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Структура и содержание книги Д. Рикардо Начала политической экономии и налогового обложения

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Ieai.

Aaaaeaiea.

No?oeoo?a eieae:

a) Aeaaa 1. I noieiinoe.

a) Aeaaa 2. I ?aioa.

a) Aeaaa 3. I ?aioa n ?oaeieeia.

a) Aeaaa 4. I anoanoaaiiie e ?uii/iie oeaia.

ae) Aeaaa 5. I ca?aaioiie ieaoa.

a) Aeaaa 6. I i?eauee.

Aeinoieinoaa e i?ioeai?a/ey o?oaea Aeaaeaea ?eea?aei:

a) Aianaiea a iieeoyeiiiieth.

a) Aianaiea a oai?eth o?oaeiaie noieiinoe.

a) Oai?ey ?ani?aaeaeaiey.

Caeeth/aiea.

Eeoa?aoo?a.

Aaaaeaiea.

Aeaaeae ?eea?aei, iaeei ec ecaanoiaeoeo aiaeeeneeo yeiiiienoia XIX
aaea, iniiaiiieiaeieeia yeiiiie/aneiai o/aiey, ?iaeeeny a 1772a. a
naiuea e?oiiiai ae?aeaaiai aeaeueoea. Ea?a ia ae?aea naeaeaea aai
ieeeeiia?ii. Eiaiii yoi iineoaeeei i?e/eiie oiai, /oi ia?aua aai
yeiiiie/aneea ?aaiou naycaiu n i?iaeaiie aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Aai
ooiaeaiaioaeueiue o?oae “Ia/aea iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee e iaeiaiaiai
iaeiaeaiey” iiyaeeny a 1817 a, ca oanoue eao aei nia?oe ?eea?aei (oia?
ii a 1823a.). Yoio o?oae i?aaenoaaeye niaie aa?oeio a ?acaeoee
eeanne/aneie ao?aeoaciie iieeoyeiiiiee.

Ai iiiaii ?ieue ?eea?aei ii?aaeaeaia nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie
eciaiaieyie, i?iecioaaeoeie a ao?aeoaciii iauanoaa iiae aicaeaenoaeai
i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaiethoeee eiioea XVIII – ia/aea XIX aaea. Ai anao naieo
?aaioao, aeeth/ay e iineaaeithth, ii caueuae eioa?anu ao?aeoacee,
iiyoiio aai e ioiinyo e ao?aeoaciui iieeoyeiiiienoai.

A ioee/ea io inoaeueiuo ao?aeoaciuo yeiiiienoia ?eea?aei
i?eaea?aeeaaeny naiaia?aciie nioeeaeueiie iiceoeee: ii caueuae
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiua neeu, e a oi aea a?aiy — i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey,
iineieueeo iineaaeiea niinianoaotho ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee.

Aeaaiaea?y ?eea?aei iao/iay ao?aeoaciay iieeoyeiiiiey aeinoeaea naiaai
aunoaai i?aaeaea, e iao/iia iiieiaiea caeiiiia?iinoae eaieoaeenoe/aneiai
niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa o ?eea?aei i?eaeeceeinue e oaeiio o?iaith,
aeaeueoa eioi?iai iii ia iiaei ?acaeaaoueny. Aeaeaa yoiio aoaeao aeaii
iauyniaiea.

No?oeoo?a eieae.

A iineaaeiee ?ac a iaoae no?aia eieaa “Ia/aea iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee e
iaeiaiaiai iaeiaeaiey” ecaeaaaeanue a 1955a. aac nie?auaiee. Eieaa ia
?acaeaeaia ia oaiu, ?acaeaeu eee /anoe. Ninoieo iia oeaeeeii ec 32 aeaa,
neaaeothueo ae?oa ca ae?oaii. Ai anao yoeo aeaaao ?eea?aei oaeaeyao
aieiaiea oaeei iiiyoeyi, eae noieiinoue, ?aioa, oeaia, ca?aaioiay ieaoa,
i?eaueue, aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea, ni?in, i?aaeeiaeaiea e o.ae. Aeaau oae e
iacuaathony: “I ca?aaioiie ieaoa”, “I aeaiaaeiii ia?auaiee e aaieao” eee
“I iaoeiao”. E?iia yoiai, iiiaea aeaau iinayuaiu i?iaeaiai
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. E iei ioiinyony: “I iaeiaao”, “Iaeiae ia ca?aaioioth
ieaoo” e o.i. A eieaa i/aiue /anoi i?eaiaeeony e?eoeea aeaoo ae?oaeo
ecaanoiuo yeiiiienoia: Aaeaia Nieoa e Iaeueoona. Aeaaea aeaau eiatho
niioaaonoaothuaa iacaaiea: “O/aiea Aaeaia Nieoa i caiaeueiie ?aioa”,
“Acaeyaeu a-ia Iaeueoona ia ?aioo”. Ii, ianiio?y ia aieueooth
iauaiiinoue ?aaiou ?eea?aei, a ?acee/iuo o/aaieeao iau/ii i?eaiaeyo
eeoue ioaeaeueiua aeaau yoiai o?oaea, a eioi?uo ii oi?ioee?oao iniiaiua
iieiaeaiey naiae oai?ee o?oaeiaie noieiinoe. Iiyoiio, n/eoay eo iaeaieaa
eioa?aniuie aeey eco/aiey e ?acai?a, inoaiiaeiny ia oaeeo aeaaao, eae:

“I noieiinoe”;

“I ?aioa”;

“I ?aioa n ?oaeieeia”;

“I anoanoaaiiie e ?uii/iie oeaia”

“I ca?aaioiie ieaoa”;

“I i?eauee”.

Aeaaa 1. I noieiinoe.

Aeaiiay aeaaa ?acaeaeaia ?eea?aei ia 7 ?acaeaeia, eee, eae iacaaiu iie
a eieaa, “ioaeaeia”. A eaaeaeii ioaeaea ?eea?aei n ?aciuo noi?ii
iiaeoiaeeo e iiiyoeth noieiinoe, iiyoiio anoue niune ?anniio?aoue ana
ioaeaeu ii ii?yaeeo.

Ioaeae 1.

Ioaeae ia/eiaaony n oeeoaou ec eieae A. Nieoa “Aiaaonoai ia?iaeia”, a
eioi?ie aeaaony ii?aaeaeaiea iio?aaeoaeueiie e iaiiaie noieiinoe oiaa?a.
?eea?aei niaeaoaaony ni acaeyaeii Nieoa ia yoe ii?aaeaeaiey e
?anniao?eaaao enoi/ieee ia?aciaaiey iaiiaie e iio?aaeoaeueiie noieiinoe,
a eiaiii ?aaeeinoue oiaa?ia e aicaeaenoaea /aeiaa/aneiai o?oaea. I?e/ai
?ieue o?oaea ii noaaeo ia ia?aue ieai, o.e. “iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai
anao aeaa aeinoaaeyaony o?oaeii”.

Auai? oaiu aeey ia?aie aeaau ianeo/aai: ii iiaieth ?eea?aei “ie/oi ia
ii?iaeaeaei oae iiiai ioeaie e ?aciiaeanee a [yeiiiie/aneie] iaoea, eae
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue iiiyoee, eioi?ua naycuaaeenue ni neiaii “noieiinoue”.
A nayce n yoei ii anooiaao a nii? ni Nieoii, eioi?ue, eae ii n/eoaao,
iaiineaaeiaaoaeueii iiaeioae e ii?aaeaeaieth enoi/ieea iaiiaie
noieiinoe. ?eea?aei ia niaeaoaaony n iiaieai Nieoa i oii, /oi o?oae ia
eciaiyaony a naiae nianoaaiiie noieiinoe e yaeyaony ia?eeii noieiinoe
i?iecaaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia, ii aiai?eo, /oi noieiinoe oiaa?ia ioiineoaeueiu,
o.e. eiee/anoai o?oaea, caeeth/aiiiai a ieo, iiaeao eieaaaoueny. E
oieueei n?aaiaiea ianoiyuae noieiinoe iaeiiai oiaa?a ni anaie
noieiinoyie ae?oaeo oiaa?ia iiaeao auyaeoue eciaiaiey a aai
i?iecaiaenoaa.

Ioaeae 2.

A yoii ioaeaea ?eea?aei aeaeaao iaiai?eo, /oi, ?anniao?eaay o?oae eae
iniiao anyeie noieiinoe, ii ia oioneaao ec aeaeo ?acee/ey a ea/anoaa
o?oaea e n?aaiaiey o?oaea iaeeiaeiaie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe a ?aciuo
io?aneyo. Ii aiai?eo, /oi nouanoaoao oae iacuaaaiay oeaea noieiinoe
o?oaea, eioi?ay neiaeeeanue enoi?e/anee. I?e/ai iaeoe neieue-ieaoaeue
oi/ioth ia?o o?oaeiinoe ?aaiou /?acau/aeii neiaeii, e ia i?aeoeea yoa
i?iaeaia ?aoaaony iooai ?uii/iiai oi?aa, a?oaiai i?e?aaieaaiey. Ii, eae
aiai?eo ?eea?aei, n?aaieoaeueiay ioeaiea /aeiaa/aneiai o?oaea ia
i?aaenoaaeyao iniaie oeaiiinoe, o.e. “?acieoea aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue
nouanoaiaaoue ii/oe aac ia?aiai, iiyoiio aeey ei?ioeeo ia?eiaeia iie
[aeaeu o?oaea] iaei aeeytho ia ioiineoaeueioth noieiinoue oiaa?ia”.

Ioaeae 3.

Aeaaioth iuneue yoiai ioaeaea ?ane?uaaao iaaieueoie oacen, i?eaaaeaiiue
a ia/aea (eae, ai?i/ai, e ai anao inoaeueiuo ioaeaeao). A neeo
eaeiie/iinoe eiaao niune aai i?eaanoe: “Ia noieiinoue oiaa?ia aeeyao ia
oieueei o?oae, i?eiaiyaiue iaiin?aaenoaaiii e iei, ii e o?oae,
cao?a/aiiue ia i?oaeey, eino?oiaiou e caeaiey, niinianoaothuea yoiio
o?oaeo”. Eae aeaeii, a o?aoueai ioaeaea ?eea?aei aeaeaao iiiuoeo
auyaeoue a noieiinoe eiia/iiai i?iaeoeoa o?oaea noieiinoe i?iaeoeoia
o?oaea, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo nicaeaaaeny eiia/iue i?iaeoeo, o.a.
?anniio?aoue i?ioeann, eioi?ue iicaea iieo/eo iacaaiea aii?oecaoeee, a
oaeaea nicaeaiea i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe.

?eea?aei iaeiicia/ii ii?aaeaeyao caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo eiee/anoaii
o?oaea, a oaeaea noieiinoueth n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa e ioiineoaeueiie
noieiinoueth oiaa?a.

A yoii aea ioaeaea i?enoonoaoao iaeei eioa?aniue iiiaio: ?eea?aei
ia?yaeo n oiaa?aie, noieiinoe eioi?uo ii n?aaieaaao, aaiaeeo aua iaeei
oiaa? — aeaiueae, e iuoaaony n?aaieoue /a?ac eo noieiinoue ana
inoaeueiua noieiinoe. Ii ii aeiioneaao e eciaiaiea ioiineoaeueiie
noieiinoe naieo aeaiaa, oae eae n/eoaao cieioi (a eiaiii iii neoaeeei a
oi a?aiy a ?iee aeaiaa) iieiii?aaiui oiaa?ii, aeiauaaaiui ia ?oaeieeao.

Ioaeae 4.

A yoii ioaeaea ?eea?aei oaeaeyao aieiaiea aeieaiaa/iinoe iaoei, noaieia
e eino?oiaioia, a oaeaea eiee/anoao o?oaea, iaiaoiaeeiiio aeey eo
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii iia?e?oao oaeeie iiiyoeyie, eae iniiaiie e iai?ioiue
eaieoae e ii?aaeaeyao iaaeaeo ieie ?acieoeo. Eae ieacuaaaony, yoa
?acieoea ieacuaaaony ianouanoaaiiie, o.e. ?aca?aie/eaaao ii eo oieueei
ii i?eciaeo nei?inoe eciina e /anoiou aini?iecaiaenoaa.

A nayce n yoei ?eea?aei auyaeyao i?e/eio ianiioaaonoaey noieiinoe
i?iecaaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia e aieueoaai eee iaiueoaai eiee/anoaa o?oaea,
cao?a/aiiiai ia eo i?iecaiaenoai. Ii i?eaiaeeo /eneiaie i?eia?, a
eioi?ii iieacuaaao, eae ?acee/athony noieiinoe oiaa?ia i?iiuoeaiieea e
oa?ia?a, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iie i?eiaiytho iaeeiaeiaia eiee/anoai
/aeiaa/aneiai o?oaea.

A yoii aea ioaeaea ii aiai?eo i oaeie eaoaai?ee, eae i?eaueue. Ii
ii?aaeaeyao aa eae i?ioeaio, eioi?ue iieo/aao aeaaeaeaoe eaieoaea io
aeiaeaiey naiaai eaieoaea a aeaei. A aoaeouai yoio eaieoae aoaeao iacaai
aaaine?iaaiiui. Eae aeaeii, yoi ii?aaeaeaiea ia niaiaaeaao n
ii?aaeaeaieai oiai aea Ia?ena, n/eoaaoaai, /oi oieueei o?oae niiniaai
i?eiineoue i?eaaai/ioth noieiinoue, a cia/eo, e i?eaueue.

Ioaeae 5.

Aeaeaa ?eea?aei ?anniao?eaaao nei?inoue aica?aoa eaieoaea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth. Ii caia/aao, /oi “/ai iaiaa aeieaiaa/ai iniiaiie
eaieoae, oai aieaa ii i?eaeeaeaaony ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o e iai?ioiiio
eaieoaeo”. Eioa?anai aai acaeyae ia i?eiaiaiea iaoei a i?iecaiaenoaa
oiaa?ia. Ii n/eoaao, /oi iaoeiu i?ecaaiu eeoue caiaiyoue aieueoia
eiee/anoai ?aai/eo, e /oi anee i?iiuoeaiieeo aoaeao auaiaeiaa i?eiaiyoue
iaoeio a i?iecaiaenoaa, oi ii oaieeo iaioaeiuo aio ethaeae, e iaiai?io,
iaeiao eo, anee iaoeia aae?oa iiaei?iaeaao. Ii iu ciaai ianno i?eia?ia,
eiaaea ieeaeie /aeiaae ia iiaeao naeaeaoue oi, /oi aeaeaao iaoeia. Oioy,
aiieia aa?iyoii, /oi ai a?aiaia ?eea?aei o?iaaiue oaoieee aua ia oniae
iiaeiyoueny aei oaeeo aunio.

?anniao?eaaao ?eea?aei e io?aaeaiea eciaiaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aai/eo
ia i?iecaiaeeiuo oiaa?ao, ?acee/ay oiaa?u, o?aaothuea aieueoiai e
iaeaiueeiai /enea ?aai/eo ?oe aeey eo i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii caeioa?aniaaeny,
ia iiauneony ee oeaia iaoeiu, i?eiaiythuaeny a i?iecaiaenoaa,
aneaaenoaea iiauoaiey noieiinoe o?oaea? E i?eoae e auaiaeo: iao, ia
iiauneony. Aicieeaao aii?in: ii/aio? Aaaeue a i?iecaiaenoaa iaoei oiaea
cao?a/ai aeeaie o?oae, noieiinoue eioi?iai iiauneeanue. Ia /oi ?eea?aei
aeaao ioaao, /oi oiaaea eciaieeanue au ii?ia i?eauee i?aaei?eieiaoaey,
auioneathuaai iaoeiu, e “eaieoae noae au i?eoaeaoue e i?iecaiaenoao
oaeeo iaoei a iaiau/iuo ?acia?ao aei oao ii?, iiea oeaiu iaoei ia
aa?ioee au i?eaueue e iau/iiio o?iaith”. Oi anoue ?eea?aei cao?iioe
caeanue iiiyoea ia?aeeaa eaieoaea iaaeaeo io?aneyie, caiaoea, /oi
n?aaeiyy i?eaueue aneaaenoaea yoiai ia?aeeaa iaeciaiii o?aaieaaaony.
Oaa?eeaio, eniieuecothuee iaoeio, aneaaenoaea yoiai ia?aeeaa aoaeao
auioaeaeai iiieceoue oeaio i?iaeoeoeee, o.e. ia?aeea yoio iai?aaeony a
aai io?aneue.

Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ?eea?aei i?eaae ia nianai oaaaeeoaeueiue i?eia?, ii
niaa?oaiii i?aaeeueii ii?aaeaeee iaoaieci aeaeaeaiey aaaine?iaaiiiai
eaieoaea ec io?anee a io?aneue e o?aaieaaiey n?aaeiae i?eauee.

Iaeiiaoe, a ea/anoaa auaiaea, ?eea?aei neacae, /oi anee a io?anee
i?eiaiyaony aieueoee e aeieaiaa/iue iniiaiie eaieoae, oi i?eaueue aoaeao
ia?aoii caaenaoue io ca?aaioiie ieaou; i?yii i?iii?oeeiiaeueia ae iia
aoaeao a oie io?anee, aaea i?eiaiyaony iaiueoee iniiaiie eaieoae.
Ianeieueei yoi ni?aaaaeeeai, aoaeao ioia/aii a caeeth/aiee.

Ioaeae 6.

A oanoii ioaeaea ?eea?aei auneacuaaao iiaeaeaiea, /oi iaieioi auei au
eiaoue niinia, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue, aeey eaeeo oiaa?ia iaaeaao, a aeey
eaeeo iiauoaaony eo aeaenoaeoaeueiay noieiinoue a neo/aa eciaiaiey eo
ioiineoaeueiie noieiinoe. “Yoi aiciiaeii naeaeaoue oieueei iooai
iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai n?aaiaiey eo n eaeie-ieaoaeue iaeciaiiie
noaiaea?oiie ia?ie noieiinoe”, — caeeth/aao ii. Ii, “eiaoue oaeoth ia?o
iaaiciiaeii, iioiio /oi iao oiaa?a, noieiinoue eioi?iai ia
iiaeaa?aaeanue au oai aea eciaiaieyi, /oi e noieiinoue iniiaiuo
i?aaeiaoia. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, iao oiaa?a, i?iecaiaenoai eioi?iai ia
o?aaiaaei au oi aieueoa, oi iaiueoa o?oaea”.

Anoanoaaiii, ?eea?aei inoaiaaeeaaaony ia cieioa eae ia iaeiii ec
“eaiaeeaeaoia” a ia?o noieiinoe. Ia caaua oiiiyiooue i iaaeinoaoeao
cieioa aeey auiieiaiey yoie ?iee, ?eea?aei i?eieiaao aeiiouaiea i oii,
/oi cieioi eiaao “iaeaieueoaa oai?aoe/anee iuneeiia i?eaeeaeaiea e
noaiaea?oiie ia?a noieiinoe”. Yoa iuneue i?ineaaeeaaaony oaeoe/anee
/a?ac aanue ioaeae, neiaii au ?eea?aei ecaeiyaony ia?aae /eoaoaeai ca
naia i?eaeeaeaiiia aeiiouaiea. Ii ia caauaaao ii e aiiaue iinii?eoue n
Aaeaiii Nieoii i oii, /oi aneaae ca iiauoaieai oeaiu o?oaea nianai ia
iainiiaaiiui auei au n/eoaoue iiauoaiea oeai anao oiaa?ia. Ii y
neeiiythnue e oi/ea c?aiey A. Nieoa.

Ioaeae 7.

Aeiionoea, /oi aeaiueae — yoi oaeie aea oiaa?, eae e ana inoaeueiua,
niiniaiue e eciaiaieth naiae noieiinoe, ?eea?aei iuoaaony ?anniio?aoue
?acee/iua neaaenoaey, aucuaaaiua eciaiaieai noieiinoe aeaiaa eee
eciaiaieai noieiinoe oiaa?ia, eioi?ua iieoiathony ca aeaiueae.

Oae, ii caia/aao, /oi “iiauoaiea aeaiaaeiie ca?aaioiie ieaou /anoi
aucuaaaony iaaeaieai noieiinoe aeaiaa”. Eieaaaiey noieiinoe aeaiaa ii
iauyniyao oai, /oi aeaiueae neoaeao anaiauei n?aaenoaii iaiaia iaaeaeo
no?aiaie e ?ani?aaeaeythony iaaeaeo ieie a ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?iii?oeeyo. Ii
nooe, ii iienuaaao yaeaiea eioeyoeee, ii iauyniyao aai oieueei
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeie i?e/eiaie.

“Iiauoaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou aneaaenoaea eciaiaiey a noieiinoe aeaiaa”,—
aiai?eo ?eea?aei,— “ieacuaaao iauaa aicaeaenoaea ia ana oeaiu, e ii yoie
i?e/eia ia ieacuaaao ieeaeiai aeaenoaey ia i?eaueue”. I/aaeaeii, iiae
neiaii “i?eaueue” ii eiaao a aeaeo ii?io i?eauee.

Aeaeaa ii ?anniao?eaaao aii?in i oii, /oi anee ?acaeaeeoue aanue
i?iaeoeo caiee iaaeaeo o?aiy eeannaie — caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, eaieoaeenoia
e iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, oi iiaeii noaeeoue ia eciaiaiee ?aiou, i?eauee e
ca?aaioiie ieaou niioaaonoaaiii, a neo/aa eciaiaiey noieiinoe eiia/iiai
i?iaeoeoa. Ii i?eaiaeeo i?eia?, eiaaea noieiinoue i?iaeoeoa inoaaony
i?aaeiae, oiaaea eae niioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?aioie, i?eaueueth e ca?ieaoie
iaiythony. ?eea?aei aiiaue iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi ia eciaiaiee yoeo
aeioiaeia iiaeii noaeeoue ii eiee/anoao o?oaea, ii ie ii /aio eiiio.

Aeaaa 2. I ?aioa.

A yoie aeaaa ?eea?aei caaeaaony oeaeueth eco/eoue i?e?iaeo caiaeueiie
?aiou e caeiiu, ?aaoee?othuea aa iiauoaiea eee iaaeaiea.

Ii aeaao aoeaaeueii neaaeothuaa ii?aaeaeaiea ?aiou: “?aioa — yoi oa
aeiey i?iaeoeoa caiee, eioi?ay oiea/eaaaony caieaaeaaeaeueoeo ca
iieueciaaiea ia?aiia/aeueiuie e ia?ac?ooeiuie neeaie ii/au”. Caeanue ii
aiiaue e?eoeeoao A.Nieoa ca oi, /oi oio i?eaiaeeo ianeieueei ?aciuoia
ii?aaeaeaiea ?aiou, niaoeaay aa n i?eaueueth io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee
caiaeueiuo oaiaeee. ?eea?aei aeoeaioe?oao aieiaiea ia oii, /oi ieaoa
caieaaeaaeaeueoeo iiaeao iineoue niaoaiiue oa?aeoa? ?aiou e i?eauee, ii
yoi ?aciua aaue.

Ia/eiaao naia enneaaeiaaiea ?eea?aei n ?acai?a i?e/ei aicieeiiaaiey
?aiou. Aaaeue i?e ia?aii canaeaiee no?aiu, aaea ieiaei?iaeiay caiey a
eciaeeee, ?aiou ia nouanoaoao. Iia iiyaeyaony oiaaea, eiaaea
i?aaeeiaeaiea caiee noaiiaeony ia?aie/aii. Oaeei ia?acii, ii niaa?oaiii
i?aaeeueii iiaeioae e iiiyoeth ?aiou.

Ii i?iaiaeeo ?acaeaeaiea anao o/anoeia caiee ia o?e aeaea: ooaeoea,
n?aaeiea e eo/oea, ?acee/ay eo ii ieiaei?iaeeth. Eiaaea iauanoao
ia/eiaao o?aaiaaoueny ana aieueoa ieiaei?iaeiie caiee, /oiau i?iei?ieoue
?aaioieeia, e iii i?enooiaao e aicaeaeuaaieth ooaeoeo o/anoeia, oi ia
n?aaeieo e eo/oeo iiyaeyaony ?aioa. E?iia yoiai ?eea?aei ?ane?uaaao
nooue ia?aciaaiey aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie ?aiou, i?aaaea, ia iacuaay aa
aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie. Eaieoae, i?eeiaeaiiue e caiea, oaeaea aeinoaaeo
?aioo — aio niune aai neia. Ii caia/aao, /oi “i?eeiaeaiea aeiaaai/iiai
eiee/anoaa o?oaea [e caiea] aeaao i?iii?oeeiiaeueii iaiueoee aeioiae”,
oi anoue, oaeoe/anee, oi?ioee?oao caeii oauaathuae iieaciinoe
(oauaathuaai ieiaei?iaeey).

Iaiiaay noieiinoue oiaa?a ii ?eea?aei ii?aaeaeyaony iaeaieueoei
eiee/anoaii o?oaea oao, eoi ?aaioaao i?e ooaeoeo oneiaeyo, e
i?iaeieaeatho ?aaioaoue eeoue iioiio, /oi yoi i?eiineo ii?iaeueioth
i?eaueue. Ii ia ooaeoeo o/anoeao ia ia?acoaony ?aiou — oae ooaa?aeaeaao
ii.

Anee n eaaeaeui aiaeii aiiaue nii?oaeaiiua iaoeiu auee au iaiaa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiu, /ai noa?ua, oi aeaaeaeueoeu noa?uo iaoei iieo/aee au
?aioo — cia/eo oaeia i?iecaiaenoai iaoei auaiaeii. Oae ieoao ?eea?aei.
Ii aaaeue anee ia noa?ua, a aiiaue auioneaaiua iaoeiu aieaa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiu, oi aeaaeaeueoeu iiauo iaoei aoaeoo iieo/aoue ?aioo, e
eiaiii oae i?ienoiaeeo ia naiii aeaea.

?aioa ia anoue ninoaaiay /anoue oeaiu oiaa?ia — caia/aao ii. “Oeaia
oeaaa ieneieueei ia iiieceeanue au, anee au aeaaea caieaaeaaeaeueoeu
ioeacaeenue io anae naiae ?aiou”. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, “eaaeaeue ?ac,
eiaaea noaiiaeony iaiaoiaeeiui i?eeaaaoue aeiaaai/iue eaieoae e caiea,
aeathuae iaiueoaa eiee/anoai i?iaeoeoa, ?aioa iiauoaaony”.

?eea?aei ia?a/eneyao aeaeu caieaaeaeue/aneeo oeo/oaiee: oaaee/aiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee caiee (?aoeeiiaeueiue naaiiai?io e oaeia?aiey) e
oniaa?oainoaiaaiea iaoei (i?oaeee o?oaea). Ii iineaaeiaa ia anaaaea
aeeyao ia ?aioo, a anee oieueei eciaiyao ?acieoeo a i?iaeoeoa,
iieo/aaiii io iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo aeieae eaieoaea, i?eeaaaaiuo e oie aea
eee iiaie caiea.

Aeaaa 3. I ?aioa n ?oaeieeia.

A yoie aeaaa ?eea?aei aiai?eo i oii, /oi caieaaeaeea e aeiau/a iaoaeeia
ia ?oaeieeao i/aiue iioiaee. Iaoaeeu i?iecaiaeeo i?e?iaea, ii
aeiauaathony iie /aeiaa/aneei o?oaeii. Iiyoiio, eae e caiey, ?oaeieee
aeatho ?aioo. Iie oae aea auaatho ?acee/iiai ea/anoaa, e “aeioiae,
aeinoaaeyaiue aaaeiaeoei ?oaeieeii, ia ieaoyuei ieeaeie ?aiou, aoaeao
?aaoee?iaaoue ?aioo anao ae?oaeo, aieaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo ?oaeieeia”.

Noieiinoue iaoaeea caaeneo eeoue io anaai eiee/anoaa o?oaea,
iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iieo/aiey iaoaeea e aeinoaaee aai ia ?uiie. E yoa
noieiinoue, eae e anyeay ae?oaay, iiaeaa?aeaia eciaiaieyi. Caeanue
?eea?aei aiiaue aica?auaaony e iunee i ia?aiaiiie noieiinoe
ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia, neoaeaueo a ?iee aeaiaa, e aiiaue aiai?eo, /oi
yoo noieiinoue n iaeioi?ie noaiaiueth i?eaeeaeaiey iiaeii n/eoaoue
iinoiyiiie.

Aeaaa 4. I anoanoaaiiie e ?uii/iie oeaia.

Ia/eiaao aeaao ?eea?aei n oiai, /oi oi?ioee?oao i?eioeei, niaeanii
eioi?iio ec oiai, /oi anee i?eiyoue o?oae ca iniiao noieiinoe oiaa?ia,
oi neaaeoao o/eouaaoue neo/aeiua eee a?aiaiiua ioeeiiaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiie eee ?uii/iie eo oeaiu io ia?ae/iie e anoanoaaiiie. Ii
niaa?oaiii i?aaeeueii caia/aao, /oi i?e oaeii eieaaaiee ?uii/iuo oeai
i?eaueue iiaeieiaaony auoa eee iioneaaony ieaea iauaai o?iaiy, a nayce n
/ai i?eeea eaieoaea ec ae?oaeo io?aneae oi oaaee/eaaaony, oi
oiaiueoaaony. Aiieia iiiyoii, /oi eaaeaeue no?aieoueny aeiaeeoue naie
aeaiueae a iaeaieaa i?eaueueiia aeaei. Ec anaai yoiai ?eea?aei aeaeaao
auaiae, /oi ii?ia i?eauee iaaeaeo io?aneyie eiaao oaiaeaioeeth
o?aaieaaoueny, eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, aoaeao nio?aiyoueny iinoiyiiay
ioiineoaeueiay ?acieoea.

Ii aiai?eo i ethaeyo, eioi?ua eiatho iiiai aeaiaa, e, ia naycaiiua n
eaeie-eeai io?aneueth i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aeeaoo ia i?ioeaiou. Eiaiii oaeie
aeaiaaeiue eeann ?eea?aei n/eoaao enoi/ieeii eaieoaea.

Ii ii ?anniao?eaaao oieueei eiieo?aioioth iiaeaeue e ia aiai?eo ie
neiaa, e i?eia?o, i iiiiiieee. Aeaeeii, ii i?eieiaao aeiiouaiea, /oi ana
?uiee oiaa?ia niaa?oaiii eiieo?aioiu.

Aeaaa 5. I ca?aaioiie ieaoa.

Ioiaeaeanoaeyy o?oae n oiaa?ii, ?eea?aei aiai?eo, /oi e ii eiaao naith
anoanoaaiioth e naith ?uii/ioth oeaio.

Iiae anoanoaaiiie ii iiae?acoiaaaao oo, eioi?ay iaiaoiaeeia, “/oiau
?aai/ea eiaee aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaoue e i?iaeieaeaoue naie ?iae aac
oaaee/aiey eee oiaiueoaiey eo /enea”. I?e/ai yoa aiciiaeiinoue caaeneo
ia io ca?aaioiie ieaou, a io “eiee/anoaa ieue, i?aaeiaoia aeeciaiiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe e eiioi?oa, noaaoaai ianouiui a neeo i?eau/ee, eioi?ua
iiaeii eoieoue ca yoe aeaiueae”. Oiaaea oeaia o?oaea i?yii
i?iii?oeeiiaeueia oeaia auoaia?a/eneaiiuo aeaa.

E?iia yoiai, ?eea?aei auyaeyao e oaeea caeiiiia?iinoe:

n i?ia?annii iauanoaa anoanoaaiiay oeaia o?oaea eiaao oaiaeaioeeth
iiauoaoueny;

anoanoaaiiay oeaia anao oiaa?ia, e?iia nu?uey e o?oaea, eiaao
oaiaeaioeeth iaaeaoue n i?ia?annii aiaaonoaa e ianaeaiey.

Iiae ?uii/iie oeaiie o?oaea ii iiieiaao oo oeaio, eioi?ay
“aeaenoaeoaeueii ieaoeony ca iaai a neeo anoanoaaiiiai aeaenoaey
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaeeiaeaieai e ni?inii”. E, iiaeiaii oeaia oiaa?ia,
?uii/iay oeaia o?oaea eiaao oaiaeaioeeth o?aaieaaoueny n anoanoaaiiie.

?eea?aei aiai?eo, /oi anee ?aai/ee iaoiaeeony a iieiaeaiee aiaaonoaa,
eiaaea ?uii/iay oeaia aieueoa anoanoaaiiie, oi eiaao ianoi iiiu?aiea e
?aciiiaeaieth, o.e. ?aai/ee iiaeao anei?ieoue iiiai/eneaiiia iioiinoai.
A eiaaea /enei ?aai/eo aic?anoao, ca?ieaoa aiiaue oiaaeao aei
anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy. E iaiai?io.

Ii aaaeue i?ioeann au?aueaaiey iioiinoaa aei iiiaioa, eiaaea iii naii
noaiao niiniaii ca?aaaouaaoue naaa ia aeeciue, — i?ioeann aeeeoaeueiue,
?anoyiooue ai a?aiaie. A eieaaaiey noaaee ca?aaioiie ieaou i?ienoiaeyo
ca ai?acaei iaiaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueiua eioa?aaeu.

Anoanoaaiiay oeaia o?oaea, i?iaeieaeaao ?eea?aei, ia yaeyaony
aaniethoii iaiiaeaeaeiie e iinoiyiiie. A ?aciia a?aiy iia ?aciay, aea e
a ?aciuo no?aiao iiaeao nouanoaaiii ?acee/aoueny.

Ei noi?ioee?iaaiu i?e/eiu eciaiaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou, oaeea, eae:

i?aaeeiaeaiea e ni?in ia ?aai/ea ?oee;

oeaiu oiaa?ia, ia eioi?ua ?anoiaeoaony ca?aaioiay ieaoa.

N iiiiuueth yoeo iiiyoee ?eea?aei iuoaaony ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue o?iaie
aeaaininoiyiey a ?acee/iuo ii o?iaith i?iecaiaenoaa no?aiao, no?aiao n
?aciuie ii ieiaei?iaeeth caieyie, a aiaaouo e aaaeiuo no?aiao, e o.ae.
I?e/ai a ia?aii ecaeaiee* ii i?eaea?aeeaaeny oi/ee c?aiey, /oi “ieuaoa
i?ienoiaeeo io eaie ia?iaea”, o.a. oieueei eeoue noeioe e o?oaeiethaeth
iaiaoiaeei aeey n/anouey e aeeoaeneiai i?ioeaaoaiey ?aai/aai.

Caia/aao ii e oaeoth oaiaeaioeeth: i?e iinooiaoaeueiii aeaeaeaiee
iauanoaa ca?ieaoa eiaao oaiaeaioeeth e iaaeaieth, o.e. ni?in ia ?aai/ea
?oee aoaeao oaaee/eaaoueny iaaeeaiiaa, /ai i?eoie iiauo ?aai/eo.

I?iaiaeeony ia?aeeaeue n ?aioie: “oa aea i?e/eia, eioi?ay iiauoaao
?aioo, a eiaiii, aic?anoathuay o?oaeiinoue iieo/aiey aeiaaai/iiai
eiee/anoaa ieue n iiiiuueth i?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai aeiaaai/iiai eiee/anoaa
o?oaea, aoaeao iiauoaoue e ca?aaioioth ieaoo”. Iiyoiio, caeeth/aao
?eea?aei, anee noieiinoue aeaiaa inoaaony aac eciaiaiey, eae ?aioa, oae
e ca?ieaoa aoaeoo eiaoue oaiaeaioeeth ?anoe aianoa n ?inoii aiaaonoaa e
ianaeaiey. Ii yoio ?ino ca?ieaou aiana ia anaaaea icia/aao oeo/oaiea
iaoa?eaeueiiai iieiaeaiey ?aai/aai, o.e. oeaiu ia iaeioi?ua oiaa?u oiaea
?anooo, e i?eoii auno?aa.

Eioa?aniue oaeo: a yoie aea aeaaa ?eea?aei cao?aaeaaao e i?iaeaio
aoiaaeiuo aeaiaa. Ii ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi “aoiaaeiua aeaiueae
niioaaonoaotho eee aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue noieiinoe cieioa”. Yoio
acaeyae ?eea?aei oa?aeoa?ai aeey oiai ia?eiaea, eiaaea nicaeaaaeny yoio
o?oae, ia?eiaea “cieioiai noaiaea?oa”. Aeaaii oaea ia aoiaaeiua aeaiueae
yeiiiienou neeiiiu niio?aoue ii-ae?oaiio.

Aica?auaynue e ca?ieaoa, auaeaeei eeth/aaoth iuneue, noi?ioee?iaaiioth
?eea?aei a aeaiiie aeaaa: “?acia?u ca?aaioiie ieaou aeieaeiu auoue
i?aaeinoaaeaiu /anoiie e naiaiaeiie ?uii/iie eiieo?aioeee, e ieeiaaea ia
aeieaeiu eiio?iee?iaaoueny aiaoaoaeuenoaii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa”. Ana aea
caeiiu, i?ecaaiiua aeaeaoue aaaeiuo aiaaouie, ia naiii aea aeaea
aeaeatho aiaaouo aaaeiuie, o.e. ieneieueei ia noeioee?otho aaaeiuo e
o?oaeo. Aieaa oiai, n/eoaao ii, anoue iianiinoue, /oi niaea?aeaiea
aaaeiyeia iiaeao a eiia/iii eoiaa iiaeioeoue aiiaua aanue /enoue aeioiae
no?aiu, e a nayce n yoei ?aoi?iu caeiia i aaaeiuo ia caneoaeeaatho ie
iaeaeoaai aieiaiey.

Aeaaa 6. I i?eauee.

A yoie aeaaa ?eea?aei caaeaaony aii?inii ia ia?aciaaiee i?eauee e
caeiiao aa oi?ie?iaaiey, a oaeaea acaeiinayce n ae?oaeie yeiiiie/aneeie
iieacaoaeyie.

Oae, n?aaieaay oaa?eeaioa e oa?ia?a, ii auyaeyao neaaeothuea
caeiiiia?iinoe:

Ii?ia i?eauee oa?ia?a aoaeao oiaiueoaoueny ni?acia?ii iiauoaieth oeaiu
oeaaa.

Oeaia oeaaa aic?anoaao ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eiee/anoao aai, a
oa?ia? aoaeao iieo/aoue iaeio e oo aea aeaenoaeoaeueioth noieiinoue
iinea oieaou ?aiou i?e ethaii eiee/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee. Oi anoue “?aioa
iaaeaao ia iio?aaeoaey, e ieeiaaea ia oa?ia?a”.

Ia i?eaueue aeeyao iiauoaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aai/eo. A iineieueeo
ca?aaioiay ieaoa iieiinoueth ii?aaeaeyaony iaai?ii oiaa?ia ia?aie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iethn iaeioi?uo oiaa?ia eiioi?oa, oi i?e eciaiaiee oeaiu
ia yoe oiaa?u, eciaieony e ca?ieaoa, a aianoa n iath i?eaueue. Ii,
aiai?eo ?eea?aei, i?e eciaiaiee oeai ia oiaa?u, eioi?ua ioiinyony e
i?aaeiaoai ?ineioe e ia iio?aaeythony ?aai/eie, ca?ieaoa iineaaeieo ia
eciaieony, a cia/eo oeaia oiaa?ia ?ineioe ia iiaeeyao ia i?eaueue
eaieoaeenoa.

Caoai, ?eea?aei aiiaue oiiieiaao i naienoaa o?aaieaaiey ii?i i?eauee a
?aciuo io?aneyo, a oaeaea aiai?eo, /oi a oeaeii i?eaueue eiaao
oaiaeaioeeth iaaeaoue. Yoi ii iauyniyao oai, /oi “n i?ia?annii iauanoaa
e aiaaonoaa o?aaothuaany aeiaaai/iia eiee/anoai ieue iieo/aaony i?e
cao?aoa ana aieueoaai e aieueoaai o?oaea”. Eiaaea aea eaieoae nianai
ia?anoaiao i?eiineoue i?eaueue, ?ino ianaeaiey, aeinoeaioa naiae
iaeaunoae oi/ee, i?ae?aoeony.

A oaenoa ano?a/aaony oaeay iuneue: “…ieeoi ia iaeiieyao eia/a, eae n
oeaeueth i?eiaiyoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueii iaeiieaiiue eaieoae”. Oi anoue,
ae?oaeie neiaaie, naa?aaeaiey niaa?oathony eeoue aeey oiai, /oiau ?aii
eee iicaeii i?aa?aoeoueny a eiaanoeoeee. Ii iu ciaai, /oi yoi aeaeaei ia
anaaaea ni?aaaaeeeai.

Ii oaeaea no?ieo e oaeie auaiae, /oi i?e iinoiyiii iaaeathuae ii?ia
i?eauee, iauay noiia i?eauee nia/aea aoaeao aic?anoaoue, ii aei
iaeioi?iai i?aaeaea, iinea /aai onoaiiaeony oaiaeaioeey e iiieaeaieth.

Aianoa n yoei, a neeo oiai, /oi a ia?aaioeo aoaeoo iinooiaoue ana
aieueoea e aieueoea ieiuaaee iaieiaei?iaeiuo caiaeue, /oiau i?iei?ieoue
oaaee/eaathuaany ianaeaiea, ?aioa ia n?aaieoaeueii eo/oeo o/anoeao
aoaeao aic?anoaoue, e /ai iaiueoa oaeeo caiaeue, oai iia aoaeao
aic?anoaoue auno?aa.

Iiaeuoiaeeaay, ?eea?aei aiiaue inoaiaaeeaaaony ia aaaeiie iunee, /oi:

iiauoaiea ca?ieaou ia iiauoaao oeaiu oiaa?ia, ii iiieaeaao i?eaueue;

anee oeaiu anao oiaa?ia iiauoathony, oi i?eaueue inoaaony i?aaeiae, ii
iiieaeaaony noieiinoue ia?u, a eioi?ie en/eneythony oeaiu e i?eaueue, oi
anoue, eae aoaeao iacaaii iinea ?eea?aei, eiaao ianoi eioeyoeey.

Aeinoieinoaa e i?ioeai?a/ey o?oaea Aeaaeaea ?eea?aei.

Aianaiea a iieeoyeiiiieth.

Ec anaai niaea?aeaiey o?oaea Ae.?eea?aei neaaeoao, /oi ii caiye
iniaaiioth iiceoeeth a ii?aaeaeaiee i?aaeiaoa iieeoyeiiiiee, a eiaiii
i?aaeiaoii o iaai yaeyaony eco/aiea noa?u ?ani?aaeaeaiey iauanoaaiiiai
i?iaeoeoa. Ii i?e yoii ii ia eneeth/aao ec naiaai aiaeeca noa?o
i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoi yaeeinue naiaia?aciui oaaii aia?aae a o?aeoiaea
i?aaeiaoa iieeoyeiiiiee.

Eae oaea auei ioia/aii ai anooieaiee, yoio oaa aia?aae ?eea?aei aeaeaao
iiae iaiin?aaenoaaiiui aeeyieai i?iiuoeaiiiai ia?aai?ioa. I?iiuoeaiiay
?aaiethoeey, ia?aoiae io iaiooaeoo?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e iaoeiiiio
iineoaeeee i?e/eiie iaino?aiey eeanniauo i?ioeai?a/ee. Ionthaea e
no?aieaiea ?eea?aei eco/aoue i?iecaiaenoai ia eae oaeiaia, a a aai
ii?aaeaeaiiie nioeeaeueiie oi?ia, a nenoaia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Eiaiii iiyoiio ii aeaeeo i?aaeiao iieeoyeiiiiee a noa?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey.

E?oiiaeoei oaaii a iao/iie o?aeoiaea iieeoyeiiiiee yaeeinue e oi, /oi
?eea?aei auea iaia/aia iiiuoea auaeaeeoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
ethaeae a ioee/ea io i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee iauanoaa e iauyaeoue yoe
ioiioaiey nianoaaiiui i?aaeiaoii iieeoyeiiiiee. Ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey ii ioiaeaeanoaeyao n ioiioaieyie ?ani?aaeaeaiey e yoei
ia?aie/eaaao ?aiee i?aaeiaoa iieeoyeiiiiee. Ii ia ?ane?ue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ethaeae a ea/anoaa iniaiai nioeeaeueiiai
yaeaiey, ia oaeaeae caaeneiinoe nenoaiu i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee io
o?iaiy ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee.

?eea?aei aia?aua a enoi?ee iieeoyeiiiiee a iniiao yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee
niciaoaeueii iieiaeee oai?eth o?oaeiaie noieiinoe, io?aaeathuoth
oiaa?iua ioiioaiey. Oaeie iiaeoiae iicaieee ai iiiaii i?aiaeieaoue
i?ioeai?a/ey yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee Nieoa, ia noiaaoaai i?aaeeueii ?aoeoue
i?iaeaio enoiaeiiai ioieoa iieeoyeiiiiee eaieoaeecia.

Ii naeaeae oaa a iai?aaeaiee e eiioeaioeee aeaienoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a
o?oaea, iieiaeee ia/aei iaoiaeo ainoiaeaeaiey io aano?aeoiiai e
eiie?aoiiio. Eae auei iieacaii, ii ia/eiaao naia enneaaeiaaiea n aiaeeca
oiaa?a, aai iio?aaeoaeueiie noieiinoe e noieiinoe, a caoai ?anniao?eaaao
?acee/iua yeiiiie/aneea yaeaiey eaieoaeecia iiae oaeii c?aiey eo
niioaaonoaey eee ianiioaaonoaey i?eioeeio oai?ee o?oaeiaie noieiinoe. O
iaai inouanoaeyaony ia?aoiae io aano?aeoiiai (oiaa?, noieiinoue) e
eiie?aoiiio (eaieoae, n?aaeiyy i?eaueue, ca?ieaoa, ?aioa e o.i.).

Oaeoe/anee ?eea?aei i?eoae e caeeth/aieth i o?oaea eae aaeeinoaaiiii
enoi/ieea noieiinoe. Ii iiaeioae e iiieiaieth yenieoaoaoi?neie i?e?iaeu
eaieoaeenoe/aneie i?eauee, ?anniao?eaay aa eae ?acoeueoao o?oaea
?aai/aai, aacaiciacaeii i?enaiaiiue eaieoaeenoii, ii ia ioe?ue
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe.

Caiaeueioth ?aioo ii noiae iauynieoue n oi/ee c?aiey oai?ee o?oaeiaie
noieiinoe.

Ea?e Ia?en ioia/ae oae iacuaaaioth iao/ioth iaaeinoaoi/iinoue o?oaea
?eea?aei. Ii aeaeae aa a oii, /oi oio aea?aeaeny a ?aieao ao?aeoaciiai
iuoeaiey, a ia enoi?e/aneie a?aia oaea a oi a?aiy noaea i?iyaeyoue naay
iiaay neea — i?iiuoeaiiue i?ieaoa?eao. Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue i?iyaeeanue, ii
iiaieth Ia?ena, e a iaoaoece/aneii iiaeoiaea e yeiiiie/aneei yaeaieyi.

?eea?aei ia iiiye, /oi eaieoaeenoe/aneea ioiioaiey i?iecaiaenoaa
au?anoatho a ?acoeueoaoa ?aceiaeaiey i?inoiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?eoiaeyo aio ia niaio. Eae neaaenoaea yoiai ?eea?aei ioiaeaeanoaeyao
?acee/iua yeiiiie/aneea iiiyoey ae?oa n ae?oaii, iai?eia? noieiinoue
oiaa?a n oeaiie i?iecaiaenoaa.

Aianaiea a oai?eth o?oaeiaie noieiinoe.

?eea?aei niia aeieacaoue ianinoiyoaeueiinoue ooaa?aeaeaiey Nieoa i oii,
/oi noieiinoue oiaa?a ii?aaeaeyaony o?oaeii, iieoiaaiui ia yoe oiaa?u, a
oaeaea aeioiaeaie ?acee/iuo eeannia iauanoaa. Ii ii ia oaeaeae
ioeai/iinoe ooaa?aeaeaiey, /oi noieiinoue oiaa?ia ?aniaaeaaony ia
aeioiaeu.

Ii e?eoeeiaae Nyy ca oi, /oi oio iieaaae, /oi iieaciinoue aaue
ii?aaeaeyao ia?o noieiinoe, o.a. iio?aaeoaeueiay noieiinoue yaeyaony
enoi/ieeii noieiinoe. Ii ?aca?aie/ee iio?aaeoaeueioth noieiinoue e
noieiinoue, ii i?iaeaio eo niioiioaiey ia ?ane?ue, o.e. ia i?aaenoaaeye
naaa aeaienoaaiioth i?e?iaeo o?oaea, aeaeaiea aai ia aano?aeoiue e
eiie?aoiue.

Ii/aio-oi ii ioiineo ?aaeeinoue oiaa?ia e oaeoi?ai, ia?acothuei
noieiinoue. Ii yoo ?aaeeinoue ii ?anniao?eaaao eae eneeth/aiea, ioiiny
oaeea oiaa?u e iaaieueoie a?oiia. A yoii iiaeoiaea iaaethaeathony eae
ieieioi aeaa ioeaee:

a ?iee oaeoi?ia, ii?aaeaeythueo noieiinoue, ?eea?aei auaeaeaaao
niioiioaiea ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, iioiio /oi ?aaeeinoue ii?aaeaeyaony
ie /ai eiui, eae i?aauoaieai ni?ina iaae i?aaeeiaeaieai.

niaoeaaao noieiinoue oiaa?a e oaeoi?u, aa ii?aaeaeythuea: aaaeue
iaaini?iecaiaeeiua oiaa?u (ea?oeiu, neoeueioo?u e o.i.) ia iaeaaeatho
noieiinoueth, iioiio /oi eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue o?oae, aiieiuaiiue a ieo, ia
i?aa?auaaony a iauanoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiue, ia noaiiaeony noieiinoueth.

Aiai?y, /oi noieiinoue oaeeo oiaa?ia ii?aaeaeyaony ?aaeeinoueth,
?eea?aei oaeoe/anee aaaeao ?a/ue i oeaia.

?eea?aei aiai?eo, /oi o?oae a ?aaiie ia?a ai anao io?aneyo aunooiaao a
ea/anoaa enoi/ieea noieiinoe. A yoii ii aieaa iieii, /ai Nieo
aano?aae?oaony io io?aneaaie niaoeeoeee o?oaea.

Ii ii?aaeaeyao aaee/eio noieiinoe oiaa?a eiee/anoaii o?oaea. E ?acee/ey
a i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea o iaai ia ioiaiytho ii?aaeaeaiey noieiinoe
o?oaeii, iineieueeo aaee/eia noieiinoe ?aaoee?oaony ia oai o?oaeii,
eioi?ue oaeoe/anee iioae ia ecaioiaeaiea aeaiiiai oiaa?a, a oai o?oaeii,
eioi?ue iaiaoiaeei aeey aai i?iecaiaenoaa i?e ooaeoeo oneiaeyo.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?eea?aei ana aea i?iaiaeeo ?aca?aie/aiea iaaeaeo
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui e iauanoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiui o?oaeii.

Aeaeaa, ii aia?aua ioia/aao i?ioeann ia?aianaiey noieiinoe ia oiaa?.

Ii iieacae oaeaea, /oi caiey ia nicaeaao noieiinoue oiaa?ia, a ?aioa —
ieiae o?oaea iaaiiuo ?aai/eo e iaoneiaeaia aeaenoaeai caeiia noieiinoe.

Ii ii niaoeaae aeaeaiea eaieoaea ia iinoiyiiue e ia?aiaiiue n aeaeaieai
aai ia iniiaiie e iai?ioiue, a iiyoiio ia niia iiaeieoe e iiiyoeth
i?aaie/aneiai no?iaiey eaieoaea e ia ?aoee iniiaiuo i?iaeai, naycaiiuo n
oaeeie iiiyoeyie, eae oeaia i?iecaiaenoaa, aaniethoiay ?aioa, caeii
oaiaeaioeee ii?iu i?eauee e iiieaeaieth.

Iaeiaei ii i?aaeeueii ?aoee aii?in ia ioiioaiee i?inoiai e neiaeiiai
o?oaea e ii?aaeaeaieth noieiinoe o?oaeii.

Ii oaeaea iaia?oaeee, /oi ?acaeaeaiea iauanoaa ia eeannu ia ioiaiyao
o?oaeiaiai i?eioeeia ii?aaeaeaiey noieiinoe oiaa?ia.

?ac ii i?e?aaieaae aeaiueae (cieioi e ae?aaioeaiiua iaoaeeu) e iauaio
iiiyoeth oiaa?ia, oi ia niia nicaeaoue iao/ioth oai?eth aeaiaa (aeaiueae
— iaoa?eaeecaoeey aano?aeoiiai o?oaea, a aano?aeoiiai o?oaea ii ia
ciae). Aiai?y i aeaiueaao, ii ?acaeaaao iaeei ec aa?eaioia
eiee/anoaaiiie oai?ee aeaiaa, aiai?eo, /oi noieiinoue aeaiaa
ii?aaeaeyaony eo eiee/anoaii, iaoiaeyueiny a ia?auaiee. Ii aaaeue a yoii
ii iooiaeeo io oai?ee o?oaeiaie noieiinoe.

Oai?ey ?ani?aaeaeaiey.

?eea?aei aia?aua ioe?ue, /oi ?acaeoea eaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa
iiae?uaaao aai ?aoathuee noeioe — i?eaueue. Ii ii niaoeaae iiiyoey
i?eauee e ii?iu i?eauee.

I aeaeaiee iauanoaa ia o?e eeanna: eaieoaeenoia, iaaiiuo ?aai/eo e
caiaeueiuo nianoaaiieeia aiai?eee aua aei ?eea?aei, ii ii ieii/aoaeueii
i?iaae iaaeaeo ieie ia?aeeaeue, ?acaeaeea ana aeioiaeu ia i?eaueue,
ca?aaioioth ieaoo e ?aioo.

Iao/iie oai?ee i?eauee ii ia ?ac?aaioae. Ii niaoeaae i?eaueue n
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoueth, a cia/eo, niaoeaae e caeiiu i?eauee e
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe. Ii ia noiae iauynieoue:

I?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo caeiiaie noieiinoe e i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe. A nooue
i?ioeai?a/ey a neaaeothuai. ?aai/ee i?iaeaao eaieoaeenoo naie o?oae.
O?oae, ii ?eea?aei, ie /oi eiia, eae oiaa?. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a
niioaaonoaee n caeiiii noieiinoe, ?aai/ee aeieaeai iieo/aoue yeaeaaeaio
o?oaea, ?aaiue anae nicaeaiiie noieiinoe. Oiaaea iieo/aaony, /oi
i?eaueue anoue ia?ooaiea caeiia noieiinoe! Aaaeue nai ?eea?aei i?eciaao,
/oi eeoue o?oae niiniaai nicaeaaaoue i?eaueue. Ioeaea ?eea?aei a oii,
/oi ii aiai?eo, /oi o?oae anoue oiaa?. Iao, o?oae — yoi ia oiaa?.
Oiaa?ii yaeyaony ?aai/ay neea.

I?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo caeiiii noieiinoe e caeiiii n?aaeiae i?eauee.
I?eaueue yeaeaaeaioia aaee/eia eaieoaea, cao?a/aiiiai ia iaai ?aai/eo.
Ii i?eaueue yeaeaaeaioia e aaee/eia anaai eaieoaea, ii eaieoae ia
nicaeaao iiaie noieiinoe, e iineaaeiaai ia iiaeao auoue. Ii oiaaea
ioeoaea ?aaainoai i?eauee ia ?aaiiaaeeeea eaieoaeu? ?eea?aei naiaia?acii
ioaa/aao ia yoio aii?in: ii aiai?eo, /oi a ?aciuo io?aneyo i?eaueue
i?iii?oeeiiaeueia ?aciui aauai: aaee/eia eaieoaea e eiee/anoao
i?eiaiaiiiai o?oaea.

I?aaeeueii ?eea?aei ioa?aeoa?eciaae aeeooa?aioeeaeueioth caiaeueioth
?aioo e oneiaey aa aicieeiiaaiey. Ii ?eea?aei, ooaeoea caiee ia i?eiinyo
?aiou. Ii yoi icia/aao, /oi ii io?eoeaao nouanoaiaaiea aaniethoiie
?aiou, e aeaeaao yoi iai?anii, iioiio /oi, eae neaaenoaea, iaaa?ii
?aoaao i?iaeaio niioiioaiey ?aiou e oeaiu naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Ii caeeth/aao, /oi ?aioa ia oaei?iaeaao oiaa?u (“Ia iioiio oeaa aei?ia,
/oi ieaoeony ?aioa, a ?aioa ieaoeony iioiio, /oi oeaa aei?ia”).

Iaeiaei, oi?ioeo ?acoeueoaoia ii aeinoeaaao a aiaeeca ca?ieaou.
Noieiinoue oiaa?a ia iaiyaony a ?acoeueoaoa eciaiaiey ca?ieaou. I?e
oaaee/aiee noieiinoe oiaa?a oaaee/eaaaony noieiinoue o?oaea — oae
iauyniyao ?eea?aei.

Niaa?oaiii aa?ii ?eea?aei iiaeoiaeeo e oeaia o?oaea (anoanoaaiiie e
?uii/iie). Anoanoaaiiay oeaia anoue noiia noieiinoae anao aeeciaiiuo
n?aaenoa. E aeeciaiiui n?aaenoaai ?eea?aei i?e/eneyao e iaeioi?ua
i?aaeiaou ?ineioe, aac eioi?uo, yeiau, ?aai/ee ia iiaeao iaieoenue. Yoio
acaeyae ianeieueei ?acieony ni acaeyaeaie aai iineaaeiaaoaeae. ?uii/iay
aea noieiinoue o?oaea eieaaeaony ieiei anoanoaaiiie. Ii a yoii
ii?aaeaeaiee ii iooiaeeo io ii?aaeaeaiey noieiinoe o?oaeii.

Caeeth/aiea.

I?iaiaeece?iaaa anaai oanoue aeaa ec 32-o, o ian neiaeeeinue aiieia
ii?aaeaeaiiia iiaiea i ianooaaiinoe ?aaiou Ae.?eea?aei. A naiii aeaea,
ii inoaiaaeeaaaony a iae ia i/aiue iiiaeo aniaeoao e aeaao iiiaeanoai
?acee/iuo ii?aaeaeaiee. Ii, eae aeaeii, yoe ii?aaeaeaiey ii?ie auetho
oi/ii a oeaeue, a ii?ie eneaaeatho niune eceiaeaiey. E ai iiiaii oai?ey
?eea?aei ia auaea?aeeaaao e?eoeee.

Iaeiaei, iaeuecy n ia?aiai aea ?aca e iaanaaaea aeaoue aaniethoii
aa?iue acaeyae ia aaue. O ?eea?aei, eae ecaanoii, auei iiiai
i?iaeieaeaoaeae, aieaa oiai, ii iieiaeee ia/aei ca?iaeaeaieth ?aciuo
yeiiiie/aneeo oeie, eioi?ua ?acaeee ?aciua noi?iiu aai ?aaiou e aeaaea
anoaee ii ?aciua noi?iiu iao/iie aa??eeaaeu. Yoiai ia neo/eeinue au,
aoaeue ?aaioa ?eea?aei i?aaeeueia e eiae/ia ai anai.

Eae au oi ie auei, ii iaeei ec ?iaeiia/aeueieeia nia?aiaiiie
yeiiiie/aneie iaoee, e noaeeoue aai ca ioeaee iu i?inoi ia eiaai i?aaa.

Eeoa?aoo?a.

Aioieiaey yeiiiie/aneie eeanneee. I. 1993. o1.

Anaie?iay enoi?ey yeiiiie/aneie iunee. I. 1987. o2.

AEeae O., ?eno O. Enoi?ey yeiiiie/aneeo o/aiee. I. 1995a.

?eea?aei Aeaaeae. Ni/eiaiey. I. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ecaeaiea iieeoe/aneie
eeoa?aoo?u. 1955 a.

* I?e aeecie ?eea?aei aai eieaa ia?aecaeaaaeanue o?e ?aca.

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