Iniiaiua iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneea e enoi?e/aneea aeaiiua.
Iaeioi?ua iiiaiou enoi?ee ssiiiee.
Ainoaea?noai a ainoi/iie Acee, ?aniieiaeaii ia 4 e?oiiuo
ino?iaao – Oieeaeaei, Oiinth, Neeieo e Einth – e iiiai/eneaiiuo
i?eeaaathueo e iei iaeeeo ino?iaao. Oa??eoi?ey – 372,2 oun.ea.ei.
Ianaeaiea – 122,2 iei (1987);nauoa 99% – yiiioeu. Noieeoea – Oieei
(ieiei 12 iei. /ae., 1987). Ioeoeeaeueiue ycue yiiineee. Iniiaiua
?aeeaee neioieci e aoaeaeeci.
Iacaaa?oaiiay ao?aeoaciay ?aaiethoeey 1867-68 aa. ioe?uea
iiaoth eaieoaeenoe/aneoth y?o a enoi?ee ssiiiee. I?iaaaeaiea a
oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao ?yaea ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i ?an/enoeei ii/ao
aeey ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia. Ii eiinoeoooeee
1889 aiaea ssiiiey i?iaicaeaoaeanue iiia?oeae ai aeaaa n eiia?aoi?ii,
ii caeiiiaeaoaeueiay aeanoue a no?aiai inouanoaeyeanue n yoeo ii?
eiia?aoi?ii niaianoii n ia?eaiaioii. Ia ?oaaaea XIX e XX aa. ssiiiey
anooieea a noaaeeth iiiiiieenoe- /aneiai eaieoaeecia, onei?aiiuie
oaiiaie oae i?ioeann i?aa?auaiey aa a eiia?eaeenoe/aneoth aea?aeaao.
Oneeaiiay ieeeoa?ecaoeey no?aiu e nio?aiaiey a ?acee/iuo noa?ao aeecie
e a iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ?yaea oaiaeaeueiuo ia?aaeeoeia i?eaeaee
yiiineiio eiia?eaeecio aiaiii-oaiaeaeueiue oa?aeoa?. A 1940 aiaeo
ssiiiey caeeth/eea aiaiiue nithc n aeoea?ianeie Aa?iaieae e oaoenoeie
Eoaeeae, iai?aaeaiiue i?ioea NNN?, a oaeaea i?ioea NOA e Aiaeee, a
1941 a. anooieea ai aoi?oth ie?iaoth aieio.
Iinea ?aca?iia a 1945 a. ieeeoa?enoneie ssiiiee, ?aoathuoth
?ieue a eioi?ii nua?aea Niaaoneay A?iey, a no?aia auee i?iaaaeaiu
iaeioi?ua aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey.
I?eiyoay a 1947 a. eiinoeoooeey i?iaicaeaoaao
aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aaa e naiaiaeu, niaea?aeeo ioeac io aieiu “eae
noaa?aiiiai i?aaa iaoeee”, cai?auaao ssiiiee eiaoue aii?oaeaiiua
neeu. A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiey aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu aieueoay
/anoue iiiaue/ueeo caiaeue auea ca aueoi ia?aaeaia e?anoueyiai.
Iiaeaa?aeenue ?acaeaeo e?oiiaeoea iiiiiieee. Oai ia iaiaa aeanoue
inoaeanue a ?oeao i?aaenoaaeoaeae ao?aeoacee e /eiia ie/ueae aa?oooee,
eioi?ua acyee eo?n ia oe?aieaiea iiceoeee iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaea.
A ia?ooaiea eiinoeoooeee a
no?aia auee nicaeaiu iniauaiiua nia?aiaiiui i?oaeeai oae iacuaaaiay
“neeu naiiiai?iiu”, i?aa?aoeaoeany iuia a ?aaoey?ioth a?ieth
/eneaiiinoueth 272 oun. /ae. (ii ioeoeeaeueiui aeaiiui ia 1987). 60 –
70-a aiaeu oa?aeoa?eciaaeenue auno?uie
oaiiaie yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ssiiiee, /oi iicaieeei ae noaoue
aoi?ie yeiiiie/aneie aea?aeaaie eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ie?a ii iauaio
aaeiaiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa e i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
ssiiiey – eiinoeoooeeiiiay iiia?oey. Ii eiinoeoooeee eiia?aoi?
yaeyaony “neiaieii ainoaea?noaa e aaeeinoaa ia?iaea”. Caeiiiaeaoaeueioth
aeanoue inouanoaeyao ia?eaiaio (ninoieo ec iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae –
512 aeaiooaoia e iaeaou niaaoieeia – 252 aeaiooaoa, eiathueo n?ie
iieiiii/ee 4 e 6 eao niioaaonoaaiii). Eniieieoaeueiay aeanoue
i?eiaaeeaaeeo eaaeiaoo ieieno?ia, eioi?ue oi?ie?oaony
i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii.
ssiiiey – auniei?acaeoay no?aia. ?aniieaaay 2,5%
ianaeaiey caiee e 0,3% ieiuaaee, iia e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie ii naiaio
yeiiiie/aneiio iioaioeeaeo i?i/ii cae?aieeanue ia 2-i iinea NOA ianoa
a eaieoaeenoe/aneii ie?a. AII no?aiu
(ie. 2,4 o?ei. $ a 1987) i?aauoaao 11% ie?iaiai AII, ii iauaio AII ia
aeooo ianaeaiey ssiiiey iia?aaeeea NOA. Ia aeieth ssiiiee i?eoiaeeony
ieiei 12% ie?iaiai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. No?aia caieiaao ia?aia
ianoi ii i?iecaiaenoao noaeia, aaoiiiaeeae, o?aeoi?ia,
iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuaai iai?oaeiaaiey, auoiaie yeaeo?iiiie oaoieee,
?iaioia. A 1987 a. i?iecaaaeaii: noaee – 98,5 iei o, aaoiiiaeeae –
12,4 iei oo., yeaeo?iyia?aee – 580,2 ie?ae eAo/, i?iiuoeaiiuo ?iaioia
– 12,6 oun oo., yeaeo?iiiiai e yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey
– ia 124,6 ie?ae $. Iauai i?iecaiaenoaa oaaee/eeny ia 4% ii
n?aaiaieth n 1986 a. I?aeoe/anee caaa?oeeanue aaeaioaoeey yiiineie
yeiiiieee e “aei?iaie eaia”. A iniiaiii inouanoaeai ia?aoiae e iiaie
iiaeaee yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu, nieiathuae aeoeaio ia
yenii?oioth i?eaioaoeeth e noaayuae ai aeaao oaea caaea/o i?aaeaea
anaai aioo?aiiaai
iio?aaeaiey.
A naeueneii oicyenoaa i?aiaeaaeaao iaeeia e?anoueyineia
caieaiieueciaaiea. Ia?aaaouaaaony 14,8% caiaeueiie ieiuaaee. Iniiaiay
naeueneioicyenoaaiiay i?iaeoeoeey- ?en (nai? a 1987a.-14 iei o).
Ae?oaea io?anee – ioeoeaaiaenoai, i?iecaiaenoai iaiuae e o?oeoia.
?acaeoi ?uaieianoai. Oeia ?uau a 1987 a. – 12,7 iei o (1-a ianoi a
eaieoaeenoe/aneii ie?a).
AEaeaciua aei?iae – 28 oun ei, aaoiaei?iae – nauoa 1,1 iei
ei, a oii /enea 42,8% n oaa?aeui iie?uoeai, ec ieo 3500 ei – nei?inoiua.
Oiiiaae ii?neiai oi?aiaiai oeioa (1987 a.) – 38 iei a?.-?aa. o.
Aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea – eaia. 100-103 eaiu=1$.
Iniiaiua oiaa?u yenii?oa: iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea,
yeaeo?iieea, iaoaeeu e iaoaeeiecaeaeey, oeie/aneea i?iaeoeou; eiii?oa:
i?iiuoeaiiia nu?uea e iieooaa?eeaou, oiieeai e i?iaeiaieuenoaea. Aeiey
NOA a oiaa?iiai?ioa ssiiiee a 1987 a. ?aaiyeanue 30,4%.
*eneaiiinoue aac?aaioiuo, ii aeaiiui ia eiiaoe 1987 a.,
ninoaaeea 1,56 iei /ae.
Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie nia?aiaiiiai ?aciauaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee ssiiiee yaeyaony iaee/ea a iai y?ei au?aaeaiiuo
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aeeni?iii?oeee, cia/eoaeueii aieaa ino?uo, /ai a
ae?oaeo iniiaiuo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao.
Oae, a NOA a 1981 a. 51,3% anae ioa?oaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe auei nicaeaii ia 18,9% eo oa??eoi?ee, a
oi a?aiy eae a ssiiiee 53,0% anae ioa?oaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe auei nicaeaii ia 9,1% aa oa??eoi?ee.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiay eiioeaio?aoeey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee ssiiiee
aia/aoeyao aeaaea ii n?aaiaieth n iniiaiuie no?aiaie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu,
eiathuea niiinoaaeiua n iae ?acia?u. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho
i?eaiaeeiua ieaea aeaiiua i
oa??eoi?eaeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea a ssiiiee e a iniiaiuo no?aiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a 1978 a.
Oaaeeoea 1.
ssiiiey Aaeeei-a?eoaiey O?aioeey
O?A
Eoaeey
Oa??eoi?ey 9,1 19,5 19,9 27,4 31,2
Aeiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea 52,5 53,0 50,3 50,7 53,0
Anooiea a iinea aiaiiue ia?eiae n ?ac?ooaiiie e
aeaci?aaieciaaiiie yeiiiieeie, ia?aaeea caoyaeiia e aeeeoaeueiia
ainnoaiiaeaiea, ssiiiey a 50 – 60-o aiaeao i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaea auno?ue
?ino, ii naiei oaiiai iia?aaeathuee ?acaeoea ae?oaeo e?oiiuo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai. Oaiiu ?inoa a ssiiiee ninoaaeyee a ia?eiae
1960-1973 aa. 10,1% a aiae ii n?aaiaieth n 3,9% – a NOA, 4,5% – a
O?A, 3,1% – a Aaeeeia?eoaiee, 5,6% – ai O?aioeee, 5,0% – a Eoaeee a
oio aea ia?eiae. Iiaeiaiia i?aainoiaenoai a oaiiao ia i?ioyaeaiea ?yaea
eao ii?iaeeei ia?aoth aieio ioaeeeaoeee i yiiineii “yeiiiie/aneii
/oaea”, i?eoaaeoothny ia eiiaoe 60 – ia/aei 70-o aiaeia. A yoeo
?aaioao aiaeece?iaaeenue i?e/eiu, nouanoaothuea oaiiu niiinoaaeyeenue,
yeno?aiiee?iaaeenue, e ia yoie iniiaa aeaaaeenue ioaeiieythuea i?iaiicu
i?aa?auaiey ssiiiee a ie?iaiai eeaea?a.
2. Oaiiiai yiiineie yeiiiieee.
Oioy ?acaiai?u i “yiiineii /oaea” a iauai ii/oe i?ae?aoeeenue, oaiiiai
yiiineie yeiiiieee i?iaeieaeaao aucuaaoue iiauoaiiue eioa?an. A naiii
aeaea, ii/aio no?aia n ia?iiiie aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie caaeneiinoueth,
i?aeoe/anee eeoaiiay i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, ianiio?y ia ana iao?yaeeoeu e
eaoaeeeciu iineaaeieo aeaoo aeanyoeeaoee, i?iaeieaeaao iaoeeiiii
oe?aieyoue naie yeiiiie/aneea (a aianoa n ieie e iieeoe/aneea) iiceoeee
ia ie?iaie a?aia? Nio?aiyy ?ieue ie?iaiai eeaea?a ii iiiaei aaaeiaeoei
iai?aaeaieyi iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, ssiiiey i?e yoii
aeaiiino?e?oao /?acau/aeii aunieoth noaiaiue aaeaioaoeee e iinoiyiii
iaiythueiny oneiaeyi ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Yoe ia?aiaiu i?ienoiaeyo ia
i?inoi ia aaca oaoiieiae/aneeo eiiiaaoeee, ii a iai?a?uaiii e aanueia
neiaeiii acaeiiaeaenoaee oaoieee, oaoiieiaee e yeiiiie/aneeo e
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia.
2.1. I?iiuoeaiiay iieeoeea iineaaiaiiie ssiiiee.
I?ei?eoaou i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeee a iineaaiaiiie ssiiiee
iineaaeiaaoaeueii e oeaeaiai?aaeaiii niauaeenue io i?aeiouanoaaiiiai
?acaeoey o?oaeiaieeo io?aneae (eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue), caoai
iaoa?eaeiaieeo (iaoaeeo?aey, iaooaoeiey, aaoiiiaeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
noaeino?iaiea) e iaoeiaieei io?aneyi e i?iecaiaenoaai (yeaeo?iieea,
aeioaoiieiaey, iiaua iaoa?eaeu). Iiieiaiea iaecaaaeiinoe yoeo i?ioeannia
i?eoei aeaeaei ia n?aco, a niaia i?ei?eoaoia i?ioaeaea ioithaeue ia
aacaieaciaiii. Aaaeue ?a/ue oea ia io?aneyo n aanueia aunieei ie?iaui
?aeoeiaii (/a?iay iaoaeeo?aey, aaoii?iiuoeaiiinoue), oaeoe/anee
nicaeaiiuo iinea aieiu, eiathueo aeinoaoi/ii nia?aiaiiua n?aaenoaa
o?oaea e n?aaieoaeueii iieiaeie i?iecaiaenoaaiiue aiia?ao. I?aaenoiyei
ii?aaeaeeoue ea/anoaaiii iiaoth ?ieue e iiaia ianoi yoeo io?aneae a
no?oeoo?a iaiiaeyaiie yeiiiieee. Aeey /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee, niiniaiie
aaeaaiaeii auieaaeyoue aieaa 150 iei. o noaee, n /eneii caiyouo ieiei
450 oun. /aeiaae yoa caaea/a i?aaenoaaeyea cia/eoaeueioth o?oaeiinoue.A
oi aea a?aiy ?acei aic?inee oaiiu “na?aecaoeee” yeiiiieee, i?ienoiaeeei
iia?aaeathuaa ?acaeoea noa?u oneoa. Ca 1970 – 1985aa. aeiey io?aneae
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a AAI nie?aoeeanue n 51,7 aei 41,4% e, ii
i?iaiico Oi?aaeaiey yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey, e 2000a. iiaeao
nieceoueny aei 36%. Inoaeueiia aoaeoo ninoaaeyoue eioi?iaoeeiiiua,
oi?aaeai/aneea, oeiainiaua oneoae, cae?aaiio?aiaiea, ia?aciaaiea,
oi?aiaey e iineai?iaeaaeiia ianeoaeeaaiea, noa?a aeinoaa, nioeeaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea. Eiuie neiaaie, a iiaia ouny/aeaoea no?aia anooieo n aaeiaui
i?iaeoeoii, ii/oe ia aeaa o?aoe ninoiyuei ec oiaa?ia, eioi?ua ia eiatho
ie iannu, ie eeiaeiuo ?acia?ia, ia iaeaaeatho ie aeonii, ie caiaoii.
2.2. Yeiiiieea ssiiiee ia/aea 70-o aiaeia. Eaeae ia?aoiaea e eiiio oeio
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.
Ianiio?y ia oniaoe yiiineie yeiiiieee a ia/aea 70-o aiaeia, i?aayuea
e?oae no?aiu niciaaaee, /oi yenoaineaiua oaeoi?u ?acaeoey i?iiuoeaiiinoe
aeecee e en/a?iaieth e iaecaaaeai ia?aoiae e eiiio oeio yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa. A iioaeeeiaaiiii a iaa 1971a. niaoeeaeueiii aeieeaaea “Eaeiau
aeieaeiu auoue aeaaiua iai?aaeaiey no?oeoo?iie e aiaoiaoi?aiaie iieeoeee
a 70-o aiaeao?” aia?aua aue iainiiaai eo?n ia nicaeaiea iiaie, oae
iacuaaaiie eioaeeaeooaeiaieie no?oeoo?u i?iecaiaenoaa, i?eaioe?iaaiiie
ia onei?aiiue ?ino iaoeiaieeo io?aneae, io?aneae neiaeiie nai?ee,
eioi?iaoeeiiiie eiaeono?ee. Ia?aoiae e iiaiio oeio ?acaeoey
i?aaeiieaaaeny aeiaieueii ieaaiui, anee au ia “iaooyiie oie” 1973 –
1974aa. Caoaoaeanue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaeia ec iniia yiiineie
yeiiiieee – ioeaaeaiiay nenoaia ?ano?niiaania/aiey, eioi?ay
neeaaeuaaeanue ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai iineaaiaiiiai ia?eiaea. Iiyoiio
oi?ie?iaaiea iiaie iiaeaee ieacaeinue aanueia aieaciaiiui, iniaaiii aeey
yia?ai- e iaoa?eaeiaieeo eiaeono?eaeueiuo io?aneae.
A /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee ia?aua i?eciaee ioiineoaeueiiai iaaeaaiiieo/ey auee
a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iaiaeeaeaiiuie. E yoiio a?aiaie io?aneue i?i/ii
caieiaea ianoi i?eciaiiiai ie?iaiai eeaea?a e ii oaiiai ia?aueaaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa, e ii aai oaoiieiae/aneiio o?iaith. I?iaiicu ieienoa?noaa
aiaoiae oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe ioeaieaaee ia?niaeoeau /a?iie
iaoaeeo?aee aanueia iioeienoe/ii. Iai?eia?, i?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi a
1975a. aoaeao i?iecaaaeaii 160 iei. o noaee, a 1980a. – 215 iei. o, a a
1985a. – aeaaea 300 iei. o. Iaeiaei e?ecen iniiaiuo iaoaeeiaieeo
io?aneae – noaeino?iaiey, aaoii?iiuoeaiiinoe, no?ieoaeuenoaa – i?eaae e
?aceiio niaaeo iaoaeeiiio?aaeaiey a no?aia, aucaae onoie/eaoth
noaaiaoeeth ni?ina ia noaeueiie i?ieao e nie?auaiea aai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Eia?oeeiiiinoue io?aneaaiai ?acaeoey iaino?eea neooaoeeth, oae eae
iaeioi?ua eiiiaiee i?iaeieaeaee ia?aueaaoue iiuiinoe iniiaiuo ia?aaeaeia
ii/oe aei eiioea 70-o aiaeia, ?aaeecoy e?oiiua eiaanoeoeeiiiua
i?ia?aiiu, caeiaeaiiua aua a i?aaeuaeouee ia?eiae. A ?acoeueoaoa a
?acaa? no?oeoo?iiai e?ecena caa?ocea iiuiinoae a yiiineie /a?iie
iaoaeeo?aee oiaea aei iaaeaeaiii ieceiai o?iaiy – 62%.
2.3. Yeiiiie/aneea e?ecenu na?aaeeiu 70-o aiaeia e ia/aea 80-o aiaeia.
Yia?aaoe/aneee e?ecen 1973 a. e iineaaeiaaaoea ca iei ie?iaua
yeiiiie/aneea e?ecenu na?aaeeiu 70-o e ia/aea 80-o aiaeia i/aiue
na?ueacii io?aceeenue ia yeiiiie/aneii ?inoa ssiiiee,
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee aunieoth noaiaiue caaeneiinoe yiiineie yeiiiieee
io aiaoieo ?uieia e ie?iaie oicyenoaaiiie eiiuthieoo?u. Iineaaeiea
aeanyoeeaoea ioia/aii ?aceei nieaeaieai oaiiia ?inoa, aeinoeaoeo
aanueia oia?aiiuo cia/aiee, ia niiinoaaeiuo n ?aei?aeiuie oeeo?aie 50-o
– ia/aea 70-o aiaeia (ni oaae. 2).
Oaaeeoea
2
Oaiiu yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa (a%)
Oeiainiaue aiae Oaiiu ?inoa AII a ?aaeueiii en/eneaiee
1973/74 5,3
1974/75 -0,2
1975/76 3,6
1976/77 5,1
1977/78 5,3
1978/79 5,1
1979/80 5,1
1980/81 3,7
1981/82 2,7
1982/83 3,3
Ia iniiaa aeaiiuo Oaa. 2 iino?iaia n?aaieoaeueiay aeeaa?aiia a eioi?ie
oi?ioi caiaoiu oaiiu nieaeaiey yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.
Aeeaa?aiia e oaa. 2.
2.4. Aiaoiea oaeoi?u aeeyaoea ia nieaeaiea oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.
Oaeoaeaieth e?ecena niinianoaiaaee e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea oaeoi?u. Ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeeeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea iniiaie aunieie eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe
yiiineiai iaoaeea auei ni/aoaiea aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeu e aunieie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea. E ia/aeo 80-o aiaeia yoe i?aeiouanoaa
oaeoe/anee auee oo?a/aiu. Aeeiaie/ii ?anoouea Ei?ay, Oaeaaiue, Eiaeey,
Eeoae noiaee iaania/eoue i?iecaiaenoai aieaa aeaoaaie iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee
e iioanieee eeaea?a ia oieueei ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieao, ii e ia
aioo?aiiai ?uiea ssiiiee. E?iia oiai, ?aaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe ?aceiai
nie?auaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo cao?ao ca n/ao oaoie/aneie iiaea?iecaoeee
auee aeiaieueii ia?aie/aiu e o?aaiaaee ia?iiiuo eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao, oae
eae o?iaaiue iiiaeo ia?aaeaeia yiiineie iaoaeeo?aee e oiio a?aiaie aue
iaeei ec naiuo ia?aaeiauo a ie?a. Iai?eia?, caeanue oaea a eiioea 70-o
aiaeia iieiinoueth eeeaeaee?iaaee ia?oaiianeee i?ioeann, a oaeaeueiue
aan iai?a?uaiiai eeouey i?aaunee 90%.
Ai aiaoiae oi?aiaea n ?acaeouie no?aiaie ?anoe?eeanue i?aeoeea
eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eoiuo aa?uea?ia e aeaiieiaiauo i?ioeaaeo?, /oi
oaeaea niinianoaiaaei nie?auaieth yiiineiai i?enoonoaey ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?uieao iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee. Iniaoth ino?ioo i?eia?aee
ioiioaiey n NOA, /ae iaoe?iue ?uiie ia i?ioyaeaiee aeeeoaeueiiai
ia?eiaea aue eneeth/eoaeueii i?eaeaeaoaeueiui aeey yiiineeo eiiiaiee. Ia
oi?aiaeth n ssiiieae e ia/aeo 80-o aiaeia i?eoiaeeeinue ieiei o?aoe
iauae noiiu aiaoiaoi?aiaiai aeaoeoeeoa NOA, /oi niinianoaiaaei ?inoo a
no?aia aioeyiiineeo iano?iaiee, aeoeaii iiaeia?aaaaiuo i?ionithcaie. A
1985a. aaeieieno?aoeey NOA i?aaei?eiyea ia?u aeey oe?aieaiey iiceoeee
naieo yenii?oa?ia ia aiaoieo ?uieao iin?aaenoaii eiio?iee?oaiiai
nieaeaiey eo?na aeieea?a. Yoi i?eaaei e oyaeaeui iineaaenoaeyi aeey
aaaeoueo io?aneae ssiiiee, i?aaeaea anaai /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee. ?acei
iiauneeenue ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa, oiaea i?eaueueiinoue, iaino?eeenue
o?oaeiinoe ni nauoii. ssiiineee yenii?o noaeueiiai i?ieaoa a NOA ca 1976
– 1987aa. oiae ii/oe n 6 iei. o aei 1 iei. o a aiae.
A oeaeii ca 1976 – 1994aa. iauee iauai yiiineiai yenii?oa
iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee nie?aoeeny aieaa /ai a 1,5 ?aca.
Ioaaoiay ?aaeoeey yiiineiai aeciana ia eciaiaiea oneiaee aeeth/aea
neaaeothuea i?eioeeieaeueiua iiiaiou.
Ai-ia?auo – ia?aoiae io oeaiiaie eiieo?aioeee ia ie?iauo ?uieao e
iaoeaiiaui iaoiaeai eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau ia iniiaa aunieiai ea/anoaa,
oi?ioaai ianeoaeeaaiey, i?aaeinoaaeaiey e?aaeeoa e ?ann?i/ee ieaoaaeae,
iaaeaaeiinoe iinoaaie. Yoi, iiaeao auoue, ia caueoeei iieiinoueth
yiiineeo yenii?oa?ia iaoaeea, ii iiiiaei ai?ioueny ca nio?aiaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeiee aia?eeaineiai e aa?iiaeneiai ?uieia a ea/anoaa
naiaia?aciiai ieaoeaea?ia iioaioeeaeueiiai ?anoe?aiey iaoaeeiiinoaaie.
Ai-aoi?uo – onei?aiea aaoiiaoecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa n oeaeueth nieaeaiey
ecaea?aeae a oneiaeyo iaino?aiey eiieo?aioeee, i?aaeaea anaai n
aceaoneeie “oea?aie”. Aaoiiaoecaoeey e eiiiuethoa?ecaoeey iicaieytho
naanoe e ieieioio aeeaie o?oae eae oaeoi? noieiinoe, /oi iaania/eaaao
iiauoaiea eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe. N?aaieoaeueii aunieee oaoiieiae/aneee
o?iaaiue i?iecaiaenoaa (aieueoay aeiey iai?a?uaiuo onoaiiaie, aunieay
eiioeaio?aoeey e eiiaeie?iaaiea, oieoeeaoeey iiiaeo aeaeia
iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee) iaania/eee oi?ioea i?aaeiinueee aeey oe?ieiai
eniieueciaaiey aaoiiaoe/aneeo nenoai eiio?iey e oi?aaeaiey. Yoe
i?ioeannu ?acaeaathony a ?aieao iauaie?iaie oaiaeaioeee i?aa?auaiey
eioi?iaoeee a aaaeiaeoee “iauanoaaiiue ?ano?n”, eniieueciaaiea eioi?iai
oi?ie?oao ea/anoaaiii iiaue o?iaaiue ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa. A ssiiiee
nouiinoue aaoiiaoecaoeee iniciaia aieaa aeoaiei, a oaiiu aa ?acaeoey a
80-a aiaeu auee ai?acaei auoa, /ai a NOA e aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao n eo
neeueiuie i?ionithcaie e aunieei o?iaiai aac?aaioeoeu. A iaoaeeo?aee
ssiiiee oaea e na?aaeeia 80-o aiaeia aeaenoaiaaei ieiei ouny/e e?oiiuo
nenoai eiiieaeniie aaoiiaoecaoeee ?acee/iiai o?iaiy – io ioaeaeueiuo
aa?aaaoia e oeaoia aei aaeeiuo ANO ia o?iaia ei?ii?aoeee.
A-o?aoueeo – aunieea oaiiu eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee yiiineeo ei?ii?aoeee,
/oi a oeaeii niaiaaeaao n iauei aaeoi?ii ?acaeoey ie?iaiai oicyenoaa.
ssiiineea iaoaeeo?ae/aneea eiiiaiee auiinyo i?iecaiaenoai a no?aiu n
aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeie, iai?eia?, a no?aiu THai-Ainoi/iie Acee,
i?aa?auay eo a naiaai ?iaea “i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aaco”, eeai
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a oa no?aiu, eioi?ui iie i?iaeatho i?iaeoeoeeth. Naiaai
?iaea oaiiiaiii noaei, iai?eia?, aiaae?aiea yiiineeo ei?ii?aoeee a
/a?ioth iaoaeeo?aeth NOA, aaea aeiey yiiineiai eaieoaea, ii iaeioi?ui
ioeaieai, i?aauoaao 25%.
Oioy yoe i?ioeannu eiio?iee?iaaeenue ainoaea?noaii ia iniiaa
niioaaonoaothueo caeiiia e i?ia?aii, aeaeaei ia anaaaea oaeaaaeinue
ecaaaeaoue aieaciaiiuo iineaaenoaee aeey oae iacuaaaiuo aeai?anneaiuo
io?aneae, e ?ac?yaeo eioi?uo auea ioianaia e /a?iay iaoaeeo?aey,
iaoeeiiii oa?yaoay ?aioaaaeueiinoue aneaaenoaea ?inoa oeai ia nu?ueaaua
e yia?aaoe/aneea ?ano?nu. E ia/aeo 80-o aiaeia “eceeoiea”
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe a /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee ssiiiee ioeaieaaeenue a
30 – 35 iei. o noaee. Ii iiaieth ?yaea yiiineeo yeiiiienoia, o?iie/aneay
iaaeia?ocea e /anoe/iia oie/oiaeaiea (ne?aie?iaaiea) iniiaiiai eaieoaea
a e?oiiuo io?aneyo, nicaeaiiuo a oa/aiea aeaoo i?aaeuaeoueo
aeanyoeeaoee, yaeythony iaecaaaeiie oeaiie onei?aiiie ia?ano?ieee.
Aeeiaieea yoiai i?ioeanna ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyaony niaoeeoe/aneeie
iniaaiiinoyie iiiiiieenoe/aneie no?oeoo?u yiiineiai oicyenoaa. Caeanue
ainiiaenoaoao ianeieueei iiuiuo iiiaiio?aneaauo oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo
a?oii, aie?oa eioi?uo a?oiie?oaony ianna caaeneiuo n?aaeieo e iaeeeo
eiiiaiee. A /anoiinoe, aaaeouea noaeaieaaeeueiua eiioea?iu iau/ii
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aieiaioth eiiiaieth, eioi?ay iiae/eiyao a?oiio
iaiaa e?oiiuo, ii ?aioaaaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?aa?auay eo a naie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oeaoe. I?aeoe/anee ana e?oiiua ei?ii?aoeee – yoi
iiiaiio?aneaaua i?iecaiaenoaaiii-nauoiaua eiiieaenu. Eiiiaiee-naoaeeeou
iiaoo aanoe nianoaaiioth eiiia?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, ii iiae aeanoeei
oeiainiaui eiio?ieai aieiaiie i?aaiecaoeee. E?iia oiai, yoe eiiiaiee,
iau/ii ?aaioathuea ia n?aaieoaeueii iae?oiiuo caeac/eeia (iai?eia?,
no?ieoaeueiua oe?iu) e auioneathuea i?iaeoeoeeth, eioi?ay ii oai eee
eiui i?e/eiai iaauaiaeia aeey aieiaiie eiiiaiee (iaeeee ni?o, a?iaoo?a),
aanueia /oanoaeoaeueiu e nie?auaieth ni?ina e oaeoe/anee i?eieiatho ia
naay iniiaiie oaea? e?ecena – ia ieo a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue nienuaathony
oauoee anae a?oiie?iaee. A oi aea a?aiy aaaeouea noaeaieaaeeueiua
ei?ii?aoeee no?aiu eiatho nieeaeiue caian i?i/iinoe e ioee/athony
oi?ioae niiniaiinoueth e auaeeaaieth eae /eaiu iiuiuo OIA, oanii
naycaiiua n aaieianeei eaieoaeii.
Iaeaieueooth neiaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeyei nie?auaiea caiyouo a io?anee,
o/eouaay yiiineea o?aaeeoeee, a /anoiinoe nenoaio iiaeeciaiiiai iaeia.
Ca 1970 – 1980aa. a iaoaeeo?aee auei nie?auaii ieiei 30% ?aaioieeia.
“Aeaooneieiay” no?oeoo?a yiiineie i?iiuoeaiiinoe iicaieeea nieceoue
ino?ioo i?iaeaiu ca n/ao ia?aaiaea /anoe oaieueiyaiuo ia aei/a?iea
i?aaei?eyoey oie aea eiiiaiee (oioy e n iioa?ae a iieaoa o?oaea) e oai
naiui ecaaaeaoue nioeeaeueiiai ac?uaa. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio /a?iie
iaoaeeo?aee a oneiaeyo iaaeaiey ni?ina e nie?auaiey i?iecaiaenoaa
oaeaeinue ca oeacaiiue ia?eiae nouanoaaiii nie?aoeoue o?oaeiaua cao?aou
e aeaaea a 1,9 ?aca iiauneoue n?aaeiaio?aneaaie iieacaoaeue
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea.
Eciaiaiea yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee iio?aaiaaei niioaaonoaothuae
ei??aeoe?iaee eiaanoeoeeiiiie iieeoeee iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo ei?ii?aoeee.
Aia?aua ca iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae a ssiiiee ia/aeinue nie?auaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae ioaeaeueiuo ia?aaeaeia, e, /oi iaeaieaa
aaaeii, aic?inea aeiey eaicao?ao ia iiaea?iecaoeeth e ?aeiino?oeoeeth.
Nie?auaiea iiuiinoae inouanoaeyeinue ii ainoaea?noaaiiui iyoeeaoiei
i?ia?aiiai a ?aieao “Caeiia i /?acau/aeiuo ia?ao noaaeeecaoeee
no?oeoo?ii aeai?anneaiuo io?aneae” (1978a.). Ca 1980 – 1990aa. aeiey
cao?ao ia iiaea?iecaoeeth a iaueo io?aneaauo eiaanoeoeeyo aic?inea n 36%
aei ii/oe 70%.
Iaino?aiea i?ioeai?a/ee aini?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna, eaoaeecaoi?ii
eioi?uo noae “iaooyiie oie”, noeioee?iaaei oneeey ii oi?ne?iaaieth
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. Ec anae iannu iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo
aeinoeaeaiee yiiineay yeiiiieea aino?aaiaaea i?aaeaea anaai oa, eioi?ua
iaania/eee iiaea?iecaoeeth nouanoaothueo oaoiieiaee, oniaa?oainoaiaaiea
oa?aeoa?enoee i?iaeoeoeee, nieaeaiea ecaea?aeae. Eae ienae ecaanoiue
yiiineee yeiiiieno I.Ii?eoaie, “IEIE? yoiai oeia /?acau/aeii oi?ioi
iiaeoiaeeo e yiiineiio oaoiieiae/aneiio eeeiaoo”.
Iiaeiaiua oaiiu i?aaeneacuaathony yiiineeie niaoeeaeenoaie e ia
ia?niaeoeao. Aee?aeoi? ssiiineiai oeaio?a yeiiiie/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee
n/eoaao, /oi oaiiu ?acaeoey aoaeoo nio?aiyoueny a i?aaeaeao 5%.
Iaeiaei ana iiciaaony a n?aaiaiee – ia iauai oiia aanueia
ayeiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ae?oaeo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai aeaaea
ioiineoaeueii ne?iiiua oeeo?u yiiineiai ?inoa, iaaethaeaaoeany a
80-a aiaeu auaeyaeyo aanueia aiooeoaeueii (ni oaae. 3).
Oaaeeoea 3
Oaiiu yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa iaeaieaa ?acaeouo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai a ia?eiae 1973-1983 aa. (a %)
No?aia N?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu ?inoa AII
ssiiiey 3,7
NOA 1,9
Aaeeeia?eoaiey 0,8
O?aioeey 2,2
O?A 1,7
Eoaeey 1,2
Eaiaaea 2,6
Aeaiiua oaae. 3 caianaiu a aeeaa?aiio eioi?ay iaaeyaeii iieacuaaao
?acieoeo a oaiiao ?inoa iaaeaeo ?acaeouie eaieoaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie.
Aeeaa?aiia e oaa. 3
2.5. Yeiiiie/aneee ?ino ssiiiee iinea 80-o aiaeia.
Noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi ianiio?y ia
cia/eoaeueiia oooaeoaiea eiiuthieoo?u a ie?iaii eaieoaeenoe/aneii
oicyenoaa, yiiineay yeiiiieea a 80-a aiaeu ?acaeaaeanue aieaa aunieeie
oaiiaie, /ai yeiiiieea no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu e NOA. ssiiiey ii
i?aaeiaio eeaee?oao a oaiiao ?inoa; aa aaeiaue iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo
i?aacioae AII Aiaeee e O?aioeee, aianoa acyouo; a 1984 a. ii
ninoaaee 1233,5 ie?ae. $. Ia?iiiuo ianooaaia aeinoeaea aiaoiyy
oi?aiaey ssiiiee: yenii?o a 1984 a. ninoaaee aieaa 146 iei. $, eiii?o –
aieaa 126 ie?ae. $. ssiiineea oiaa?u ana i?i/iaa caieiatho aaaeouea
iiceoeee ia ie?iaii ?uiea, auoaniyy o?aaee-
oeeiiii eeaee?iaaaoea aia?eeaineea e caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneea ecaeaeey e
ca/anooth aucuaay ii/oe iaie/aneoth ?aaeoeeth eiieo?aioia.
Yeiiiie/aneea iio?ynaiey 70-o aiaeia iinoaaeee ssiiieth
ia?aae iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iiaiai yoaia ?aaeeeaeueiuo no?oeoo?iuo
i?aia?aciaaiee, iineoaeeee iiuiui noeioeii e oe?ieiio inaiaieth
iaoa?eaei- e o?oaeinaa?aaathueo iaoiaeia i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?eniiniaeaiey e eciaieaoeiny oneiaeyi aini?iecaiaenoaa i?ienoiaeeo
i?aaeaea anaai a oi?ia ia?ano?ieee yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia, nooue
eioi?ie iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaia eae ia?aoiae e iiaie iiaeaee ?inoa. A
aai iniiaa eaaeeo ia?ai?eaioaoeey n i?aeiouanoaaiii yenoaineaiuo ia
i?aeiouanoaaiii eioainea iua oi?iu eniieueciaaiey aeaaiuo oaeoi?ia
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey – iniiaiiai eaieoaea, ?aai/ae neeu,
nu?ueaauo e oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia, iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna.
Eiioo?u iiaie iiaeaee iaiaoeeenue oaea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia
70-o aiaeia. Yoi – nieaeaiea oaiiia ?inoa AII, naeaaeeaaiea oiaea
yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea aneaaenoaea na?aecaoeee yeiiiieee, aic?anoaiea
?iee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna eae oaeoi?a oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey,
noaaeeecaoeey io?aneaauo i?iii?oeee i?e oneiaee eioaineaiinoe
naeaeaia ia o?iaia iiaeio?aneae e ioaeaeueiuo i?iecaiaenoa,
iiauoaiey cia/aiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae, no?iyueony ii
i?eioeeio ai?eciioaeueiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea.
A 80-a aiaeu iaiaoiaeeiinoue onei?aiey ia?aoiaea ia iiaoth
iiaeaeue yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey noaea aua aieaa aeooaeueiie. I?aaeaea
anaai ni anae i/aaeaeiinoue iaicia/eeenue i?aaeaeu eieoaoeeiiiie
no?aoaaee yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, eioi?ie ssiiiey neaaeiaaea ni
a?aiai iacaaa?oaiiie ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee (1867-1868).
3. Yeiiiieea ssiiiee naaiaeiy.
A ethaie yeiiiie/aneie nenoaia aeieain?i/iay aeeiaieea
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa naycaia i?aaeaea anaai n inaiaieai iiaiaaaaeaiee.
Aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy, iniaaiii a iineaaiaiiua aiaeu, iao/ii-oaoie/aneay
iieeoeea ssiiiee aace?iaaeanue ia ca einoaiaaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo
aeinoeaeaiee ec-ca ?oaaaea (a oi?ia iieoiea eeoeaicee, nicaeaiey
niaoaiiuo eiiiaiee, o/anoey a iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiuo
enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo i?iaeoao).
Caeinoaoy e niaa?oainoaoy ca?oaaaeioth ia?aaeiaoth oaoiieiaeth,
ssiiiey ia oieueei aeinoeaea ie?iaiai oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy a
aieueoeinoaa io?aneae yeiiiieee, ii e noiaea nicaeaoue iiuiua caaeaeu
ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?aiea oaoiieiaee aoaeouaai. A i?ee-
eaaeiuo enneaaeiaaieyo e ?ac?aaioeao, a oaeaea a oi?aaeaiee
eiiiaaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth ssiiiey iaania/eea naaa ii?aaeaeaiiua
i?aeiouanoaa ia?aae Caiaaeii, ii ana aua ionoaao ii o?iaith ?acaeoey
Ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoee.
Ia iuiaoiae noaaeee yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ssiiiey
ia?acoiii, aea e iaaiciiaeii i?iaeieaeaoue ioaeaaaoue i?ei?eoao
oieueei i?eeeaaeiui enneaaeiaaieyi e ?ac?aaioeai. Ai-ia?auo,
oiaiueoaaony iioie eeoeaicee ia ooiaeaiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaa-
iey, ia aaca eioi?uo iiaoo aaoue naeaeaiu oniaa?oainoaiaaiey.
Caiaaeiua eiiiaiee ana iaiaa neeiiiu i?iaeaaaoue oaeea eeoeaicee
ssiiiee. Ai-aoi?uo, eaii?e?iaaiea ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee
eeoeei yiiineea eiiiaiee aiciiaeiinoe yooae-
oeaiiai iaiaia. A-o?aoueeo, iaeiinoi?iiiyy iieeoeea noeioee?iaaiey
i?eeeaaeiuo enneaaeiaaiee i?eieceea noaoon caiyouo ooiaeaiaioaeueiuie
enneaaeiaaieyie, oiaiueoeea eo aiciiaeiinoe a enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo
iiae?acaeaeaieyo ei?ii?aoeee.
Yoe e ?yae ae?oaeo ?aaeueiinoae yiiineiai “oaoiieiae/aneiai
eeeiaoa” ii?iaeeee /oanoai e?ecena, eioi?ia iieo/eei oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea n?aaee o/aiuo e oaoie/aneeo niaoeeaeenoia a 70-a
aiaeu. A yoe aea aiaeu ?acei iaino?eeenue oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea
i?ioeai?a/ey ssiiiee n NOA e caiaaeii-aa?iiaeneeie no?aiaie. Ia?aae iae
anoaea caaea/a iienea iaoiaeia eniieueciaaiey nianoaaiiuo oaoie/aneeo
aiciiaeiinoae aeey iaania/aiey naiae yeiiiie/aneie aaciianiinoe.
Neaaeoao oaeaea iiae/a?eiooue, /oi a i?ioeanna “iiaiie ca
Caiaaeii” ssiiiey, neaaeoy eieoaoeeiiiie no?aoaaee yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey , eiaea aiciiaeiinoue o/eouaaoue iiuo ae?oaeo no?ai e
naiaa?aiaiii e aeiaieueii yooaeoeaii a?aoue iiae eiio?ieue
iaaeaeaoaeueii aicieeoea yaeaiey.
Aaeeeea yeiiiie/aneea aea?aeaau – Aiaeey, Aa?iaiey, NOA –
iineaaeiaaoaeueii au?aaeenue aia?aae, aoaeo/e iiaaoi?aie a iaeanoe
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. Oieueei ssiiiee oaeaeinue aeiaiaoue e
i?aacieoe aaaeouea eaieoaeenoe/aneea no?aiu, caeinoaoy eo
aeinoeaeaiey.
N 1979 aiaea a ?aieao aaeieieno?aoeaii oeiainiaie ?aoi?iu
ssiiiey i?iaiaeeea iieeoeeo ia?aie/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia n
oeaeueth eeeaeaeaoeee athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa. A ?acoeueoaoa oaiiu
?inoa aioo?aiiaai ni?ina nie?aoeeenue, a ioiineoaeueiue aeeiaieci
?acaeoey ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyeny aiaoiae yeniaineae. ?anoe?aiea
eiaanoeoeee a iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea oaeaea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
yaeeinue neaaenoaeai oaaee/aieai yenii?oa.
Aunieee yenii?oiue ni?in a aieueoie noaiaie noeioee?iaaeny
oeeeee/aneei yeiiiie/aneei iiaeuaiii a NOA. E?iia oiai, “iaooyiie oie”
1979 aiaea ii?iaeee a NOA ii?iaeee ni?in ia iaeieeo?aaeiua yeiiiie/aneea
aaoiiiaeee, eioi?ua aia?e eaineay i?iiuoeaiiinoue a oi a?aiy ia
iiaea i?iecaiaeeoue.
Yoi noaei “eicu?iie ea?oie” aeey yiiineeo yenii?oa?ia.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n 1981 aiaeii, aaeieieno?aoeey ?aeaaia ia/aea iiaeieiaoue
eo?n aeieea?a e i?iaiaeeoue iieeoeeo aunieeo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie n
oeaeueth i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eaieoaeia. Noieiinoue aeieea?a
iiauneeanue n 1985 ii 1985 a. ia 75%. *enoi oai?aoe/anee
aano?aae?oynue io eiiieaena ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia, /oiau nio?aieoue
i?aaeiea eiieo?aioiua iiceoeee ia aioo?aiiai
?uiea, aia?eeaineea oe?iu aeieaeia auee nieceoue ecaea?aeee
i?iecaiaenoaa eee oeaiu ia auioneaaioth i?iaeoeoeeth oaeaea ia 75%.
Iaeiaei naeaeaoue yoi a noieue ei?ioeea n?iee iaaiciiaeii, iiyoiio
aia?eeaineea eiiiaiee ieacaeenue ia?aae eeoeii neeueiaeoaai
eiieo?aioiiai aeaaeaiey ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo oe?i. Iineaaeiea
iieo/eee i?aeiouanoai a oeaia ia aia?eeaineii ?uiea, ?acoeueoaoii /aai
noaei ?aceia oaaee/aiea eo yenii?oa a NOA.
Ia/aeny aani?aoeaaeaioiue yiiineee aoi. Anee aua 1979 e
1980 aa. naeueaei oi?aiaiai aaeaina ssiiiee aaeu io?eoeaoaeueiui, oi a
1981 a. iii noaei iieiaeeoaeueiui, e n oao ii? aeoea no?aieoaeueii
aic?anoae. Ca 1981-1986 aa. noieiinoue yiiineiai yenii?oa a NOA
oaaee/eeinue aieaa /ai aaeaia – n 38,6 ie?ae. aei 80,5 ie?ae. $. Ii
iauaio iinoaaeyaiuo ia aia?eeaineee ?uiie oiaa?ia ssiiiey i?aeoe/anee
n?aaiyeanue n
Eaiaaeie, eioi?ay o?aaeeoeeiiii yaeyaony oi?aiaui ia?oia?ii NOA. Ia
oi?aiaeth n ssiiieae i?eoiaeeony i?eia?ii o?aoue iauae noiiu
aia?eeaineiai aiaoiaoi?aiaiai aeaoeoeeoa, ninoaaeaoaai 1986 a. 152.6
ie?ae, $. Iiyoiio aeaaii aaaeoueany a NOA aeaaaou i ?ac?ooeoaeueiii
oa?aeoa?a eiino?aiiie eiieo?aioeee aeey aia?eeaineie yeiiiieee,
iiaeia?aaaaiua ?inoii aeaoeoeeoa oi?aiaiai aaeaina, i?eia?aee a
iineaaeiea aiaeu y?ei au?aaeaiioth aioeyiiineoth ie?aneo.
Aeoea ssiiiee ii oaeouei n/aoai ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina
(oi?aiaue aaeain iethn naeueaei yenii?oa-eiii?oa oneoa) oaaee/eeny ca
1981-1986 aa. n 5,9 ie?ae. aei 93,8 ie?ae. $. A ia?aie iieiaeia 80-o
aiaeia io 1/4 aei 3/4 ?aaeueiiai i?e?inoa AII no?aiu iaania/eaaeinue
ia iniiaa aiaoiaai ni?ina.
A na?aaeeia 80-o aiaeia ioiioaiea iieiaeeoaeueiiai naeueaei
aaeaina oaeoueo n/aoia e AII ssiiiee aieioioth i?eaeeceeinue e 4%-iie
ioiaoea, i?aaunea ii yoiio iieacaoaeth iineaaiaiiue ?aei?ae NOA (3,7%
a 1947 a.). Iaaeaeo oai nianoaaiiue iiuo ssiiiee 70-o aiaeia
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi aeaaea i?eaeeaeaiea e 2%-iiio ?oaaaeo
iaino?yao oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeai?a/ey.
1986 aiae noae caiaoiie aaoie a yeiiiie/aneie enoi?ee
ssiiiee, iieiaeeaoae eiiaoe yenii?oi?eaioe?iaaiiie iiaeaee ?inoa:
yenii?o aeinoea e?eoe/aneie oi/ee, ca eioi?ie oa?ica aaaaeaiea i?ioea
ssiiiee i?ioaeoeeiienoneeo naieoeee noaea eae ieeiaaea ?aaeueiie.
Aua inaiueth 1985 a. aia?eeaineay aaeieieno?aoeey noaea
i?aaei?eieiaoue niaoeeaeueiua oneeey aeey oe?aieaiey iiceoeee naieo
yenii?oa?ia ia aiaoieo ?uieao. A naioya?a a Iueth-Ei?ea ninoiyeinue
niaauaiea “a?oiiu iyoe” (ieieno?ia oeiainia
NOA, Aiaeee, O?aioeee, O?A e ssiiiee), ii eioi?ui auei ?aoaii
iiieceoue eo?n aeieea?a ii ioiioaieth e aaethoai ae?oaeo ?acaeouo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai. NOA ?ann/eouaaee, /oi a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue i?eaioe?othueony ia
yenii?o io?aneae yiiineie yeiiiieee nieceony, ssiiiey aoaeao auioaeaeaia
ia?ai?eaioe?iaaoueny ia noeioee?iaaiea aioo?aiiaai ni?ina e oe?a ioe?iao
naie ?uiie ?acaeoui eaieoaeenoe/aneei no?aiai.
Iiaay aaethoiay no?aoaaey Aaoeiaoiia, inouanoaeyaiay ii
oi?ioea “neaaue aeieea? – neeueiay Aia?eea”, oaea?eea i?aaeaea anaai
ii eioa?anai ssiiiee. Ii nouanoao, NOA iinoaaeee ssiiieth ia?aae
aeueoa?iaoeaie: eeai iia eiaao yooaeoeaiua ia?u ii aeoeaaoeee
aioo?aiieo enoi/ieeia ?inoa yeiiiieee e oaaee/eo eiii?o aia?eeaineie
i?iaeoeoeee, eeai i?iecieaeao aeoaieia nieaeaiea eo?na aeieea?a, eioi?ia
iaianao na?ueaciue oaea? ii eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe yiiineeo oiaa?ia,
caiaaeeeo oaiiu ?inoa AII.
?acaeoea niauoee n inaie 1985 a. iieacaei, /oi yoi ia aue
i?inoi i/a?aaeiie neiaaniue aeaia?o ?acaiaaaiiiai eiieo?aioa. Iinea
Iueth-Ei?eneie ano?a/e eo?n eaiu ?acei au?in – n i?eaeeceoaeueii 240 eai
aei ii/oe 140 eai ca aeieea? a ia/aea 1986 a. Iaiaeeaeaiiay aeoaeia
iaaeaiey aeieea?a eiaea oyaeaeua iineaaenoaey aeey yiiineie yeiiiieee.
A 1986 a. i?iecioei onei?aiea niaaea, eioi?ue ia/aeny aua a
na?aaeeia 1985 a. Ii eoiaai 1986 a. i?e?ino AII ninoaaee 2,4%
(naiue ieceee n 1974 a.), a iauai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa aia?aua ca
iineaaeiea 11 eao aaniethoii nie?aoeeny ia 0,4%.
Io?aneaaia aicaeaenoaea iiauoaiey eo?na eaiu i?iyaeeinue ii
?aciiio, /oi naycaii n aa?oeeaeueiui oeiii o/anoey ssiiiee a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea (eiii?o i?aeiouanoaaiii nu?uey e
iaoa?eaeia e yenii?o aioiauo ecaeaeee).
Iaaeaiea yenii?oiie au?o/ee a eaiiaii au?aaeaiee a io?aneyo
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena ia auei eiiiaine?iaaii niioaaonoaothuei
nieaeaieai oeai ia eiii?oe?oaiia nu?uea, oiieeai e iieooaa?eeaou.
Aeaei a oii, /oi anee yenii?oiay eaioa yiiineie yeiiiieee a oeaeii
ninoaaeyao 17%, oi a i?iiuoeaiiinoe – ieiei 35%, a a oaea?iii yenii?oiii
caaia, iaoeiino?iaiee, aua auoa. Iai?eia?, ssiiiey auaiceo 89%
aeaeaiiaaieoioiiia, 88% eiie?iaaeueiuo iaoei, 87% /ania, 86%
eanniauo aiia?aoia, 79% iee?iaieiiauo ia/ae, 77% – yeaeo?iiiuo
eaeueeoeyoi?ia. A oeaeii ia i?iaeoeoeeth iaoeiino?iaiey i?eoiaeeony
eiei 80% yiiineiai yenii?oa. I?e oaeie aunieie yenii?oiie eaioa
yiiineia iaoeiino?iaiea /ooei ?aaae?oao ia eciaiaiey aaethoiuo eo?nia.
A yenii?oi?eaioe?iaaiuo io-
?aneyo cia/eoaeueii iiauneeenue ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa, nieceeny
o?iaaiue i?eaueueiinoe, iaino?eeenue o?oaeiinoe nauoa i?iaeoeoeee. A
?acoeueoaoa a oeaeii ii ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?acei oiaee
/anoiua eiaanoeoeee a iaoeiu e iai?o- aeiaaiea (iniaaiii a /a?iie e
oeaaoiie iaoaeeo?aee, noaeino?iaiee, iauai e o?ainii?oiii
iaoeiino?iaiee, oaenoeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe). Na?ueaciue niaae
aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe cao?iioe e oaeea oaeea iaaeaaii i?ioeaaoaaoea
io?anee, eae yeaeo-
?ioaoie/aneay e iieoi?iaiaeieeiaay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
Aunieee eo?n eaiu a iaeaieueoae noaiaie oaea?ee ii
yeiiiie/aneei eioa?anai iaeeeo e n?aaeieo i?iiuoeaiiuo oe?i,
?aaeecothueo cia/eoaeueioth /anoue auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee ia aiaoieo
?uieao (ieiei 60% oaeeo oe?i caoeene?iaaee
oauoee ii eoiaai eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ca 1986 a.).
I?aaeoaeuenoao ssiiiee i?eoeinue aaanoe /?acau/aeiua ieaiu
iiiiue iaeeei e n?aaeiei i?aaei?eyoeyi, ia?aaeeaoei ia?eiae ianniauo
aaie?ionoa. O/eouaay, /oi ia oaeeo i?aaei?eyoeyo caiyoa
iiaeaaeythuay /anoue yiiineeo o?oaeyueony, yoi nicaeaei
na?ueaciua i?aaeiinueee aeey ?inoa aac?aaioeoeu a no?aia. A 1986
a. o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu iinoiyiii iiauoaeny e e iath 1987 a.
aeinoea ?aei?aeiiai ca iineaaeiea 30 eao iieacaoaey – 3,2%. Oaeei
ia?acii, aue i?aauoai “e?eceniue o?iaaiue” aeey ssiiiee (3%).
Iniaaiiinoue iineaaeieo eao ninoieo oaeaea a oii, /oi ?ino aac?aaioeoeu
naycai ia oieueei n eiiuthieoo?iuie oaeoi?aie, ii e n aicaeaenoaeai
nia?aiaiiiai yoaia iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, ianouaai aieueoie
o?oaeinaa?aaathuee iioaioeeae. Iiyoiio aac?aaioeoea cao?iioea e
e?oiiua i?aaei?eyoey, a oii /enea e a aunieioaoiieiae/aneeo io?aneyo.
Iianaiey, /oi niaae iiaeao aucaaoue aeaeueiaeoee ?ino
aac?aaioeoeu, auioaeeee yiiineea i?ionithcu niaeaneoueny eeoue ia
aanueia oia?aiiia iiauoaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou.
Aianoa n oai eiiuthieoo?iue niaae 1986 – ia/aea 1987 a.
i?aeoe/anee ia cao?iioe io?anee, ?aaioathuea ia aioo?aiiee ?uiie,
iniaaiii a iai?iiuoeaiiie noa?a (yeaeo?iyia?aaoeea, no?aoiaaiea,
oeiainu, oneoae e o.ae.). Eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey caeanue i?iaeieaeaee
onoie/eai ?anoe, nio?aiyeanue aunieay eiiuthieoo?a. Aeaaiaea?y
nieaeaieth i?ioeaioiuo noaaie e oaaee/aieth ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee
a yeiiiieeo iaaethaeaeinue iaeeaeaiea a aeeeeuiii no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Iaeiaei aeiey eiaanoeoeee a aeeeuea ninoaaeyao eeoue ieiei 5% AII,
iiyoiio eo ioeueoeieeeaoeaiue yooaeo iaaieueoie. Iiauoaiea eo?na eaiu,
/oi naii ii naaa aaaeao e nieaeaieth oeai ia eiii?oe?oaiua ssiiieae
oiaa?u, niaiaei n iaaeaieai oeai ia iaooue ia ie?iauo ?uieao.
Yoi nicaeaei iiuiue aeaoeyoeeiiiue yooaeo, naea?aeeaaei ?ino
iio?aaeoaeueneeo oeai, noeioee?iaaei ee/iia iio?aaeaiea.
4. Ia?aoiae ia iiaoth iiaeaeue ?acaeoey yeiiiieee ssiiiee ia i?eia?a
/a?iie iaoaeeo?aee.
A /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee aaaeiaeoea iai?aaeaiey oaoie/aneiai iaiiaeaiey auee
naycaiu n ?ano?ninaa?aaeaieai e iaoeaeaiu i?aaeaea anaai ia iiauoaiea
yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia. Cia/aiea
e neiaeiinoue i?iaeaiu iaoneaaeeaathony ia?iiiuie ianooaaaie iio?aaeaiey
oiieeaa e yia?aee a iaoaeeo?ae/aneii i?iecaiaenoaa, a oaeaea
iiiaiia?aciie no?oeoo?ie oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneiai aaeaina io?anee
aneaaenoaea ?aciiia?acey oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia e eo oaniie
oeeeee/aneie acaeiinayce. A ssiiiee ia aeieth /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee, ii
ioeaieai, i?eoiaeeony aei 15% yia?aiiio?aaeaiey anaai oicyenoaa (a NOA,
iai?eia?, anaai 4,5%). Ca n/ao ?acee/iuo oaoiieiae/aneeo e
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee a ssiiiee oaeaeinue ca 1970 – 1990aa.
nie?aoeoue oaeaeueiua yia?aicao?aou ia 1 o noaee aieaa /ai ia o?aoue.
?ano?ninaa?aaeaiea aeeth/aei oe?ieee niaeo? eiiieaeniuo ia?ii?eyoee – io
ioaeaeueiuo oaoie/aneeo oniaa?oainoaiaaiee (iai?eia?, aaeoaaiea
iueaoaieueiie iuee a aeiiaiioth ia/ue eee eniieueciaaiea aoi?e/iiai
oaiea iooiaeyueo aacia) aei e?oiiuo no?oeoo?ii-eiaanoeoee-iiiuo iaiaa?ia
io?aneaaiai ianooaaa (aiaae?aiea iai?a?uaiiai eeouey, yeaeo?iaeoaiaie
ieaaee eee aiaia/iie ia?aaioee noaee). Nie?auaiea yia?aaoe/aneeo cao?ao
i?iecioei a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ca n/ao aieaa aeaoeoeeoiiai aeeaeeiai
oiieeaa, aeiey eioi?iai a io?aneaaii yia?aiaaeaina nie?aoeeanue aieaa
/ai aaeaia. A aeiiaiiii ia?aaeaea ssiiiey yaeyaony i?eciaiiui eeaea?ii
ii oaiiai nieaeaiey oaeaeueiiai ?anoiaea eiena – aaaeiaeoaai iieacaoaey
yia?ainaa?aaeaiey, o/eouaay aai aunieoth noieiinoue e aeaoeoeeoiinoue
aneaaenoaea ia?aie/aiiinoe caiania eienothuaainy oaey.
Aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii yia?aiaieinoe a noaeaieaaeeueiii ia?aaeaea yaeyaony
niioiioaiea yeaeo?iaeoaiaie ieaaee e eenei?iaeii-eiiaa?oa?iiai i?ioeanna
e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, niioiioaiea iniiaiuo aeaeia nu?uey – ne?aia e
aeeaeeiai /oaoia. A iaoaeeo?aee ssiiiee aeiey yeaeo?iaeoaiaie ieaaee ca
1975 – 1990aa. aic?inea aieaa /ai aaeaia, /oi iicaieeei, ai-ia?auo,
nie?aoeoue oaeaeueiua yia?aicao?aou ia 1 o noaee e, ai-aoi?uo,
oaaee/eoue auieaaeo e ?anoe?eoue ni?oaiaio ea/anoaaiiuo noaeae.
A i?ieaoiii ia?aaeaea oe?iei i?aeoeeoaony i?eiaiaiea ?acee/iuo aa?eaioia
eniieueciaaiey oaiea iai?a?uaiieeouo caaioiaie. Ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iui
niiniaii (iai?a?uaiia eeouea – ioeaaeaeaiea caaioiaie – iaa?aa –
i?ieaoea) i?e eniieueciaaiee “ai?y/aai iinaaea” (o.a. n i?iiaaeooi/iui
iiaeia?aaii caaioiaie ia?aae i?ieaoeie) oaeaeueiue ?anoiae yia?aee
nieaeaaony ia 30%, a i?e eniieueciaaiee i?yiie i?ieaoee (aac iiaeia?aaa)
– ii/oe ia 80%. A ssiiiee e ia/aeo 90-o aiaeia ia caaiaeao iieiiai
oeeeea oaeaeueiue aan i?yiie i?ieaoee a i?iecaiaenoaa ai?y/aai i?ieaoa
ninoaaee ieiei 15%, a i?ieaoee n “ai?y/aai iinaaea” – aieaa 60%.
Aeaaiaea?y oe?ieiio aiaae?aieth iai?a?uaiiai eeouey caaioiaie (ieiei 98%
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy) ?anoiae noaee ia 1 o i?ieaoa a ssiiiee ninoaaeyao
1030 – 1040 ea, /oi i?eia?ii ia 25% iaiueoa, /ai a NOA e no?aiao
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
Aeaaea a naiua ino?ua iiiaiou io?aneaaiai e?ecena iaoaeeo?ae/aneea
eiiiaiee ssiiiee nio?aiyee aunieoth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a ?acaeoee
enneaaeiaaiee e ?ac?aaioie. Anee a ia/aea 80-o aiaeia oanoue aaaeoueo
ei?ii?aoeee o?aoeee ia yoe oeaee ieiei 1,5% iai?ioa, oi a ia?aie
iieiaeia 90-o yoe cao?aou aic?inee aei 2,5 – 3%. Caiaoii oaaee/eeanue e
/eneaiiinoue ia?niiaea enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo iiae?acaeaeaiee. I?e yoii a
iineaaeiea aiaeu caiaoii aic?in eioa?an ei?ii?aoeee e ooiaeaiaioaeueiui
enneaaeiaaieyi, aeey /aai i?eaeaeathony aaaeouea oieaa?neoaou no?aiu.
Yoiio niinianoaotho ?acee/iua ia?u ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee,
aeaaiui ia?acii a aeaea eueaioiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e e?aaeeoiaaiey
IEIE?.
Eae e a ae?oaeo ?acaeouo no?aiao, a ssiiiee neiaeeeinue /aoeia e
aeiaieueii aeaeia ?aca?aie/aiea ooieoeee iaaeaeo aaeieieno?aoeaiui
oi?aaeaieai e aeaenoaeai ?uii/iuo iaoaieciia. Ioaeaaay ?uieo oa noa?u,
aaea ii ieacuaaaony a ninoiyiee oniaoii ?ani?aaeaeyoue ?ano?nu e
?aaoee?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai, ainoaea?noai nin?aaeioa/eaaao naie oneeey
ia auiieiaiee niaoeeoe/aneeo, i?enoueo oieueei aio ooieoeee:
i?iecaiaenoai iauanoaaiiuo oneoa, iiaeaea?aeaiea aaaeiuo
ia?iaeii-oicyenoaaiiuo i?iii?oeee, auaeaeaiea e iiaeaea?aeea
i?ei?eoaoiuo io?aneae, ?aaoee?iaaiea e aaeain eioa?ania nioeeaeueiuo
a?oii.
Cia/eoaeueiue iiai?io a i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa a 80-a aiaeu
a nayce n iiaie aieiie IOI aue iai?aaeai ia oneeaiea ?uii/iuo i?eioeeiia
n oii?ii ia eieoeeaoeau /anoiiai naeoi?a. Ainoaea?noai iooiaeeo io
io?aneaauo i?eioeeiia oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, iioeae?oy yoi oai,
/oi no?oeoo?ioth ia?ano?ieeo inouanoaeytho i?aaeaea anaai naie oe?iu,
noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe eioi?uo ia ia?aie/eaaaony i?iiuoeaiiui
i?iecaiaenoaii a aeaiiie io?anee. Oioy noaaea aeaeaaony ia oneeey
/anoiuo oe?i, caeioa?aniaaiiuo a iiauoaiee eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe
i?iaeoeoeee, iaeiaei a oneiaeyo aeanoaaeeecaoeee yeiiiieee ainoaea?noai
nio?aiyao ca niaie oi?aaeaiea i?ioeannii niaaea e i?ioeannii ?inoa
io?aneae. Oae, ia/eiay n eiioea 70-o aiaeia, i?aaeoaeuenoai
iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?eiyei na?eth caeiiia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ?aaoee?iaaiea
ia?ano?ieee aeai?anneaiuo io?aneae, a oii /enea e /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee.
A /anoiinoe, i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue iiyoaiiay noaaeeecaoeey io?anee iooai
nie?auaiey i?iecaiaenoaa e iiuiinoae, noaneaee?iaaiea IEIE? a iaeanoe
?ano?ninaa?aaeaiey, iiaeaea?aeea eiaanoe?iaaiey a iiaua noa?u,
ii?aaeaeaiiua aa?aioee a i?aaeinoaaeaiee eueaioiuo e?aaeeoia e niya/aiey
nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee.
Yoe i?iaeaiu ?aoaeenue i?e iiiiue oae iacuaaaiuo aeai?anneaiuo ea?oaeae
e ea?oaeae ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee – a?aiaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee oe?i aeey
i?iaaaeaiey niaeaniaaiiie iieeoeee ii eeeaeaeaoeee eceeoieo iiuiinoae,
ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee, nicaeaiey aei/a?ieo oe?i,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee e o.ae. Iiaay i?iiuoeaiiay iieeoeea
nouanoaaiii iaiyao oa?aeoa? ?uii/iie eiieo?aioeee aioo?e no?aiu, oae eae
iiauoaaony caeioa?aniaaiiinoue eiiiaiee a eiiia?aoeee e a iauaaeeiaiee
i?ioea aiaoieo eiieo?aioia. I?e yoii aic?anoaao cia/aiea oaoiieiaee
iaaeio?aneaaiai i?eiaiaiey, ?uiee oi?ie?othony ia oieueei a ?aieao
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae, ii oaeaea ia eo noueao. Oaeay aeeaa?neoeeaoeey
i?iecaiaenoaa iicaieyao eiiiaieyi aieaa aeaei ?aaae?iaaoue ia eciaiaiea
iauanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae e eiiuthieoo?o ?uiea, ?ann?aaeioi/eoue ?ene
inaiaiey iiaie i?iaeoeoeee, oeaeaiai?aaeaiii aanoe iaiiaeaiea e
ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa.
Ii/oe ana aaaeouea noaeaieaaeeueiua ei?ii?aoeee ssiiiee ia ?oaaaea 90-o
aiaeia nouanoaaiii nie?aoeee i?iecaiaenoai o?aaeeoeeiiiie
iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeee e inaieee auione iiauo i?iaeoeoia: oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia
(a /anoiinoe, oeoaiiauo e aethieieaauo nieaaia), iaoaeeiea?aieee,
eiiiiceoia, iieoi?iaiaeieeia, yeaeo?iiiuo eiiiiiaioia, oeie/aneeo
iaoa?eaeia. Iieiinoueth nio?aieea iaoaeeo?ae/aneoth niaoeeaeecaoeeth
oieueei “Iennei noee” – aaaeouee i?iecaiaeeoaeue eenoiaiai i?ieaoa ec
ei??iceiiiinoieeeo noaeae, eioi?ua eiatho aeiaieueii noaaeeueiue e
aeinoaoi/ii aunieee ?uii/iue ni?in. Aanueia i?eaeaeaoaeueiie noa?ie aeey
iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo ei?ii?aoeee yaeyaony no?ieoaeuenoai. Oae, “Ieiiii noee”
iaaeaaii ?aaeeciaaea nianoaaiiue i?iaeo nii?oaeaiey oieeaeueiiai
70-yoaaeiiai Eeoaeneiai aaiea (Bank of China) a Aiieiiaa e a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy o/anoaoao a no?ieoaeuenoaa Iaoeeiiaeueiiai oeaio?a ?acaea/aiee e
aeinoaa a Oieei.
4.1.Ia?ano?ieea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie noa?u i?e ia?aoiaea ia iiaoth
iiaeaeue yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa.
Niaia iiaeaee yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa i?eaaea e aeoaieie ia?ano?ieea
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie noa?u, eioi?ay ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai iineaaiaiiiai
ia?eiaea ea?aea ia?iiioth ?ieue a yeiiiie/aneii ?acaeoee yiiineiai
oicyenoaa. Aeaaiui oaeoi?ii yaeeinue eciaiaiea niioiioaiey iaaeaeo
yenii?oii oiaa?ia e yenii?oii eaieoaea ca n/ao auno?iai ?inoa
iineaaeiaai iieacaoaey. I?eia?ii yaeythony ioiioaiey n iiauie
eiaeono?eaeueiuie no?aiaie Acee. Iaeei ca ae?oaei ia?aaeaao ssiiiey a
yoe no?aiu “ieaeiea yoaaee” naiae i?iiuoeaiiie no?oeoo?u (aeaaiui
ia?acii nu?ueaaieea io?anee), ?acaeaay ia naiae oa??eoi?ee ana aieaa e
aieaa neiaeiua i?iecaiaenoaa. N eaaeaeui aiaeii ?anooo iinoaaee ec yoeo
no?ai a ssiiieth ?acee/iuo oiaa?ia (oaenoeeue, iaoaeeii?iaeoeoeey,
oeioaeia?aiey, iaeioi?ua aeaeu yeaeo?ioaoieee e iaoeiino?iaiey),
i?iecaiaenoai eioi?uo a ssiiiee nie?auaaony. Yoi aaaeao, a naith
i/a?aaeue, e nieaeaieth aaica nu?uey e yia?ai?ano?nia aeey auionea yoeo
oiaa?ia. A oi aea a?aiy oneeeeenue eioaa?aoeeiiiua eiioaeou ssiiiee n
?acaeouie no?aiaie, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue NOA. Ia aeieth aia?eeaineie
yeiiiieee i?eoiaeeony naaiaeiy ieiei 40% anao ca?oaaaeiuo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ssiiiee. Yoi niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth e oaeoaeaieth
?acee/iuo oi?i i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee iaaeaeo oe?iaie.
Iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai yaeyaony oaea oiiiyiooue i?eia? n /a?iie iaoaeeo?aeae
NOA, ?acaeoea eioi?ie a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaiciiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue aac
yiiineeo eiaanoeoeee e yiiineie oaoiieiaee.
Iiaeoaeeeaaaiua aeanoeeie ?aaeeyie ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, yiiineea
iaoaeeo?ae/aneea eiiiaiee i?enooieee e aeoeaiie ia?ano?ieea naiae
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u e oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeee. Ia?yaeo n
aeanoeeie ia?aie ii ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa auee inouanoaeaiu
e?oiiua eiaanoeoeee a IEIE?, ia iniiaa eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony
iiaea?iecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa e ?anoe?aiea i?iaeoeoiaie
no?oeoo?u; ?acei oaaee/eaathony ianooaau ca?oaaaeiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa i?e ioiineoaeueiii nie?auaiee yenii?oiuo
iia?aoeee. Yoe i?ioeannu aeaeaei ia caeii/aiu, /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee
i?aaenoieo aua aeiaieueii neiaeiue iiene naiaai ianoa a iaiiaeyaiie
no?oeoo?a yiiineiai oicyenoaa e a iiaie nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
?acaeaeaiey o?oaea. I?e yoii /a?iay iaoaeeo?aey ssiiiee, ii-aeaeeiiio,
aua aeinoaoi/ii aeieai aoaeao nio?aiyoue ?ieue ie?iaiai eeaea?a (ai
anyeii neo/aa, a iaic?eiie ia?niaeoeaa ?aaeueiuo eiieo?aioia, ca
eneeth/aieai Eeoay, ia aeaeii). Iiaeao auoue, a iuiaoieo oneiaeyo aeey
iaeaiueeie ino?iaiie aea?aeaau ?ieue eeaea?a a ?ano?niaieii e
yeieiae/anee iaaaciianiii i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony ioithaeue ia
i?ei?eoaoiie e aeaaea ia?aiaieoaeueiie. Iaaa?iia, iiaeii auei ii i?eia?o
AN acyoue eo?n ia aieaa ?aceia nie?auaiea io?aneaaiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaeiaei ?oeiaiaenoai no?aiu, ia iao acaeyae, i?eiyei aanueia ?acoiioth
i?iiuoeaiioth iieeoeeo, iai?aaeaiioth ia iinoaiaiioth, ouaoaeueii
i?iaeoiaiioth aaeaioaoeeth io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u e iiaui oneiaeyi,
auoaeathuoth ec eiaeee e iio?aaiinoae no?oeoo?iie ?ai?aaiecaoeee anae
yeiiiieee no?aiu, ia/eiay n nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey, acaeiiioiioaiey
ainoaea?noaa e aeciana e ia?aca aeecie ianaeaiey.
5. Io?eoeaoaeueiua iiiaiou «ssiiineie iiaeaee» ?acaeoey yeiiiieee a
aiaeeca auaoaai niaaoieea Ainaeaia?oaiaioa NOA ii aii?inii iieeoeee,
noa?oaai iao/iiai nio?oaeieea Niaaoa ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ioiioaieyi
?iaa?o A. Iaiieia.
Oai, eoi ia neaaeeo ca ?acaeoeai neooaoeee a ssiiiee, cayaeaiea
yiiineiai i?aiuea?-ieieno?a ?thoa?i Oaneiioi, naeaeaiiia a i?ioeii
ianyoea, iiaei iieacaoueny iinooieii, aeinoieiui eeaea?a. A cayaeaiee
aiai?eeinue i nie?auaiee iaeiaia ia 15 ie?ae. aeieea?ia n oeaeueth
iaeeaeaiey ayeie yiiineie yeiiiieee. “Iaeuecy aeiionoeoue
?ani?ino?aiaiey ia/aaoaainy a ssiiiee e?ecena ii anaio ie?o”, – niaei
cayaee i?aiuea?-ieieno?. E niaeaeaieth, a ssiiiee oi?ia e niaea?aeaiea –
aaue ca/anooth ?aciua.
Nooue i?iaeaiu caeeth/aaony a iianaieyo, ia eioi?ua iaiaeioe Oaneiioi:
aceaoneee e?ecen i?eaae e naiie ianoaaeeueiie ca iineaaeiea 60 eao
neooaoeee a ie?iaie yeiiiieea, a 70% yeiiiieee thai-ainoi/iie Acee – yoi
ssiiiey. Ianiio?y ia ana iiiuoee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaethoiiai oiiaea
iioooeoue iiaea? a yeiiiieea n?aaee no?ai thai-ainoi/iie Acee, aei oao
ii?, iiea oeiainiaay nenoaia ssiiiee ia i?eaeao a ii?io, iiea ia
ca?aaioaao aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, iieiiai
aucaei?iaeaiey yeiiiieee yoeo no?ai ia i?iecieaeao.
Oi, /oi iu iaaethaeaai nae/an – yoi aaiiey “yiiineie iiaeaee”, eioi?ay
i?ae?anii ?aaioaea, eiaaea ssiiiey iaae?aea neeo, e eioi?ay iieiinoueth
en/a?iaea naay e ianoiyuaio iiiaioo. Noaeeoa naie: ca oanoue eao
n?aaeiee o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa aaeaa ninoaaeyao 1%, eaia
i?iaeieaeaao iaanoeaieaaoueny, ae?aeaaie eiaeaen Ieeeae no?aieoaeueii
iaaeaao e aai cia/aiey oaeiau, /oi aua ianeieueeei e?oiiaeoei aaieai
a?iceo ?aci?aiea. Ineaaeaiea iiceoeee ssiiiee noaiiaeony ana aieaa
i/aaeaeiui, e aianoa n yoei ana aieaa yaiie noaiiaeony oa?ica
yeiiiie/aneiai niaaea ai anai ie?a.
Iiiuoee “naeaaeeoue” aia/aoeaiea, /oi yiiineay yeiiiieea ia?aaeeaaao
e?ecen, i?aaei?eiyou ia i?ioeie iaaeaea yiiineei ieieno?ii
yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey Eiaee Iie, eioi?ue cayaee, /oi ninoiyiea
yiiineeo aaieia ii?iaeueiia e /oi iiiuoee ioiaiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey oniaoiu – yoi neaaea iaiiieiaei oeieo Aeueo?aaea Y.
Iuethiaia ii auoiaeo ec e?eceniuo neooaoeee, anee ia “Aeeno a no?aia
/oaean”. Aieaa /ai i/aaeaeii, /oi Oaneiioi neeai ia neiaao, a ana aai
iiiuoee iiaee?aieoue naie neiaa aeaeii iiea oa?iyo iici?iia ii?aaeaiea.
Ai?ueeay i?aaaea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ssiiiey, eiathuay aoi?oth ii
aaee/eia yeiiiieeo a ie?a (a 13 ?ac aieueooth, /ai o Ei?ae), noieo ia
iiceoeeyo iieiiai io?eoeaiey, ia?ooay oai naiui i?aaeei ?1 aeey
/aeiaaea, eioi?ue, ?aaioay eiiaoie, nai i/ooeeny a yia. Yoi i?aaeei
aeaneo: ia?anoaiue eiiaoue!
Eia/a eae iauynieoue ?aoaiea Oieei naeaeaoue iiaeaaeeo aeey iaeioi?uo
aaieia i?e aaaaeaiee iiauo i?aaee eaieoaeecaoeee, eioi?ua anooiyo a neeo
oaea a eiioea ia?oa. E eae iauynieoue ianoie/eainoue, n eioi?ie Oieei
iiaeaea?aeeaaao oaoeea oeiainiaua einoeooou, aianoi oiai, /oiau
aeiaeoueny eiino?oeoeaiie ioiaiu eiiaiaeii-oeiainiai-ei?ii?aoeaiie
?ai?aaiecaoeee iooai ?ani?iaeaaee aeoeaia e acyoey iiae no?aaeo
i?anooiieeia, /oi auei i?iaeaeaii a Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao ai a?aiy
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiiai e?ecena 80-o aa.
Ieiei 300 ie?ae. aeieea?ia (caieaeaiiay ioeoeeaeueiay oeeo?a a ianoiyuee
iiiaio ninoaaeyao 235 ie?ae. e iinoiyiii ?anoao) a i?in?i/aiiuo nnoaeao
ieeoaea ia aeaioony. Iiaue ieai ?aeaieoaeecaoeee, ?ac?aaioaiiue
Ieienoa?noaii oeiainia e o/eouaathuee noiio a 98 ie?ae. aeieea?ia,
nei?aa anaai ia ?aoeo i?iaeaio, a oieueei oneiaeieo aa. A i?e eiaeaena
Ieeeae ieaea 15000 aaieianeea ii?ooaee i?iaeieaeao iaanoeaieaaoueny.
Yoi cia/eo, /oi aaiee, /oiau oaeiaeaoai?eoue naie iio?aaiinoe a
eaieoaea, aoaeoo auioaeaeaiu nie?aoeoue e?aaeeou, a yoi i?eaaaeao e
ineaaeaieth yeiiiieee e e ianiiniaiinoe nienaoue i?in?i/aiiua nnoaeu; a
eoiaa ii?i/iue e?oa caieiaony. Iinea oanoe eao ieceiai yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa, ianiio?y ia aan/eneaiiua “i?ia?aiiu ?aoi?i”, noaei i/aaeaeiui,
/oi a neiaeeaoaeny ea?oeia /oi-oi ia oae.
Eae iauynieoue caiaoioth iieeoe/aneoth ianneaiinoue ssiiiee? A naiue
?acaa? niauoee aaaeouay iiiiceoeeiiiay ia?oey ssiiiee naii?anionoeeanue,
inoaaea iinea naay a?oiio iaeeeo ia?oee, iuoathueony nicaeaoue aaeeiue
o?iio. Iinea oiai, eae e aeanoe a 1995 a. aiiaue i?eoea
eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey (a 1993 a. iia iioa?yea aeanoue
aia?aua ii/oe ca ni?ie eao), iieeoe/aneay ia?ano?ieea a ssiiiee,
cao?aaeaathuay e yeiiiieeo, eaeao /a?aiaoueei oiaeii. Ioeoaea aea
aeieaeii enoiaeeoue aeaaeaiea, niiniaiia iiaeaeaiooue i?aayuoth EAeI ia
i?eiyoea aieaciaiiuo ia?, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey caeiaeaiey iniia iiaiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa?
Oae e oi/aony i?iaanoe aiaeiaeth n i?aaeiae yiiineie eiia?aoi?neie
a?ieae: iaeioi?ua ec aa aunoeo ioeoea?neeo /eiia ia caoioaee ai a?aiy
Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu oaeaeaoue ia ?ieiaia i?aaeia/a?oaiea aeaaea iinea
oiai, eae oa/aiea iiaa?ioeinue i?ioea ssiiiee. Iaaeaaii auei
i?ioeeoe?iaaii auneacuaaiea Yenoea Naeaeeaa?u, caianoeoaey ieieno?a
oeiainia ssiiiee e y?iai caueoieea yiiineie iiaeaee eaieoaeecia. Ii
neacae, /oi ia aeiionoee au ?aci?aiey ie iaeiie e?oiiie yiiineie
eiiiaiee. Naeaeeaa?a i?eiaaeeaaeeo iiiai ?aaio, a eioi?uo ?anienuaathony
aeinoieinoaa ssiiiee e iaaeinoaoee caiaaeiuo eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?ai.
Oiaaea aii?in iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue oae: oaaoeo ee o yeiiiie/aneeo
iaaiaoia Oieei, eioi?ua, iaaei ioiaoeoue, a iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae
iiaeiyee naith no?aio aei caiaea/iuo aunio, oaeoa e ioae?inoe i?eiyoue
iiaua oi?iu, iineaaeothuea ca na?ueaciie oeiainiaie ?ai?aaiecaoeeae?
Iicaieyo ee iie e?oiiaeoei aaieai ?aci?eoueny, ?ac?aoao ee iieiinoueth
oi?acaeieoue oaeiaioth nenoaio Eae?aoeo e aeaaeoo ee naiaiaeo ?uii/iui
neeai?
Anee eiaeaen “Ieeeae” iionoeony ieaea 13000, ioaao ia yoio aii?in
aeaaeoo oeaio?iaaaeiua neeu a yeiiiieea ssiiiee. Ii iiea yoi neo/eony
Niaaeeiaiiua Ooaou, aiciiaeii, eniuoatho ?aceee oi?aiaue aeaoeoeeo, oae
eae ssiiiey iiaeao iiiuoaoueny ?aoeoue naie i?iaeaiu ca n/ao yenii?oa, e
ana yoi ia aiai?y oaea i i?iaeieaeaiee aceaoneiai e?ecena, ia
yeiiiie/aneii niaaea a ssiiiee e o. ae.
A eiioea eiioeia, iao ae?oaie ?aaeueiie aeueoa?iaoeau aeey ssiiiee e?iia
i?eiyoey iiaanoee, ninoiyuae anaai ec o?ao ioieoia: aeaeueiaeoaai
nieaeaiey iaeiaia a oeaeyo noeioee?iaaiey aioo?aiiaai ni?ina, ono?aiaiey
i?iaeaiu i?in?i/aiiuo nnoae e ioiaiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a
yeiiiieea. Anee ssiiiey oi/ao noaoue e?oiiaeoae aea?aeaaie a ?aaeiia eee
a ie?a (ia aiai?y oaea i?i iinoiyiiia ianoi a Niaaoa aaciianiinoe III),
iia aeieaeia anoaoue ia i?i/iua ?aeuenu e aacoe ca niaie iiacae
eeaea?noaa, aoaeo/e aai eieiiioeaii.
Anee aiaiiay ?ieue Oieei i/a?/aia noaoueae 9 ie?iie eiinoeoooeee
ssiiiee, oi yeiiiie/aneay e iieeoe/aneay aeeciue ia eiatho ia?aie/aiee.
Aaeeinoaaiiui oi?iicii no?aiu yaeythony iaaeeeoaeueiinoue e io?eoeaiea.
6. CAEETH*AIEA
Iiiaia a yiiineie i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeea ii?aaeaeyaony naiaia?aciie
iaoeeiiaeueiie niaoeeoeeie e, ii-aeaeeiiio, ia iiaeao auoue iieiinoueth
aini?iecaaaeaii a eiuo oneiaeyo. Iaeiaei cia/eoaeueiay /anoue oiai, /oi
i?iaa?aii e iiaeoaa?aeaeaii i?aeoeeie yoie no?aiu, iiaeao auoue
aini?eiyoi a ea/anoaa iieaciiai e iio/eoaeueiiai iiuoa.
I?e ?anniio?aiee aii?ina «ssiiineie iiaeaee» ?acaeoey yeiiiieee y?ei
aeaeiu iieiaeeoaeueiua iiiaiou , ii oioaeinue au e ioiaoeoue iiaiey
neaioeeia. N iiaieai aini. ?iaa?oa A. Iaiieia iiaeii eiia/ii ia
niaeaneoueny, ii nooue eaaeaeie i?iaeaiu aeieaeia auoue inaauaia ni anao
noi?ii.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCOAIIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. ssiiiey 1988. Aaeaaiaeiee.-I.:Iaoea
2. ssiiineee ia?aaeien: (?aaeueiinoe e i?ioeai?a/ey ea-
ieoaeenoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey)/A.C.Ieeueia?,
E.N.Ieaeiee, N.A.?iaeiei.-I.:Iuneue,1985
3. No?aiu ie?a: E?aoeee iieeo.-yeii. ni?aai/-
iee.-I.:Iieeoecaeao, 1989.
4. ssiiiey. ?aaeiiaeueiay no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee./Iiae
?aae. A.ss.Auai?iiaa.-I.:Iaoea, 1987.
?iaa?o A. Iaiieia, Ii iaoa?eaeai na?ee noaoae «O?oaeii auoue aiaii». –
1998 aiae.
Ii iaoa?eaeai aacaou “Iaoaeeu Aa?acee” – 1998 aiae
NIAeA?AEAIEA:
1.Iniiaiua iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneea e enoi?e/aneea aeaiiua. Iaeioi?ua
iiiaiou enoi?ee ssiiiee.
N. 1
2. Oaiiiai yiiineie yeiiiieee. N. 4
2.1. I?iiuoeaiiay iieeoeea iineaaiaiiie ssiiiee N. 4
2.2. Yeiiiieea ssiiiee ia/aea 70-o aiaeia. Eaeae ia?aoiaea e
eiiio
oeio yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa. N. 5
2.3. Yeiiiie/aneea e?ecenu na?aaeeiu 70-o aiaeia e ia/aea 80-o
aiaeia. N. 6
2.4. Aiaoiea oaeoi?u aeeyaoea ia nieaeaiea oaiiia
yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa. N. 7
2.5. Yeiiiie/aneee ?ino ssiiiee iinea 80-o aiaeia. N. 11
3. Yeiiiieea ssiiiee naaiaeiy. N. 12
4. Ia?aoiae ia iiaoth iiaeaeue ?acaeoey yeiiiieee ssiiiee ia
i?eia?a
/a?iie iaoaeeo?aee. N. 17
4.1. Ia?ano?ieea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie noa?u i?e ia?aoiaea ia
iiaoth
iiaeaeue yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa. N. 20
5. Io?eoeaoaeueiua iiiaioa «ssiiineie iiaeaee» ?acaeoey
yeiiiieee a aiaeeca niaaoieea Ainaeaia?oaiaioa NOA ii aii?inai iieeoeee,
noa?oaai iao/iiai nio?oaeieea Niaaoa ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ioiioaieyi
?iaa?oa A. Iaiieia. N. 21
6. Caeeth/aiea. N. 24
7. Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u. C. 25
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