Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee ainoaea?noaaiiue
a?oeoaeoo?ii-no?ieoaeueiue oieaa?neoao
Eaoaae?a yeiiiie/aneie enoi?ee
Oi?aiaey e eoia/anoai a ?innee
XVI aaea
?aoa?ao
Ooeueaeiie Aiiu Ieoaeeiaiu
Eaaaaeaaie Aeaoa?eiu Aeaenaiae?iaiu
A?oiia 1-I-I
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a
1998
Iaeaaeaiea
TOC \o “1-3” 1. Enoi?ey aicieeiiaaiey eoia/anoaa 3
2. E?aoeay oa?aeoa?enoeea yiioe 4
3. Oeaio?u oi?aiaee a 16 aaea 5
3.1. Ai?iaea 5
3.2. ?acaeoea oi?aiauo nae 7
4. Aioo?aiiyy oi?aiaey 8
4.1. Aioo?aiiee ?uiie 8
4.2. Aeaiueae 10
4.3. ss?ia?ee 10
4.4. Ii?o?ao ?inneeneiai eoioea 11
5. Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey n Caiaaeii 12
5.1. Aaic oiaa?ia 12
5.2. Auaic oiaa?ia 13
5.3. Acaeiiioiioaiey n eiino?aiiuie eoioeaie 14
6. Oi?aiaey n Ainoieii 15
6.1. Yenii?o ec ?innee 15
6.2. Eiii?o a ?inneth 15
6.3. Acaeiiioiioaiey n eiino?aiiuie eoioeaie 16
7. Oi?aiaua iooe 17
8. Caeeth/aiea 21
Eeoa?aoo?a 21
Eoia/anoai – iniaue nioeeaeueiue neie, caieiathueeny oi?aiaeae a
oneiaeyo ainiiaenoaa /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe. Eoiaoe inouanoaeyao iieoieo
oiaa?ia ia aeey nianoaaiiiai iio?aaeaiey, a aeey iineaaeothuae i?iaeaaee
n oeaeueth iieo/aiey i?eauee, o.a. auiieiyao ooieoeee iin?aaeieea
iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeai e iio?aaeoaeai (eee iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyie
?acee/iuo aeaeia oiaa?ia).
E?aoei ninoiyiea oi?aiaee a ?innee 16 aaea I.I. Ea?aicei ioa?aeoa?eciaae
neaaeothuei ia?acii: “Oi?aiaey naai a?aiaie auea a oeaaoouai ninoiyiee.
E iai i?eaiceee ec Aa?iiu na?aa?i a neeoeao, noeia, no/aiia cieioi,
iaaeue, ca?eaea, iiaee, eaeu, eioaeueee, aeia; ec Acee oaeeiaua oeaie,
ia?/e, eia?u, aeai/oa, ae?aaioeaiiua eaiaiuey; io ian auaiceee a
iaiaoeeoth caieth iaoa, eiaee, aine; a Eeoao e Oo?oeeth iaoa e ii?aeiaua
eeuee; a Oaoa?eth naaeea, ocaeu, oienou, noeia, iaeaaeaeo, eiaee, a
iaiai ia eioaaeae aceaoneeo. I?oaeea e aeaeaci ia auioneaeinue ec
?innee. A Iineao acaeeee iieueneea e eeoianeea eoioeu; aeaoneea,
oaaaeneea e iaiaoeeea oi?aiaaee a Iiaaai?iaea; aceaoneea e oo?aoeeea ia
Iieiaa, aaea nouanoaiaae i?aaeaea Oieiiee ai?iaeie, e aaea iaoiaeeeanue
oiaaea iaeia oea?eiaue. Ney y?iiiea aua neaaeeanue naiath ciaoiith
iaiith. Eiicaioeu iaycuaaeenue iieacuaaoue oiaa?u naie a Iineaa Aaeeeiio
eiycth: ii auae?ae aeey naay, /oi aio i?aaeeinue: ieaoee aeaiueae e
aeicaieye i?iaeaaeo inoaeueiuo.”
1. Enoi?ey aicieeiiaaiey eoia/anoaa
Oi?aiaua iin?aaeieee iiyaeythony a ia?eiae ?aceiaeaiey
ia?aiauoiiiaueiiuo ioiioaiee, iaeiaei iaiaoiaeeiui yeaiaioii
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u eoia/anoai noaiiaeony eeoue a eeanniaii iauanoaa,
?acaeaaynue n ?inoii iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e iaiaia e a
i?ioeanna ?acaeoey ?aniaaeaynue ia ?acee/iua eiouanoaaiiua a?oiie?iaee:
ia iaeiii iiethna auaeaeyaony aiaaoia eoia/anoai, i?aaenoaaeythuaa
oi?aiaue eaieoae, ia ae?oaii – iaeeea oi?aiaoeu.
A Ae?aaiae ?one oiio?aaeyeinue aeaa oa?ieia – “eoiaoe” (ai?iaeaiei,
caieiathueeny oi?aiaeae) e “ainoue” (eoiaoe, oi?aothuee n ae?oaeie
ai?iaeaie e no?aiaie). N 13 aaea iiyaeyaony oa?iei “oi?aiaaoe”. Ia?aia
oiiieiaiea i eoia/anoaa a Eeaaneie ?one ioiineony e 10 aaeo. A 12 aaea a
iaeaieaa e?oiiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oeaio?ao aicieeee ia?aua eoia/aneea
ei?ii?aoeee. I?ioeann ?inoa eoia/anoaa aue i?a?aai iiiaiei-oaoa?neei
iaoanoaeai e aiciaiiaeeny a Naaa?i – Ainoi/iie ?one ia ?oaaaea 13-14
aaeia. ?acaeoea ai?iaeia e /eneaiiue ?ino eoia/anoaa i?eaaee e
auaeaeaieth iaeaieaa aiaaouo e aeeyoaeueiuo a?oii eoioeia-ainoae a
Iineaa, Iiaai?iaea, Ineiaa, Oaa?e, Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea, Aieiaaea e ae?. A
yoi a?aiy, eae e ?aiueoa, iaeiieaiea eoia/aneeo eaieoaeia i?ienoiaeeei
aeaaiui ia?acii a noa?a aiaoiae oi?aiaee. Iauaaeeiaiea ?onneeo caiaeue
aie?oa Iineau nii?iaiaeaeaeinue eeeaeaeaoeeae iiaeaoiie e eiie aaoiiiiee
ianoiuo eoia/aneeo ei?ii?aoeee, a iicaeiaa e eo ?ac?ooaieai.
2. E?aoeay oa?aeoa?enoeea yiioe
16 aae – ia?eiae aeaiia?aoe/aneiai e oicyenoaaiiiai iiaeuaia,
au?aceaoaainy a ?inoa ia?iaeiianaeaiey, oaaee/aiee iannu ae?aaioeaiiiai
iaoaeea ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea (aeaaiaea?y ana aic?anoaaoaio i?eoieo cieioa
e na?aa?a ec eniaineeo aeaaeaiee a Aia?eea e oeo/oaieth oaoiieiaee
aeiau/e na?aa?a a Aa?iaiee), ?anoe?aiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee, ?inoa
i?iaeoeoeaiinoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa, ?anoe?aiee i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
oeo/oaiee oneiaee aeecie iniiaiie iannu ianaeaiey.
Yoa yiioa noaea aaaeiui ia?aeiiiui yoaiii e a enoi?ee ?innee.
Caaa?oaaony i?ioeann neeaaeuaaiey aaeeiiai ainoaea?noaa, ia?aoaaioaoaai
?aiee Aaeeeiai eiyaeanoaa Iineianeiai. Ca a?aiy eiyaeaiey Eaaia III
(1462-1505) e Aaneeey III (1505-1533) no?aia oaaee/eeanue a 6 ?ac,
i?aacieaey oa??eoi?eth O?aioeee i?eia?ii a 5 ?ac, /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey
au?inea n 2-3 aei 7 iei.
Iniiaiui caiyoeai o?oaeiaiai ianaeaiey ?innee 16 – ia?aie iieiaeiu 17
aaea auei naeueneia oicyenoai. Aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a naeueneioicyenoaaiiii
i?iecaiaenoaa ea?aei neioiaiaenoai. I?iaeoeou aeeaioiiaiaenoaa caieiaee
aoi?ia iinea oeaaa ianoi n?aaee oiaa?ia, iinooiaaoeo ia aioo?aiiee ?uiie
no?aiu. Ec i?iiuneia, oanii naycaiiuo n e?anoueyineei oicyenoaii,
aieueooth ?ieue ea?aee ai?oie/anoai, ?uaieianoai e ioioa. I?iiuneii,
o?aaiaaaoei cia/eoaeueiiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey oaoieee, auea nieaaa?aiiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
A 16 – ia?aie iieiaeia 17 aaea a ?innee ?acaeaaeenue iiiaea ?aianea:
/a?iay e oeaaoiay iaoaeeo?aey, aea?aaiia?aaioea, i?iecaiaenoai iaoei,
iaoaieciia e n?aaenoa ia?aaeaeaeaiey, no?ieoaeuenoai, oaenoeeueiia,
eiaeaaaiiia, aii/a?iia e noaeieueiia i?iecaiaenoaa, ia?aaioea einoe,
oeie/aneea e ooaeiaeanoaaiiua i?iiuneu, thaaee?iia aeaei. Ni aoi?ie
iieiaeiu 16 aaea ia/eiaaony eieaiia/aoaiea, i?iecaiaeyony ia?aua iiuou
ii i?iecaiaenoao aoiaae.
Oniaoe a ?aianeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa, iniaaiii a iaoaeeo?aee, ia?aaioea
aea?aaa e oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia, niinianoaiaaee i?ia?anno oaoieee e ?inoo
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea a naeueneii oicyenoaa.
A iniiaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ?onneie aea?aaia eaaeaea
oaiaeaeueiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth. ?acee/aeenue caiee
/anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneea, oea?eiaii-iiianou?neea, aeai?oeiaua e
/a?iinioiua. Eeann oaiaeaeia ninoiye ec aeaoo iniiaiuo nineiaee:
naaoneeo e aeooiaiuo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa. Caeiiiaeaoaeueiia onoaiiaeaiea
e?anoueyineie e?aiinoe a 90-o aiaeao 16 aaea niinianoaiaaei naeeaeaieth
anao eaoaai?ee oaiaeaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaiey, eai iii oneeeei e
th?eaee/anee ioi?ieei iaiieioth nianoaaiiinoue caieaaeaaeaeueoea ia
ee/iinoue iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaeeoaey, a neaaeiaaoaeueii,
oaaee/eei aai i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e ia e?anoueyineea caiee. ?acaeoea
oaiaeaeecia aaeoaue, oneeaiea aiayeiiiie/aneiai i?eioaeaeaiey e?anoueyi
i?eaaei e ia?aie/aieth eo i?aa ee/iinoe e e iinoiyiii aic?anoaaoaio
iiae/eiaieth oaiaeaeo aieioue aei a?aiaiiiai (n 1581 a.), a caoai e
aann?i/iiai cai?auaiey e?anoueyineiai auoiaea.
Iaeiaei, ia oiia oaeoaeaiey oaiaeaeecia, n eiioea 15 e iniaaiii a 16
aaea ?inney ana aieaa oe?iei aiaeaeaaony a i?aeoo iauaaa?iiaeneie
iieeoeee e oi?aiaee.
3. Oeaio?u oi?aiaee a 16 aaea
3.1. Ai?iaea
Iinoiyiii oaeoaeyaoeeny i?ioeann ioaeaeaiey ?aianea io naeueneiai
oicyenoaa iaoneiaee a 16 – ia?aie iieiaeia 17 aaea ?ino e ?acaeoea
ai?iaeia. Ai?iaea yaeyeenue oeaio?aie ?aianeaiiie, oi?aiaie e
aaeieieno?aoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe cia/eoaeueiuo ii ?aaeeono ?aeiiia. Aeey
16 aaea auyaeaii 210 iacaaiee ai?iaeneeo ?aianae (a Iiaai?iaea – 293). A
ninoaaa ai?iaeneeo ?aianeaiieeia i?aiaeaaeaee oa, eoi caieiaeny
ecaioiaeaieai nuanoiuo i?eiania (34 niaoeeaeueiinoe), aeaeaa –
i?eaioiaeyaoea i?aaeiaou aeiiaoiaai iaeoiaea (25 niaoeeaeueiinoae) e
caoai – ?aianeaiieee anao ae?oaeo 119 niaoeeaeueiinoae. N?aaee
iineaaeieo aaaeiaeoeie auee i?ioannee, naycaiiua n iaoaeeiia?aaioeie.
?aianeaiieee Iineau e ae?oaeo e?oiiuo ai?iaeneeo oeaio?ia 16 aaea
?aaioaee ia oieueei ii caeaco, ii e ia ?uiie, Iie ecaioiaeyee naie
i?iecaaaeaiey ia aeiio, a caoai i?eiineee aeey i?iaeaaee neaeaaoei a
?yaeao oi?aiaoeai. A ai?iaeao oi?aiaey i?iecaiaeeeanue ianoiuie
aeeoaeyie a eaaeao, a i?eacaeeie oi?aiaoeaie – a ainoeiuo aeai?ao,
eioi?ua eiaeenue ai anyeii aieaa eee iaiaa cia/eoaeueiii ai?iaea.
I?eacaeaaoea ec aeeaeaeoeo nae e?anoueyia oi?aiaaee ia ieiuaaee, iau/ii
iaeei-aeaa ?aca a iaaeaeth.
Eaaee a iiaeaaeythuae naiae ianna i?eiaaeeaaeaee iinoiyiiui aeeoaeyi
ai?iaea e ?ani?aaeaeyeenue iaaeaeo iinaaeneeie, ?aoiuie ethaeueie e
ethaeueie, caaeneiuie io aeaoae aiy?neeo e aeooiaainoaa,
i?iii?oeeiiaeueii /eneo i?aaenoaaeoaeae a ai?iaea eaaeaeie ec yoeo
eaoaai?ee. A 16 aaea iaeii eeoei /aua anaai aeaaeaei o?aiy eaaeaie, a
Ineiaa e Eacaie ioaeaeueiua eeoea eiaee ii 10 e aieaa eaaie. Eaaee auee
iaaieueoeie ii ?acia?o, ?aniieaaaeenue ?yaeaie.
A iaaeiaeanoiie oi?aiaea aieueooth ?ieue ea?aee i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua
oi?aiaoeu – ainoe, a oaeaea iiianou?neea eoi/eiu ec Nieiaaoeeiai,
Aieieieaineiai, O?ieoea-Na?aeaaa iiianou?ae, aaaeoeo e?oiioth oi?aiaeth
nieueth e oeaaii. N ?inoii yeiiiie/aneiai aeeyiey oi?aiai-iinaaeneeo
e?oaia oi?aiaua i?eaeeaaee iiianou?ae iinoaiaiii ia/eiatho noaeaoueny.
E?oiiua oi?aiaua ethaee, ainoe i?eieiaee aieueoaa o/anoea ai
aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeeyo e iaiueoaa – a oi?aiaea ia ianoiuo ?uieao.
Aianoa n oai iie auee e naiaia?aciuie aaeeeieiyaeaneeie aaaioaie ii
oi?aiaui aeaeai. Iiiaea ec ieo noaiiaeeenue e?oiiuie
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie, caieiaee aeaeiia ianoi a i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiii
aiia?aoa.
A 16 aaea oeaio?ii oi?aiaee a Iineaa noae Eeoae-ai?iae. Aianoa n oai aua
ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 16 aaea oi?aiaey ii o?aaeeoeee aaeanue oaeaea a
E?aiea. Auaaee oi?ae e a ae?oaeo /anoyo ai?iaea. I.I. Ea?aicei oae
iienuaae oi?aiaeth a Iineaa: “Ainoeiue aeai? (oai aea, aaea e iuia, ia
ieiuaaee, o E?aiey), iaianaiiue eaiaiiie noaiith, i?aeueuae aeaca ia
e?anioith eaaie, ii aiaaonoaii oiaa?ia, aceaoneeo e aa?iiaeneeo. Ceiith
oeaa, iyni, ae?iaa, ean, naii iaueiiaaiii i?iaeaaaeenue ia Iineaa-?aea,
a eaaeao e oaeaoao.”
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 16 aaea eoia/anoai aianoa n ?aianeaiieeaie e iaeeeie
oi?aiaoeaie ai?iaeia auei iauaaeeiaii a nineiaea iinaaeneeo ethaeae, a
eioi?ii eoioeu ninoaaeyee aiaaoia iaiueoeinoai. Ec yoiai aea nineiaey
iaiiiai/eneaiiay a?oiia eoioeia eniieueciaaeanue i?aaeoaeuenoaii aeey
auiieiaiey oi?aiai-oeiainiauo ii?o/aiee. A iineaaeiae o?aoe 16 aaea yoe
eoioeu auee iauaaeeiaiu a o?e iaua?onneea i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua ei?ii?aoeee
– ainoae, oi?aiauo ethaeae ainoeiie (a eiioea 16 aaea – 350 /aeiaae) e
noeiiiie nioai (a eiioea 16 aaea – 250 /aeiaae). Iniaia iieiaeaiea ii
naiaio yeiiiie/aneiio iiaouanoao caieiaee oi?aiaua ethaee No?iaaiiau.
Aeai?u a ai?iaeao eiaee e “oi?aiaua eiicaioeu” (eiino?aiiua eoioeu).
Iaeaieaa ?aiiee ia?a/aiue ainoae eae i?aaenoaaeoaeae iniaie nineiaiie
i?ineieee aeai a aeoa caineiai niai?a 1566 aiaea, eioi?ue iacuaaao 12
ainoae. A 1650 aiaeo eo noaei aaeaia aieueoa – 24. N eiioea 16 aaea /ei
ainoy noae i?aaenoaaeyoueny iniaie aeaeiaaiiie a?aiioie.
E?oiiia eoia/anoai nin?aaeioa/eaaeinue a Iineaa. Iinea iineianeiai
iiaea?a 1571 aiaea i?aaeoaeuenoai naaei anao “eo/oeo ethaeae” ae?oaeo
ai?iaeia a Iineao, iaane?iaea i?iaeioeeaeueiua iinaaeu. A eiioea 16-17
aaeia eoia/anoai i?aa?aoeeinue a nineiaioth a?oiio, ni/aoaaooth caiyoea
oi?aiaeae n auiieiaieai ooieoeee iaeiaiauo nai?ueeia ia oneiaeyo ioeoia.
Naycue n ainoaea?noaaiiui aiia?aoii niinianoaiaaea iaiaauaieth iaeieo e
yeiiiie/aneiio oiaaeeo e ?aci?aieth ae?oaeo, eai ioeoiueee ianee
iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca nai? onoaiiaeaiiie noiiu iaeiaia.
Eiouanoaaiiay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey a a?oiiao ainoae, /eaiia ainoeiie e
noeiiiie nioai auea oai neeueiaa, /ai auoa auei nineiaiia iieiaeaiea e
ninoiyoaeueiinoue a?oiiu a oeaeii.
Oyaeia ianaeaiea aieueoiai ai?iaea aeaeeeinue ia nioie (eiiaaea
iieonioie) e neiaiaeu. *anoi nioie auee ia oieueei
oa??eoi?eaeueii – aaeieieno?aoeaiuie aaeeieoeaie, ii e i?aaiecaoeeyie,
iauaaeeiyaoeie aeeceea ii oa?aeoa?o aeayoaeueiinoe a?oiiu ?aianeaiieeia
e oi?aiaoeaa.
Iineaa auea aeaaiui oeaio?ii ia oieueei aioo?e?onneiai ?uiea, ii e
iaiaia n eiino?aioeaie. Oea?y ia aac iniiaaiey iacuaaee ia?aui eoioeii
no?aiu. Oea?neay eacia caeeth/aea naeaeee n eiino?aiiuie eoioeaie ia
aieueoea noiiu aeaiaa e eiaea i?aai ioai?a eo/oeo oiaa?ia. A Iineaa
aeeee e?oiiaeoea ?onneea eoioeu, iaeaaeaaoea cia/eoaeueiuie eaieoaeaie.
Iaeiiaoe, a Iineaa auee aieaa, /ai a ae?oaeo ianoao, iaino?aiu eeanniaua
e nioeeaeueiua i?ioeai?a/ey, /oi iaoei, a /anoiinoe, au?aaeaiea a
iineianeii ainnoaiee 1648 aiaea.
3.2. ?acaeoea oi?aiauo nae
I?e/eiie iiyaeaiey oi?aiai-?aianeaiiuo iinaeaiee, eae e ?acaeoey
ai?iaeia, auei oneeeaoaany ioaeaeaiea ?aianea e oi?aiaee io naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. Ia aaca i?iiuneia aicieeee Nieue Eaiaineay, auaoay a 16 aaea
i?eai?iaeii *a?aeuie, Iiaay ?onna, iineaoay ia?aiia/aeueii iacaaiea
Iiaie Niee, Onothaeia AEaeaciiiieueneay e ae?. ?acaeoea ?aianea a
iiaeiiianou?neeo iinaeaieyo i?eaaei e ia?aciaaieth Oeoaeineiai Iinaaea,
iinaaea ieiei Ineiai – Ia/a?neiai iiianou?y, niinianoaiaaei
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiiio ?inoo n. Eeaiaioueaaa iiae O?ieoea-Na?aeaaui
iiianou?ai e o.ae. Ia iinaaeao e a ?aianeaiiuo naeao noaee i?iaiaeeoueny
oi?ae, iau/ii ?ac a iaaeaeth.
Aaaeiui iieacaoaeai ?acaeoey ?aianea e aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee a 16 – ia?aie
iieiaeia 17 aaea aue ?ino ?aianeaiiuo nae, naeueneeo oi?aeeia, ?yaeeia e
y?ia?ie. A ea/anoaa iioeaa ioe?uoey a naea oi?aa iau/ii oeacuaaeinue ia
ioaeaeaiiinoue naea io ai?iaea e oi?aia. Aicieeiiaaiea oi?aiauo nae
oiaiueoaei i?ino?ainoaaiiue ?ac?ua iaaeaeo ai?iaeaie eae oeaio?aie
oi?aiaee e niinianoaiaaei ia?aciaaieth i?aaeiinueie ana?inneeneiai
?uiea.
A aieueoeo oi?aiauo naeao iaaethaeaaony iaee/ea ianeieueeeo, a eiiaaea e
iiiaeo ?aianeaiiuo niaoeeaeueiinoae, I?iaeoeoeey naeueneeo
?aianeaiieeia, eae e ai?iaeneeo, i?eia?aoaao /anoe/ii oiaa?iue oa?aeoa?.
Aeioiaeu oaiiaeie a oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo naeao eieaaaeenue io 38 aei 150
?oaeae a aiae, /oi auei iaiiiai iaiueoa aeioiaeia ai?iaeneeo oaiiaeai.
4. Aioo?aiiyy oi?aiaey
4.1. Aioo?aiiee ?uiie
I?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa e oaeoaeaiea iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea
i?eaaee ia ?oaaaea 15-16 aaeia e oneeaieth ?acaeoey oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo
ioiioaiee. Oaaee/aiea oiaa?iinoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa a ecaanoiie ia?a
noeioee?iaaeinue e ?inoii aeaiaaeiuo iaeiaia, ?aaee oieaou eioi?uo
e?anoueyiai i?eoiaeeeinue i?iaeaaaoue ia oieueei eceeoee, ii e /anoue
iaiaoiaeeiiai i?iaeoeoa. ?ino iaeiaia oaea a eiioea 40-o aiaeia 16 aaea
i?eaae e ?aceiio oaaee/aieth eiee/anoaa oiaa?iiai oeaaa, /oi aucaaei
ao?iia iaeeaeaiea ianoiuo ?uieia. Any auaiaea io aunieeo oeaaiuo oeai
aeinoaaaeinue ia e?anoueyinoao a oeaeii, a eeoue iaaieueoie aai
caaeeoi/iie aa?oooea, eiaaoae oeaaiua caianu e aeaiueae aeey neoiee
oeaaa ii aeaoaaui oeaiai a o?iaeaeiua aiaeu. I?iecaiaenoai oiaa?iiai
oeaaa a ?innee 16 aaea auei ianoieueei ia?aie/aiiui, /oi ca?ii ii/oe ia
iinooiaei ia aiaoiee ?uiie.
Ec ai?iaeneiai eoia/anoaa a 16 aaea auaeaeeeenue neoiueee
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, i?eia?aoaaoea oiaa? o e?anoueyi
iaeeeie ia?oeyie. Oae, neoiea eueia aeey i?iaeaaee ca a?aieoeo
i?iecaiaeeeanue ioaeaie, iieoioaeaie.
I?iaeaaea i?iaeoeoia aeeaioiiaiaenoaa inouanoaeyeanue ii i?aeiouanoao
e?anoueyiaie, E a yoie noa?a aeaenoaiaaee neoiueee, aac o/anoey eioi?uo
auei au iaaiciiaeii inouanoaeyoue nauo i?iaeoeoia aeeaioiiaiaenoaa
eiino?aiiui eoioeai. I/aiue aaaeioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee aioo?aiiaai ?uiea
ea?aea oi?aiaey nieueth, ?uaie, iaaeii. Iaeaieaa e?oiiuie i?iaeaaoeaie
niee a 16 aaea yaeyeenue iiianou?e, eiaaoea aeaeiaaiiua a?aiiou ia
aaniioeeiiue i?iaic e i?iaeaaeo niee. Oi?aiaaee nieueth e i?aaenoaaeoaee
ae?oaeo eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey. E?oiiay oi?aiaey nieueth niinianoaiaaea
onoaiiaeaieth naycae iaaeaeo ioaeaeaiiuie ?uieaie e i?ioeanno
ia?aciaaiey ana?inneeneiai ?uiea.
A 16 – ia?aie iieiaeia 17 aaea i?ienoiaeeo iinoaiaiiia oaaee/aiea iauaia
?aianeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, i?aaeiacia/aaoaeny aeey aieueiiai nauoa,
aic?anoaao ?ieue neoiueea. Iaeioi?ua ?aianeaiieee aunooiatho
iaeiia?aiaiii e a ?iee i?iaeaaoeia naieo ecaeaeee. Oa?aeoa?iui yaeyaony
ni/aoaiea ?aaiou ia caeac n ?aaioie ia ?uiie.
Iieacaoaeai eioaineaiiai ?acaeoey iaeeiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e
oi?aiaee a ai?iaeao neoaeeo ?ino eiee/anoaa oi?aiauo iiiauaiee, ec
eioi?uo ianoaie e?oiiie oi?aiaee yaeyeenue /aua anaai eaaee, ianoaie
iaei/iie oi?aiaee – neaiuee, oaeaoa e o.i. Oioy “naiae” aiaaoaeoeo
oi?aiauo ethaeae a Iineao a 70-o aiaeao 16 aaea iaian o?ii ?acaeoeth
ianoiie oi?aiaee, ii ana aea ia i?a?aae yoio i?ioeann a oeaeii.
Iieeoe/aneea iio?ynaiey, eioi?ua eniuoae a 16 aaea Iiaai?iae, oaeaea ia
niiaee i?einoaiiaeoue ?anoe?aiey a iai oi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe
iinaaeneeo ethaeae. *enei eaaie a Iiaai?iaea oaaee/eeinue n 700 a ia/aea
16 aaea aei 850 ia ?oaaaea 16 – 17 aaeia. A Ineiaa, ii aeaiiui 80-o
aiaeia 16 aaea, auei ieiei 1250 eaaie, aiaa?ia e o.i. iiiauaiee. A
Iineaa oieueei a Eeoae-ai?iaea ian/eouaaeinue 1368 oi?aiauo iano. A oio
aea ia?eiae eo auei a Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea 574, a Ooea – 386, a Nocaeaea –
236.
Iauee iiaeuai aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee a 16 aaea iaoae io?aaeaiea a ?inoa
oeai e oaaee/aiee aeioiaeia oaiiaeai. Ca 16 aae oeaiu ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou aic?inee a 3-4 ?aca, ia ecaeaeey ?aianea
– aaeaia. Iai?iou aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee ia ai?iaeneeo ?uieao ?inee,
aeioiaeu oaiiaeai oaaee/eaaeenue. Oae, aeioiae ieaeaai?iaeneie oaiiaeie
au?in n 12183 ?oaeae a 1615 aiaeo aei 33335 ?oaeae a 1645 aiaeo, o.a.
ii/oe ao?ia ca 30 eao.
Iaeiaei ?acaeoea aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee caiaaeeyeinue aicaeaenoaeai
oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee, iaaeinoaoi/ii aue ?acaeo e?aaeeo. Nnoaeu
aeaaaeenue iiae aieueoea i?ioeaiou (iau/ii 20 %). Oi?aiaua iia?aoeee e
i?iacae iaeaaaeenue iiiai/eneaiiuie iioeeiaie. Ana oi?aiaoeu aeaeeeenue
ia ianoiuo, eiiai?iaeieo e “eiicaioeaa”, iiae eioi?uie a oaiiaeaiiuo
a?aiioao iiae?acoiaaaeenue aeeoaee ia Iineianeie, a ae?oaeo ?onneeo
caiaeue e ca?oaaaeuey. A iaeiaiueoai ?acia?a iioeeiu aceiaeenue n
ianoiuo, a iaeaieueoai – n “eiicaioeaa”.
4.2. Aeaiueae
A ?innee oiaeeee na?aa?yiua e iaaeiua aeaiueae: iineianeea, oaa?neea,
ineianeea, iiaai?iaeneea; na?aa?yiuo n/eoaeinue 200 a ?oaea (eioi?ue
noiee aeaa /a?aiioea), a iaaeiuo ioe 1200 a a?eaia. Iiaai?iaeneea
aeaiueae eiaee ii/oe aeaieioth oeaio: eo auei oieueei 140 a ?oaea. Ia
neo iiiaoao ecia?aaeaeny Aaeeeee eiycue, neaeyuee a e?anea, e ae?oaie
/aeiaae, neeiiythuee ia?aae iei aieiao; ia ineianeeo aue a aaioea; ia
iineianeeo noa?uo na. Aai?aee, eee anaaeiee, e oeaaoie, a iiaua, oeaiith
a iieiaeio iaiaa noa?uo, i?aaenoaaeyee iaeio iaaeienue. Cieioua aeaiueae
oiaeeee oieueei eiino?aiiua: aaiaa?neea /a?aiioeu, ?eineea aoeueaeaiu e
eeaiineea iiiaou, eieo oeaia ia?aiaiyeanue. Anyeee na?aa?yiee aee e
auioneae iiiaoo: i?aaeoaeuenoai iaaethaeaei, /oiau nee aeaiaaeieee ia
iaiaiuaaee a aana e /enoioa iaoaeea. Ainoaea?ue ia cai?auae auaiceoue
iiiaoo ec ?innee, iaeiaei ae oioae, /oiau iu aaeeinoaaiii iaiyeenue
oiaa?aie n eiicaioeaie, a ia iieoiaee eo ia aeaiueae. – Aianoi iuiaoiaai
noa, iaueiiaaiiui oi?aiaui n/aoii auei ni?ie e aeaayiinoi; aiai?eee:
ni?ie, aeaa ni?iea, eee aeaayiinoi, aeaa aeaayiinoa, e i?i/.
4.3. ss?ia?ee
Ioaeaeueiua y?ia?ee nouanoaiaaee a ?innee oaea a 16 aaea. A ioaeaeueiuo
ai?iaeao e i?e e?oiiuo iiianou?yo i?ienoiaeyo y?ia?ee, i?eo?i/aiiua e
aeiyi ianoiuo i?acaeieeia. Oae aicieeaee iaua?onneea nayce, aaaeoea e
neeaaeuaaieth iaua?onneiai ?uiea.
Ia iaaieueoeo ianoiuo ?uieao, eciaeeiaaaoeo i?aaeiaoaie iaeeiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ainiiaenoaiaaee ?aianeaiieee e oi?aiaoeu. Noaiaiue
niaoeeaeecaoeee a ioaeaeueiuo ?aianeao auea aeiaieueii aunieie: oae,
n?aaee ?aianeaiieeia, ecaioiaeyaoeo iaoaue, ecaanoiu aieaiueueee,
eaaeo/ieee, iiaeioaaiieee e o.ae. Ianoa?a, i?iecaiaeeaoea i?iiuoeaiiua
iieooaa?eeaou, iinoaiaiii i?aa?auaeenue a iaeeeo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae.
ss?ia?i/iay oi?aiaey niaeaenoaiaaea iaeaaeeaaieth iinoiyiiuo oi?aiauo
naycae Iiaai?iaea n Iineaith, a oaeaea iiii?neiai naaa?a n oeaio?ii
no?aiu. Iaeaaeeaathony nayce e iaaeaeo ae?oaeie iaeanoiuie ?uieaie.
4.4. Ii?o?ao ?inneeneiai eoioea
Oi?aiaua ethaee, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iineae/e, ioee/aeenue aieueoie
i?aaei?eei/eainoueth e oi?ioei ciaieai ?uii/iie eiiuthieoo?u.
Anni?oeiaio oiaa?ia iaeiiai eoioea aue iau/ii i/aiue ?aciiia?acai.
Caia/aee, /oi ?inneyia ia ceu, ia naa?eeau, oa?iaeeau, ii neeiiiu
(iniaaiii iineaeoyia) e iaiaiai a oi?aiaea. Neaaeee ae?aaithth
/anoiinoue iiaai?iaeoeaa e ineiaeoyi, eioi?ua oiaaea oaea ia/eiaee
eciaiyoueny a oa?aeoa?a. Iineiaeoea: oiaa? eeoeii i?iaeaoue, neoaeeea
onoaaii a eoia/anoaa.
Nianeaua i?ioea aaaeiuo iauai, aeai?yia e aiaaoua eoioeu auee
ainoai?eeiiu e aaaeeeau iaaeaeo niaith. Iie oeaeiaaeenue, eeaiyeenue
ae?oa ae?oao, e /ai ieaea, oai eo/oa: ia?anoaaaee e niiaa ia/eiaee
eeaiyoueny; naaeeeenue, aanaaeiaaee; oicyei i?iaiaeae ainoy aei
e?ueueoea, a ethaeiiai aei naiuo ai?io.
Ieaouea aiy?neia, aeai?yineia, eoia/aneia ia ?acee/aeinue iie?iai:
aa?oiaa n iiooeith, oe?ieia, aeeeiiia iacuaaeinue iaeii?yaeeaie; ae?oaia
ioaaiyie, n ai?ioieeii; o?aoea oa?acyie, n ioaiaeoeaie aei iiaeiea, n
iaoeaeaie eee aac iaoeaie; oaeia aea aeeeiiia, n iaoeaeaie eee oieueei n
ioaiaeoeaie aei iiyna, eioouoaie, aeieiiaiaie, eaooaiaie; o anyeiai auee
eeeiuey, a ia aieao i?i?aoe. Iieoeaooaiuea iineee n eicu?ai; ?oaaoe n
auoeoui, ?aciioeaaoiui ai?ioieeii e na?aa?yiith ioaiaeoeath; naiiae
naoueyiiua, e?aniua, n aeaeaciuie iiaeeiaaie; oaiee aunieea, oeyiu
iiy?eiaua, /a?iua e aaeua. Ioae/eiu no?eaee naaa aieinu. – Aeiia ia
aeenoaee aioo?aiiei oe?aoaieai: naiua aiaaoua ethaee aeeee a aieuo
noaiao. Naie ia?iiiua, a aeaa?e ieceea, e aoiaeyuee anaaaea iaeeiiyeny,
/oiau ia oaea?eoueny aieiaith ia aa?oiee einye.
O?oaeiinoe iooaoanoaee ii oi?aiaui iooyi (iienaiea eioi?uo i?eaaaeaiu
ieaea) canoaaeyee n?aaeiaaaeiauo eoioeia auoue iaeiia?aiaiii e
oi?aiaoeaie, e aeeieiiaoaie, e aieiaie. Ainoue 16 aaea ianoieueei aea
eoiaoe, ianeieueei e aiei; “ii a ?aaiie ia?a aeaaeaao e aaneii e ia/ii;
ii ianoieueei aea iiuoai a oi?aa, eae e a ?aoiii aeaea”.
5. Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey n Caiaaeii
A 16 – ia?aie iieiaeia 17 aaea ?inneeneia ainoaea?noai aaei oi?aiaeth ni
iiiaeie aa?iiaeneeie no?aiaie. Oi?aiaua nayce n aaicaeneeie ai?iaeaie,
Neaiaeeiaaeae, I?eaaeoeeie, Aaeeeei eiyaeanoaii Eeoianeei e ae?. Auee
aeiiieiaiu a na?aaeeia 16 aaea oi?aiaeae n Aiaeeae e Aieeaiaeeae, n 80-o
aiaeia 16 aaea – n O?aioeeae, Oi?aiaey aaeanue /a?ac aaeoeeneea ii?ou
(Iaaaeue, ?eaa, Ia?aa), Niieaine, ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu 16 aaea – oaeaea
/a?ac onouea Aeaeiu e io?iaineia iiaa?aaeuea. Iniaia cia/aiea i?eia?ae
A?oaiaaeuene, iino?iaiiue a 80-o aiaeao 16 aaea a onouea Aeaeiu e
noaaoee iniiaiui ii?oii aeey oi?aiaee n Aiaeeae e Aieeaiaeeae. Nayce n
yoeie no?aiaie ea?aee ia?aainoaothuoth ?ieue a
?onnei-caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oi?aiaea. Iin?aaeie/aneay oi?aiaey, iniaaiii
i?e o/anoee aieeaiaeoeaa, niinianoaiaaea oiaa?iiaiaio n Eniaieae e
ae?oaeie no?aiaie, n eioi?uie ia auei i?yiuo ?aaoey?iuo oi?aiauo
ioiioaiee. A Aiaeee aeey oi?aiaee n ?inneae e Ia?neae auea iniiaaia
niaoeeaeueiay oi?aiaay eiiiaiey, iieo/eaoay a 1555 aiaeo
o/?aaeeoaeueioth ei?ieaaneoth a?aiioo; iia n?aco aea noaea ecaanoia iiae
iaioeoeeaeueiui iacaaieai ?onneie eee Iineianeie eiiiaiee. Ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia 16 aaea e iicaeiaa yoa eiiiaiey iuoaeanue iiiiiieece?iaaoue
?onneee aiaoiee ?uiie, Iniaaiii ino?oth ai?ueao n aiaee/aiaie aaee
aieeaiaeneea eoioeu.
5.1. Aaic oiaa?ia
Ninoaa oiaa?ia, aaiceaoeony a ?inneth e auaiceaoeony ec iaa, ioee/aeny
aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai. Aaiceeenue oeaie, iaoaeeu e iaoaeee/aneea
ecaeaeey, a oii /enea aeaiueae, i?aaeiaou aii?oaeaiey, noaeeyiiay
ooaa?ue, aoiaaa, iaeioi?ua iaoa e ae?. N?aaee oeaiae aeaaiia ianoi
caieiaee noeia ?acee/iuo ni?oia e ?aciiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Aeaaea naiia
aeaoaaia eiii?oiia noeii noieei a eiioea 16 aaea aei?iaea naiiai
aei?iaiai ianoiiai noeia. Eiii?oe?iaaeenue oaeaea iaeioi?ue oaeeiaua
(aoean, aa?oao e ae?.) e oeii/aoiaoiaaeiua oeaie, ii eo oaeaeueiue aan a
caiaaeiii aaica ia eaeao a n?aaiaiea n oaeaeueiui aanii noeii.
Ec iaoaeeia a ?inneth aaiceeenue aeaeaci, iaaeue, naeiaoe, ieiai, a
oaeaea cieioi e na?aa?i a iiiaoa, neeoeao e ecaeaeeyo. Ianiio?y ia
iaee/ea nianoaaiiie aeaeaciaeiau/e, ?inney ioaeaeaeanue a aeaeaca e
ecaeaeeyo ec iaai. AEaeaci, noaeueiua iiaee, iiaeieoeu, caiee, eaieee,
aoeaaee e o.i. a cia/eoaeueiii eiee/anoaa i?eaiceee oaaaeneea,
aieeaiaeneea e aiaeeeneea eoioeu, Eniuouaay ino?oth iio?aaiinoue a
oeaaoiuo iaoaeeao, iniaaiii a iaaee aeey eeouey iooae e eieieieia,
?inney, ia eiaaoay oiaaea nianoaaiiuo ?ac?aaioie oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia, auea
e?aeia caeioa?aniaaia a i?eaica yoiai oiaa?a, Aeaaiui iinoaaueeii
iaoaeeia a ?inneth auea Aiaeey. *aeaiea aeaiaa e aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea a
?innee caaenaee io i?eaica na?aa?a.
?inneeneia ainoaea?noai aaei aeeeoaeueiua aieiu e eniuouaaei ecaanoioth
iaoaaoeo i?oaeey. A ?inneth aaiceeenue iaeioi?ua ?aciiaeaeiinoe
iaiano?aeueiiai (iooeaou, naiiiaeu) e oieiaeiiai i?oaeey (aeaaa?aeu),
yae?a, ii?io, oi?iu aeey eeouey iooae, aeiniaoe.
A /enea i?eaiciuo ae?aaioeaiiinoae iaoiaeeeenue naiioeaaou e aeai/oa,
iinoaea e i?aaeiaou ooaa?e, n?aaee i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey – i?yiinoe e
niaoeee, o?oeou, aeia, ieai, naeueaeue, nieue. Eiii?oe?iaaeenue oaeaea
noaeei e ca?eaea. Ec oeie/aneeo oiaa?ia i?aaeiaoia aaica auee eaanoeu,
eoii?in, ?oooue, eeiiaa?ue, /a?ieeueiua i?aoee, ai?y/ay na?a, e?anee,
noeaia, ao?a, y?ue, aaeeea, iuei (eniaineia), ec iaoia – o?aioeocneea
eeneoeu, auae?u e eeueee.
5.2. Auaic oiaa?ia
Iniiaiuie noaoueyie caiaaeiiai auaica ec ?innee auee i?aaeiaou
caieaaeaeey, ioiou, aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, ?uaieianoaa, ii?neiai e iaeioi?uo
ae?oaeo i?iiuneia, Aanueia aaaeioth /anoue ?onneiai yenii?oa ninoaaeyea
iooieia, ?onneea eoioeu caeoiaee a ?aciuo ai?iaeao e naeao, a caoai
i?iaeaaaee eiino?aiiui eoioeai eiineee aiein, naeioth uaoeio, aoneiue
ioo, aieeie. Iniaaiiui aieiaieai eiino?aiiuo eoioeia iieueciaaeenue
eiaee e eiaeaaaiiua ecaeaeey. Yenii?oe?iaaeenue e i?iaeoeou
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa – naei, iyni, ianei e ae?.
Ec i?iaeoeoia caieaaeaeey oaea a 16 aaea a aieueoii eiee/anoaa
auaiceeenue eai e iaiueea, yenii?oe?iaaeanue oaeaea a?a/a, eueiyiia naiy
e ?anoeoaeueiia ianei, I?iaeaaaeenue ca ?oaaae e i?iaeoeou ia?aaioee
oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo?: eaiaoiay i?yaea, eaiaou.
Caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneea eoioeu iieoiaee a ?innee a aieueoii eiee/anoaa
i?iaeoeou ii?neiai i?iiunea e ?uaieianoaa: ii?aeiaoth einoue, ai?aaiue,
aeoeee e o?aneiaue aee?, eiaee ii?neeo aeeaioiuo, ee?o, ?uao oeaiiuo
ni?oia – o?aneo, iaeoon, naiao. I/aiue nouanoaaiiuie i?aaeiaoaie auaica
auee iaae e aine. Ca a?aieoeo iai?aaeyeenue ia/oiaue ean, eenoaaiie/iay
aoaea, eai (canouaoee aa?aciaue nie), nieiaeeiaue ei?aiue, i?iaeoeou
eniieueciaaiey e ia?a?aaioee ae?aaaneiu: niiea, aa?, ciea, iioao. Oee ia
yenii?o oaeaea aeaaano? e nethaea. Aaeanue o?aiceoiay oi?aiaey
ia?neaeneei oaeeii, iaooueth e ?aaaiai.
I?aeiouanoaaiiui i?aaii oiaa?iiaiaia n eiino?aiiuie eoioeaie iaeaaeaea
ainoaea?aaa eacia. Iia iauyaeyea “caiiaaaeiuie” oa oiaa?u, ia eioi?ua
oioaea eiaoue iiiiiieueiia i?aai i?eia?aoaiey eee i?iaeaaee, Eie auee
aeaai?iaeiua iaoaeeu, niaieuee iaoa, aine, oeaa (ca?ii), niiea, eueiyiia
naiy, ee?a, ia?neaeneee oaee e ?aaaiue. A iauai oi?aiaii iai?ioa
cia/eoaeueiay noiia i?eoiaeeeanue ia aeieth oea?y.
5.3. Acaeiiioiioaiey n eiino?aiiuie eoioeaie
Eiino?aiiua eoioeu e oi?aiaua eiiiaiee no?aieeenue aeiaeoueny io
?onneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?acee/iuo i?eaeeaaee e i?aeiouanoa. A 16 –
ia?aie iieiaeia 17 aaea eo i?aaa ii?aaeaeyeenue ia oieueei
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie aeiaiai?aie, ii e niaoeeaeueiuie aeaeiaaiiuie
a?aiioaie, Aia?aua a?aiioa oaeiai ?iaea auea auaeaia a 1517 aiaeo
aeaoneei eoioeai. ?yae aeaeiaaiiuo a?aiio iieo/eee aiaeeeneay Iineianeay
eiiiaiey, aieeaiaeneea eoioeu. Iaeaieaa i?eiyoie oi?iie oi?aiaee n
eiino?aioeaie auea oi?aiaey iioii. Eiino?aioeai i?aaeienuaaeinue eiaoue
aeaei i?aaeaea anaai n eaciie, caoai n eoioeaie, ii ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii
n oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie e iio?aaeoaeyie. I?e oi?aiaea iioii ?an/ao
i?iecaiaeeeny ia iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie, a oiaa?ii. Iiyoiio aiaoiyy
oi?aiaey iineea i?aeiouanoaaiii iaiiaue oa?aeoa?. Ia ecaanoiie
i?eieoeaiinoe oi?aiaee n eiino?aioeaie naeaeaoaeuenoaoao aa y?ia?i/iue
oa?aeoa?. ?onneea eoioeu auacaeaee a no?aiu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a ?aaeeeo
neo/ayo. Eae i?aaeei, iie ia acaeeee aeaeueoa I?eaaeoeee e Neaiaeeiaaee.
Iiyoiio aeoeaiinoue oi?aiaee a aieueoie noaiaie caaenaea io eieoeeaoeau
eiino?aiiuo eoioeia e eiiiaiee.
Aaeain oi?aiaee caiaaeiuo no?ai n ?inneae ia Aaeoeea e Aaeii ii?a aue
ianneaiui, o.a. noieiinoue yenii?oa ec ?innee ia Caiaae i?aauoaea
noieiinoue eiii?oa a ?inneth n Caiaaea. Iiyoiio ia?yaeo n oiaa?aie
caiaaeiua eoioeu aaiceee e aeaiueae. A oi?aiaea n caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeie
eoioeaie o/anoaiaaee oi?aiaua ethaee iiiaeo ?onneeo ai?iaeia e oacaeia,
A iaeieo oi?aiaey aaeanue iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a ae?oaeo neoiueee
i?eia?aoaee oiaa? aeey iineaaeothuae aai i?iaeaaee eiino?aiiui eoioeai a
oaeeo e?oiiuo oeaio?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee, eae, iai?eia?,
A?oaiaaeuene eee Iiaai?iae.
6. Oi?aiaey n Ainoieii
Ec ainoi/iuo no?ai ?inneeneia ainoaea?noai oi?aiaaei n Eacaineei e
Ano?aoaineei oainoaaie (aei 1552-1554 aiaeia), ni n?aaeiaaceaoneeie
oainoaaie, Iiaaeneie i?aeie, E?uiii, Oo?oeeae e E?aiii.
6.1. Yenii?o ec ?innee
N?aaee i?aaeiaoia auaica ec ?innee ?acee/aeenue oiaa?u ioa/anoaaiiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey e ecaeaeey caiaaeiuo no?ai.
A a?oiia ?inneeneeo oiaa?ia ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa cia/eoaeueioth
/anoue ninoaaeyee eiaee, ioee/aaoeany oi?ioae auaeaeeie, i?aaeiaou
aii?oaeaiey, a oii /enea iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea, aanueia ?aaeeia ia
Ainoiea, aea?aayiiua, na?aa?yiua e aeaeaciua ecaeaeey) iniaaiii oiii?u e
iiaee); iaiueoaa ianoi caieiaee oeaie e oaaeiua ecaeaeey, aeii, aiaeea.
Ec i?iaeoeoia ianoiuo i?iiuneia yenii?oe?iaaeenue iaoa, iaae e aine,
nieue, eia/ea ioeoeu, ii?aeiaay einoue, nethaea e e?anee. A iaaieueoii
eiee/anoaa auaiceeenue ca?ii, ioea, naei, ianei.
I?aaeiaoaie iin?aaeie/aneie oi?aiaee ?innee n Ainoieii auee caiaaeiua
noeia, aoiaaa, noaeei, ?oooue, aeaeaci e oeaaoiua iaoaeeu – ieiai,
iaaeue, naeiaoe.
A i/aiue ia?aie/aiiuo ianooaaao aaeanue oi?aiaey ynu?ai, o.a. ieaiiuie.
Ainoi/iui eoioeai ?ac?aoaeinue iieoiaoue ia aieaa 10 ieaiiuo: ?onneeo
ethaeae e ieaiiuo, i?eiyaoeo i?aaineaaea, i?iaeaaaoue cai?auaeinue. A
1566 aiaeo auei eaoaai?e/anee cai?auaii i?iaeaaaoue ieaiiuo “iaioeaa”,
iao/aiiuo ?aianeo. I?iaeaaea ieaiiuo i?iecaiaeeeanue aeaaiui ia?acii a
Eaneiiaa, Ia?ayneaaea-?ycaineii, Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea e Naeyaenea.
6.2. Eiii?o a ?inneth
Aaic a ?inneth ec no?ai Ainoiea ioee/aeny ?aciiia?aceai oiaa?ia.
Aaiceeenue iiiaea aeaeu oeaiae – oaeeiauo (eaiea, oaooa, aoean, aa?oao e
ae?.) e oeii/aoiaoiaaeiuo (aycue, iano?i?yaeue), eia?u, oaee-nu?aoe,
oeiiie, iaeioi?ua aeaeu eiaee (thooue, naoueyi), i?yiinoe, ecthi,
/a?iineea, ieiaeaeue, i?aoe e naoa?, ?en, ?uaa, iineaoaeueiua oiaa?u
(e?anee, eaiaaeue, eaanoeu), iaooue, oiio?aaeyaoayny aeaaiui ia?acii a
ea/anoaa ?anoai?eoaey a aeeaiieniie oaoieea, eaaeai, iuei, aeaai?iaeiua
iaoaeeu – cieioi e na?aa?i (a iiiaoao), ecaeaeey ec ieo, ae?aaioeaiiua e
oeaaoiua eaiie, aeai/oa. O Iiaaeneie i?aeu ?inney iieoiaea a aieueoii
eiee/anoaa eioaaeae e a ianeieueei iaiueoai – iaaoe. Aoi?inoaiaiiuie
iauaeoaie ?onneiai aaica n Ainoiea auee i?aaeiaou aii?oaeaiey e eiineiai
nia?yaeaiey, aiaiiua iocueaeueiua eino?oiaiou, iinoaea.
I?e iin?aaeie/anoaa n?aaeiaaceaoneeo e e?aineeo eoioeia iiaeaea?aeeaaeny
oiaa?iiaiai ni no?aiaie Ainoi/iie e THai-Ainoi/iie Acee.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiua oi?aiaua ioiioaiey ?innee n Eiaeeae caaycaeenue a
na?aaeeia, a n Eeoaai – ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 17 aaea. I?aaeiaoaie
iin?aaeie/aneie oi?aiaee ?innee n Caiaaeii auee oaeea ainoi/iua oiaa?u,
eae oaee-nu?aoe e iaooue.
A i?aaeaeao ?innee eiii?oiua ainoi/iua oiaa?u ?ani?ino?aiyeenue
ia?aaiiia?ii: i?aaeiaou ?ineioe eiaee oceee ?uiie nauoa n?aaee aa?oooee
ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna. Aeaoaaua ni?oa oaeeiauo iaoa?ee,
oeii/aoiaoiaaeiua oeaie, iaeioi?ua aeaeu i?yiinoae, e?anee, eaanoeu,
iaooue i?iieeaee a ?acee/iua neie iauanoaa.
Oi?aiaue iai?io ?innee n ainoi/iuie no?aiaie aue ian?aaiaiii iaiueoa,
/ai n caiaaeiuie. Ia ?oaaaea 16-17 aaeia oi?aiaue iai?io n Caiaaeii
aeinoeaae 150 oun. ?oa., a n Ainoieii – iaiiiaei aieaa 4 oun. ?oa.
A oi?aiaea n Ainoieii, eae e n Caiaaeii, eacia ?aniieaaaea
i?aeiouanoaaiiui i?aaii i?eia?aoaiey i?eaiciuo e oiaa?ia, ?yae oiaa?ia
iaoiaeeeny a aa iiiiiieueiii aeaaeaiee. Oaea a ia?aie iieiaeia 16 aaea
auaic ec no?aiu ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia – cieioa e na?aa?a – aue neeueii
cao?oaeiai, a ai aoi?ie iieiaeia – iieiinoueth cai?auai.
6.3. Acaeiiioiioaiey n eiino?aiiuie eoioeaie
E na?aaeeia 16 aaea ainoi/iui eoioeai ?ac?aoaeinue naiaiaeii i?eacaeaoue
oieueei a iia?aie/iua ?onneea ai?iaea, a ioieou, aaea ei iicaieyeinue
oi?aiaaoue, ii?aaeaeyeenue iniai. A ia?aie o?aoe 16 aaea oo?ee e oaoa?u
eiaee i?aai oi?aiaaoue a iinaeea Oieiiueai (a Oaee/neii oacaea), eoaea
ai a?aiy y?ia?ee niae?aeenue ethaee ec naiuo ioaeaeaiiuo iano.
Iiaaeueiui oi?aii ainoi/iua eoioeu iiaee caiyoueny eeoue iinea
caaa?oaiey oi?aiauo naeaeie n eaciie. Ii i?e yoii eoioeai, i?eacaeaaoei
a ?inneth n eacaiiui oiaa?ii, cai?auaeanue ?icie/iay oi?aiaey e caeoiea
?onneeo oiaa?ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii o eo i?iecaiaeeoaeae. Iie aeieaeiu auee
anooiaoue a oi?aiaua niioaiey n ?onneeie eoioeaie i?e niaeaenoaee
niaoeeaeueii i?enoaaeaiiuo e iei oi?aiauo ethaeae, ia?aaiae/eeia e
i?enoaaia. Eacaiiay oi?aiaey inaiaiaeaeaeanue io oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei,
iia?aoeee aea n /anoiuie eeoeaie iiaeeaaeaee oaiiaeaiiiio iaeiaeaieth.
Oieueei a Neae?e ainoi/iui eoioeai ?ac?aoaeinue oi?aiaaoue aaniioeeiii.
N ?onneie noi?iiu a oi?aiaeth n Ainoieii auei aoyiooi i?aaeaea anaai
n?aaeiaa e iaeeia eoia/anoai. Eiaiii iii i?aiaeaaeaei a oi?aiauo
iiacaeeao a E?ui, Oo?oeeth, E?ai. E?oiiua eoioeu oeia No?iaaiiauo
iai?aaeyee ia Ainoie naieo i?eeac/eeia.
7. Oi?aiaua iooe
A 16 aaea Iineaa i?aa?auaaony a oeaio? aaaeiaeoeo nooiiooiuo e ?a/iuo
iooae ?innee. N ia?aciaaieai aaeeiiai ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa i?iecioee
eciaiaiey a neiaeeaoeony ?aiaa oi?aiauo iooyo. ?anoe?aiea oa??eoi?ee
no?aiu e aneaaenoaea -aicieeiiaaiea iiauo ?uieia – i?eaiaeeei e
iiyaeaieth iiauo iai?aaeaiee oi?aiauo iooae, eioi?ua eae e noa?ua
oi?aiaua aei?iae, ana aieaa oyaioaee e Iineaa eae aaeieieno?aoeaiiio
oeaio?o no?aiu. Yoe iooe oo?a/eaaee naia naiinoiyoaeueiia cia/aiea e
noaiiaeeenue ?aaeeonaie, niaaeeiythueie noieeoeo n ia?eoa?eae.
?yae oi?aiauo iooae a 16 aaea eiae iniaaiii aieueoia cia/aiea. Ii
Iineaa-?aea oae aiaeiue iooue ia Ieo e aeaeaa ia Aieao. *a?ac No?iiuieo
aaea aei?iaa ia naaa?i-ainoie a iai?aaeaiee Nocaeaey. N Oaa?neie oeeoeu
ia/eiaeanue aei?iaa ia Oaa?ue e aeaeaa ia Aaeeeee Iiaai?iae. N?aoaineay
oeeoea aaea ia ss?ineaaneee o?aeo, a io ?iaiaeneie neiaiaeu oae o?aeo ia
Eacaiue e Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae. *a?ac i?eai?iaeiia naei Eieiiaineia oea
aei?iaa ia tha a Na?iooia e Ooeo. *a?ac A?aao e Aei?iaiieeiai auoiaeeea
Iiaeaeneay aei?iaa a iai?aaeaiee e Niieaineo. Ana yoe aei?iae
?acaaoaeyeenue aeaeaa a oeaeoth naoue iooae e ?anoiaeeeenue ii anaio
i?ino?ainoao ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa.
Iniiaiie iaaeno?aeueth iaaeaeo aeaoiy e?oiiaeoeie ?onneeie ai?iaeaie
Iiaai?iaeii e Iineaie inoaaony e a 16 aaea noa?eiiay aei?iaa io Iineau
aei Iiaai?iaea /a?ac Aieie Eaineee, Oaa?ue e Oi?aeie. N i?eniaaeeiaieai
Iiaai?iaea e Iineaa oe?aieythony yeiiiie/aneea nayce iaaeaeo yoeie
ai?iaeaie.
Ianeieueei aaaeiuo oi?aiauo iooae ?anoiaeeeenue io Iiaai?iaea ia caiaae
e naaa?i-caiaae. Ii iei inouanoaeyeenue nayce ni no?aiaie Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiu.
Iaeei ec oi?aiauo iooae ia Caiaae oae io Iiaai?iaea e Ineiao, a aeaeueoa
e Eaaiai?iaeo e Ia?aa, a ?eao, Eeoao. E Eaaiai?iaeo oee io Iiaai?iaea e
ae?oaea aei?iae, ieioy Ineia ii Eoaa aei a. ssiu, /a?ac Iao?ianeee
iiaino, /a?ac Eoaeneee yi. Iaeia ec aei?ia aaea io Iiaai?iaea a
Oieiiai?u /a?ac naeaiea Noiu.
Iniaaiii aieueoia cia/aiea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 16 aaea i?eia?ae oi?aiaue
iooue io Iineau e Aaeiio ii?th /a?ac ss?ineaaeue, Aieiaaeo, Oioueio,
Onotha. Yoei iooai oea iaeeaeaiiay oi?aiaey n Aiaeeae e Aieeaiaeeae. Yoa
aei?iaa ian/eouaaea aieaa 1500 aa?no, e iooaoanoaea ii iae iiaei
i?iaeieaeaoueny aei 50 aeiae.
Ia tha io Iineau ooiaeeei ianeieueei oi?aiauo iooae. Iaeiei ec aeaaiuo a
16 aaea aue aeiineie. Yoei noa?eiiui iooai, ecaanoiui aua n eiioea 14
aaea iieueciaaeenue ieo?iiieeou Ieiai e Eei?eai, acaeeaoea ec Iineau a
Oea?uea?aae e ia?aoii. Io Iineau ea?aaaiu oee aiaeie eee nooei iooai aei
Eieiiiu e ?ycaie, a ioooaea o?aiy aei?iaaie – /a?ac Ieoaeeia, ?yaeai,
Noa?oth ?ycaiue – e Ai?iiaaeo e Aeiio. Ii Aeiio noaea neaaeiaaee aei
Aciaa, a caoai ii?ai e Eiinoaioeiiiieth. Iauay i?ioyaeaiiinoue iooe io
Iineau aei Aciaa ninoaaeyea ieiei 2230 ei. Ia yoi cao?a/eaaeinue
i?eia?ii 55 aeiae. E?iia aeiineiai iooe ia tha aaee oaeaea e nooiiooiua
aei?iae /a?ac Aaeai?iae, Iooeaeue, Iiaai?iae-Naaa?neee, A?yine, A?uiue,
Eaeoao. Ia yoie aei?iaa oiiieiaaony a Oo?aoeeeo e E?uineeo iinieueneeo
eieaao. Oi?aiaua ethaee acaeeee eiiaaea a Oo?oeeth e e?oaeiuie iooyie:
/a?ac eeoianeea caiee. Iaeiaei aieueoiai cia/aiey yoe oi?aiaua iooe a 16
aaea ia iieo/eee, oae eae a yoio ia?eiae ioiioaiey n Eeoaie auee
iaoyiooua, e eeoianeea aeanoe noa?aeenue ia i?iioneaoue ?onneeo oi?aiauo
ethaeae /a?ac naie caiee.
Aieueoia ?acaeoea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 16 aaea iieo/ee Aieaeneee oi?aiaue
iooue. Yoi i?iecioei a nayce n i?eniaaeeiaieai Eacaie e Ano?aoaie. Yoio
iooue ia/eiaeny iau/ii a Iineaa, ioeoaea iooieee nioneaeenue ii
Iineaa-?aea e Iea aei Aieae. Aiaee/aia ia/eiaee naie iooaoanoaey ii
Aieaa io ss?ineaaey. Aiaeiue iooue io Iineau aei Ano?aoaie i?iaeieaeaeny
1,5-2 ianyoea. A Ano?aoaie oiaa?u ia?aa?oaeaeenue ia ii?neea noaea e
iooue i?iaeieaeaeny a ainoi/iua no?aiu aaeieue aa?aaia Eanieeneiai ii?y.
Ianeieueei nooiiooiuo aei?ia aaei io Ano?aoaie a N?aaeithth Aceth e
E?ai.
Naaa? anaaaea i?eaeaeae ?onneeo ii?aieaaaoaeae. E 16 aaeo ioiinyony
cia/eoaeueiua oniaoe a inaiaiee eie Naaa?iiai ii?neiai iooe. Naaa?iue
iooue a Aa?iio aue ecaanoai ?onneei ethaeyi ecaeaaia. A eiioea 15 aaea
ei iieueciaaeenue ?onneea iineu A?eai?ee Enoiia, Aeieo?ee Caeoeaa e
Aeieo?ee ?aaeaa. A eeoa?aoo?a ooaa?aeeeinue iiaiea ia ioe?uoee ii?neiai
iooe ec Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a Aaeia ii?a aiaee/aiaie. Enoi/ieee iieiinoueth
ii?iaa?aatho yoi iiaiea. “Ia naiii aeaea *ainea? i?ioae ii oiio iooe, ii
eioi?iio caaeieai aei iaai a 12-15 aaeao oiaeeee iiaai?iaeneea aiaiiua
yeniaaeeoeee e ?onneea iineu: A?eai?ee Enoiia, Aeieo?ee Caeoeaa,
Aeieo?ee Aa?aneiia e ae?oaea ?onneea ethaee”. A eiioea 16 aaea
iauaainoaea?noaaiiia cia/aiea i?eia?ae oaeaea iooue /a?ac Eaaeiaeoue
ieaai aei onouey ?aee Oac, i?eoiea Iae, iieo/eaoee iacaaiea
Iaiaacaeneiai ii?neiai oiaea.
E?iia aieueoeo o?aiceoiuo oi?aiauo iooae nouanoaiaaei iiiaeanoai aei?ia,
eiathueo ianoiia cia/aiea, naycuaaaoeo e?oiiua ai?iaea n naeueneie
ie?oaie e aieaa iaeeeie ai?iaeneeie ioieoaie.
A 16 aaea nouanoaiaaei oaea naiaeiia iienaiea aei?ia ?onneiai
ainoaea?noaa. Ia iniiaaiee nouanoaiaaaoeo ?aiaa aei?iaeieeia e /a?oaaeae
a eiioea 16 aaea aue ninoaaeai iauee /a?oaae ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa,
niaea?aeauee iienaiea aei?ia, ?ae, ai?iaeia e o?i/eu. Ii-aeaeeiiio, a
yoi a?aiy, ninoaaeyeenue oaeaea iienaiey e ii?neeo iooae – iiii?neea
eioeee. Iaeia ec ieo eaaea, i/aaeaeii, a iniiao ea?ou “Aaeiai ii?y e
?aee Iacaie”, ninoaaeaiiie a eiioea 16 aaea Eoeie Aaaaia?ii.
N?aaeiaaaeiaua iooaoanoaaiieee e oi?aiaoeu i?aaeii/eoaee acaeeoue aiaeie
eee a ceiiaa a?aiy ii nooiiooiui aei?iaai. A eaoiaa a?aiy, a iniaaiii a
ia?eiaeu ?aniooeoeu, ia?aaeaeaeaiea auei ooiieoaeueii ec-ca ieioiai
ninoiyiey aei?ia. Inoaeinue iaiaei ainiiieiaiee i oyaeanoe iooaoanoaee
ii ?onneei aei?iaai a eaoiaa, aanaiiaa e inaiiaa a?aiy. Oae, Iaaae Eiaee
ienae, /oi “iooue ec Aeeueiu /?ac Niieaine aei Iineau, a ceiiaa a?aiy,
ii e?aieiio eueaeo, i?aa?auathuaiony io ii?icia e /anoie acaeu a
oaa?aeue eaae, niaa?oaaony n iaeiiaa?iie nei?inoueth, caoi a eaoiaa
a?aiy, ia eia/a iiaeii i?iaoaoue caeanue, eae n aieueoei o?oaeii e n
/?acau/aeiuie oneeeyie, iioiio /oi oathuee io nieioea niaa ia?acoao
aieioa e a?yciua, iai?ioiaeeiua oiie, ia eioi?ua aeey i?iacaea
ianoeeatho n aaee/aeoei o?oaeii aea?aayiiua aaoe”. Iaycaiiinoue no?ieoue
oaeea iinou e aaoe eaaeaea ia ianoiii ianaeaiee. Iinoiaueia auea iniaui
aeaeii iiaeiiinoe a 16 aaea. Eiaaea /a?ac ?aee ia auei iinoia, ia?ai?aaa
inouanoaeyeanue i?eieoeaiui niiniaii, eioi?ue iienuaaeny oae:
iooaoanoaaiieee ia?aae?athony /a?ac ?aee “iaeei naiaia?aciui niiniaii
ia?ai?aau, a eiaiii: ia?oaatho eonoa?ieeia, naycuaatho eo io/eaie,
naaeyony ia ieo naie, eeaaeoo eiouanoai e, oaeei ia?acii, a?aay aiec ii
?aea, ioiinyony e ae?oaiio aa?aao. Ae?oaea i?eaycuaatho iiaeiaiua naycee
e oainoai eioaaeae; iie, iiaiiyaiua ae/aie, ieuaoo e ae?oaiio aa?aao,
aeaeoo n niaie ethaeae oaeei ia?acii ia?aaicyo eo”.
I?aaeoaeuenoai aeaeaei iiiuoee oii?yaei/eoue iooaoanoaea ii iaeaieaa
aaaeiui aei?iaai. Iaeiei ec ia?ii?eyoee a yoii iai?aaeaiee auei
ono?ienoai yiia. Enneaaeiaaoaee ?enotho yineoth aiiueao 16 aaea a
neaaeothuai aeaea. Ii aieueoei aei?iaai ia ecaanoiii ?annoiyiee ae?oa io
ae?oaa, ninoaaeyaoai a n?aaeiai 30- 40 ei (eiiaaea /aua), iaoiaeeeenue
aei?iaeiua noaioeee-yiu. Ie?anoiia ianaeaiea iinoaaeyei ia yiu iiaeaiaeu
e ei?i aeey eioaaeae. Iii aea iii/a?aaeii aiaei naioth aiiueao. ssi
ninoiye iau/ii ec yineiai aeai?a, aeaoo-o?ao eca, naiieea e eiithoie.
Aaaeaee yiaie yiueee. Iaueiiaaiii e yineiio aeai?o i?eienuaaeenue caiee:
iaoiy, naiieinu, eiiaaea aea?aaie, ?anoiaeu n eioi?uo oee a iieueco
yiueeia. Iau/ii ia yia aeeee aeaa-o?e yiueea. I?aai iieueciaaoueny yiaie
i?aaenoaaeyeinue aeaeaei ia anai. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa eie
iieueciaaeenue ioeoeeaeueiua eeoea: oea?neea aiioeu, iineu, eioi?ui a
yoii neo/aa auaeaaaeanue niioaaonoaothuay iiaei?iaeiay. *anoiui eeoeai
ia ?ac?aoaeinue iaieiaoue ia yiao eioaaeae. I?aaeoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaei
eiio?ieue iaae aeayoaeueiinoueth yiia. Nio?aieeinue cia/eoaeueiia
eiee/anoai aeieoiaioia io eiioea 16 aaea, eioi?uie i?aaeoaeuenoai
?aaoee?iaaei ii?yaeee ia yiao. Aeey ono?ienoaa yiia ia ianoa iinueaeenue
aeaoe aiy?neea.
N?aaeiaaaeiaua iooe niiauaiey auee o?oaeiu e iianiu ia oieueei
i?eieoeaiui ninoiyieai aei?ia e o?ainii?oa. Iaiaei caaio aeey
iooaoanoaaiieeia i?aaenoaaeyee iaaaae anaaiciiaeiuo ?acaieiuo ethaeae n
oeaeueth ia?aaeaiey. Iiyoiio iooaoanoaiaaoue a iaeeii/eo auei
?eneiaaiii. Yoei a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iauyniyaony i?eniaaeeiaiea
eoioeia e aeeieiiaoe/aneei iinieuenoaai, eioi?ua eiaee aeinoaoi/ii
iaaeaaeioth aii?oaeaiioth io?aio.
Iineu e oi?aiaoeu iauaaeeiyeenue a aieueoea ea?aaaiu, aeaaea ii 500
noaeia. Ianiio?y ia iiiai/eneaiiinoue yoeo ea?aaaiia, iaiaaeaiey ia ieo
e a?aaaaee oiaa?ia e “iiieieia” auee i/aiue /anou. Aeieoiaiou nio?aieee
iiiai/eneaiiua aeaeiau eoioeia ia ia?aaeaiey ai a?aiy ia?aacaeia.
I?aaeoaeuenoai iuoaeinue i?aaieciaaoue ia iaeioi?uo aei?iaao iinoiyiioth
io?aio iooaoanoaaiieeia io ?acaieiuo ethaeae. A 20-o aiaeao ?inney
niaianoii n Oo?oeeae i?aaei?eieiaao ia?u aeey io?aiu Aeiineiai iooe.
Noeoai iineae aeey “aeiineiai aa?aaeaiey 3 noaeia n iooeaie e ieuaeyie”.
Ei iaano?a/o aeieaeiu auee aeaeaaoueny ?onneea io?aiiua noaea. Ia Aieaa
?onneee oea?ue aea?aeae io?yaeu no?aeueoeia aeey io?aiu iinieueneeo e
oi?aiauo ea?aaaiia.
Ii ianiio?y ia ana yoe ia?u, iaiaaeaiey ia oi?aiaua e iinieueneea
ea?aaaiu auee i/aiue /anou e n/eoaeenue iau/iui aeaeii ia ?onneeo
n?aaeiaaaeiauo aei?iaao.
8. Caeeth/aiea
A oeaeii yaiethoeey nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ?innee a 16 aaea
auea aanueia neiaeiie. N iaeiie noi?iiu, oae i?ioeann ?acaeoey
oaiaeaeecia aaeoaue e aoe?ue, eioi?ue i?eaiaeee e cae?aiiuaieth
e?anoueyi e oaaee/aieth i?aa caieaaeaaeaeueoea ia ee/iinoue
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaeeoaey. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, a ?innee
i?ienoiaeee ao?iue ?ino oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, iaia/aeinue
i?aa?auaiea ?aianea a iaeeia oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai, aicieeaee
iaiooaeoo?u, aic?anoaei cia/aiea iaaiiiai o?oaea, oaaee/eaaeny iaiai
iaaeaeo iaeanoyie e n ca?oaaaeiuie no?aiaie. ?acaeoea oaiaeaeecia ia
iiaei i?einoaiiaeoue ?acaeoey oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, ii e
iineaaeiea iiea aua ieeae ia oa?iaeaee onoiyi oaiaeaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe
ia caieth e i?eioeeio aiayeiiiie/aneiai i?eioaeaeaiey.
Eeoa?aoo?a
Aieueoay niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey, ae. ?aae. A. I. I?ioi?ia. Iineaa:
“Niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey”, o. 14, 1973, 623 n.
Enoi?ey Aa?iiu, o. 3 – Io n?aaeiaaaeiauey e iiaiio a?aiaie. Iineaa:
“Iaoea”, 1993, 654 n.
Ea?aicei I.I. I?aaeaiey aaeia. Iineaa: “I?aaaea”, 1988, 766 n.
Eeth/aaneee A. E?aoeia iiniaea ii ?onneie enoi?ee. Iineaa: “Oa??a”;
“Eieaeiay eaaea-?O?”, 1996, 173 n.
I/a?ee i eoeueoo?a ?one XVI aaea
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