiaa ii anai i?aaeeai i ieeinoe,
i?iny aai i nienoiaeaeaiee e aeaeay, /oiau aia aiye aai iieueaai,
?eieyiei oaeanioeny au, aiacaiii ano?aoea aci?ii yoi aiaeanoai. Iaaea?ii
aiai?ee ?eineee iiyo Iaeaeee a naieo noeoao: “Niane ian io eeoeac?aiey
Ae?eaae eee eoiathuaeny Aeeaiu, eee Oaaia, eiaaea ii n?aaee aeiy
i?ioaaeeaaaony ii iieyi”. ?eineea caieaaeaeueoeu, aica?auaynue aa/a?ii n
?aaiou aeiiie, no?aoii aiyeenue ano?aoeoue eiai-eeai ec eaniuo eee
iieaauo aiaeanoa. Iieeiiaiea iiiai/eneaiiui aiaai, ?oeiaiaeyuei ii/oe
/oi eaaeaeui oaaii ?eieyieia, ninoiyei aeaaiui ia?acii a no?iai
i?aaeienaiiuo iau/ayie aea?oaii?eiioaieyo, iieaieyo e a no?iauo
i/enoeoaeueiuo ia?yaeao. A ?eineie ?aeeaee niaaeeieeenue aiae anao
ieaiai, eioi?ua aioee a ninoaa ?eineiai ainoaea?noaa, ii aei aieaa
oaniuo eiioaeoia n a?a/aneeie ai?iaeaie o ?eieyi e i?aaenoaaeaiey ia
auei i oie ianuuaiiie y?eeie e iieiie?iaiuie ia?acaie ieoieiaee,
eioi?oth eiaee a?aee. Ie i eaeii naiaiaeiii iauaiee n aiaaie aeey
?eieyieia ia iiaei auoue e ?a/e. Eo iiaeii auei oieueei ii/eoaoue,
niaethaeaoue a oi/iinoe ana ia?yaeu e i?ineoue i /ai-eeai. Anee aia ia
ioeeeeaeny ia i?inueao, oi ?eieyiei ia?auaeny e ae?oaiio, iineieueeo eo
auei aaeeeia iiiaeanoai, naycaiiuo n ?acee/iuie iiiaioaie aai aeecie e
aeayoaeueiinoe. Eiiaaea yoi auee i?inoi “iaeii?aciaua” aiaeanoaa, e
eioi?ui i?ecuaaee iaeei ?ac ca anth aeeciue. Oae, iai?eia?, e aiaeia
Ioiaeeia ia?auaeenue oieueei ia aeaayoue aeaiue ?iaeaeaiey ieaaeaioea.
Iia iaiiieiaea, /oi ?aaaiie, i/enoeaoenue, iieo/aao eiy e aioeao io
aeo?iiai aeaca. Aiaeanoaa, naycaiiua n iieo/aieai ieue, auee oaeaea
/?acau/aeii iiiai/eneaiiu: aiae e aiaeie, ieoathuea iinayiiia a caieth
ca?ii, iiaeathuea ia?aua ?inoee; aiaeie, niinianoaothuea nic?aaaieth,
oie/oiaeaaoea ni?iyee; aiae aeaoau, iieioueau e iiiiea ca?ia. Aeey oiai
/oiau ?eineee caieaaeaeaoe iia aeieaeiui ia?acii ?acia?aoueny ai anai
yoii, a ?eineii ainoaea?noaa auee ninoaaeaiu oae iacuaaaiua
Eiaeeaeoaiaioa – nienee ioeoeeaeueii ooaa?aeaeaiiuo iieeoaaiiuo oi?ioe,
niaea?aeauea eiaia oao aiaia, eioi?uo neaaeiaaei i?ecuaaoue i?e anyeeo
niauoeyo /aeiaa/aneie aeecie. Yoe nienee auee ninoaaeaiu ?eineeie
ae?aoeaie aei i?iieeiiaaiey a?a/aneie ieoieiaee a no?iaoth e
aano?aeoioth ?aeeaeth ?eieyi e iioiio eioa?aniu. Iie aeatho ea?oeio
/enoi eoaeeeneeo aa?iaaiee. Ii neiaai ?eineiai ienaoaey Ia?ea Ii?oeey
Aa??iia (1 a. aei i.y.), ?ei a oa/aiea 170 eao iaoiaeeeny aac noaooe
aiaia, a ae?aaiyy aiaeiy Aanoa, e iinea aicaeaeaeaiey noaooe a o?aiao
aiaia, “ia iicaieyea” noaaeoue noaooth a aa nayoeeeua, a
ieeoeaoai?yeanue eeoue nayuaiiui iaiai. Ii ia?a oiai, eae cia/aiea e
aeanoue ?eineiai ainoaea?noaa aic?anoaee, a ?ei “aeaeioeinue” iiiaeanoai
/oaeacaiiuo aiaeanoa, eioi?ua aeiaieueii eaaei i?eaeeaaeenue a yoii
ia?iiiii ai?iaea. ?eieyia n/eoaee, /oi, ia?anaeea aiaia caaiaaaiiuo eie
ia?iaeia e naaa e aicaeaa ei aeieaeiua ii/anoe, ?ei ecaaaeeo eo aiaaa.
Ii e i?eaeaeoe e naaa a?a/aneei iaioaii, eaeaioeoeoee?iaaa naieo aiaia
(THieoa?a, THiiio, Ia?na, Ieia?ao, Aeeaio)n aeaaiuie aiaeanoaaie a?aeia
eee aeaa Aa?iano eiy Ia?eo?ey, naeecea Iinaeaeiia n Iaiooiii (yo?onneee
aia ii?y Iaiooi)e i?inoi caeinoaiaaa aiaa – iie?iaeoaey eneonnoa
Aiieeiia, ?eieyia ia niiaee ioeacaoueny io naieo ?aeeaeiciuo
aano?aeoeee. N?aaee eo nayoeeeu auee o?aiu Aa?iinoe, Aeaaeiinoe, No?aoa,
THiinoe. Niaa?oaiii iniaoth ?ieue a ?eineie ?aeeaee nua?aee yo?onee –
oaeeaeoaeueiue e caaaaei/iue ia?iae, /uey ienueiaiiinoue aei neo ii? ia
?anoeo?iaaia, /uee iaiyoieee i?aaenoaaeytho niaa?oaiii iniaue ie?, aei
neo ii? ia ?acaaaeaiiue o/aiuie. A ?aeeaee yo?oneia ia?iiiia ianoi
ioaiaeeeinue iaae/aneei ia?yaeai, aaaeaieyi e oieeiaaieyi ?acee/iuo
ciaiaiee, ieniinueaaiuo aiaaie. Niaeanii ?anneaco ?eineiai i?aoi?a e
ienaoaey Ia?ea Ooeeey Oeeoea?iia, o yo?oneia nouanoaiaaea neaaeothuay
eaaaiaea. Eae-oi ?ac caieaiaoaoe ia iiea aicea ai?iaea Oa?eaeiee i?iaae
ieoaii i/aiue aeoaieoth ai?icaeo. Ioooaea aiacaiii aueac caaaaiue
iaeaiueeee aiaeie ii eiaie Oaaan n aeaoneei eeoeii e ooeiaeuai, ii n
naaeie ai?iaeie e ioae?ue, eae noa?aoe, e ia?aoeeny e iaoa?th n ?a/ueth.
Oio a enioaa iiaeiye e?ee. Naaaeaeenue ethaee, eioi?ui Oaaan ?acuyniee,
eae neaaeoao ii aioo?aiiinoyi aea?oaaiiiai aeeaioiiai i?aaeneacuaaoue
aoaeouaa. E?iia Oaaana, eneonnoao i?i?eoeaiey eo iao/eea ieioa Aaaiy.
Iia iauynieea, eae oieeiaaoue oaea?u iieiee. E aiaeaee aaeaee caienaoue
?a/e Oaaana e ieiou Aaaie a nayuaiiua eieae. A neaaeothueo eieaao auee
i?eaaaeaiu niaaou ii oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaii, iino?ieea ai?iaeia e
o?aiia. Yoe eieae ia?aaaee ia eaoeineee ycue aua i?e oea?a Oa?eaeiee
Ae?aaiai. Ii e iie, eae e ni/eiaiea ?eineiai eiia?aoi?a Eeaaaeey ii
enoi?ee yo?oneia, ia aeioee aei iaoaai a?aiaie. Iineieueeo yo?onneia
ie?inica?oeaiea n aai /?acau/aeiui oaea/aieai aii?inaie caa?iaiie aeecie
auei niaa?oaiii /oaeaei ?eieyiai n eo oi?iaeueiui e ?an/aoeeaui
iiaeoiaeii e ?aeeaeiciui aii?inai, oi iie caeinoaiaaee o yo?oneia eeoue
iaoeo i i?aaeneacaieyo, aaaeaieyo e ciaiaieyo eae iaeaieaa i?aeoe/aneoth
e eiathuoth i?eeeaaeiia cia/aiea, /anoue eo ?aeeaeiciuo i?aaenoaaeaiee.
Yoo iaoeo yo?onneeo ae?aoeia – aa?onieeia (aaaeaoaeyi ii aioo?aiiinoyi
aea?oaaiiuo aeeaioiuo, a iniaaiiinoe ii ia/aie) ?eieyia aaaee a naie
?aeeaeiciua oea?aiiiee. Ii a iniai aaaeiuo neo/ayo a ?ei i?eaeaoaeenue
yo?onneea niaoeeaeenou.
?ei, aini?eiya a?a/aneoth ieoieiaeth e i?aa?aoea aa a a?aei-?eineoth,
ieacae /aeiaa/anoao ia?iiioth oneoao. Aeaei a oii, /oi aieueoeinoai
aaieaeueiuo i?iecaaaeaiee a?a/aneeo neoeueioi?ia aeioei aei iaoaai
a?aiaie eeoue a ?eineeo eiieyo, ca ?aaeeei eneeth/aieai. E anee nae/an
iaoe nia?aiaiieee iiaoo noaeeoue i caia/aoaeueiii ecia?aceoaeueiii
eneonnoaa a?aeia, ii ca yoi iie aeieaeiu auoue aeaaiaea?iu ?eieyiai.
?aaii eae e ca oi, /oi ?eineee iiyo Ioaeee Iaeaeee Iacii a naiae iiyia
“Iaoaii?oicu” nio?aiee aeey ian ana i?eoioeeaua e i?e/oaeeeaua e a oi
aea a?aiy oaeea o?iaaoaeueiua a naiae iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe oai?aiey
naaoeiai a?a/aneiai aaiey – ia?iaea, a eneonnoaa eioi?iai “iaoea
au?aaeaiea ai anai naiai iaayiee e aacuneonoaaiiie i?aaaea i?aeanoue
/aeiaa/aneiai aeaonoaa”.
Aeaaa 2. Eco/aiea aioe/iie ieoieiaee /a?ac aioe/ioth
enoi?eth.
Ae?aaiaa?a/aneea ieou /anoe/ii niaea?aeao iiaanoaiaaiey i aeayieyo
aiaeanoa, /anoe/ii aea iinayuaiu iienaieyi iiaeaeaia e i?eeeth/aiee
aa?iaa – ethaeae, iaea?aiiuo naa?ouanoanoaaiiie iiuueth, neeie,
eiaeinoueth e niaeinoueth, n/eoaaoeony aeaoueie ?acee/iuo aiaia e
aiaeiue. Yoe ae?aaiea neacaiey e eaaaiaeu, iieo/eaoea oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea o ia?iaeia n?aaeecaiiiii?neiai ie?a, auee caeinoaiaaiu
?eieyiaie. A iiaia a?aiy iie iieo/eee iauaa iacaaiea ae?aaiaa?a/aneie
ieoieiaee.
Aicieeioa ia?aiia/aeueii a ?acee/iuo /anoyo Yaaeneiai aannaeia (ia
ino?iaao E?eo, Aeaein, caiaaeiii iiaa?aaeuea Iaeie Acee, a ?acee/iuo
iaeanoyo aa?iiaeneie A?aoeee – Yie?a, Iaeiiiiiana, Oannaeee, Aaioee,
Aooeea), ioaeaeueiua oeeeeu ieoe/aneeo neacaiee iinoaiaiii neeeenue a
nenoaio naiaia?aciiai ?aeeaeiciiai ie?iaicc?aiey, iniiaaiiiai ia
iaiaeanoaeaiee iaiiiyoiuo yaeaiee i?e?iaeu e ii/eoaiee i?aaeeia,
iniaaiii aiaeaeae ieaiai, iianaianoii iauyaeyaoeony “aiai?aaiuie
aa?iyie”.
Iiaeiaii eaaaiaeai e neacaieyi ae?aaiinoe: ae?aaiaa?a/aneea ieou ni
a?aiaiai auee ainiieiaiu i?aaeaieyie i ?aaeueiuo enoi?e/aneeo niauoeyo,
iieiaeaiiuo a iniiao oaaoeu yie/aneeo iiyi
(“Eeeaaeu”,”Iaeennae”,”Oaiaiiee”,”A?aiiaaoeee” e o.ae.), naiaia?acii
io?aaeay yaeaiey oie i?e?iaeiie e iauanoaaiiie n?aaeu, a eioi?ie iie
aicieeaee.
Ii ia?a ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee – aicieeiiaaiey ieaiaiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee – nicaeathony ?acee/iua ianie e aeiiu: ianie
caieaaeaeueoeaa, eniieiyaoeany ia iieyo ai a?aiy caieaaeaeue/aneeo ?aaio
e ia i?acaeieeao iinea nai?a o?iaeay, aiaaua aeiiu aieiia – iyaiu,
caiaaaaoeany ia?aae ia/aeii aiy, naaaeaaiua aeiiu – aeiaiae,
iia?aaaeueiua i?e/eoaiey – i?aiu.Iaeiia?aiaiii nicaeaaaeenue neacaiey i
aiaao e aiaeiyo, eo aiaoaoaeuenoaa a aeaea eae ioaeaeueiuo ethaeae, oae
e oeaeuo ieaiai. ?aaeueiua enoi?e/aneea oaeou ia?anoaee eaaaiaea?iuie
iiae?iaiinoyie. Aicieeay a iaeiii ieaiaie, yoe neacaiey e eaaaiaeu
?ani?ino?aiyeenue n?aaee ae?oaeo, ia?aoiaey io iieieaiey e iieieaieth.
Iaeaieaa eioaineaii i?ioeann aicieeiiaaiey yoeo i?aaeaiee e eaaaiae
i?ienoiaeee ia ?oaaaea II e I ouny/aeaoee aei i.y., eiaaea ae?aaiaeoaa
ianaeaiea Yaaeneiai aannaeia auei /anoe/ii iioaniaii, a /anoe/ii
oie/oiaeaii aieiie iiauo iinaeaioeaa, aoi?aoeony a A?aoeeth ec ninaaeieo
iaeanoae. Nicaeaoaeyie e ?ani?ino?aieoaeyie eaaaiae e neacaiee auee
a?iaey/ea iaaoeu – ayaeu. Ia?aoiaey ec iaeiiai iinaeaiey a ae?oaia,
ayaeu ia?iui aieinii aeaeeaie?iaaee, aeeiiiaie?oy naaa ia eeoa?a, ianie
e aeiiu a /anoue aiaia e aa?iaa, iie?iaeoaeae eee ieoe/aneeo i?aaeeia
aeaiiiai ieaiaie.
Iinoaiaiii a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo A?aoeee neiaeeeenue oeaeua oeeeeu
neacaiee i oii eee eiii aiaa eee aa?ia. Ia ino?iaa E?eoa ?anneacuaaee i
iiao/ai aiaa Caana, iioeoeaoai, i?aa?aoeaoenue a auea, oeieeeeneoth
oea?aaio Aa?iio, naeaeaaoothny i?a?iaeeoaeueieoeae oea?ae E?eoa,
iaeaieaa caia/aoaeueiui ec eioi?uo aue Ieiin. N aai eiaiai naycai ?yae
eaaaiaea?iuo neacaiee.
Ia naaa?i-caiaaea Iaeiiiiiana iiioey?iui aa?iai neacaiee aue Iaeiin,
aeaaoee iacaaiea anaio thaeiiio iieoino?iao A?aoeee. A A?aieeaea
?anneacuaaee i nuia Caana Ia?naa. Caeanue aea aicieeee neacaiey i
i?aaeoaea ai?iaea Ieeai Ao?aa e aai iioiieao, iniaaiii i iiaouanoaaiiii
Aaaiaiiiia, niaa?oeaoaai iioiae i?ioea iaeiaceeneiai ai?iaea O?ie,
iaeaaeaaoai ei, ii ii aica?auaiee i?aaeaoaeuenee oaeoii naiae aeaiie
Eeeoaiiano?ie e aa niiauieeaie, e i ianoe aai nuia I?anoa iaoa?e e
ae?oaei oaeeoeai iooea. A Aaioee neiaeeeny oeeee eaaaiae ia iniiaaoaea
ai?iaea Oeau – Eaaeia e aai iioiieao, iaeaieaa iiioey?iui ec eioi?uo aue
Yaeei, niaa?oeaoee aanniciaoaeueii, ii aiea noaeueau, oaeaniua
i?anooieaiey e eneoieaoee eo aeanoieeie no?aaeaieyie. A Aooeea auee
?ani?ino?aiaiu neacaiey i oea?a Oanaa, eioi?iai n/eoaee nuiii ii?neiai
aiaa Iinaeaeiia. Oanae inaiaiaeee Aooeeo io ii?aaiuaiey e?eoneei oea?ai
Ieiinii e, iauaaeeiea aa, naeaeae Aoeiu noieeoeae ainoaea?noaa.
Iaeiiaoe, n naaa?a, ec Yie?a, iianaianoii ?ani?ino?aieeenue eaaaiaeu i
Aa?aeea – iiao/ai nuia Caana, i aai iiaeaeaao e o?aae/aneie noaeueaa, i
iiae/eiaiee ei ino?iaa E?eo, i?aaiecaoeee ea? a /anoue Caana a Ieeiiee,
i no?ainoaeyo ii iaeiecaanoiui no?aiai, i i?aa?auaiee aai iinea nia?oe a
aiaeanoai.
Iiioey?iu auee iiaanoaiaaiey i iioiaea a?oiiu aa?iaa ec oannaeeeneiai
ai?iaea Eieea ia ei?aaea “A?ai” a aeaeueiea no?aiu ia ainoi/iii
iiaa?aaeuea Iiioa Yaeneineiai. Iaeiaei naiuie ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie auee
neacaiey ia iauaa?a/aneii iioiaea ieaiaiiuo aiaeaeae i?ioea
iaeiaceeneiai ai?iaea O?ie, ia inaaea ai?iaea, i i?eeeth/aieyo e
aaaenoaeyo iiiaeo aa?iaa, iniaaiii Iaeennay, i?e aica?auaiee ia ?iaeeio.
Ia iniiaa ae?aaieo eaaaiae e neacaiee iaeioi?ua ec ayaeia nicaeaee
aieueoea yie/aneea iiyiu. Eae oeacuaaeinue auoa, naiui iiioey?iui aue
oeeee i?iecaaaeaiee i aieia nithciuo aiaeaeae i?ioea O?ie. Iniiaie yoiai
oeeeea auee nio?aieaoeany aei iaoeo aeiae iiyiu “Eeeaaea” e “Iaeennay”,
aaoi?ii eioi?uo a?aee n/eoaee neaiiai iaaoea Aiia?a. Ia?aay iiyia
niaea?aeaea iienaiea aeanyoiai aiaea aieiu i?ioea O?ie – nni?o
Aaaiaiiiia n aiaeaeai Aoeeeii e aa iineaaenoaey. Aoi?ay iiaanoaiaaea i
i?eeeth/aieyo Iaeennay a aeaeaeeo, neaci/iuo, iaeiecaanoiuo a?aeai
no?aiao Caiaaea e i aai n/anoeeaii aica?auaiee ia ?iaeiie ino?ia Eoaeo.
Ianeieueei iieieaiee iiyiu Aiia?a ia?aaeaaaeenue ec ono a onoa. Oieueei
a VI a. aei i.y. iie auee caienaiu a Aoeiao e i?aa?aoeeenue a
eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey. Eo eco/aee ai anao oeieao A?aoeee, iicaeiaa
a oeieao yeeeienoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa, nicaeaiiuo a?aei-iaeaaeiineeie
caaiaaaoaeyie a no?aiao ainoi/iiai N?aaeecaiiiii?uey, e, iaeiiaoe, a
o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo, nouanoaiaaaoeo a ?eineie eiia?ee. Aa?ie iiye Aiia?a
– Aoeee, Iaeennae, Aaeoi?, Aaaiaiiii, Iaiaeae, Ia?en, Oaeaiao, I?eai,
Ianoi?, Aiae?iiaoa, Aeaia, Iaiaeiia e ae?. – auee /?acau/aeii iiioey?iu
a ae?aaiinoe. Eo ecia?aaeaee a aeeaiiene e neoeueioo?a. Yieciaeu iiyi
yaeyeenue oaiaie aeey nicaeaiey aieueoeo aeeaiieniuo eiiiiceoeee
ianoaiiie aeeaiiene (o?anie), iaeaeaiiuo a Iiiiayo, eee aieueoeo
iicae/iuo i?iecaaaeaiee, nio?aieaoeony a ?acaaeeiao ?acee/iuo ai?iaeia
ae?aaiinoe.
Eneeth/eoaeueiia cia/aiea yie/aneeo iiyi Aiia?a aeey eoeueoo?iie aeecie
ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai iauanoaa ioiaoee aua aeeaoee a IV a. aei i.y.
ae?aaiaa?a/aneee oeeinio Ieaoii, ienaaoee, /oi “yoio iiyo (Aiia?)
ainieoae Yeeaaeo”. Ii ianiio?y ia oe?i/aeooth iiioey?iinoue Aiia?a,
a?aiy aai aeecie, ianoi ?iaeaeaiey inoaaaeenue iaecaanoiuie. A ae?aaiae
A?aoeee naiue ai?iaeia nii?eee ca i?aai iacuaaoueny ?iaeeiie yoiai
caia/aoaeueiiai iiyoa. Ionoonoaea aeia?aoe/aneeo naaaeaiee i Aiia?a
iicaieeei iaeioi?ui aa?iiaeneei enneaaeiaaoaeyi ae?aaiaa?a/aneie enoi?ee
e eeoa?aoo?u oniiieoueny a enoi?e/aneie ?aaeueiinoe ee/iinoe iiyoa.
A eiioea XVIII a. iaiaoeeee oeeieia Aieueo i?aaeeiaeee n/eoaoue
“Yeeaaeo” e “Iaeennath” ?acoeueoaoii aacee/iiai ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa.
Aieueo e aai aaeeiiiuoeaiieee n/eoaee iiyiu iaoaie/aneei niaaeeiaieai
iiiaeo ianai, niaa?oainoaoaiui iinoaiaiii ?acee/iuie ayaeaie. I?ioea
iiaeiaiiai iauyniaiey aicieeiiaaiey “Yeeaaeu” e “Iaeennae” aunooiee
O?eae?eo Oeeea?, aeieacuaaaoee ooaeiaeanoaaiiia aaeeinoai iaaeo iiyi e
ionoaeaaaoee ee/iia aaoi?noai Aiia?a.Oae aiciee “aiia?ianeee aii?in”,
yaeythueeny iaiaeiie?aoiie oaiie iao/iuo aeeneonnee a n?aaea oeeieiaia e
enoi?eeia.
A XVIII e a ia?aie iieiaeia XIX a. iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai
aa?iiaeneeo enneaaeiaaoaeae ae?aaiinoe ?anniao?eaaei ieoe/aneea
iiaanoaiaaiey e niaea?aeaiea ae?aaiaa?a/aneeo yie/aneeo iiyi eae /enoi
oaioanoe/aneea. Ii a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeaaiaea?y a?oaieiae/aneei
ioe?uoeyi yoi iiaiea ia niioaaonoaoao nia?aiaiiui iao/iui aicc?aieyi.
Oaea a 70-o aiaeao XIX a. yiooceano-a?oaieia A. Oeeiai oaa?aei onoaiiaee
iaoiaeaeaiea ae?aaiaai ai?iaea O?ie, a a 80-o aiaeao i?iecaae oniaoiua
a?oaieiae/aneea ?aneiiee a ?acaaeeiao Ieeai e Oe?eioa. A ia/aea XX aaea
aiaeeeneee o/aiue A. Yaain ioe?ue e aeaoaeueii ianeaaeiaae ia?iiiue
aeai?oeiaue eiiieaen ia ianoa ae?aaiaai Eiinna ia i.E?eo. A
iineaaeothuea aeanyoeeaoey a?a/aneea, eoaeueyineea e aia?eeaineea
a?oaieiae ioe?uee oeaeue ?yae ae?aaieo iinaeaiee ia E?eoa, a
Iaeiiiiiana, a N?aaeiae A?aoeee, ia ino?iaao Yaaeneiai a?oeiaeaaa. A
?acaaeeiao iaeioi?uo ec ieo (a Eiinna, Iaeina, Oeaao) iaeaeaiu aeeiyiua
oaaee/ee ni naiaia?aciuie iaaeienyie. A 1953 a. yoa ae?aaiyy
ienueiaiiinoue, yoa ae?aaiyy ienueiaiiinoue, oae iacuaaaiia eeiaeiia
ienueii A, auea i?i/eoaia aiaeeeneei o/aiui I. Aaio?enii.
?acoeueoaou yoeo a?oaieiae/aneeo ioe?uoee iicaieeee niaa?oaiii ii-iiaiio
?anniao?eaaoue aii?in i aicieeiiaaiee ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee e
yie/aneie iiycee. Anee enneaaeiaaoaee enoi?ee ae?aaiaa?a/aneie eoeueoo?u
XVIII e ia?aie iieiaeiu XIX a. i?aaenoaaeyee ?acaeoea ae?aaiaai iauanoaa
e eoeueoo?u eeoue n eiioea II ouny/aeaoey aei i.y., oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
oaa?aei onoaiiaeaii iiyaeaiea e ?acaeoea i/aaia eeanniaiai iauanoaa n
eiioea III ouny/aeaoey aei i.y. Oae, iai?eia?, n eiioea III ouny/aeaoey
aei i.y. neiaeeeinue eeanniaia iauanoai ia i.E?eo. Iniiaiui iieeoe/aneei
oeaio?ii aai noae Eiinn. E?eoneea i?aaeoaee onoaiiaeee naia ainiiaenoai
ia ninaaeieo ino?iaao e, ii-aeaeeiiio, a iaeioi?uo ?aeiiao Aaeeaineie
A?aoeee. E?eoneea ii?aieaaaoaee niaa?oaee aeaeueiea iioiaeu. Iie
onoaiiaeee niioaiey n Aaeioii, Naaa?iie Ne?eae. Ia caiaaea E?eoyia
aeinoeaaee ino?iaia Neoeeeey e Na?aeeiey.
A na?aaeeia XV a. aei i.y. ia Yaaeneii a?oeiaeaaa i?iecioea
aaieiae/aneay eaoano?ioa. No?aoiia ecaa?aeaiea aoeeaia ia i.Oa?a,
iiaeaeoaa ca niaie aeaaeue ?aniieiaeaiiiai ia iai ai?iaea, io?aceeinue e
ia E?eoa. *anoue ianaeaiey ino?iaa iiaeaea, /anoue iieeioea ?iaeeio.
Iaacethaeaaoee E?eo aue eieiiece?iaai Aoaeneeie ieaiaiaie, aua ?aiaa
canaeeaoeie Aaeeaineoth A?aoeeth.
E?oiiaeoeie oeaio?aie aoaeneeo ieaiai ai aoi?ie iieiaeia II ouny/aeaoey
aei i.y. noaee Ieeaiu, Ieein, Oe?eio. Caeanue iaoiaeeeenue ?ineioiua
aeai?oeu aiaeaeae ieaiai. Noaiu aeai?oeia oe?aoaee aeeaiienueth. Ai
aeai?oeao auee aieueoea eeaaeiaua, a eioi?uo o?aieeenue caianu ca?ia,
ianea, aeia, ?acee/iie iinoaeu, a?iiciaiai i?oaeey. A iiaeeueieeao,
?aniieiaeaiiuo aicea aeai?oeia, auee iaeaeaiu cieioua oe?aoaiey,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i aieueoii aiaaonoaa aoaeneeo i?aaeoaeae. Iaeaeaiu
e aeeiyiua oaaee/ee n ?acee/iuie caienyie, eioi?ua aiai?yo i ?aceii
eiouanoaaiiii ia?aaainoaa e i ianniaii i?eiaiaiee o?oaea ?aaia. Iniiaiui
enoi/ieeii iieo/aiey ?aaia auee aieiu. Aoaeoeu i?aaei?eieiaee
a?aaeoaeueneea iioiaeu a ?acee/iua ?aeiiu N?aaeecaiiiii?neiai
iiaa?aaeuey. Iaeiei ec oaeeo iioiaeia e auei iaiaaeaiea aoaeneeo
aiaeaeae ia iaeiaceeneee ai?iae O?ith. Ii iiaieth nia?aiaiiuo o/aiuo,
yoio iioiae aue a na?aaeeia XIII a. aei i.y. (ieiei 1260 a. aei i.y.). A
iaaeienyo, nio?aieaoeony ia aeeiyiuo oaaee/eao, oiiieiaeenue e
ii/eoaaiua aoaeneea aiaeanoaa – Caan, Aa?a, Aoeia, Iinaeaeii, Aa?ian e
o.ae.
A XII a. aei i.y. n naaa?a ia Aaeeaineoth A?aoeeth aoi?aeenue iiaua
ia?anaeaioeu – aei?eeneea ieaiaia. Iie /anoueth iiei?eee, /anoueth
iooanieee aoaeoeaa. Ieeaiu, Ieein, Oe?eio auee niaeaeaiu. Aei?eeoeu
caiyee Iaeiiiiian, a ianeieueei iicaeiaa e E?eo. Ooeaeaaoea aoaeoeu
?annaeeeenue ii caiaaeiiio aa?aao Iaeie Acee. Eiaiii n?aaee ianaeaiey
iaeiaceeneeo a?a/aneeo ai?iaeia e nio?aieeenue ainiiieiaiey i aeecie e
auoa aoaenneeo aiaeaeae, ia eo aeaeueieo ii?neeo iioiaeao, iaeiiaoe, i
iaiaaeaiee ia O?ith. Iinoaiaiii ia?aaeaaaaiua onoii ?anneacu i ?aaeueiii
oiaea niauoee ia?aieaeenue ni neacaieyie i iiaeaeaao aiaeaeae-aa?iaa –
o/anoieeia iioiaea i?ioea O?ie e ae?oaeo yeniaaeeoeee, i /oaeaniuo
niauoeyo, aiaoaoaeuenoaa aiaia a aiaiiua aeaenoaey iaaeaeo aoaeoeaie e
o?iyioeaie.
Ec yoeo neacaiee e /a?iaee ayaeu nthaeaou aeey naieo ianai. Aiieia
aiciiaeii, /oi iaeei ec ayaeia, ecaanoiue iiae eiaiai Aiia?a, nicaeae
“Yeeaaeo” e “Iaeennath”. Iaa?aiioiinoue iiyoa ia iiaea iiiaoaoue aai
oai?/anoao. O?aaeeoeey aanienueiaiiiai, onoiiai iiyoe/aneiai oai?/anoaa
nio?aiyeanue aei XX a. Oaeiai auei iiyoe/aneia oai?/anoai Aeaeaiaoea e
Noeaeiaia Noaeueneiai. Ia neo/aeii iineaaeiaai I. Ai?ueeee iacaae
“Aiia?ii XX aaea”.
Ni a?aiaiai a ia?aaeaaaaoeeny onoiui iooai ia?aiia/aeueiue oaeno
“Yeeaaeu” e “Iaeennae” aue aianai ?yae aeiaaaeaiee, /oi ia iiaee ia
caiaoeoue enneaaeiaaaoea iiyiu oeeieiae.
O aieueoeinoaa ?inneeneeo enoi?eeia aii?in ia aaoi?noaa iiyoa, “Yeeaaeo”
e “Iaeennath”, a i?eioeeia ia aucuaaao niiiaiee. Iaeiaei aii?in i oii,
aeaenoaeoaeueii ee yoio ayae iinee eiy Aiia?, eee yoi auei eeoue aai
i?icaeua, inoaaony ioe?uoui; iaecaanoiu e eaeea-eeai aeia?aoe/aneea
aeaiiua i aai aeecie e oai?/anoaa.
Ec ae?oaeo i?iecaaaeaiee ae?aaiaa?a/aneie eeoa?aoo?u, a eioi?uo
eceaaathony ?acee/iua ieoe/aneea neacaiey i aiaeanoaao e aa?iyo,
neaaeoao oeacaoue iiyio “Oaiaiiey”, nicaeaiioth aaioeeneei o?iaeaioeai
Aaneiaeii a VIII a. aei i.y. Iiiaea ieoe/aneea yieciaeu oiiieiaao a
naiai i?iecaaaeaiee e “ioaoe enoi?ee” Aa?iaeio (ieiei 484-425 aa. aei
i.y.).
Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai o?aaaaeee aoeineeo ae?aiaoo?aia V a. aei i.y.
– Ynoeea, Nioieea, Aa?eieaea – i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
ia?aaioeo ieoe/aneeo iiaanoaiaaiee i aiaao e aa?iyo. Ieoe/aneea neacaiey
eceaaaee a naieo i?iecaaaeaieyo e iiiaea ae?aaiaa?a/aneea ee?e/aneea
iiyou (Ieiaea? e ae?.). ?yae ae?aaiaa?a/aneeo ieoe/aneeo neacaiee
niaea?aeeony a i?iecaaaeaieyo a?a/aneeo e ?eineeo aaoi?ia, aeeaoeo a
yiioo ?eineie eiia?ee. I ieo oiiieiaao aaia?ao No?aaii (65 a. aei i.y. –
25 a. aei i.y.) a naiai eaieoaeueiii o?oaea “Aaia?aoey”. I acyoee
aoaeoeaie e ?ac?ooaiee O?ie iiae?iaii ienae ?eineee iiyo Aa?aeeee a
iiyia “Yiaeaea”. Iiiaea ieoe/aneea yieciaeu eceiaeee Iaeaeee a naieo
iiyiao “Iaoaii?oicu” e “Aa?ieie”. Ioaeaeueiua oeeeeu ae?aaiaa?a/aneie
ieoieiaee iiae?iaii aeaiu a “Iienaiee Yeeaaeu” a?a/aneiai ienaoaey
Iaanaiey (II a. aei i.y.).
A ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa i?iecaaaeaieyo aioe/iuo ienaoaeae nio?aieeenue aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie oeaeua ieoe/aneea iiaanoaiaaiey; ioaeaeueiua aea
oiiieiaiey aiaeanoa, oao eee eiuo aa?iaa ano?a/athony a iiaeaaeythuai
aieueoeinoaa i?iecaaaeaiee ioaeaeueiuo aaoi?ia.
Eae ioia/aeinue auoa, ia?acu aiaia e aa?iaa aini?iecaaaeaiu a
iiiai/eneaiiuo i?iecaaaeaieyo aioe/iiai, iniaaiii ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai
eneonnoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, “…a?a/aneay ieoieiaey ninoaaeyea ia oieueei
a?naiae a?a/aneiai eneonnoaa, ii e aai ii/ao…”(E. Ia?en).
Aioe/iay a?aei-?eineay eoeueoo?a ieacaea neeueiaeoaa aeeyiea ia
eoeueoo?iia ?acaeoea anao nia?aiaiiuo aa?iiaeneeo ia?iaeia, e “…aac
oiai ooiaeaiaioa, eioi?ue aue caeiaeai A?aoeeae e ?eiii, ia auei au e
nia?aiaiiie Aa?iiu…”(O. Yiaaeuen).
Ia/eiay n yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey, iinea noieaoee caaaaiey, iaiyoieee e
eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey aioe/iie eoeueoo?u, a aianoa n ieie e ia?acu
ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee aiiaue i?eaeaeee aieiaiea aeai?yi e
ao?aeoacee. Ienaoaee, ooaeiaeieee e iocueaiou ?acee/iuo aa?iiaeneeo
no?ai aiiaue noaee a?aoue nthaeaoaie naieo i?iecaaaeaiee yieciaeu ec
ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee. Ecia?aaeaieth ieoe/aneeo nthaeaoia e
aiaeanoa iinayuaiu iaeioi?ua i?iecaaaeaiey auaeathueony eoaeueyineeo
ooaeiaeieeia yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey – Eaiia?aei aea Aei/e (athno aiaeie
Oei?u), Naiae?i Aiooe/aeee (ea?oeiu “?iaeaeaiea Aaia?u”, “Aania”),
Oeoeeaia (ea?oeia “Aaia?a ia?aae ca?eaeii”)e ae?. Ec ia?acia
ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee acye nthaeao aeey naiae caia/aoaeueiie noaooe
Ia?nay auaeathueeny eoaeueyineee neoeueioi? Aaiaaiooi *aeeeie.
A XVII-XVIII aa. caeinoaiaaiea nthaeaoia ec ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee
aeayoaeyie aa?iiaeneiai eneonnoaa iieo/eei oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea. Ia
nthaeaou, acyoua ec ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee, ienaee ea?oeiu
auaeathueany oeaiaiaeneea, o?aioeocneea, aieeaiaeneea ooaeiaeieee:
?oaain (“Ia?nae e Aiae?iiaaea”, “Aaia?a e Aaeiien”), Aai-Aeaee (“Ia?n e
Aaia?a”), ?aia?aiaeo (“Aeaiay, “Aieiaa Iaeeaaeu Aoeiu”), Ionnai (“Yoi e
Ia?oeenn”, “Ieioa e naoe?”, “Iaecaae n Iieeoaiii”, “Iaecaae n Aa?aeeii”
e ae?.), Aooa (“Aiieeii e Aeaoia”) – e iiiaea ae?oaea.
Ia nthaeaou, caeinoaiaaiiua ec a?a/aneie ieoieiaee, iaienaia iueana A.
Oaenie?a “O?iee e E?anneaea”, iiyia “Aaia?a e Aaeiien”. Eiaia
ieoieiae/aneeo aa?iaa ano?a/athony e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo i?iecaaaeaieyo
Oaenie?a.
Ia caeinoaiaaiiua ec a?a/aneie ieoieiaee nthaeaou ienaee i?iecaaaeaiey e
auaeathueany o?aioeocneea ae?aiaoo?ae aoi?ie iieiaeiu XVII a. – Ei?iaeue
e ?anei.
Ia ieoieiae/aneea nthaeaou iaienaiu iiiaea iia?iua i?iecaaaeaiey
XVI-XVII aa. Oaeiau ia?aua eoaeueyineea iia?u eiioea XVI a. – ”Aeaoia” e
“Ya?eaeeea”; iia?u eiiiiceoi?ia XVII a.: Ia?naeea – “Aeeaeiia e Yiae”,
Etheee – “Oacae”, Iiioaa?aee – “I?oae” e “A?eaaeia”. A XVIII a. auee
nicaeaiu iia?u ?aii – “Eanoi? e Iieeoen”, Aethea – “Eoeaaiey a Aaeeaea”,
“I?oae” e ae?., “Eaeiiaiae” – aaieaeueiiai Iioea?oa.
?onneea ienaoaee, ooaeiaeieee e iocueaiou VIII-ia/aea XIX a. ca/anooth
oaeaea ia?auaeenue a iieneao nthaeaoia aeey naieo i?iecaaaeaiee e
ia?acai e yieciaeai ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee. Iaeiie ec ?aiieo iia?,
iinoaaeaiiuo a ?innee (1755 a.), auea iia?a “Oeaoae e I?ie?en” (“Eaoae e
I?ie?eaea”). Eea?aooi iia?u iaienae Noia?ieia, iocueo – i?eaeai?iue
eiiiiceoi? A?aey. Iicaeiaa Noia?ieia, acya ca oaaoeo ae?oaea ieoe/aneea
yieciaeu, nicaeae eea?aooi iia?u “Aeueoeanoa” (“Aeueeanoa”) e eiiaaeee
“Ia?oeenn”. A eiioea XVIII a. oaeaioeeaue ?onneee eiiiiceoi? Oiiei
nicaeae iaeiae?aio “I?oae”, oaeaea caeinoaiaaa nthaeao ec
ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee.
Auaeathueeny ?onneee neoeueioi? O. Oienoie nicaeae caia/aoaeueiue athno
a?a/aneiai aiaeanoaa nia Ii?oay, a ooaeiaeiee E.I.A?theeia iaienae
iaeioi?ua ec naieo ea?oei ia nthaeaou aioe/iie ieoieiaee (“Ano?a/a
Aiieeiia e Aeeaiu”, “Naoo?i e Iaiooi ia Ieeiia”).
Ioaeaeueiua yieciaeu ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee i?eaeaeee aieiaiea
auaeathueony ?onneeo ooaeiaeieeia eiioea XIX-ia/aea X a. – A.A.Na?iaa
(“Iioeuaiea Aa?iiu”, “Iaeennae e Iaaneeay”), I.A.A?oaaey (“Iai”).
Neoeueioo?iuie a?oiiaie, nicaeaiiuie ia nthaeaou ae?aaiaa?a/aneie
ieoieiaee, oe?aoaiu iiiaea caia/aoaeueiua caeaiey, iino?iaiiua a Iineaa
e Iaoa?ao?aa a XVII-XIX aa. Aaee/anoaaiiue ii?oee eieiiiaaeu Aieueoiai
oaao?a a Iineaa oe?aoai a?iiciaie neoeueioo?iie a?oiiie, ecia?aaeathuae
ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai aiaa Aiieeiia, i/auaainy ia eieanieoea, cai?yaeaiiie
/aoaa?eie eiiae. Oaeay aea neoeueioo?iay a?oiia aicauoaaony e iaae
ii?oeeii oaao?a eiaie A.N.Iooeeia a Iaoa?ao?aa. Aieueoia eiee/anoai
neoeueioo?iuo a?oii e ioaeaeueiuo noaooe, ecia?aaeathueo
ae?aaiaa?a/aneeo ieoe/aneeo aiaeanoa e aa?iaa, oe?aoatho caeaiey
Aaeie?aeoaenoaa, Ainoaea?noaaiiiai Y?ieoaaea, aeeae Eaoiaai naaea a
Iaoa?ao?aa, aioo?aiiea iiiauaiey e aaeeeieaiiua ia?ee Iooeeia,
Iaaeianea, Iao?iaeai?oea, ?ineioiua aeiia e naaeu aiaaoaeoeo
iiaeiineiaiuo aeai?yineeo onaaeaa XVIII a. – Eoneiaa, Inoaieeia,
A?oaiaaeueneiai, i?aa?auaiiuo iuia a iocae.
Ieoieiae/aneea ia?niiaaee iiiaie?aoii oiiieiathony a aaniyo E.A.
E?ueiaa, noeoioai?aieyo A.?. Aea?aeaaeia, A.A. AEoeianeiai, A.N.
Iooeeia, I.TH. Ea?iiioiaa, O.E. Otho/aaa e ae?oaeo.
A nia?aiaiiie ano?iiiiee iacaaiey iiiaeo ieaiao nieia/iie nenoaiu,
iaiiaeaeaeiuo caacae e oeaeuo nicaacaeee acyou ec aioe/iie ieoieiaee.
A XVII-XX aa. iiiaea aiaiiua noaea ?acee/iuo aa?iiaeneeo no?ai
iacuaaeenue eiaiaie aiaeanoa e aa?iaa aioe/iie ieoieiaee. ?onneee
aa?ie/aneee oethi “Ia?eo?ee”, o?aaao “Iaeeaaea” a XIX a., e?aena?u yiioe
ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu – “Aa?i?a”, “Iaeeaaea”, “Aeeaia”, aiaeeeneee
ei?aaeue ia/aea XIX aaea “Aaeea?ioiio”, aeinoaaeaoee Iaiieaiia ia ino?ia
nayoie Aeaiu, iiiaea ei?aaee aiaeeeneiai oeioa ia/aea XX a.
(yneaae?aiiua ieiiiinoeu “Ianoi?” e “Iaeueiiiaia”, e?aena? “A?aooca”,
a?iiaiinoeu “Ayen”, “Aaaiaiiii” e o.ae.). A aa?iaineii oeioa e?aena?
“A?eaaeia”, ai o?aioeocneii – “Ieia?aa” oaeaea iineee iacaaiey,
caeinoaiaaiiua ec ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee.
Ca/anooth a iauaeaiiie ?a/e oiio?aaeythony eiaia, iacaaiey, ia?aciua
au?aaeaiey, caeinoaiaaiiua ec ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee. Aiai?yo i
“oeoaie/aneie ai?ueaa”,”aeaaioneii ?acia?a”, “yaeiea ?acaei?a”,
“iaie/aneii no?aoa”, “ieeiieeneii niieienoaee”, “aoeeeaniaie iyoa”,
“ioeao Oaioaea”, “neceoiaii o?oaea”. Oiio?aaeyy yoe iaoaoi?u, iiiaea ia
a ninoiyiee oi/ii iauynieoue eo ia?aiia/aeueiue niune, oae eae ia
ciaeiiu n ia?acaie ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee. Ciaiea aioe/iie ieoieiaee
niaa?oaiii iaiaoiaeeii i?aiiaeaaaoaeyi enoi?ee, ycuea e eeoa?aoo?u,
oeeinioee, eneonnoaiaaae/aneeo aeenoeeieei, a oaeaea nooaeaioai
niioaaonoaothueo niaoeeaeueiinoae.
Ciaeiinoai n niaea?aeaieai aioe/iie ieoieiaee ia oieueei ?anoe?yao
e?oaici?, ii iaeiia?aiaiii aeinoaaeyao e ooaeiaeanoaaiii-ynoaoe/aneia
ianeaaeaeaiea /eoaoaeth. A naia a?aiy Ia?en ienae: “Ioae/eia ia niiaeao
niiaa i?aa?aoeoueny a ?aaaiea, ia aiaaeay a ?aay/anoai. Ii ?acaa aai ia
?aaeoao iaeaiinoue ?aaaiea?.. E ii/aio aeaonoai /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa
oai, aaea iii ?acaeeinue anaai i?ae?aniaa, ia aeieaeii iaeaaeaoue aeey
ian aa/iie i?aeanoueth, eae ieeiaaea ia iiaoi?ythuayny nooiaiue? Auaatho
iaainieoaiiua aeaoe e noa?/anee oiiua aeaoe. Iiiaea ec ae?aaieo ia?iaeia
i?eiaaeeaaeao e yoie eaoaai?ee. Ii?iaeueiuie aeaoueie auee a?aee.
Iaayiea, eioi?ui iaeaaeaao aeey ian eo eneonnoai, ia iaoiaeeony a
i?ioeai?a/ee n oie nooiaiueth, ia eioi?ie iii au?inei”.
Ae?eaaeu – ieiou-iie?iaeoaeueieoeu aea?aaueaa.
Aeeaia – ?eineay aiaeiy Eoiu e ioiou.
Oaai – aia, iie?iaeoaeue iieae e eoaia.
Iiio Yaeneineee – a?a/aneia iacaaiea *a?iiai ii?y.
Ieaiaou THieoa?, Naoo?i, O?ai, Iaiooi, Ia?n, Aaia?a, Ia?eo?ee, Ieooii;
caacaeu Eanoi? e Iieeoen e o.ae.; nicaacaeey Ia?nay, Iaaana, I?eiia,
Aiae?iiaaeu, Eanneiiay e ae?.
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