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Nooue athaeaeaoiie
nenoaiu_

Nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu

A eaaeaeie no?aia iniiao ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeiainia ninoaaeyao athaeaeao,
a oi/iaa – athaeaeaoiay nenoaia, eioi?ay aeeth/aao ainoaea?noaaiiue
athaeaeao e athaeaeaou niioaaonoaaiiuo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aaeeieoe.
Athaeaeao – yoi naaeaine?iaaiiay niaoa, ?inienue aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia e
?anoiaeia ia ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae.

No?oeoo?a athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu cia/eoaeueiie ia?ie caaeneo io
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa no?aiu. Oae no?aia n oaaea?aeueiui
ono?ienoaii eiaao oaaea?aeueiue (ainoaea?noaaiiue) athaeaeaou ninoaaiuo
/anoae oaaea?aoeee (ooaoia, caiaeue, eaioiiia, ?anioaeee), a oaeaea
ianoiua athaeaeaou (?aeiiia, ai?iaeia, nae – a caaeneiinoe io
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai ?acaeaeaiey). Iai?eia?, a NOA oeaio?aeueiia ianoi
i?eiaaeeaaeeo athaeaeaoai ooaoia, a iauaainoaea?noaaiiua ooieoeee
(iai?iia, aiaoiea nayce, iauaa oi?aaeaiea) oaeiaeaoai?ythony ca n/ao
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. A ainoaea?noaa aac oaaea?aeueiiai ?acaeaeaiey
anoue oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiue e ianoiua athaeaeaou. A Oe?aeia ii
no?oeoo?a athaeaeaoiay nenoaia ninoieo ec ?anioaeeeaineiai athaeaeaoa e
athaeaeaoia aaeieieno?aoeaii – oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoe.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao – iaeaieueoee oeaio?aeeciaaiiue aeaiaaeiue
oiiae ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ue iaoiaeeony a ?anii?yaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa. A
ainoaea?noaaiiii athaeaeaoa eiioeaio?e?oaony aieueoay /anoue aaeiaiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa. Ii ea?aao iaaa?iyoii aaaeioth ?ieue a
iaania/aiee yooaeoeaiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey anao ninoaaeythueo /anoae
oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, a ii?aaeaeaiee aaeainiauo naycae anao
oeaiiinoiuo iieacaoaeae nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey e
niaethaeaiey i?iii?oeee iaaeaeo aeaeaeaieai iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo
?ano?nia. Athaeaeaoiua n?aaenoaa iai?aaeythony ia ainoaea?noaaiiia
oi?aaeaiea, ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, nioeeaeueii – eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey,
iai?iio, iiaeaea?aeeo e ?acaeoea iaoee. Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao e
ianoiua athaeaeaou anao o?iaiae ninoaaeytho oeiainiaoth iniiao aeey
iauaaeeiaiey iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo eioa?ania.

Oeaio?aeueiia ianoi athaeaeaoa a oeiainiaie nenoaia, i?aaeaea anaai,
iauyniyaony oai, /oi n aai iiiiuueth ia?a?ani?aaeaeyaony cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea. A no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie
yeiiiieeie /a?ac athaeaeao ia?a?ani?aaeaeyaony ii/oe iieiaeia
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea.

A niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothueie a Oe?aeia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie a
iniiao ooieoeeiie?iaaiey athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu caeiaeaiu aeaa aaaeiuo
i?eioeeia. Ia?aue – ?acaeaeaiea eiiiaoaioeee iaaeaeo o?iaiyie
athaeaeaoa. Yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue i?aaiai ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe
ethaiai o?iaiy iaiaa?e?iaaoue nianoaaiiuie e i?eaea/aiiuie a aeioiaeioth
/anoue athaeaeaoa enoi/ieeaie aeey niaa?oaiey nioeeaeueii –
yeiiiie/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee. Aoi?ie i?eioeei – iaania/aiea aaeeiie
i?aaiaie aacu, aaeeiie oi?iu athaeaeaoiie aeieoiaioaoeee i?e
i?aaeinoaaeaiee (iieo/aiee) iaiaoiaeeiie noaoenoe/aneie e athaeaeaoiie
eioi?iaoeee.

Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia iniiauaaaony ia acaeiinayce athaeaeaoia anao
o?iaiae, /oi i?ienoiaeeo i?e iiiiue eniieueciaaiey ?aaoee?oaiuo
aeioiaeiuo enoi/ieeia, nicaeaiey oeaeaauo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoiuo
oiiaeia, eo /anoe/iiai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey. Yoi aaaeiia iieiaeaiea
?aaeecoaony /a?ac nenoaio iaeiaia, eioi?ua ?aaoee?otho iauaiu
iinooieaiee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e aai ?aaeiiaie,
a oaeaea a oeaeii ii oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeie nenoaiu
aicieeaao a ?acoeueoaoa oiai, /oi a ?aieao no?aiu nouanoaoao ?acieoea a
oeiainiaie iaania/aiiinoe ?aaeiiia eae iineaaenoaea ?yaea iauaeoeaiuo
i?e/ei, naycaiiuo n eo yeiiiie/aneei e aaia?aoe/aneei iieiaeaieai.
Iacaaeneiinoue athaeaeaoia iaania/eaaaony i?enoonoaeai enoi/ieeia
aeioiaeia e i?aaii auae?aoue iai?aaeaiea eo eniieueciaaiey e cao?ao.

Aeioiaeu athaeaeaoa – /anoue oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey auiieiaiey aai ooieoeee. Iie au?aaeatho yeiiiie/aneea
ioiioaiey, aicieeoea, a i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa e iinooiatho a ?anii?yaeaiea i?aaiia aeanoe.

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no?. 3

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

A caaeneiinoe io ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa no?aiu ?acee/atho: a
oieoa?iii ainoaea?noaa aeioiaeu oeaio?aeueiiai (ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa) e aeioiaeu ianoiuo athaeaeaoia.

Athaeaeaoiua aeioiaeu – iiiyoea aieaa oceia, /ai aeioiaeu ainoaea?noaa,
eioi?ua aeeth/atho iiieii n?aaenoa athaeaeaoia anao o?iaiae aeanoe
?ano?nu aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeia e anaai ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a.

Aeioiaeu ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa oi?ie?othony ca n/ao iaeiaia,
aeoeeciuo nai?ia, aeioiaeia io aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, a
niioaaonoaee n ii?iaoeaaie, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie
aeoaie. Aeioiaeu ianoiuo athaeaeaoia oi?ie?othony ca n/ao ?aciuo ianoiuo
iaeiaia e acuneaiee.

Aeaaiui iaoa?eaeueiui enoi/ieeii aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa yaeyaony
iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae. Eiaaea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea ia oaaoaao ia
iie?uoea oeiainiauo ioaeae, ainoaea?noai i?eaeaeaao iaoeeiiaeueiia
aiaaonoai. Iainoaea?noaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea inouanoaeyaony
ainoaea?noaii ?acee/iuie iaoiaeaie. Iniiaiuie iaoiaeaie, eniieuecoaiuie
i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe aeey ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaea e
ia?aciaaiey athaeaeaoiuo aeioiaeia, yaeythony iaeiae, caeiu e yienney
aeaiaa. Niioiioaiea iaaeaeo ieie ?acee/ii ii no?aiai e ai a?aiaie;
ii?aaeaeyaony yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeeae a no?aia, noaiaiueth ino?iou
nioeeaeueiuo e ae?oaeo i?ioeai?a/ee, ninoiyieai oeiainia e oeiainiaie
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.

Iaeiae yaeythony aeaaiui iaoiaeii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea; iaania/eaatho i?aiaeaaeathuoth aeieth aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa.
Oae a aeioiaeao ?acee/iuo ainoaea?noa iie ninoaaeytho ieiei 9/10. Aeiey
iaeiaia a aeioiaeao /eaiia oaaea?aoeee e ianoiuo athaeaeaoia
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa. Yoe athaeaeaou oi?ie?othony ca n/ao cae?aieaiiuo e
?aaoee?othueo aeioiaeia.

Aoi?ui ii naiaio oeiainiaiio cia/aieth aeioiaeii athaeaeaoa yaeyaony
ainoaea?noaaiiue caei. E caeiai ainoaea?noai i?eaaaaao i?e athaeaeaoiuo
aeaoeoeeoao, eioi?ua i?aaeoniao?eaathony i?e ninoaaeaiee athaeaeaoa ia
i?aaenoiyuee aiae. Ii ia?a oneeaiey oeiainiaie iai?yaeaiiinoe a no?aia e
oaaee/aiey aeaoeoeeoa ainoaea?noai ana aieueoa ia?auaaony e caeiai.

Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie iaauiieiaiey aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa Oe?aeiu a 1996a.
yaeythony nieaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa (ia 5%) e oiaiueoaiey iauaia aaeiaiai
aioo?aiiaai i?iaeoeoa (ieiei 10%).

Iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue e aeoeeciue nai? ii noiia iaeeaeaaiuo
aeioiaeia ninoaaeytho aaaeiaeoee enoi/iee athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa, a
i?ioeaiou eo auiieiaiey iaeie ec naiuo ieceeo.

?anoiaeu athaeaeaoa. Aoaeo/e eiiiiiaioii iauae oeiainiaie eaoaai?ee –
athaeaeaoa – i?aaenoaaeytho niaie cao?aou, aicieeathuea a nayce n
auiieiaieai ainoaea?noaii naieo ooieoeee. Yoe cao?aou au?aaeatho
yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, ia iniiaa eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo i?ioeann
iieueciaaiey n?aaenoa oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oiiaea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
ainoaea?noaa ii ?acee/iui iai?aaeaieyi. Yeiiiie/aneay nouiinoue
athaeaeaoa i?iyaeyaony ai iiiaeo aeaeao. Eaaeaeue aeae ?anoiaeia
iaeaaeaao ea/anoaaiiie e eiee/anoaaiiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie. I?e yoii
ea/anoaaiiay oa?aeoa?enoeea, io?aaeay yeiiiie/aneoth i?e?iaeo, iicaieyao
onoaiiaeoue iacia/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, eiee/anoaaiiay – eo
aaee/eio.

A niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu cao?aou ?anioaeeeaineiai
athaeaeaoa iai?aaeythony ia oeiaine?iaaiea:

a) i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa,
aaieiai-?acaaaeuaaoaeueiuo, i?iaeoii – iieneiauo e ae?oaeo ?aaio;

a) iaoiaeia a io?aneyo i?inaauaiey, iaoee, eoeueoo?u, io?aiu
caei?iauey, oece/aneie eoeueoo?u, nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey;

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no?. 4

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

a) iaua?anioaeeeaineeo i?ia?aii iiauoaiey aeeciaiiiai o?iaiy e niiniaia
nioeeaeueiie caueou ianaeaiey;

a) iaua?anioaeeeaineeo i?ia?aii io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e
?ano?ninaa?aaeaiey;

ae) niaea?aeaiea i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey, noaeia, i?ieo?aoo?u;

a) nicaeaiea aeaiaaeiiai ?aca?aa aeey eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee
noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee e eaoano?io;

ae) nicaeaiea ?anioaeeeaineeo iaoa?eaeueiuo ?aca?aia e ?aca?aiiai
oiiaea;

e) iai?iiiuo ioaeae;

e) ?anoiaeia ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue;

Aiaeec ninoiyiey athaeaeaoa Oe?aeiu ca iineaaeiea aiaeu
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i ana aieueoae iai?yaeaiiinoe i?ioiaeaeaiey
athaeaeaoiiai i?ioeanna, ineiaeiaiee aai oi?ie?iaaiey e auiieiaiey, i?i
ia?iiiia oaaee/aiea aeaoeoeeoa athaeaeaoa (athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo – yoi
oa noiia, ia eioi?oth a aeaiiii aiaeo ?anoiaeu i?aauoatho aeioiaeu).

Aeaoeoeeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa oa?aeoa?iue ia aeaiiue iiiaio
aeey iiiaeo no?ai. A NOA, iai?eia?, ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao, aue
naaeaine?iaai aac aeaoeoeeoa ca iineaaeiea iie nioie eao oieueei iaeei
?ac (a 1969 a.), ai O?aioeee ca iineaaeiea 48 eao ainoaea?noaaiiue
athaeaeao aue aeaoeoeeoiui 32 ?aca, e aeaaea a Aa?iaiee, n aa
yeiiiie/aneei e aaethoiui “aeaaiiieo/eai”, i?aauoaiea aeioiaeia iaae
?anoiaeaie iaaethaeathony iinoiyiii. A Oe?aeia aeaoeoeeo
ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ca iineaaeiea aiaeu aeinoea oaeiai o?iaiy,
/oi iaoa no?aia ii yoiio iaaaoeaiiio iieacaoaeth auoea a eeaea?u n?aaee
ae?oaeo no?ai. Nae/an oeiaine?iaaiea athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa iiaeiuaao
85% – 95% e?aaeeoiie yiennee e aeinoeaaao ii/oe 20% aaeiaiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa.

Ec-ca neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee ionoonoaotho ia?niaeoeau iaeiieaiey e
?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. Iniaaiii iianii aeey yeiiiieee, eiaaea
aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa nii?iaiaeaeaaony oiaa?iui aeaoeoeeoii. Eiaiii a
yoie neooaoeee iaoiaeeony nae/an Oe?aeia.

I?e/eiu aeaoeoeeoa athaeaeaoa iauyniythony oeaeui ?yaeii oaeoi?ia:

– ai – ia?auo, oaaee/eaathuaeny aeanoaaeeecaoeeae yeiiiieee, iiieaeaieai
o?iaiy iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Oae, oieueei ca ia?eiae 1991 – 1993
aa. i?iecaaaeaiiue iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae nie?aoeeny ia 39%, oiaaea eae
ca aiaeu aaeeeie aeai?annee (1929 – 1933aa.) niaae i?iecaiaenoaa a NOA
ia i?aauoae 25%. A NNN? a aiaeu aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu iaeaieaa aunieia
cia/aiea iaaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaa iaaethaeaeinue ia o?iaia 30%, iaeiaei ia
oi auee aaniiua i?e/eiu;

– ai – aoi?uo, aeoaieie e no?oeoo?iie e oaoiieiae/aneie
ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa, iinoiyiiui enoiuaieai i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia, oaeoaeaieai i?ioeanna aea eiaeono?eaeecaoeee oicyenoaa,
iiieaeaieai iao/ii – oaoie/aneiai iioaioeeaea;

– a o?aoueeo, iaaa?iyoii aunieei o?iaiai eioeyoeee, iiaaeueiui
oaaee/aieai oeai, ineaaeaieai eiio?iey ca oeiainiai – oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaei?eyoee. Ii aeaiiui Ie?iaiai aaiea, o?iaaiue
eioeyoeee a Oe?aeia ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1993a. aue iaeaunoei a ie?a. E
anee a 1992a. aa o?iaaiue au?in a 21 ?ac, oi ca 1993a. – a 103 ?aca. E
oioy a 1994a. o?iaaiue eioeyoeee iaiiiai nieceeny, iaeiaei neo/eeinue
yoi ia a ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiey ea?aeeiaeueiuo ?aoi?i e ea/anoaaiiuo
eciaiaiee a nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeiainia, a oaeaea aaaaeaiey
eeaa?aeecaoeee oeai, a a ?acoeueoaoa ion?i/ee athaeaeaoiuo auieaoe
iaauaaeia oaaee/aiea caaeieaeiinoe athaeaeaoa;

– a /aoaa?ouo, ia?aoeeiiaeueiie aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth
ainoaea?noaa. Ca ?an/aoaie yeiiiienoia niaae i?iecaiaenoaa ia
i?ioyaeaiee 1991 – 1993aa. aieueoa /ai ia 35% ii?aaeaeyaony oaeoi?aie,
eioi?ua naycaiiu n ioeaeaie ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe iaoaai
ainoaea?noaa;

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no?. 5

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

– a iyouo, e?oiiiianooaaiui iai?ioii “oaiaaiai eaieoaea”;

– a oanouo, aieueoeie iai?iaeoeoeaiuie cao?aoaie, i?eieneaie, e?aaeaie,
aua iiea ia iiaeaeaaony a?aaeaeaineiio o/aoo.

A no?aiao n oeene?iaaiiui eiee/anoaii aeaiaa a iai?ioa iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu o?e niiniaa iie?uoey aeaoeoeeoa athaeaeaoa –
ainoaea?noaaiiua caeiu, aeanoeia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea e yienney aoiaaeiuo
aeaiaa, oi anoue oaaee/aiea aeaiaaeiie iannu a iai?ioa, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
oaaee/aieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea – yoi noiia iaeiieaiiuo a no?aia athaeaeaoiuo
aeaoeoeeoia ca eneeth/aieai iiceoeaiuo naeueaei athaeaeaoia, eioi?ua
eiaee ianoi ca yoi a?aiy. ?acee/atho aiaoiee e aioo?aiiee
ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea.

Aiaoiee ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea – yoi aeiea eiino?aiiui ainoaea?noaai,
i?aaiecaoeeyi, ioaeaeueiui eeoeai. Ii eiaeeony ia no?aio oyaeaeie iioae,
iineieueeo ae i?eoiaeeony ?ann/eouaaoueny ca iaai oeaiiuie oiaa?aie,
nu?ueai, i?aaeinoaaeyoue ii?aaeaeaiiua oneoae, /oiau iieaoeoue i?ioeaiou
e iiaaneoue aeiea. Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi e?aaeeoi? a yoeo
oneiaeyo aunoaaeyao oa eee eiua cai?inu, oieueei iinea auiieiaiey
eioi?uo, iiaeii ian/eouaaoue ia e?aaeeo. Ca iineaaeiaa a?aiy aiaoiee
aeiea Oe?aeiu i/aiue auno?i aic?anoaao, oaaee/eaaynue aaeaeaa?oaeueii ia
600 iei. aeie. A 1994 a. ii ninoaaeye i?eaeeceoaeueii 7 ie?ae. aeie.

Aioo?aiiee aeiea – yoi aeiea ainoaea?noaa naiaio ianaeaieth. A
niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ainoaea?noaaiiui aioo?aiiei aeieaii
ano aeieaiaia iaycaoaeuenoai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, au?aaeaiiia a aaethoa,
ia?aae th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie eeoeaie. Oaeea iaycaoaeuenoaa iiaoo
eiaoue oi?io: e?aaeeoia, iieo/aiiuo i?aaeoaeuenoaii; ainoaea?noaaiiuo
caeiia, inouanoaeaiiuo iooai auionea oeaiiuo aoiaa io eiaie
i?aaeoaeuenoaa; ae?oaeo aeieaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa, aa?aioe?iaaiiuo
i?aaeoaeuenoaii.

Oaaee/aiea aioo?aiiaai aeieaa iaiaa iianii aeey iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee
ii n?aaiaieth n oaaee/aieai aiaoiaai aeieaa. I?e iiaaoaiee aioo?aiiaai
aeieaa ia i?ienoiaeeo oiaiueoaiey oeaiiuo oiaa?ia e ?ano?nia, iaeiaei
aicieeatho ii?aaeaeaiiua eciaiaiey a yeiiiie/aneie aeecie, a /anoiinoe
ia?a?ani?aaeaeythony aeioiaeu aioo?e no?aiu.

Neaaeoao oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo e ainoaea?noaaiiue
aeiea oanii naycaiiu, aaaeue ainoaea?noaaiiue caei yaeyaony aaaeiui
enoi/ieeii iie?uoey athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa. E?iia oiai, auynieoue
ianeieueei iianiui yaeyaony oio eee eiie iauai aeaoeoeeoa,
iaaiciiaeii aac aiaeeca aaee/eiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa. A oiaea a?aiy
aeey ioeaiee aai ?acia?a iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue oaeoi?u ?inoa
athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa.

Nouanoaiaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa a i?eioeeia ia yaeyaony
eneeth/eoaeueiui e i/aiue iaaaoeaiui oaeoi?ii. Aieueoeinoai no?ai n
?acaeoie yeiiiieeie eiatho ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea, iaeiaei, yoi ia noaei
i?e/eiie aeanoaaeeecaoeee eo yeiiiieee, oae eae i?ienoiaeeo na?ueaciue
eiio?ieue iaae ?acia?aie ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiia e /aoei ii?aaeaeythony
iaoiaeu eo iie?uoey. Ino?ua iuiaoiea oeiainiaua i?iaeaiu a Oe?aeia ai
iiiaii iauyniythony eiaiii iaeiio?iee?oaiui oaaee/aieai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa aac iienea enoi/ieeia aai iiaaoaiey. A
?acoeueoaoa i?ienoiaeeo ia?anoaiea eioeyoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia e, eae
iineaaenoaea, oneeaiea ianoaaeeueiinoe aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee.

Aeeyiea eioeyoeee ia athaeaeaoioth nenoaio a Oe?aeia iiiaioaeoi?iia,
iiyoiio e i?ia?aiia ii ai?ueaa n eioeyoeeae aeieaeia aeeth/aoue eiiieaen
aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia icaei?iaeaiea oeiainiaie neooaoeee a no?aia.
Yoe aeaenoaey aeieaeiu auoue iai?aaeaiu i?ioea oao eioeyoeeiiiuo
oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua eiaee ianoi ia i?ioyaeaiee iineaaeieo eao. E eo /eneo
ioiinyony:

a io?anee aeaiaaeiuo oaeoi?ia eioeyoeee

a) oaaee/aiea nouanoaothuae aeaiaaeiie iannu ca n/ao aaoiiaoe/aneiai
oaaee/aiey ca?aaioiie ieaou iacaaeneii io ?aaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia o?oaea,
oi anoue i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee;

a) oaaee/aiea aaciaee/iiai ?an/aoa ca n/ao e?aaeeoiaaiey iecei
?aioaaaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee;

_

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no?. 6

_
nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

a) oaaee/aiea aeaoeoeeoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey athaeaeaoiuo cao?ao ca n/ao
aaoiiaoe/aneiai e?aaeeoiaaiey oeaio?aeueiui aaieii, /oi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, aaaeao e eiio?iee?iaaiiiio ?aaoee?iaaieth iaee/iie iannu
(ca?aaioiay ieaoa, iainee, noeiaiaeee) e aaciaee/iiai iai?ioa
(oeiaine?iaaiea eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee n aeieain?i/iie ieoiaaiinoueth,
iie?uoea ?anoiaeia i?aaei?eyoee);

a io?anee no?oeoo?iuo oaeoi?ia eioeyoeee

a) neeueiia oaaee/aiea oeai ia yia?aiiineoaee, iniiaiua aeaeu nu?uey e
iaoa?eaeia;

a) caii?aaeeaaiea aieueoeo n?aaenoa a eaieoaeueiii no?ieoaeuenoaa, /oi
aaaeao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e ia?aianaieth cao?ao ia naaanoieiinoue
i?iaeoeoeee (oeiaine?iaaiea ca n/ao i?aaei?eyoee), n ae?oaie noi?iiu – e
oaaee/aieth athaeaeaoa (ainoaea?noaaiiia oeiaine?iaaiea);

a) iiiiiieueiia oeaiiia?aciaaiea a oneiaeyo iiiiiieecaoeee aieueoeinoaa
aeaeia i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, /oi aaaeao e aeeeoaoiiio oaaee/aieth
oeai i?iecaiaeeoaeyie, iineieueeo iio?aaeoaee eeoaiu auai?a;

a) cao?aou iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a io?anee aiaiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe iethn aiaiiua cao?aou a athaeaeaoa, a oaeaea cao?aou ia
eiiaa?neth i?aaei?eyoee.

Anee niiniau aeeyiey aeaiaaeiuo oaeoi?ia ia eioeyoeeiiiue i?ioeann
ioaeii i?eiaiyoue iaiaaeeaiii, oi aeey no?oeoo?iuo oaeoi?ia eiaao
aeieain?i/iue oa?aeoa?, iaeiaei e caeanue iaiaoiaeeia /aoei
?ac?aaioaiiay iiyoaiiay aioe – eioeyoeeiiiay i?ia?aiia.

Aac iiieaeaiey o?iaiy eioeyoeee ia iiaoo auoue oniaoii eniieueciaaiu
cao?aou athaeaeaoa, iai?aaeaiiua ia nioeeaeueiua iio?aaiinoe
(ninoaaeytho 2/3 athaeaeaoa). Eae iieacuaaao ie?iaie iiuo, athaeaeaoiue
aeaoeoeeo ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue 3% aaeiaiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa,
eia/a ia iiaeao ii?iaeueii ooieoeeiie?iaaoue oeiainiai – e?aaeeoiay
nenoaia, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia iiaeao i?ioiaeeoue ia?aoiae e ?uii/iui
ioiioaieyi.

E?iia aioeeioeyoeeiiiuo iaoiaeia, iaiaoiaeeii oniaa?oainoaiaaoue
i?aaiecaoeeth athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu, eciaieoue no?oeoo?o athaeaeaoa.
E?iia oiai, iaiaoiaeeii: ai ia?auo, oiaiueoeoue cao?aou athaeaeaoa ia
aeioaoeee aeey iie?uoey ?acieoeu a oeaiao ia nu?uea e yia?aiiineoaee, ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth; ai aoi?uo, oiaiueoeoue iauai
oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee (ia iaai i?eoiaeeony aieueoa /ai
iieiaeia iauaai iauaia eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee) ca n/ao ?anoe?aiey
aini?ic?an/aoiiai naiioeiaine?iaaiey eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa; a
o?aoueeo, ?aoeoaeueii nie?aoeoue cao?aou ia ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao (a
niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii Oe?aeiu “I?i Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao Oe?aeiu
ia 1994 aiae” cao?aou ia ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao ninoaaeyee ia?iiioth
noiio – 42 o?ei. e?a. (420 iei. a?.)); a o?aoueeo, oiaiueoeoue cao?aou
ia iai?iio a oeaeaniia?aciuo ?aieao (aaea aiciiaeii, i?eaea/ue
eiino?aiiue eaieoae aeey i?iaaaeaiey eiiaa?neiiiuo i?ia?aii).

Iaeiaei aeaaiui a icaei?iaeaiee oeiainia yaeyaony ia noieueei nie?auaiea
cao?ao, neieueei oaaee/aiea aeioiaeia athaeaeaoa. Ia?iiiia cia/aiea i?e
yoii eiaao ?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoea iauaai caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai aeoa i?i
athaeaeaoioth nenoaio, e athaeaeaoiue i?ioeann a no?aia. Iai?eia?, a
NOA anoue niaoeeaeueiue caeii i?i athaeaeaoiue i?ioeann, ia iniiaa
eioi?iai iiaeii nicaeaoue naiue ?aoeeiiaeueiue aa?eaio athaeaeaoa. Oae,
o eiia?ann NOA ia?aaeaaony i?iaeo athaeaeaoa, eioi?ue ?ac?aaaouaaaony
aiia?aoii i?aceaeaioa. Eiia?ann, eiay naie iao/ii – enneaaeiaaoaeueneee
oeaio?, nicaeaao ia aeueoa?iaoeaiie iniiaa naie i?iaeo athaeaeaoa,
eioi?ue auiineony ia ianoaeaeaiea eiia?anna e iauanoaaiiinoe. *a?ac
aiaeec, aeeneonnee, niaeaniaaoaeueiua eiiennee i?eieiaaony iioeiaeueiue
aa?eaio athaeaeaoa (aei 1 ieoya?y, eiaaea a NOA ia/eiaaony iiaue
oeiainiaue aiae). Ioaeaeueii ooaa?aeaeaaony aeioiaeiay /anoue
athaeaeaoa. Ia iniiaa caeiia i?i athaeaeaoiue i?ioeann noaiiaeony
aiciiaeiui nie?auaiea oaea i?eiyouo ?anoiaeia. Yoio iiceoeaiue iiuo
caneoaeeaaao aieiaiey e a iaoae no?aia.

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no?. 7

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiee oniaa?oainoaiaaiey athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu a
oneiaeyo ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee yaeyaony aeaiie?aoecaoeey oi?ie?iaaiey e
eniieueciaaiey anae nenoaiu athaeaeaoia. Aaaeue aaeieieno?aoeaiay
nenoaia ia oieueei iaoneiaeea aunieoth eiioeaio?aoeeth aeaiaa a oeaio?a
(3/4 iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea a auaoai NNN?, A NOA – i?eaeeceoaeueii 35%
a na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia), a e ii?aaeaeeea oi?ie?iaaiea athaeaeaoa ii
i?eioeeio “naa?oo aiec”. Yoi icia/aei, /oi a ia/aea oaeiaeaoai?yeenue
i?ei?eoaoiua eioa?anu, a oaea iinea, ana /oi inoaaaeinue, iinueaeinue
?anioaeeeai e ianoiui i?aaiai aeanoe. Iiyoiio oaia?ue a Oe?aeia
iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaoue oaeoth nenoaio oi?ie?iaaiey e eniieueciaaiey
athaeaeaoa, eioi?ay au caeioa?aniaaea e i?iecaiaeeoaeae, e i?aaiu aeanoe
anao o?iaiae oaaee/eaaoue aeioiaeu e eniieueciaaoue eo n iaeaieueoae
yooaeoeaiinoueth. Aiai?eony i oii, /oi eaaeaeue o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea
aeieaeai ?aaioaoue oae, /oiau oaaee/eaaoue i?eaueue, iaeia /anoue
eioi?ie eaeao ia iaania/aiea nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneeo iio?aaiinoae
eieeaeoeaa, ae?oaoth /anoue iieo/atho ianoiua i?aaiu aeanoe, iia
iinooiaao a athaeaeao. Eiaaea eioa?anu i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoaeoo oanii
naycaiiu n eioa?anaie anao i?aaiia aeanoe, oiaaea aoaeoo nicaeaiu
iaeaieaa iiaeoiaeyuea oneiaey aeey i?aaei?eyoee e yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiia no?aiu a oeaeii. Iiyoiio oi?ie?iaaiea e
auiieiaiea athaeaeaoia ii iiaui i?eioeeiai “nieco aaa?o” iaania/eaaao
aeaiie?aoecaoeeth athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu, ?aaeecaoeeth i?eioeeia
nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe, nicaeaao iauoth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a
?anoe?aiee e oaaee/aiee i?iecaiaenoaa n oeaeueth iaeneiaeueiiai
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e nioeeaeueiuo ioaeae iauanoaa.

Caeii i?i athaeaeaoioth nenoaio Oe?aeiu ?aoaao i?iaeaio ianoiuo
athaeaeaoia. I?aaiu ianoiie aeanoe naiinoiyoaeueii ?ac?aaaouaatho,
ooaa?aeaeatho e auiieiytho naie athaeaeaou. I?e yoii i?aaeoniao?eaaaony,
/oi aeey oeiaine?iaaiey i?eioeeiia iaua ?aeiiiiai eee iaua iaeanoiiai
ianooaaa /anoue aeaiaa ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe ii iaithaeiiio niaeaneth
iiaeao ia?aaeaaaoueny a ?aeiiiua eee iaeanoiua athaeaeaou. A oi aea
a?aiy a ianoiua athaeaeaou n athaeaeaoia aieaa aunieeo o?iaiae iiaoo
ia?aaeaaaoueny n?aaenoaa a aeaea noaaaioeee, noaneaeee, aeioaoeee.
Aiciiaeiinoue iaiaa?e?iaaoue n?aaenoaaie aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ianoiui
i?aaiai aeanoe eiioeaio?e?iaaoue eo ia ?aoaiee aaaeiuo oicyenoaaiiuo
?aaeiiaeueiuo e nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai. E?iia oiai, naiinoiyoaeueii
iacia/aoue ii?iu e iauaiu cao?ao ia niaea?aeaiea aeeeeuii –
eiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa, o/?aaeaeaiee io?aiu caei?iauey, ia?iaeiiai
ia?aciaaiey, nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey, eoeueoo?u e nii?oa, i?aaiia
io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, i?aaeinoaaeyoue aeiiieieoaeueiua eueaiou e
iiiiuue ioaeaeueiui neiyi ianaeaiey. Ianoiua i?aaiu inoaiaaeeaatho
?acia?u cao?ao ia niaea?aeaiea oi?aaeai/aneiai aiia?aoa, nicaeatho
?aca?aiua oiiaeu ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia e /anoae i?aauoaiey
aeioiaeia iaae ?anoiaeaie athaeaeaoia iecoeo o?iaiae, eioi?ua iiaoo
ia?aaeaaaoueny ia aeiaiai?iuo e eiiiainaoeeiiiuo ia/aeao iaeanoiui
i?aaiai aeanoe aeey oeiainiaiai naaeaine?iaaiey athaeaeaoia ?aaeiia.

Oaeei ia?acii, a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu ?aoi?ia
athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu n ?an/aoii ?uii/iie niaoeeoeee aace?oaony ia
iniiaa i?eioeeiia:

a) cae?aieaiey ca eaaeaeui caaiii athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu ii?aaeaeaiiuo
enoi/ieeia aeioiaeia;

a) onoaiiaeaiea aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiuo iaeiaia ia i?eaueue a caaeneiinoe
io aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe, e ?aaiii?aaiuo iaeiaia ia ana oi?iu
nianoaaiiinoe, oii?yaei/aiiinoe e caaeneiinoe a ?aieao eaaeaeiai aeaea
aeayoaeueiinoe;

a) iaania/aiey naiinoiyoaeueiinoe eaaeaeie y/aeee athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu a
oi?ie?iaaiee e eniieueciaaiee cae?aieaiiuo aeioiaeiuo enoi/ieeia.

A oaaee/aiee aeioiaeiie /anoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa, e
eeeaeaeaoeee aai aeaoeoeeoiinoe ia ia?aii ianoa noieo i?iaeaia
oniaa?oainoaiaaiey e ?acaeoey iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

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no?. 8

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

A aeieeaaea I?aceaeaioa Oe?aeiu ia nannee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa i?i iniiaiua
i?eioeeiu yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee (ieoya?ue 1994a.)
iiae/a?eeaaeinue, /oi iauaeoeaiui oneiaeai oeiainiaie noaaeeecaoeee a
no?aia yaeyaony i?iaaaeaiea a oa/aiea 1995a. aeoaieie ?aoi?iu
athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu Oe?aeiu. Iniiaiuie i?eioeeiaie e iaoaieciaie yoie
?aoi?iu aeieaeiu auoue iacia/aiu Caeiiii Oe?aeiu “I?i athaeaeaoioth
nenoaio Oe?aeiu”.

?aoi?iie oeiainiaie nenoaiu i?aaeoniao?eaaaony:

ai ia?auo, ?aaeueiia ?acaeaeaiea oeiainiaie e iaeiaiaie nenoaiu;

ai aoi?uo, ?aaeueiia ?acaeaeaiea oeiainia ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee
e ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa;

a o?aoueeo, ?ac?aaioea naaaeaiiiai aaeaina oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
ainoaea?noaa – aeioiaeia e cao?ao anao aac eneeth/aiey th?eaee/aneeo e
oece/aneeo eeoe, /a?ac eioi?uo i?ioiaeeo ?ani?aaeaeaiea e
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea;

a /aoaa?ouo, inouanoaeaiey aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeiainia,
no?oeoo?iiai ?acaeaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ianoiuo athaeaeaoia ii
enoi/ieeai aeioiaeia e cao?ao. I?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi ia
?anioaeeeaineii o?iaia inouanoaeyoueny aoaeoo oieueei oa cao?aou,
eioi?ua eiatho iauaainoaea?noaaiiia cia/aiea. Iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau
eaaeaeay y/aeea athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu eiaea /aoei au?aaeaiioth caeiiii
aeioiaeioth aaco. O/eouaay ?aciua oneiaey nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiia, iie?uoea aeaoeoeeoa ianoiuo athaeaeaoia
aeieaeii auiieiyony a ?aieao onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?iaoeaia ca n/ao auaeaeaiey
ec iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a oi?ia
aeioaoeee e noaaaioeee.

N oeaeueth iiauoaiey aeayoaeueiinoe athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee, i?aaiecaoeee
inouanoaeaiey e eiio?iey ca auiieiaieai ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa,
?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiui e ianoiuie
athaeaeaoaie, ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii e ainoaea?noaaiiuie
aiaathaeaeaoiuie oiiaeaie a 1995a. aeieaeii auoue caaa?oaii nicaeaiea a
no?oeoo?a Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia Oe?aeiu e niioaaonoaaiiuo ?aaeiiaeueiuo
i?aaiia aaeeiie oeaio?aeeciaaiiie nenoaiu eacia/aenoaa.

.

Ainoaea?noaaiiua nenoaiu athaeaeaoa e io/aoiinoe.

Iaoeeiiaeueiue athaeaeao a yeiiiieea n oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ieaie?iaaieai
aeeth/ae a niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii “aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia”
athaeaeaou oeaio?aeueiuo e ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey. Oaeay
i?aaiecaoeey n i?iaeieaeaieai iaeiiai ec iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia
aaeieieno?aoeaiie yeiiiieee, a eiaiii “aaeeiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey”, oioy ia?aiia/aeueiua i?e/eiu aeeth/aiey
i?iaeioeeaeueiuo e ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey a oeaio?aeueiue athaeaeao
auee iaoneiaeaiu n oi/ee c?aiey eo oaeiaiinoe, /ai eaeeie – ieaoaeue
eaeaaeaie. Ia i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo eao iinea ?aaiethoeee a NNN?
?anioaeeeai auei ?ac?aoaii oi?ie?iaaoue eo nianoaaiiua athaeaeaou,
iineieueeo eo ?aaeoeey ia i?aaeeiaeaiea i iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaeeecaoeee
oeiainiauo n?aaenoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey “nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aeiino?oeoeee
yeiiiieee”, ia ii?aaaeaea iaeeaeaiee, athaeaeaou ?anioaeee auee aianaiu
a oeaio?aeueiue athaeaeao e a aai ?aieao oi?ie?iaaeenue “iaoeeiiaeueiua
athaeaeaou.

Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi i?iaeioeeaeueiua e ianoiua athaeaeaou
ninoaaeyeenue a niioaaonoaee n i?eeacaie oeaio?aeueiiai ieienoa?noaa
oeiainia e iioii ?anniao?eaaeenue e ooaa?aeaeaeenue oeaio?aeueiuie
i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey. Iaa athaeaeaoa, a eiaiii oeaio?aeueiue e ianoiue
(aeeth/ay athaeaeao ia o?iaia i?iaeioeee) aeieaeiu auee auoue
naaeaine?iaaiiuie e ia eiaoue aeaoeoeeoia. I?aaaea ia i?ioyaeaiee
iineaaeieo eao iiyaeeenue eneeth/aiey ec i?aaeea, oi anoue aeiioneaeny
aeaoeoeeo oeaio?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa i?e iaeiia?aiaiiie
naaeaine?iaaiiinoe ianoiuo athaeaeaoia. Iiuo ?aciuo no?ai ioiineoaeueii
yoie i?iaeaiu ?aciue. Iai?eia?, a Eeoaa i?iaeioeee aeieaeiu eiaoue
naaeaine?iaaiiua athaeaeaou, iaeiaei ca iineaaeiea aiaeu auea caia/aia
oaiaeaioeey ii iaeiieaieth i?in?i/aiiuo ieaoaaeae, /oi, eae ecaanoii,
icia/aao iaee/ea athaeaeaoiuo aeaoeoeeoia.

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no?. 9

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

Athaeaeaou oaeaea ioia?aaeatho naycue iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaii e
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie. A oneiaeyo yeiiiieee n
oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ieaie?iaaieai ainoaea?noai aiaoeaaaony ai ana aeaeu
yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e, i?aeoe/anee ana iie, i?ienoiaeyo a
naeoi?a ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe. Ii o?aaeeoeee ainoaea?noai
i?aaeinoaaeyei ec naiaai athaeaeaoa aanue iaiaoiaeeiue aeey i?aaiecaoeee
i?aaei?eyoee eaieoae, iaania/eaaei iaiaoiaeeiua oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa e
caeoiaei aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth. Eaieoae aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie
i?aaeinoaaeyeny a aeaea noaneaeee, oioy a ?aieao ?aoi?i, eioi?ua
i?iaiaeeeenue, ii?aaeaeaiiay /anoue eaieoaea i?aaeinoaaeyeanue a aeaea
caeia. Eiaiii iiyoiio ianoaeaeaiea no?oeoo?u eaieoaea i?aaei?eyoey,
ioiineoaeueiuo ?ieae aeoeaia e aeieaia a oaeaea ?an/ao aeioiaea io
aeiaeaiiiai eaieoaea eaaeoony iaiiiai /oaeeie yeiiiieea n
oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ieaie?iaaieai. Acaiai ia i?aaeinoaaeaiiue eaieoae
ainoaea?noai o?aaiaaei e iieo/aei /anoue i?eauee e /anoue
aii?oecaoeeiiiuo ?aca?aia a i?eaea/o e iaeiao io iai?ioa. Oaniua nayce
iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuie athaeaeaoaie e athaeaeaoaie i?aaei?eyoee eiaee
aeaa aeaea iineaaenoaee. Ia?aui ec ieo auei oaaee/aiea iauaia aeaiaa,
eioi?ua iinooiaee ec aiaathaeaeaoiuo enoi/ieeia. Yoe oiiaeu ioee/aeenue
io athaeaeaoia i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ua a ethaii neo/aa iaauee aeeth/aiu a
iaoeeiiaeueiue athaeaeao. Oaeea oiiaeu, eae i?aaeei, nicaeaaaeenue,
/oiau iaania/eoue ii?aaeaeaiioth noaiaiue aaoiiiiee athaeaeaoiui
aaeeieoeai n nianoaaiiuie aeioiaeaie aeey iaania/aiey yooaeoeaiia
eniieueciaaiea ?ano?nia. Iauay oa?aeoa?iay /a?oa ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
oaeeie oiiaeaie e ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii ninoiyea a oii, /oi
eiaaea oiiaeai ia oaaoaei nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia aeey auiieiaiey
iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae ieie caaea/, oi oiiaeu eiaee i?aai ia iieo/aiea
noaneaeee ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa. E oioy aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu
iiaee nicaeaaaoueny a ?aciuo no?aiao e ii ?aciui i?e/eiai, iie
iiae?acaeaeythony ia /aou?a eaoaai?ee.

1. Ioaeaeueiua ainoaea?noaaiiua oiiaeu – oeiaine?iaaeenue ec
niaoeeaeueii anneaiiaaiiuo oeiainiauo iinooieaiee, ia i?ioiaey /a?ac
oeaio?aeueiue athaeaeao, a oaeaea ca n/ao noaneaeee ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa. Iniiaiuie caaea/aie yoeo oiiaeia yaeythony: caueoa
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, iaania/aiea aiaeiniaaaeaiey e nicaeaiea
o?ainii?oiuo eeiee, i?e/ai iie oi?aaeyeenue e eia-aaea i?iaeieaeatho
oi?aaeyoueny aaaeiinoaaie ia o?iaia ieienoa?noa.

2. Athaeaeaoiua no?oeoo?u, – eioi?ui auei ?ac?aoaii caieiaoueny
aeayoaeueiinoueth, naycaiiie n iieo/aieai i?eauee, iiieii eo
athaeaeaoiuo caaeaiee. Yoa eaoaai?ey aeeth/aao iao/ii –
enneaaeiaaoaeueneea einoeooou i?e oieaa?neoaoao.

3. Niaoeeaeueiua oiiaeu iiaeaea?aeee – caieiathony i?aaeinoaaeaieai
oiaa?ia e oneoa a iaeuo ianooaaao, iai?eia?, i?aaeinoaaeytho
aiciiaeiinoue aeey ioaeuoa ?aaioieeai ieienoa?noa.

4. Aeiiieieoaeueiua oiiaeu, eioi?ua i?aaieciaaiiu a oi?ia
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee, naycaiiuo n iaania/aieai oaeie
aeayoaeueiinoe, eae yenieoaoaoeey e ?aiiio aaeieieno?aoeaiuo caeaiee.

Aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu, /enei eioi?uo iinoiyiii oaaee/eaaeinue,
caieiaeenue ?acee/iuie noa?aie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e/ai /anoi ii ?acia?o
iie auee n?aaieiu n ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii e eo nouanoaiaaiea, ii
nooe, noe?aea ?acieoeo iaaeaeo athaeaeaoiui caaeaieai i?aaeoaeuenoaa e
i?aaei?eyoey.

Iaeiaei aaaeiie i?e/eiie yaeyaony oi, /oi aaeeiue oa?aeoa? athaeaeaoa,
ia eioi?ii oae ianoaeaaao oai?ey, ia i?aeoeea noae ia yniui.

Aoi?ia iineaaenoaea – yoi aeeyiea ia “iaee/iue oa?aeoa?” athaeaeaoa.
Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia a oneiaeyo yeiiiieee oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai
ieaie?iaaiey a i?eioeeia i?eaioe?iaaia ia iaee/iinoue a oii niunea, /oi
iia?aoeee ?aaeno?e?othony, eiaaea i?ienoiaeeo iieo/aiea eee auieaoa
aeaiaa, a ia oiaaea eiaea aicieeaao iaycaoaeuenoai. Iaeiaei ia i?aeoeea,
n o/aoii oaniuo naycae iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui athaeaeaoii e
i?aaei?eyoeyie, iia?aoeee iiaoo i?ienoiaeeoue aac ii?aaeaeaiiiai
aeaeaeaiey iaee/iinoe.

_

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no?. 10

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

Oae, iaeiae, eioi?ua iiaeeaaeao iieaoa, eae i?aaeei, ca/eouaathony a
noaneaeee eee a ia?aaiaeiie eaieoae. Oaeiai ?iaea ei??aeoeau a NNN?
ia/aee eniieueciaaoueny ianeieueei aeanyoeeaoee iacaae. Iie auee
oniaa?oainoaiaaiu e iieo/eee noaoon Nioeeaeueii – o/aoiie neoaeau a
auaoae THaineaaee. Oeacaiiia aaaeiinoai auei i?aaieciaaiii a 1959 aiaeo
eae aaeeiia oeiainiaia ?aaeno?aoeeiiiia aaaeiinoai aeey anao noauaeoia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a. A ?acoeueoaoa ia auei caaea?aeae n auieaoaie
i?aaeoaeuenoao iaeiaa n ei?ii?aoeee eee i?e auieaoa i?aaeoaeuenoaii
noaneaeee i?aaei?eyoeyi, iineieueeo ana yoe iia?aoeee auiieiyeenue iooai
aianaiey eciaiaiee a aaeainu aaciaee/iuo iia?aoeee.

Nenoaiu a yeiiiieea n oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ieaie?iaaieai auaeaeyee oaeaea
aaaeouoth ?ieue oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea. Ana iinooieaiey e auieaou
iieo/aeenue e auiea/eaaeenue oeaio?aeueiui aaieii e aai ioaeaeaieyie.
Oeaio?aeueiue aaie, iiieii oaeiaeaoai?aiey iianaaeiaaiuo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae, aua e i?aaeinoaaeye i?aaeoaeuenoao auoiaeyuea
aeaiiua, ia aaca eioi?uo i?aaeoaeuenoai ea?aei oeaio?aeueioth ?ieue a
i?ioeanna eiio?iey iaae auiieiaieai athaeaeaoa.

Athaeaeaoiay nenoaia a oneiaeyo yeiiiieee n oeaio?aeeciaaiiui
ieaie?iaaieai eiaea e ae?oaoth oa?aeoa?ioth /a?oo, i?i eioi?oth
neaaeoao aniiiieoue. ?a/ue eaeao i eeanneoeeaoeee athaeaeaoiuo
iia?aoeee. Ni noi?iiu aeioiaeia yoio iiaeoiae oa?aeoa?ecoaony
?acaeaeaieai iaaeaeo iaeiaaie, ia?a?an/aoii aeioiaeia e ae?. Iaeiaei ni
noi?iiu ?anoiaeia ?acaeaeaiea i?ienoiaeeei iaaeaeo i?iaeoeoeaiuie e
iai?iaeoeoeaiuie ?anoiaeaie. Oeacaiiia ?acaeaeaiea, eioi?ia a
ii?aaeaeaiiii cia/aiee iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae ?anoe?aiiia
aeiiieiaiea ?acaeaeaiey, eioi?ia iiaiaeee Aaeai Nieo iaaeaeo
i?iaeoeoeaiui e ia i?iaeoeoeaiui o?oaeii, ioiineo ?anoiaeu ia
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, naeueneia oicyenoai, o?ainii?o e naycue, cao?aoaie
naeoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa, a cao?aou ia nioeeaeueiua oneoae, iai?iio e
aaeieieno?aoeaiua neoaeau – ioiinee e iai?iaeoeoeaiui. Neaaeoao
neacaoue, /oi n oi/ee c?aiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?an/aoa nenoaia yeiiiieee n
oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ieaie?iaaieai ioaeaeyao oo /anoue iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea, eioi?ay iinooiaao a oiiae iaeiieaiey (iaoa?eaeueiia
i?iecaiaenoai), io oie /anoe, eioi?ay i?aaeiacia/aia aeey oiiaea
iio?aaeaiey (iai?iaeoeoeaiua cao?aou). A auoaoeacaiiuo nenoaiao i?aaaea,
ia aeaeaaony ieeaeeo ?acee/ee iaaeaeo oaeoueie e eaieoaeueiuie
cao?aoaie.

Nenoaia io/aoiinoe a ainoaea?noaaiiii naeoi?a oea aeaoiy iooyie, a oii
niunea, /oi ia i?iecaiaenoaa e a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
auiieiyeanue aooaaeoa?neay nenoaia ?aaeno?aoeee iia?aoeee n oaeaiaiiie
caienueth, a oi a?aiy eae a iianaaeiaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeoaeuenoaa
a naeoi?a oneoa auiieiyeanue i?inoay aooaaeoa?ey, oi anoue i?iaaaeaiea
aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa iooai ?aaeno?aoeee iia?aoeee iaeiie caienueth. Ia
noaaeee auiieiaiey athaeaeaoa ieienoa?noaa, eioi?ua i?iecaiaeyo cao?aou,
iiaoo aieueii ?ani?aaeaeyoue anneaiaoeee iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey athaeaeaoa.
A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa eaaeaeia ec i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaaeiinoa
aeaenoaiaaei /a?ac cae?aieaiiue ca iei aaie ?acaeoey, eioi?ue aunooiae
eae ieaoaaeiue caeia. A ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo oaeie aaie ioaa/ae ca
aaaeaiea n/aoia aeaiiiai aaaeiinoaa, oi anoue ea?ae ?ieue aaiee?a. A
aieueoeinoaa no?ai, eniieuecoy i?aeoeeo auaoaai niaaoneiai nithca,
iaeiae auiea/eaaeenue ?ac a aeanyoue aeiae, a io/aoiua aaaeiiinoe, a
eioi?uo eae aeioiaeu, oae e ?anoiaeu, ninoaaeyeenue ca eaaeaeue
aeanyoeaeiaaiue ia?eiae, a oaeaea ca ianyoe.

Eiioeaioeey oeiainiaiai ieaie?iaaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioaaeoee
i?iaa?eo a?aiaiai aciin nenoai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey a
i?aeoeeo e oai?eth ninoaaeaiey athaeaeaoia. Oeiainiaia ieaie?iaaiea
iai?aaeaiii ia nicaeaiea aaeaeaaoiiai iinoa iaaeaeo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie
ieaiaie e eo oeiainiauie iineaaenoaeyie. Ieaie?iaaiea a oneiaeyo
yeiiiieee n oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ieaie?iaaieai, eae i?aaeei, i?iaiaeeeinue
a ?aieao iyoeeaoieo e aiaeiauo ieaiia, i?e/ai aiaeiaua ieaiu, a naith
i/a?aaeue, ninoaaeyeenue ia iniiaa i?eaioaoeee ia iaoa?eaeueiua aaeainu,
a niioaaonoaee n eioi?uie, nayce iaaeo ?aciuie io?aneyie
aiaeece?iaaeenue a iiiyoeyo iaoa?eaeueiuo oaeoi?ia e iieo/aiiuo iauaiao
i?iecaiaenoaa. Caaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a a yoii i?ioeanna
?anniao?eaaeenue i?aeiouanoaaiii a iaoa?eaeueiii aeaea e eceaaaeenue a
oeiainiauo eaoaai?eyo. Iaeiaei ia ana noi?iiu aeayoaeueiinoe
ainoaea?noaa ia?aaiaeyony a iaee/iinoue, iineieueeo iaeioi?ua iia?aoeee
iiaoo ia aeeth/aoue ii?aaeaeaiiie auieaou iaee/iinoe, a aianoi yoiai a
aaeain aiineeenue niioaaonoaothuea ei??aeoeau.

_

_____

no?. 11

nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu_

Oaeei ia?acii, aioiaeeenue ioaeaeueiua ieaiu ioiineoaeueii iaee/iinoe.
Iaeiaei yoe ieaiu auee eeoue iaeiei ec iiiaeo eiiiiiaioia anae nenoaiu,
(ae?oaea eiiiiiaiou aeeth/aee oeiainiaua ieaiu i?aaei?eyoee, naeueneiai
naeoi?a, ieaiu eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee e o.ae.). Yoe oeiainiaua ieaiu, eae
i?aaeei, ninoaaeyeenue ia aiae, e iiyoiio niaiaaeaee ii a?aiaie n
athaeaeaoii.

Iniiaie aeey oeiainiauo ioeaiie iineoaeeee oeaee, iinoaaeaiiua ieaiii a
iaoa?eaeueiii au?aaeaiee. Aeey eaaeaeiai naeoi?a iaeiaia caaeaaaeenue
i?eaioe?u ioiineoaeueii noaiaea?oia (ii?i), eioi?ua iaicia/aiu a
iaoa?eaeueiie oi?ia. Yoe ii?iu iioii i?aia?aciauaaeenue a “ii?iu a
oeiainiaii au?aaeaiee”, eioi?ua i?inoi auee neaaenoaeyie ia?aaiaea
iaoa?eaeueiuo ii?i a aeaiaaeiia au?aaeaiea i?e ?an/aoao ii oeaiai,
eioi?ua iacia/aeenue i?aaeoaeuenoaii. Oaeea ii?iu i?iaiaeeeenue aeey
anae yeiiiieee, a “athaeaeaoiua ii?iu” ioiineeenue e ?anoiaeai, eioi?ua
oeiaine?iaaeenue ec athaeaeaoa. Cao?aou, iieo/aiiua ia iniiaa yoeo ii?i,
iacuaaeenue ii?iaie cao?ao oioy iie ioiineeenue a iniiaiii e auieaoai
iaee/iinoueth, a ia e iieo/aiiui ?anoiaeai. Yoe cao?aou ioiinyony e
iioi/iie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oaeaea e no?ieoaeueiui iauaeoai, i?e/ai iie
?ann/eouaaeenue, ooaa?aeaeaeenue e ?aaeeciauaaeenue oaeeie
oeaio?aeueiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie, eae Ainieai e ieienoa?noai oeiainia.

Ia iniiaa auoai?eaaaeaiiuo ii?i ioiineoaeueii ioaeae no?aiu, a oe?ieii
niunea aioiaeeenue i?iaeou ieaiia, aaaeiinoaa iieo/aee oeacaiey
ioiineoaeueii yoeo ieaiia, e ia/eiaeinue oi?ie?iaaiea athaeaeaoa.

Caeii Oe?aeiu “I?i ii?yaeie oeiaine?iaaiey ?anoiaeia n Ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa Oe?aeiu a 1997 aiaeo aei i?eiyoey Caeiia Oe?aeiu “I?i
Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao Oe?aeiu ia 1997 aiae”

A niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 28 Caeiia Oe?aeiu “I?i athaeaeaoioth nenoaio
Oe?aeiu” e n oeaeueth iaania/aiey aania?aaieiiai oeiaine?iaaiey oaeoueo
cao?ao n Ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeao a 1997 aiaeo aei i?eiyoey Caeiia
Oe?aeiu “I?i Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao Oe?aeiu ia 1997 aiae” Aa?oiaiue
Niaao Oe?aeiu iinoaiiaee:

Noaouey 1. Onoaiiaeoue, ioiineoaeueii ooaa?aeaeaiey Ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa Oe?aeiu ia 1997 aiae oeiaine?iaaiea oaeoueo cao?ao, ca
eneeth/aieai oao, eioi?ua ia o/oaiu i?iaeoii Ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa Oe?aeiu ia 1997 aiae, auiieiyaony i?iii?oeeiiaeueii n
iinooieaieyie a Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao Oe?aeiu a ?aieao
n?aaeiaiany/iuo ?anoiaeia 1996 aiaea n o/aoii eiaeaena oaaee/aiey oeai
ia oiaa?u iio?aaeaiey e oneoae. Ioiineoaeueii iiai nicaeaiiuo onoaiiaie,
aia?aua inouanoaeyaiuo a 1997 aiaeo niiniaia oeiaine?iaaiey ec
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa Oe?aeiu, inouanoaeythony ii a?aiaiiui
ieaoaaeai n niaeaney Eiiennee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa Oe?aeiu ii aii?inai
athaeaeaoa.

A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oeiaine?othony cao?aou ia nioeeaeueioth caueoo
ianaeaiey, ca?aaioioth ieaoo, iainee, noeiaiaeee, aeaiaaeiia
iaania/aiea, i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, i?eia?aoaiea iaaeeeaiaioia e
yia?ai?ano?nia n niaethaeaieai i?eioeeiia ?aaiiia?iinoe e
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoe iaania/aiey iio?aaiinoae ?aaeiiia.

Noaouey 2. Io/eneaiea io iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia a
athaeaeaou Aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee E?ui, iaeanoae, ai?iaeia Eeaaa e
Naaanoiiiey i?iecaiaeeony a ?acia?ao, onoaiiaeaiiuo Caeiiii Oe?aeiu “I?i
Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao Oe?aeiu ia 1996 aiae”.

Noaouey 3 Iieiaeaiea Caeiia Oe?aeiu “I?i Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao
Oe?aeiu ia 1996 aiae” e iinoaiiaeaiey Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa Oe?aeiu io 22
ia?oa1996 aiaea “I?i aaaaeaiea a aeaenoaea Caeiia Oe?aeiu “I?i
Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao Oe?aeiu ia 1996 aiae” yaeythony
aeaenoaeoaeueiuie e i?eiyoeth Caeiia Oe?aeiu “I?i Ainoaea?noaaiiue
athaeaeao Oe?aeiu ia 1997 aiae” a /anoe, eioi?ay ia ia?a/eo
nouanoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao.

Noaouey 4. Yoio caeii anooiaao a aeaenoaea n 1 yiaa?y 1997 aiaea.

_____

no?. 12

nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u_

“Aeioiaeu athaeaeaoa”. Iauay oai?ey oeiainia. Iineaa 1995 aiae.

“Ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao e athaeaeaoiia ono?ienoai”. ?uii/iay
yeiiiieea. Iineaa 1995 aiae.

“Nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu”. Nenoaiu athaeaeaoa e io/aoiinoe. Aia?ia
Eeaa 1995 aiae.

Oi?aaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuie cao?aoaie a ia?aoiaeiuo yeiiiieeao.
?iciooaiei, Eeaa 1993 aiae.

“Caeiiu Oe?aeiu” (aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa Oe?aeiu).

“Oeiainu Oe?aeiu” 96 – 97 aa.

“Aanoiee Iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaiea Oe?aeiu” 96a.

“Iaaioeeaio” 97a.

__

__

no?. 13

_
Iaeaaeaiea_

1. Nooue athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu

2. Ainoaea?noaaiiua nenoaiu athaeaeaoa e io/aoiinoe

3. Caeiiu i athaeaeaoiie nenoaia Oe?aeiu

4. Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u…………………………………………………. no?. 13

___ __

no?. 2

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