Oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa.
No?oeoo?a eeanne/aneiai ?uiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa e iniaaiiinoe aai
aic?iaeaeaiey a ?inneeneie yeiiiieea. Aeaeu aeioiaeia e nianoaaiiinoue
ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iniaaiiinoe oi?ie?iaaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ii iniiaiui oaeoi?ai
i?iecaiaenoaa. ?uii/iay oeaia oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa e aeaeu iiiiiieee
ia yeiiiie/aneea ?ano?nu.
Caeii acaeiicaiauaiey e oeaia yeiiiie/aneeo ?ano?nia. Oneiaea ?aaiiaaney
oe?iu.
AAAAeAIEA.
Ethaia i?aaei?eyoea ia ?uiea aunooiaao a aeaoo ?ieyo: eae i?iaeaaaoe
nicaeaiiiai oiaa?a e eae iieoiaoaeue oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa (caiee,
o?oaea, eaieoaea).
Oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie niaieoiiinoue,
acaeiinaycaiioth nenoaio eniieueciaaiey yeiiiie/aneeo ?ano?nia a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna.
Eae i?iaeaaaoe naiae i?iaeoeoeee oe?ia auoiaeeo ia ?uiie oiaa?ia; eae
iieoiaoaeue ?ano?nia – ia ?uiie oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. Eaeiau
iiaaaeai/aneea iniaaiiinoe oe?iu eae i?iaeaaoea? Aai aeaaiue eioa?an a
niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i?aaeeiaeaiey – i?iaeaoue aieueoa i?iaeoeoeee ii
aieaa aei?iaie oeaia. I?e aunieie oeaia i?iaeoeoeee oe?iu oaaee/eaatho
naia i?iecaiaenoai e i?aaeeiaeaiea ia ?uiea.
Ia ?uiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoey aunooiatho eae iineoaee
ni?ina e no?aoaaee iieoiee iaiaoiaeeiuo ?ano?nia eae iiaeii aeaoaaea.
Iiaaaeaiea oe?iu eae iieoiaoaey a oeaeii iienuaaaony oaea ecaanoiui
caeiiii ni?ina: aieueoa iieoiie ?ano?nia ii aieaa ieceei oeaiai.
Eoiea oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa e i?aaieciaaa i?ioeann ecaioiaeaiey oiaa?a,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue aiineaaenoaee iieo/eo aeioiae io i?iaeaaee aioiauo
ecaeaeee. Aeioiae yoio ?ani?aaeaeyaony a ii?aaeaeaiiie caaeneiinoe io
oiai, neieueei e eaeeo oaeoi?ia eniieueciaaii. Aaee/eia ca?aaioiie ieaou
caaeneo io eiee/anoaa aeiaeaiiiai o?oaea (?aai/ae neeu); ?aioa – io
aaee/aiu noieiinoe eniieuecoaiiai caiaeueiiai o/anoea; i?ioeaio e
i?eaueue – io aaee/eiu i?eaaaeaiiiai a aeaenoaea eaieoaea.
Eiaiii i?iecaiaenoai (aaee/eia ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa) ii?aaeaeyao e
no?oeoo?o iieoiie oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iiaeii iaiyoue iyoue eee ia oo aea noiio eoieoue iaeei noaiie. *oi
aieaa auaiaeii aeey i?aaei?eyoey? Ia yoio aii?in iiaeii ioaaoeoue,
oieueei n?aaieaay cao?a/aiiua ecaea?aeee n iieo/aiiui ?acoeueoaoii.
Iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe ?uiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa a
nia?aiaiiie ?innee.
Aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiay nenoaia oicyenoaiaaiey eiaea
aeaoi?ie?iaaiiue ?uiie oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. Ana aii?inu
oeaiiia?aciaaiey ?aoaeenue oeaio?aeeciaaiii e yaeyeenue i?a?iaaoeaie
ieaie?othueo i?aaiia. Caiey ia i?iaeaaaeanue e ia iieoiaeanue.
I?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu (n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa) auaeaeyeenue a
?acia?ao, ii?ie i?aauoathueo iio?aaiinoe caaiaeia, n caianii, eioi?ue
iioii aiee e ?aeaaae ia neeaaeao, a oi e i?inoi iiae ioe?uoui iaaii.
Oicyenoaiaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaey auei naaaeaii ia iao ionoonoaeai
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoueth ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa e eiieo?aioeee.
?aai/ea ia /oanoaiaaee naay ?aaeueiuie oicyaaaie i?aaei?eyoey,
ca?aaioiay ieaoa oeene?iaaiiie e ia noeioee?iaaea auione
aeiiieieoaeueiie i?iaeoeoeee.
Iiaay yeiiiie/aneay no?aoaaey nia?aiaiiiai, ?uii/iiai ?acaeoey ?innee
i?aaeiieaaaao i?eaioe?iaaiea ia naiaiaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
niiniaiiai ia oieueei ioeaieoue, eaeea ?ano?nu iaiaoiaeeiu, ii e
i?in/eoaoue, eaeia eo ni/aoaiea iaania/eo oe?ia iaeiaiueoea ecaea?aeee e
iaeaieueoee aeioiae.
Ii iiea oaeay a ?innee oieueei oi?ie?oaony. Ieieiecaoeey ecaea?aeae a
oneiaeyo eioeyoeee e?aeia cao?oaeiaia. Caeii caiauaiey oaeoi?ia aieaa
aeaoaauie aeieaeai iie?aoueny ia ia?aaeiaua oaoiieiaee, a eo aiaae?aiea
eaeao i/aiue ayei. Aeaoeoeeoiinoue oiaa?ia e ?ano?nia ia oiia iauaai
?inoa oeai aaaeao e aua aieueoaio canoith a i?iecaiaenoaa. «*aeii/iay»
oi?aiaey noaiiaeoueny eoaea aieaa auaiaeiui aeaeii, /ai ainnoaiiaeaiea e
iaiiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa. Iieiaeaiea oaeaea onoaoaeyaony aeaoeoeeoii
ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa.
An? yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi a ?innee iiea ia neiaeeeenue oneiaey aeey
?aaiiaaney ia ?uiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa, ii yoi caaea/a – iaeia ec
naiuo ianouiuo aeey auoiaea ?innee ec aeoaieiai yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena.
Oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeaeu aeioiaeia e nianoaaiiinoue ia
oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa. Oeaia oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaeiie ec eeth/aauo yeiiiie/aneeo eaoaai?ee yaeyaony eaieoae.
Eaieoae-yoi oaeoi? i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaenoaaeaiiue anaie n?aaenoaaie
i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ua nicaeaee ethaee aeey oiai, /oiau n eo iiiiuueth
i?iecaiaeeoue ae?oaea oiaa?u e oneoae. E iei ioiinyony eino?oiaiou,
iai?oaeiaaiea, caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey e o i. Ia?aoth /anoue eaieoaea
iacuaatho iniiaiui, aoi?oth – iai?ioiui.
Iniiaiie eaieoae – yoi eaieoae, eioi?ue o/anoaoao a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa ia i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oeeeeia e
ia?aiineo naith noieiinoue ia nicaeaaaaiua oiaa?u ii /anoyi.
Eaaeaeue yeaiaio iniiaiiai eaieoaea eiaao caeiiiaeaoaeueii
onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie neoaeau, a niioaaonoaea n eioi?ui i?aaei?eieiaoaee
iaeaieeaatho ia?aian?iioth ia i?iecaiaeeiua oiaa?u e oneoae noieiinoue a
oi?ia aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee.
Iai?ioiue eaieoae – yoi eaieoae, eioi?ue o/anoaoao a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
oeeeea eeoue iaeei ?ac e naith noieiinoue iieiinoueth ia?aiineo ia
nicaeaiiua oiaa?u. I?e ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia aeaiueae, cao?a/aiiua ia
yeaiaiou iai?ioiiai eaieoaea, iieiinoueth aica?auathony
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth e iiao auoue niiaa eniieueciaaiu aeey i?eia?aoaiey
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa, ia yoi ooiaeyo aiaeu, eiiaaea aeanyoeeaoey.
Eaaeaeue oaeoi? i?iecaiaenoaa i?eiineo naie aeioiae, eioi?ui
aiciaa?aaeaeaaony aai aeaaeaeaoe. Ii eaieoaeo oaeei aeioiaeii yaeyaony
i?ioeaioiue aeioiae.
I?ioeaioiue aeioiae- yoi aeioiae, aeiaeaiiue a aecian eaieoae. A iniiaa
yoiai aeioiaea eaaeao ecaea?aeee aeueoa?iaoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey
eaieoaea (aeaiueae eiatho aeueoa?iaoeaiua niiniau i?eiaiaiey, iai?eia?
eo iiaeii iieiaeeoue a aaie, iio?aoeoue ia aeoeee e o i) ?acia?
i?ioeaioiiai aeioiaea ii?aaeaeyaony noaaeie i?ioeaioa, oi anoue eioi?oth
aaie eee ae?oaie ca?iuee aeieaeai caieaoeoue e?aaeeoi?o ca iieueciaaiea
aeaiueaaie a oa/aiea eaeiai-oi ia?eiaea.
Noauaeoaie ni?ina ia eaieoae yaeythony aecian, a noauaeoaie
i?aaeeiaeaiey- aeiiaoiea oicyenoaa (iie i?aaeeaaatho eiaanoeoeeiiiua
n?aaenoaa, o.a. aeaiaaeiua
noiiu). Ni?in ia eaieoae- yoi ni?in ia eiaanoeoeeiiiua n?aaenoaa. Aai
iiaeii i?aaenoaaeo ia a?aoeea e?eaie (Dc), eiathuae io?eoeaoaeueiue
iaeeii (?en.1). I?aaeeiaeaiea eaieoaea a?aoe/anee i?aaenoaaeyaony
e?eaie, eiathuae iieiaeeoaeueiue iaeeii (Sc). A oi/ea ia?ana/aiey aeaoo
yoeo e?eauo (A) onoaiaaeeaaaony ?aaiiaanea ia ?uiea eaieoaea. Aio
niioaaonoaoao ?aaiiaaniay i?ioeaioiay noaaea (R 0).
R- o?iaaiue i?ioeaioa R
Sc
I- eiaanoeoe. n?aaenoaa
E
R0
Dc=Sc
Dc
O
0 I
?en.1. ?aaiiaanea ia ?uiea eaieoaea.
O?oae-yoi oeaeaniia?aciay aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, n iiiiuueth
eioi?ie ii i?aia?acoao i?e?iaeo e i?eniinaaeeaaao a? aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo iio?aaiinoae.
?uiie o?oaea – iniaay iaeanoue ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee, aaea niaa?oathony
naeaeee ii eoiea-i?iaeaaea ?aai/ae neeu.
Oeaiie o?oaea nia?aiaiiua yeiiiienou iacuaatho ca?aaioioth ieaoo. I?e
yoii ca?aaioiay ieaoa ii?aaeaeyaony a oe?ieii e oceii niunea neiaa.
A oe?ieii niunea iia aeeth/aao iieaoo naiuo ?acee/iuo ?aaioieeia,
iiyoiio a ia? aeeth/aaony e?iia ca?aaioiie ieaou e aeioiaeu a aeaea
aiii?a?ia, i?aiee e o. ae.
A oceii niunea neiaa iie ca?aaioiie ieaoie iiieiaaony noaaea ca?aaioiie
ieaou, o. a. Oeaia, auiea/eaaaiay ca eniieueciaaiea aaeeieoeu o?oaea a
oa/aiee ii?aaeae?iiiai a?aiaie.
?acee/atho iiieiaeueioth e ?aaeueioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo.
Iiae iiieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaoie iiieiaaony noiia aeaiaa, eioi?oth
iieo/aao ?aaioiee ia?iiiai o?oaea ca naie aeiaaiie, iaaeaeueiue,
iany/iue o?oae. Ii aaee/eia iiieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou iiaeii
noaeeoue ia o?iaia ca?aaioea, aeioiaea, ii ia ia o?iaia iio?aaeaiey e
aeaaininoiyiey /aeiaaea.
Aeey yoiai ioaeii ciaoue ?aaeueioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo.
?aaeueiay ca?aaioiay ieaoa – yoi eiee/anoai aeeciaiiuo aeaa e oneoa,
eioi?ua iiaeii i?eia?anoe ca iieo/aiiua aeaiueae. Iia iaoiaeeoueny a
i?yiie caaeneiinoe io iiieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou e ia?aoiie
caaeneiinoe – io o?iaiy oeai ia i?aaeiaou iio?aaeaiey e ieaoiua oneoae.
Ia aaee/eio iieaou o?oaea nouanoaaiii aeeytho ?uii/iua oaeoi?u:
ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea ia ?uiea o?oaea;
oi?ia eiieo?aioeee.
Noauaeoaie ni?ina ia ?uiea o?oaea aunooiatho aecian e ainoaea?noai,
a noauaeoaie i?aaeeiaeaiey – aeiiaoiea oicyenoaa.
Aaee/eia aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca o?oae iiaeao eciaiyony ia eiieo?aioiii
?uiea a niioaaonoaee n caeiiaie ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Ni?in ia o?oae iaoiaeeony a ia?aoiie caaeneiinoe io aaee/eiu
ca?aaioiie ieaou. I?e ?inoa ca?ieaou, i?e i?i/eo ?aaiuo oneiaeyo,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue a oeaeyo nio?aiaiey ?aaiiaaney aeieaeai niioaaonoaaiii
nie?aoeoue ni?in ia o?oae, a i?e nieaeaiee ca?aaioiie ieaou ni?in ia
o?oae aic?anoaao. Ooieoeeiiaeueiay caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo aaee/eiie
ca?aaioiie ieaou e ?acia?ii ni?ina ia o?oae au?aaeaaony a e?eaie ni?ina
ia o?oae (LD), i?aaenoaaeaiiie ia ?en. 2. Caeanue ia ine aanoeenn –
aaee/eia o?aaothuaainy o?oaea (L) , a ia ine i?aeeiao – aaee/eia
?aaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou (W/P) .(W-iiiei. ca?ieaoa, ?-o?iaaiue oeai).
W/P
LD
O
L
?en. 2. E?eaay ni?ina ia o?oae eae io?aaeaiea oauaathuae i?aaeaeueiie
aeioiaeiinoe o?oaea.
Eaaeaeay oi/ea e?eaie ni?ina ia o?oae iieacuaaao, eaeei aoaeao ni?in
i?e ii?aaeae?iiie aaee/eia ca?aaioiie ieaou. Eiioeao?aoeey e?eaie e a?
io?eoeaoaeueiue iaeeii iieacuaatho, /oi, /ai ieaea ca?ieaoa, oai aieueoa
ni?in ia o?oae, e iaiai?io.
Eia/a aeaei ianoieo n ooieoeeae i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea. Iii oaeaea
caaeneo io aaee/eiu ca?aaioiie ieaou, ii yoa caaeneiinoue i?yiay: /ai
auoa ca?ieaoa, oai aieueoa i?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea, e iaiai?io. Iiyoiio
e?eaay i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea (LS) eiaao iieiaeeoaeueiue iaeeii (?en.3).
W/P
LS
I
L
?en. 3. E?eaay i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea eae io?aaeaiea aic?anoathueo
ecaea?aeae oiouaiiuo aiciiaeiinoae eniieueciaaiey o?oaea.
Ii iiaieth aia?eeaineiai yeiiiienoa Iiey Naioyeueniia: « Niaieoiiia
i?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea a iauanoaa ii?aaeaeyaony eae ieieioi /aou?ueiy
iieacaoaeyie:
iauae /eneaiiinoueth ianaeaiey;
oie aeieae, eioi?oth ninoaaeyao naiiaeayoaeueiia ianaeaiea a iauae
/eneaiiinoe aeeoaeae;
n?aaeiei /eneii /ania, io?aaioaiiuo ?aai/eie ia i?ioyaeaiee iaaeaee e ia
i?ioyaeaiee aiaea;
ea/anoaii, eiee/anoaii e eaaeeoeeaoeeae oiai o?oaea, eioi?ue aoaeoo
cao?a/eaaoue ?aai/ea.»
Anee niaaeeieoue yoe aeaa a?aoeea – e?eaoth ni?ina (LD) e e?eaoth
i?aaeeiaeaiey (LS), oi iie ia?anaeoony a oi/ea (A). Yoie oi/ea ia
a?aoeea
(?en.4.) niioaaonoaoao ii?aaeae?iiue ?aaiiaaniue o?iaaiue ca?ieaou
(W/PE) e caaeaiiia yoei o?iaiai i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea (LE).
W/P
W/P*
W/PE E
W/P**
LD
LS
O L
LD* LS** LE LD**
LS*
?en.4. ?aaiiaanea ia ?uiea o?oaea.
A oi/ea (A) ni?in ia o?oae ?aaai i?aaeeiaeaieth, o. a. ?uiie
iaoiaeeoueny a ?aaiiaaniii ninoiyiee. Yoi cia/eo, /oi ana
i?aaei?eieiaoaee, aioiau ieaoeoue ?aaiiaanioth ieaoo, iaoiaeyo ia ?uiea
iaiaoiaeeiia eiee/anoai o?oaea, a ?aaioieee, aioiaua i?aaeeiaeeoue naie
oneoae ca yoo ca?ieaoo, iieiinoueth o?oaeiono?iaiu. Yoi ninoiyiea ?uiea
niioaaonoaoao iieiaeaieth iieiie caiyoinoe.
I?e ethaie ae?oaie ca?aaioiie ieaoa, ioee/iie io (W/PE), ?aaiiaanea
ia ?uiea ia?ooaaony e aicieeatho aeaa neooaoeee:
anee ca?ieaoa (W/PA*) auoa ?aaiiaaniie, oi aicieeaao ecauoie
i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea, eioi?ue aaae?o e aac?aaioeoea;
anee ca?ieaoa (W/P**) ieaea ?aaiiaaniie, oi ni?in ia ?aaioieeia
i?aauoaao i?aaeeiaeaiea e inoathony iacaiieiaiiua ?aai/ea ianoa.
Iaa yoe neooaoeee a oneiaeyo ?uiea niaa?oaiiie eiieo?aioeee ia iiaoo
auoue onoie/eauie, iie iiaeaa?aathony ei??aeoeee ni noi?iiu ?uii/iuo
iaoaieciia a iai?aaeaiee ainnoaiiaeaiee iieiaeaiey iieiie caiyoinoe.
Caiey- yoi i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu, eioi?ua aeaiu naiie i?e?iaeie e iiaoo
auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia e oneoa.
Caiey eae oaeoi? i?iecaiaenoaa oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaaeothueie
iniaaiiinoyie:
A ioee/ee io ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa eiaao iaia?aie/aiiue n?ie
neoaeau e iaaini?iecaiaeeia ii aeaeaieth, o. a. a? eiee/anoai
ia?aie/aii;
Ii naiaio i?ienoiaeaeaieth yaeyaony i?e?iaeiui oaeoi?ii, a ia i?iaeoeoii
/aeiaa/aneiai o?oaea;
Ia iiaeaea?ony ia?aiauaieth, naiaiaeiiio ia?aaiaeo ec iaeiie io?anee a
ae?oaoth, o.a. iia iaaeaeaeeia;
Ec yoiai neaaeoao auaiae: oio, eoi aeaaeaao caie?e eee eniieuecoao a?,
iieo/aao ii?aaeae?iiua i?aeiouanoaa. A nayce n yoei aaaeii ?acee/aoue
aeaa iiiyoey: caieaaeaaeaiea e caieaiieueciaaiea.
Caieaaeaaeaiea icia/aao i?aai aeaiiiai eeoea ia ii?aaeae?iiue o/anoie
caiee ia enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony iniiaaieyo. *aua anaai iiae
caieaaeaaeaieai iiae?acoiaaatho i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth. Aai
inouanoaeytho nianoaaiieee caiee.
Caieaiieueciaaiea- yoi iieueciaaiea caie?e a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea.
Iieueciaaoaeue ia iaycaoaeueii yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii. *aua anaai a
?aaeueiie aeecie noauaeoia caieaaeaaeaiey e caiea iieueciaaiey
ieeoeaoai?ytho ?aciua eeoea. A nayce n yoei iaaeaeo ieie aicieeatho
iniaua yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, ii?iaeaeathuea niaie iniaue aeioiae e
iniaoth aai yeiiiie/aneoth oi?io – caiaeueioth ?aioo.
Aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiay ?aioa – yoi aeioiae, iieo/aaiue a ?acoeueoaoa
eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia n iayeanoe/iui i?aaeeiaeaieai e aieaa aunieie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe a neooaoeee ?aiaee?iaaiey yoeo ?ano?nia.
Aaniethoiay ?aioa- yoa oa /anoue aeioiaea i?aaei?eieiaoaey
-caieaiieueciaaoaey, eioi?oth ii ioaea?o a aeaea a?aiaeiie ieaou
nianoaaiieeo caiee.
?aioa yaeyaony aeioiaeii ia oieueei io naeueneioicyenoaaiiie caiee, ii
e io ethaiai ae?oaiai ?ano?na, i?aaeeiaeaiea eioi?iai iayeanoe/ii (eae
au ia eciaiyeanue oeaia, i?aaeeiaeaiea ia iaiyaony, o. e. iii
ia?aie/aii, oeene?iaaii
a aeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie).
?anniio?ei oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia ?uiea caiee n iiiiuueth eaoaai?ee
ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey. Eae iu oaea auynieee, i?aaeeiaeaiea caiee
iayeanoe/ii (ES=0), iiyoiio a?aoee i?aaeeiaeaiey caiee (SL)
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aa?oeeaeueioth eeieth (?en.5).
R
(a oun. ?oa.
Ca 1 aiae.)
SL
R1
A DL1
R2
A
DL2
O
N Q(aa)
DL3
?en. 5. ?aaiiaanea ia ?uiea caiee: eciaiaiea caiaeueiie ?aiou.
Eeiey ni?ina ia caieth(D) eiaao io?eoeaoaeueiue iaeeii (?en.4.). Oi/ea
ia?ana/aiey eeiee ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey (A) – oi/ea ?aaiiaaney ia ?uiea
caiee. Ae niioaaonoaoao ?aaiiaaniay oeaia caiee – ?aaiiaaniay ?aioa
(a?aiaeiay ieaoa) R1.
I?e ni?ina ia caieth DL1 ?aioa niioaaonoaoao R1, anee ni?in
nie?auaaony, eeiey ni?ina naeaeaaaony aeaai a iieiaeaiea DL2 e ?aioa
nie?auaaony aei eeiee R2 , i?e ni?ina DL3 ?aioa ?aaia ioeth.
Oeaia caiee ia oiaeaeanoaaiia caiaeueiie ?aioa. Anee iineaaeiyy
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oeaio oneoa caiee eae oaeoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa, oi
oeaia caiee ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa eaieoaeecaoeee ?aiou, o.a.
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeeneiioe?iaaiioth noieiinoue ?aioiuo ieaoaaeae.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi, /ai auoa ?aioa, oai auoa oeaia caiee.
Iniaaiiinoe oi?ie?iaaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ii iniiaiui
oaeoi?ai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ni?in ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa aoi?e/ai e ii?aaeaeyaony ni?inii ia
i?iaeoeoeeth, i?iecaiaeeioth n iiiiuueth yoeo oaeoi?ia. *ai auoa ni?in
ia
i?iaeoeoeeth, oai auoa ni?in ia ?ano?nu, ec eioi?uo iia naeaeaia, e
iaiai?io. I?iecaiaeiue oa?aeoa? ni?ina ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa
iauyniyaony oai, /oi
iio?aaiinoue a ieo aicieeaao eeoue a oii neo/aa, anee n eo iiiiuueth
iiaoo auoue i?iecaaaeaiu iieuecothueany ni?inii eiia/iua
iio?aaeoaeueneea aeaaa.
Aeey i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna o?aaothony iiiaea
oaeoi?u (o?oae, eaieoae, caiey). Ana iie a aieueoae eee iaiueoae noaiaie
iiaoo auoue acaeiiaeiiieiyaiuie e acaeiicaiauaaiuie: aeeaie o?oae
iiaeao auoue /anoe/ii caiai?i oaoieeie, i?e?iaeiua nu?ueaaua ?ano?nu
iiaoo auoue caiaiaiu eneonnoaaiiuie iaoa?eaeaie. Iaeiaei e o?oae, e
nu?ue?, e oaoieea nii?yaeaiu e acaeiiaeiiieiyaiu eeoue a aaeeiii
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna. Ii ioaeaeueiinoe eaaeaeue ec ieo
aaniieacai. Ii i?e i?i/eo ?aaiuo oneiaeyo eciaiaiey oeai ia iaeei ec
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa auciaao eciaiaiea i?eaeaeaaiiai eiee/anoaa ia
oieueei yoiai, ii e nii?yae?iiuo n iei ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iai?eia?, aieaa aunieay ca?ieaoa e ioiineoaeueii ieceea oeaiu ia noaiee
niiniaiu aucaaoue nieaeaiea ni?ina ia o?oae e iiauoaiea aai ia
iai?oaeiaaiea, caiaiythuaa ?aai/oth neeo.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ni?in ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeyao iau?i
eaaeaeiai i?eaeaeaaiiai a i?iecaiaenoai ?ano?na, eioi?ue caaeneo io ia
oieueei ia eaaeaeue ec ieo. ii e ia inoaeueiua nii?yaeaiiua n iei
?ano?nu. Eioi?iaoeeth i aeaeaeaiee oeai ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa aea?o
?uiie. Oeaia oaeoi?a – iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo oneiaee eciaiaiey
yeanoe/iinoe ni?ina ii eaaeaeiio oaeoi?o i?iecaiaenoaa.
Yeanoe/iinoue ni?ina ia ?ano?n – yoi ioiioaiea i?ioeaioiiai eciaiaiey
iio?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?ano?na e i?ioeaioiiio eciaiaieth aai
oeaiu. Ni?in aieaa yeanoe/ai ia oa oaeoi?u, eioi?ua i?e i?i/eo ?aaiuo
oneiaeyo eiatho aieaa ieceoth oeaio. Yoi iicaieyao inouanoaeyoue
acaeiicaiauaiea, auoaniyoue aei?iainoiyuea oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aunieea ?uii/iua oeaiu aucuaatho nieaeaiea ni?ina e ia?aeeth/aiea aai ia
aeueoa?iaoeaiua oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa, eiathuea ioiineoaeueii ieceea
oeaiu.
Oaeoi?aie onoie/eaiai ni?ina ia ?ano?nu yaeythony:
1)yooaeoeaiinoue (i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue) i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?ano?na i?e
nicaeaiee oiaa?a (iai?eia?, /ai aieaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueioth oaoieeo
eniieuecotho ia i?aaei?eyoee, oai iaiueoa ioaeii noaieia aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa
caieaie?iaaiiiai eiee/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee);
2) ?uii/iay noieiinoue (eee oeaia) oiaa?a, i?iecaaaeaiiiai i?e iiiiue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?ano?na; anee ?ano?o noieiinoue eaeiai-ieaoaeue
oiaa?a, oi noaiiaeoueny auaiaeiui oaaee/eaaoue iau?i aai i?iecaiaenoaa,
iiyoiio ni?in ia ?ano?nu oaeaea aic?anoao.
?acee/atho aeaa iniiaiuo aeaea ?uieia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?ano?nia:
?uiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?ano?nia a oneiaeyo niaa?oaiiie eiieo?aioeee –
ie i?iaeaaaoe, ie iieoiaoaeue ia iiaoo aeeyoue ia oeaiu ?ano?nia. Ia
yoii ?uiea iaeiia?aiaiii aeaenoaoao aieueoia /enei i?iaeaaoeia e
iieoiaoaeae.
?uiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?ano?nia a oneiaeyo ianiaa?oaiiie eiieo?aioeee –
eeai iieoiaoaeue, eeai i?iaeaaaoe iiaoo ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia oeaiu
?ano?nia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Oe?ia – iiiiiieeno ia ?uiea aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee iiaeao eiio?iee?iaaoue
e oeaio ?ano?na. Iineieueeo iia no?aieoueny i?iecaiaeeoue i?iaeoeoeee
iaiueoa, /ai oe?iu eiieo?aiou, ae anaaaea o?aaoaony iaiueoa ?ano?nia.
Neoiay iniiaioth /anoue ?ano?nia, iia aeeyao ia eo oeaio.
Io?aneaaie ni?in ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ?ano?nu anoue noiia iau?iia
ni?ina ia ?ano?nu ni noi?iiu ioaeaeueiuo oe?i a io?anee i?e eaaeaeie
aiciiaeiie oeaia ia iaai. A ?uii/iue ni?in ia ?ano?nu – yoi noiia anao
io?aneaauo ni?inia.
I?aaeeiaeaiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa – yoi eiee/anoai, eioi?ia iiaeao
auoue i?aaeuyaeaii ii nouanoaothuei ia aeaiiue iiiaio oeaiai. Ia ?uieao
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa ni?in ?iaeaeaao i?aaeeiaeaiea oae aea, eae e ia
?uieao iau/iuo iio?aaeoaeueneeo aeaa, iaeiaei oaeoi?iua ?uiee eiatho
nouanoaaiiua iniaaiiinoe. Caeanue i?aaeeiaeaiea ai iiiaii caaeneo io
niaoeeoeee eaaeaeiai oaeoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iniaaiiinoe i?aaeeiaeaiey iaoneiaeaiu oai, /oi yeiiiie/aneea ?ano?nu
(o?oae, caiey, i?e?iaeiua eneiiaaiua e ae?.) ia?aie/aiu ii n?aaiaieth n
iio?aaiinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa a eaaeaeue aeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie. Anee au
?ano?nu ia auee ia?aie/aiu, iie auee au aanieaoiuie, eae, iai?eia?,
aicaeoo, a ?aciiia?aciua iio?aaiinoe ethaeae auee au iieiinoueth
oaeiaeaoai?aiu. Ioiaea au iio?aaiinoue a ?uieao oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa.
A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aea i?aaeeiaeaiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa
eniuouaaao ia naaa aeaenoaea caeiia ?aaeeinoe, ia?aie/aiiinoe ?ano?nia.
Ethaee iaonoaiii e caeioa?aniaaiii ioneaaeeaatho iieacaoaee eiee/anoaa
i?eaiaeiuo e eniieueciaaieth caiaeue oeaiu yoiai eniieueciaaiey;
eiee/anoai o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, o?iaiy eo caiyoinoe e iieaou o?oaea;
eiee/anoaa aeiauaaaiiai nu?uey e oeai a yoie iaeanoe.
Oeaia yeiiiie/aneeo ?ano?nia. ?aaiiaanea ia ?uiea
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. Caeii acaeiicaiauaiey.
Oeaiu oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa onoaiaaeeaathony ia ?uieao iiae
aicaeaenoaeai ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey.
I?iaeaia oeaiiia?aciaaiey ia yeiiiie/aneea ?ano?nu eneeth/eoaeueii
aaaeia. Yoi ii?aaeaeyony neaaeothueie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie:
oeaia ia ?ano?nu – iniiaiie oaeoi?, aeeythuee ia aeaiaaeiua aeioiaeu eo
aeaaeaeueoeaa (ca?ieaoo, i?ioeaio, ?aioo, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
i?eaueue);
oeaia ia ?ano?nu iiin?aaeoao eo ?ani?aaeaeaiea iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie
io?aneyie e oe?iaie;
io oeai ia ?ano?nu caaenyo ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa oe?iu- iieoiaoaey,
iiyoiio a no?aieaiee e iaeneiaeueiie i?eauee oe?iu iinoiyiii aeieaeiu
noa?aoueny nie?auaoue naie ecaea?aeee;
A i?yiie caaeneiinoe io oeai ia ana /aou?a a?oiiu oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa
iaoiaeyony ?ani?aaeaeaiea aiaaonoaa a iauanoaa iaaeaeo ia?iiuie
?aaioieeaie, aeaaeaeueoeaie caiee, nianoaaiieeaie eaieoaea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie.
An? yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia ?ano?nu
ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a ii?aaeaeaiee iiaaaeaiey oe?iu ia ?uiea.
Oneiaea ?aaiiaaney oe?iu. Caeii acaeiicaiauaiey.
Oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa a ecaanoiii niunea acaeiicaiaiyaiu. Oe?ia iiaeao
eniieueciaaoue ?acee/iua eiiaeiaoeee oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. Eaeei aea
i?eioeeiii ioaeii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny? E?eoa?ee ioai?a eiiaeie?iaaiey
oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa – iaeiaiueoea ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?aeoe/anee caaea/a auai?a iaeeo/oaai ni/aoaiey oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa
?aoaaony ioo?i n?aaiaiey:
?uii/iie oeaiu oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa;
i?aaeaeueiiai, aeiiieieoaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa, eioi?ue i?iecaiaeeoueny n
iiiiuueth aeiiieieoaeueiie aaeeieoeu yoiai oaeoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?aaeaeueiue i?iaeoeo oaeoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa – yoi i?e?ino oece/aneiai
iau?ia i?iaeoeoa i?e oii, /oi cao?a/aiiue ia aai i?iecaiaenoaa
aeiiieieoaeueiue oaeoi? i?iecaiaenoaa aic?in ia eaeoth-oi ieieiaeueioth
aaee/eio (iaeio aaeeieoeo).
Ii/aio aeey n?aaiaiey aa??ony ia aanue i?iecaaae?iiue i?iaeoeo, a
oieueei aai i?e?ino (i?aaeaeueiue i?iaeoeo)? Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey no?aoaaee e oaeoeee iiaaaeaiey oe?iu ia ?uiea oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa aaaeii ciaoue eciaiythuothny /anoue (i?e?ino) i?iaeoeoa, a
oaeaea ca n/?o /aai yoio i?e?ino iiaeii iaania/eaaoue, ia, /?i iiaeii
nyeiiiieoue aeaiueae.
Oai naiui n?aaiaiea aaee/eiu i?aaeaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia, iieo/aiiuo aeey
eniieueciaaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo aaeeieoe ?acee/iuo oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa, iicaieyao i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi aeiaeaaoueny iioeiaeueiie
i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Anee iaeei oaeoi? aei?iaea, aai caiaiytho
ae?oaei, i?ienoiaeeo eae au eiieo?aioeey iaaeaeo aeiiieieoaeueiuie
oaeoi?aie i?iecaiaenoaa ca i?aaeaeueiue i?iaeoeo.
A ?acoeueoaoa oaeie eiieo?aioeee ia?acoaony ?aaiiaanea oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa, o.a. eo aieaa eee iaiaa onoie/eaia ni/aoaiea.
I?ioeann caiauaiey iaeiiai oaeoi?a ae?oaei i?ae?auaaony ii
aeinoeaeaiee ninoiyiey ?aaiiaaney, eiaaea ia 1 ?oaeue ethaiai oaeoi?a
i?iecaiaenoaa iieo/aaony ?aaiue i?aaeaeueiue i?iaeoeo e ?aaiue aeioiae
iinea aai i?iaeaaee.
Ni?in ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa (caieth, o?oae, eaieoae) a iniiaiii
caaeneo:
io iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa;
io niioiioaiey oeai ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?e i?eia?aoaiee iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa oe?ia enoiaeeo ec:
ni?ina ia oiaa?;
iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeinoeaeaiey ?aaainoaa i?aaeaeueiiai aeioiaea
i?aaeaeueiui ecaea?aeeai. I?e yoii o i?aaei?eyoey iiyaeythony onoie/eaua
aeioiaeu i?e ii?aaeae?iiuo ecaea?aeeao i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoa aaee/eia
ii?aaeaeyao niaieoiiue ni?in ia ana oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa. E?iia oiai,
ni?in ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa – i?iecaiaeiue, aeey eioi?iai enoiaeiui
anaaaea yaeyaony ni?in ia eiia/ioth i?iaeoeoeeth oe?iu.
Eia/a aiai?y, /ai auoa ni?in ia oio oiaa?, eioi?ue auioneaao oe?ia,
oai auoa ni?in i?aaei?eyoey ia ii?aaeae?iioth eiiaeiaoeeth oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa ii oeaiai, eioi?ua iiaoo naanoe e ieieioio ecaea?aeee.
Eoiea oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaei?eieiaoaeue iaania/eaaao naaa
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey aeioiaeia, iineieueeo eoieaiiue oaeoi?
i?iecaiaenoaa noaiiaeoue eaieoaeii i?aaei?eyoey.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
Aaiaeiue eo?n ii yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee. Iiae ?aae. A.I.AEo?aae?aie.
Iineaa EIO?A-I 1997 a.
Yeiiiieea. O.2. 1994 a.
Eo?n yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee. Iiae ?aae. I.I./aio?eiie e A.A.Eenae?aie.
Ee?ia 1994 a.
Yeiiiie/aneay oai?ey. E.Oiaa?ae. Iineaa 1997a.
Yeiiiieea. A.I.Eacaeia e I.A.Ieiaaaa. Iineaa 1998a.
Ieino?ie ?innee
Iao?icaaiaeneee no?ieoaeueiue oaoieeoi
Cai/iia ioaeaeaiea
Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ii i?aaeiaoo: «Iniiau yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee».
?aoa?ao:
«Oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa».
Auiieieea: nooaeaioea a?oiiu CI-31
Eiaeaaieeiaa I.A
I?iaa?ee: Oaoaiaa A.A.
Iao?icaaiaene,2001 a.
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