?ycaineee einoeooo i?aaa e yeiiiieee
IAAe ?innee.
Cai/iue yeiiiie/aneee oaeoeueoao.
EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA ? 1
ii Oai?aoe/aneei iniiaai i?ia?anneaiuo oaoiieiaee
ia oaio : Nenoaiaoeea oeie/aneeo caeiiia e oi?aaeaiey oeie/aneeie
i?ioeannaie.
Niaoeeaeueiinoue Iaiaaeaeiaio
Ca/aoiay eieaeea ? E-97022
A?oiia ? 781
Neooaoaeue E?aniiiaaoeaaa
Aaaaiey Aiaoieueaaia
Ianoi ?aaiou e OeIOIO e AN IAAe ?innee
caieiaaiay
aeieaeiinoue Caa. iaoeiiiai ath?i
Aeaoa auiieiaiey
?aaiou 16.01.98 a.
Iaeaaeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea
no?.
2.Iaiaoiaeeiinoue e niaea?aeaiea nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa
no?.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee
no?.
?acoeueoaoeaiinoue nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee
ainoaea?noaa
no?.
Caeeth/aiea
no?.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u no?.
1. Aaaaeaiea.
Ia ia/aeueiuo yoaiao yaiethoeee iauanoaa oicyenoaaiiue i?ia?ann naycai n
?acei au?aaeaiiui ia?aaainoaii, aeaaeaieai iaeieo neiaa ia ae?oaea.
Ca?iaeaeathueany, aea e nia?aiaiiua ?uii/iua ioiioaiey aeaeaei ia
anaaaea iaania/eaatho ?aaainoai naieo aaaioia.
Eiaeono?eaeueiay ?aaiethoeey XVIII-XIX a.a. iiuii noeioee?iaaea ?acaeoea
?uii/iuo ioiioaiee. ?anoeaao eo nii?iaiaeaeaeny ?anoe?aieai ee/iie
naiaiaeu, oneeeai aieiaiey e nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe. Ana yoi
ii?iaeeei a eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?aiao oaiaeaioeeth e naeaaeeaaieth
nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa. Iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai yoiio – oi?ie?iaaiea e ?ino
a yoeo no?aiao oae iacuaaaiiai n?aaeiaai eeanna – yoi oa /anoue
ianaeaiey, eioi?ay eiaao noaaeeueiue e aeinoaoi/ii aunieee o?iaaiue
aeioiaeia.
A iauai, nia?aiaiiay iiaeaeue ?uii/iie yeiiiieee i?aaeiieaaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiia nioeeaeueiia au?aaieaaiea. Ooo iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi
iauanoaaiiia niciaiea, ai- ia?auo, iiaeiyeinue aei iiieiaiey oiai, /oi
?uiie – yoi eiii?iienn iaaeaeo aai o/anoieeaie. Iineaaeiea
naiinoiyoaeueiu, ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa i?ioeainoiyo ae?oa ae?oao (
iineieueeo eiatho i?ioeaiiieiaeiua eioa?anu ), ii e nouanoaaiii caaenyo
ae?oa io ae?oaa : eo eioa?anu iiaoo ?aaeeciaaoueny oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa
“ano?a/iiai” oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae. Ai-aoi?uo, i?e ianuuaiiinoe
?uiea e aeanoeie eiieo?aioeee, i?iecaiaeeoaee oiaa?ia e oneoa
caeioa?aniaaiu a aunieeo aeioiaeao iio?aaeoaeae.
Iaiaoiaeeii, iaeiaei, ioiaoeoue : ?uiie e iieiia ?aaainoai ianiaianoeiu.
Yoi iaoneiaeaii, ai-ia?auo, ia?niiaeueiuie ?acee/eyie o/anoieeia ?uiea
( ?acee/ey eiatho nioeeaeueioth, aeieiae/aneoth e nioeeieiae/aneoth
i?e?iaeo ). Ai- aoi?uo, – nouiinoue naieo ?uii/iuo iaoaieciia :
i?ioeai?a/eyie i?ioeannia oi?ie?iaaiey ?uii/iuo noieiinoae e ?uii/iuo
oeai, iniaaiiinoyie eoiee – i?iaeaaee ?aai/ae neeu e o.i.
Eoae, nia?aiaiiua ?acaeoua ?uii/iua ioiioaiey nicaeatho aiciiaeiinoe
ioiineoaeueiiai nioeeaeueiiai ?aaainoaa. Iaeiaei eo i?aeoe/aneay
?aaeecaoeey o?aaoao ii?aaeaeaiiuo oeaeaiai?aaeaiiuo aeaenoaee,
iniiaaiiuo ia iaeioi?ie niaieoiiinoe i?eioeeiia. Yoe aeaenoaey e
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie nioeeaeueioth iieeoeeo, eee nioeeaeueiua aniaeou
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.
Iau/ii a iniiao nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee caeeaaeuaatho aeaa aaaeiaeoeo
i?eioeeia. Ia?aue naycai n iao/iui iiieiaieai eaoaai?ee “naiaiaea”
i?eiaieoaeueii e yeiiiieea. Iaeia ec i?aaeeaaaaiuo a yoie nayce
o?aeoiaie oaeiaa : “ Naiaiaea aac ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia nouanoaoao. Iia
aeaao oainu ianoe niaianoioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ( iooai nioeeaeueiiai
au?aaieaaiey ) ii ioiioaieth e oai a?aaeaeaiai, eioi?ua neaau eee
eeieoe?iaaiu a naieo o?oaeiauo aiciiaeiinoyo. ?uii/iay yeiiiieea aeaao
eaaeaeiio oain ( a ?aieao aai niiniaiinoae ), ii a oi aea a?aiy,
ia?aie/eaaao aiciiaeiinoue ( n o/aoii naiaiaeu, i?aa e eioa?ania
nia?aaeaeai ) iieiinoueth ?aoaoue naiinoiyoaeueii aii?in i oii, eae
aanoe naith yeiiiie/aneoth aeeciue. Aoi?ie i?eioeei naycai n
ii?aaeaeaieai ainoaea?noaii niioiioaiey eioa?ania ?acee/iuo iauanoaaiiuo
a?oii. Ia?aae yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeeie, a oii /enea aa nioeeaeueiui
aniaeoii, noieo caaea/a ii?aaeaeaiey iioeiaeueiuo eiii?iiennia iaaeaeo
yoeie eioa?anaie. Einoeoooeeiiaeueiia iino?iaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe
oaeiai, /oi iia i?ecaaia i?eieiaoue ai aieiaiea cai?inu anaai ianaeaiey.
Iaeiaei o/anoue eioa?anu eaaeaeiai aeeoaey iaaiciiaeii, iie iaiauathony
aei o?iaiy nioeeaeueiuo a?oii ( noaiaiue cia/eiinoe yoeo iaiauaiiuo
eioa?ania caaeneo io ia?u eo ?ai?acaioaoeaiinoe a iauanoaa. Oaeei
ia?acii, n iaeiie noi?iiu, yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea aeieaeia auoue
i?eaioe?iaaia ia niciaiea i?aaiauo e einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo oneiaee aeey
naii?aaeecaoeee a?oiiiauo eioa?ania, n ae?oaie, – ni/aoaoue eo a ?aieao
iauaai eo?na.
I?e ?ac?aaioea nioeeaeueiuo i?ia?aii e eo ?aaeecaoeee ioaeiu :
iinoiyiiue iauanoaaiiue eiio?ieue, o?aaiiaaoaiiinoue einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo
nee, aunieay noaiaiue aeaiie?aoe/aneie eoeueoo?u a iauanoaa.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue e niaea?aeaiea nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.
?uii/iia ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia aac anyeiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa
ainoaea?noaa icia/aao eeoue iaeio “ ni?aaaaeeeainoue “: aeioiaeu anao
aeaaeaeueoeaa oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa oi?ie?othony ia iniiaa caeiiia
ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, a oae aea i?aaeaeueiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
oaeoi?ia. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey, iai?eia?, niaa?oaiii ni?aaaaeeeaui aoaeao
ieceee aeioiae eeoe iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai o?oaea, ni?in ia eioi?ue
iaaaeee. E oaeaea ni?aaaaeeeaui aoaeao aunieee aeioiae a?iea?a,
noiaaoaai i?aaeoaaaeaoue aeeiaieeo oeai. ?uii/iue iaoaieci ieeiei
ia?acii ia aeaao aa?aioe?iaaiiiai o?iaiy aeaaininoiyiey.
Oai ia iaiaa a OO aaea a i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao Caiaaea ana aieaa
?ani?ino?aiythony eiioeaioeee e aeieo?eiu, aiceaaathuea ia ainoaea?noai
caaea/o iaania/aiey oaeeo i?aa /aeiaaea, eae i?aai ia ii?aaeaeaiiue
noaiaea?o aeaaininoiyiey. Iniaoth iiioey?iinoue i?eia?aoaao oai?ey e
i?aeoeea “ nioeeaeueiiai ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa “, icia/athuea oe?ieea
nioeeaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey, i?iaiaeeiua ainoaea?noaii. Oaeei ia?acii, a
?aaeueiie aeecie ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia a no?aiao n ?uii/iie
yeiiiieeie inouanoaeyaony ia oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa naiaiaeiie ea?u
?uii/iuo nee, ii e ia iniiaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ?acee/iuo
iioieia aeioiaeia iooai eo ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey.
*oi aea oaeia nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa ? Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea
ainoaea?noaa – iaeii ec iai?aaeaiee aai aeayoaeueiinoe ii ?aaoee?iaaieth
nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee aeecie iauanoaa. Nooue nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee iauanoaa ainoaea?noaa a iiaeaea?aeaiee ioiioaiee eae iaaeaeo
nioeeaeueiuie a?oiiaie, oae e aioo?eieo, iaania/aiee oneiaee aeey
iiauoaiey aeaaininoiyiey, o?iaiy aeecie /eaiia iauanoaa, nicaeaiee
nioeeaeueiuo aa?aioee a oi?ie?iaaiee yeiiiie/aneeo noeioeia aeey o/anoey
a iauanoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa. I?e yoii iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi nioeeaeueiay
iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa, aunooiathuay eae ninoaaiay /anoue ia?ii?eyoee,
i?iaiaeeiuo ainoaea?noaii a oeaeyo ?aaoee?iaaiey oneiaee iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa a oeaeii, oanii oaycaia n iauayeiiiie/aneie neooaoeeae a
no?aia.
N oi/ee c?aiey ooieoeeiie?iaaiey yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu, nioeeaeueiay
iieeoeea ea?aao aeaieioth ?ieue.
Ai-ia?auo, ii ia?a yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, iaeiieaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aiaaonoaa nicaeaiea aeaaii?eyoiuo nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee aeey a?aaeaeai
noaiiaeony aeaaiie oeaeueth yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, e a yoii
niunea a nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee eiioeaio?e?othony oeaee yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa ; ana ae?oaea aniaeou yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ia/eiatho
?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa n?aaenoaa ?aaeecaoeee nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee.
Ai-aoi?uo, nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea yaeyaony e oaeoi?ii yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa. Anee yeiiiie/aneee ?ino ia nii?iaiaeaeaaony ?inoii
aeaaininoiyiey, oi ethaee oo?a/eaatho noeioeu e yooaeoeaiie
yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiia?aiaiii, /ai auoa aeinoeaiooay
nooiaiue yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, oai auoa o?aaiaaiey e ethaeyi,
iaania/eaathuei yeiiiie/aneee ?ino, eo ciaieyi, eoeueoo?a, oece/aneiio e
i?aanoaaiiiio ?acaeoeth. A naith i/a?aaeue yoi o?aaoao aeaeueiaeoaai
?acaeoey nioeeaeueiie noa?u.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?aoaiey
neaaeothueo caaea/ :
1. Iaania/aiea ?aaiuo aiciiaeiinoae i?e ?aaeecaoeee i?aaa ia ia?aciaaiea
e aeieth a iauanoaaiiii aeaaininoiyiee iooai ni?aaaaeeeaiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia e eiouanoaa ( eaieoaea ).
2. Oiaiueoaiea iaaeaeaoaeueiuo, iaoneiaeaiiuo ?uieii ?acee/ee iaaeaeo
aiaaouie e aaaeiuie i?e aicieeiiaaiee aeioiaeia e eaieoaea.
3. Iaania/aiea aieueoae naiaiaeu, ni?aaaaeeeainoe, oaaaeaiey
aeinoieinoaa /aeiaaea, iaania/aiea ?acaeoey ee/iinoe, aeoeaiiai o/anoey
a iauanoaaiiie aeecie e i?aaa ia aeieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae
iauanoaii.
4. Aeaeueiaeoaa niaa?oainoaiaaiea iauanoaaiii- iieeoe/aneiai
eino?oiaioa?ey e iieiaeaiee, ?aaoee?othueo nouanoaothuaa ono?ienoai, a
oeaeyo iaania/aiey iniiaiuo nioeeaeueiuo i?aa e ?anoe?aiey naoe
nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aiciiaeiinoe ?aoaiey oao eee eiuo caaea/
nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ii?aaeaeythony ?ano?naie, eioi?ua iiaoo iai?aaeoue
ainoaea?noai ia eo ?aoaiea. A naith i/a?aaeue, ?ano?niay aaca caaeneo io
iauaai o?iaiy yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu. Iiyoiio eiie?aoiua
caaea/e nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee oanii naycaiu n yeiiiie/aneei ?acaeoeai
no?aiu.
Aeaaiia caaii a nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa caieiaao iieeoeea
oi?ie?iaaiey aeioiaeia ianaeaiey. Iiiyoea “aeioiae” i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
iieacaoaeue ?acoeueoaoia yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yeiiiie/aneay
eeoa?aoo?a eniieuecoao iiiyoea “aeioiae” eae i?aauoaiea noieiinoe
i?iecaaaeaiiiai i?iaeoeoa iaae cao?aoaie ia i?iecaiaenoai, a oaeaea
aeieth eaaeaeiai eeanna, nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu eee ioaeaeueiiai
eiaeeaeaeooia a i?iecaaaeaiiii i?iaeoeoa e i?enaiaiioth ei.
O?iaaiue aeioiaeia /eaiia iauanoaa yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei iieacaoaeai eo
aeaaininoiyiey, o.e. ii?aaeaeyao aiciiaeiinoe iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie
aeecie eiaeeaeaeooia : ioaeuoa, iieo/aiey ia?aciaaiey, iiaeaea?aeaiey
caei?iauey, oaeiaeaoai?aiey ianouiuo iio?aaiinoae. N?aaee oaeoi?ia,
ieacuaathueo iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeeyiea ia aaee/eio aeioiaeia ianaeaiey,
e?iia ?acia?ia naiie ca?aaioiie ieaou, aunooiaao aeeiaieea ?icie/iuo
oeai, noaiaiue ianuuaiiinoe iio?aaeoaeueneiai ?uiea oiaa?aie e ae?.
Iiaeii auaeaeeoue o?e aeaaiuo enoi/ieea aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia :
ca?aaioiay ieaoa, aeioiaeu io nianoaaiiinoe ( aeeaeaeaiaeu, i?ioeaiou,
?aioa ), nioeeaeueiua auieaou ( iainee, iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoeu e o.i.
).
Aeey ioeaiee o?iaiy e aeeiaieee aeioiaeia ianaeaiey eniieuecothony
iieacaoaee iiieiaeueiiai, ?aniieaaaaiiai e ?aaeueiiai aeioiaea.
Iiieiaeueiue aeioiae / NI / – eiee/anoai aeaiaa, iieo/aiiia ioaeaeueiuie
eeoeaie a oa/aiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia?eiaea.
?aniieaaaaiue aeioiae / DI / – aeioiae, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue
eniieueciaai ia ee/iia iio?aaeaiea e ee/iua naa?aaeaiey. ?aniieaaaaiue
aeioiae iaiueoa iiieiaeueiiai aeioiaea ia noiio iaeiaia e iaycaoaeueiuo
ieaoaaeae.
?aaeueiue aeioiae / RI / – i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiee/anoai oiaa?ia e
oneoa, eioi?ua iiaeii eoieoue ia ?aniieaaaaiue aeioiae a oa/aiee o?iaiy
oeai.
Nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea aeioiaeia ianaeaiey ieacuaatho
auieaou ii i?ia?aiiai ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiue, ca n/ao yoeo enoi/ieeia
inouanoaeythony iaineiiiia iaania/aiea, niaea?aeaiea a?aiaiii
iao?oaeiniiniaiuo a?aaeaeai, auiea/eaathony ?acee/iiai aeaea iiniaey (
ia ooiae ca aeaoueie; iaaeeoeeineia ianeoaeeaaiea: iaeiiaania/aiiui
naiueyi ia aeaoae; auieaou iiniaee ii aac?aaioeoea ).
Niioiioaiea a aeioiaeao ianaeaiey aeiee o?ainoa?oiuo auieao e ca?aaioiie
ieaou ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a oi?ie?iaaiee yeiiiie/aneiai iiaaaeaiey
eiaeeaeaeooia, aai o?oaeiaie iioeaaoeee.
I?e aeiieie?othuae ?iee ca?aaioiie ieaou a oi?ie?iaaiee iauae noiiu
aeioiaeia oi?ie?othony oaeea ea/anoaa eae i?aaei?eei/eainoue,
eieoeeaoeaa. A neo/aa iiauoaiey ?iee auieao ii eeiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?ia?aii iiiiue ia?aaeei i?ienoiaeeo oi?ie?iaaiea ianneaiiai ioiioaiey e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ineoieiaee eaeaeeaainoaa.
Iaeiaei i?e iaueo i?eioeeiao oi?ie?iaaiey aeioiaeia “ca?aaioaiiuo” e
iieo/aiiuo ii eaiaeai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?ia?aii nio?aiythony oneiaey
ia?aaainoaa iieo/aaiuo aeioiaeia, a cia/eo e o?iaiae aeecie ?acee/iuo
neiaa e a?oii ianaeaiey. Iiyoiio a yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee aeey ecia?aiey
ia?aaainoaa a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeioiaeia eniieuecoaony e?eaay Ei?aioea (
Iaen Ei?aioe, aia?eeaineee yeiiiieno e noaoenoee (1876-1959 a.a. ))(
?en.1(. eae iieacaoaeue, io?aaeathuee ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?ani?aaeaeaiey
niaieoiiiai aeioiaea iauanoaa iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie a?oiiaie ianaeaiey.
Ii ai?eciioaee ioeiaeaiu i?ioeaioiua a?oiiu ianaeaiey, a ii aa?oeeaee –
i?ioeaiou aeioiaea, iieo/aaiua yoeie a?oiiaie. Anee au ?ani?aaeaeaiee
aeioiaeia nouanoaiaaei aaniethoiia ?aaainoai, oi 20% io anaai
niaieoiiiai aeioiaea iauanoaa, 40% ianaeaiey – niioaaonoaaiii 40%
aeioiaea e o.ae. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, eeiey IA iieacuaaao aaniethoiia
?aaainoai a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeioiaeia.
Aaniethoiia ia?aaainoai icia/aao, /oi e 20%, e 40%, e 60%, o.ae.
ianaeaiey ia iieo/atho ieeaeiai aeioiaea, ca eneeth/aieai iaeiiai –
aaeeinoaaiiiai, iineaaeiaai a ?yaeo ( eeiey OF ) /aeiaaea, eioi?ue
i?enaaeaaao 100% anaai aeioiaea. Eiiaiiay eeiey IA – yoi eeiey
aaniethoiiai ia?aaainoaa.
A ?aaeueiinoe oaeoe/aneiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaea iieacaii eeieae
IAANAeA. *ai aieueoa ioeeiiyaony yoa eeiey; eee e?eaay Ei?aioea, io
eeiee IA , oai aieueoa ia?aaainoai a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeioiaeia. Anee iu
?acaeaeeee caoo?eoiaaiioth ieiuaaeue ia ieiuaaeue o?aoaieueieea OFE, oi
iieo/eee iieacaoaeue, io?aaeathuee noaiaiue ia?aaainoaa a ?ani?aaeaeaiee
aeioiaeia.
Anee caoo?eoiaaiiiai o/anoea a?aoeea iaicia/eoue O, oi iiaeii iieo/eoue
neaaeothuaa ioiioaiea :
T
G = ( ( ( ,
OFE
aaea G – iieacaoaeue, ecia?ythuee noaiaiue ia?aaainoaa a aeioiaeao.
?enoiie SEQ ?enoiie \* ARABIC 1
Yoio iieacaoaeue a yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee iacuaaaony eiyooeoeeaioii
Aeaeeie, ii eiaie eoaeueyineiai yeiiiienoa e noaoeea Ei??aaei Aeaeeie
(1884 – 1965 aa.). I/aaeaeii, /ai aieueoa ioeeiiaiea e?eaie Ei?aioea io
aennaeo?enu, oai aieueoa ieiuaaeue oeao?u O, e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, oai
aieueoa eiyooeoeeaio Aeaeeie aoaeao i?eaeeaeaoueny e aaeeieoea.
Eioa?anii n?aaieoue aaee/eio yoiai eiyooeoeeaioa a no?aiao n ?acaeoie
?uii/iie yeiiiieeie e a ?innee. Oae, a ia/aea 80-o eiyooeoeeaio
ninoaaeye : a ssiiiee- 0,270; Oaaoeee-0,291; O?A-0,295; NOA-0,329;
A?aceeee-0,565 ( “ Yeiiiie/aneay oeiea “, Auione 2. N.-Ia.,
1992a.-n.224. ). A ?innee eiyooeoeeaio G, ?ann/eoaiiue ia iniiaa aeaiiuo
i n?aaeiaaeooaaii aeioiaea, ninoaaeye:
1992 a. :
ssiaa?ue – 0,238
Oaa?aeue – 0,221
Ia?o – 0,226
Ai?aeue – 0,217
Etheue – 0,289
( Iaci? yeiiiieee ?innee ( 1 ). – I., 1993. – n.27. )
Ia?aaainoai a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeioiaeia, eae iu aeaeei nouanoaoao eae a
no?aiao ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, oae e a iaoae no?aia.
Noaiiaeaiea ?uii/iie nenoaiu oicyenoaiaaiey e oi?ie?iaaiea ia yoie
iniiaa neiy nianoaaiieeia iaecaaaeii oneeeo aeeyiea i?eioeeia
?ani?aaeaeaiey ii iaeiieaiiiio eiouanoao. I?e yoii oi?ie?iaaiea
niaieoiiuo aeioiaeia ianaeaiey aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue ?inoo
aeeooa?aioeeaoeee aeioiaeia e nioeeaeueiiio ?anneiaieth iauanoaa,
ia?aciaaieth neiy ia oieueei aiaaouo, ii e aaaeiuo, /oi iio?aaoao
aeoeaiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa aeey i?aiaeieaiey
nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe.
?ac?aoaiea oaeie ino?ie nioeeaeueiie i?iaeaiu eae aaaeiinoue, anoue
iaeii ec iai?aaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa e naycaii n
iiaeaea?aeeie ia o?iaia oioy au i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia oao, eoi ia niia
iaania/eoue naaa eo/ooth aeeciue. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa ?ino /eneaiiinoe
aaaeiyeia /?aaao nioeeaeueiuie ac?uaaie e ianoaaeeueiinoueth a aeecie
iauanoaa. Nie?auaiea /eneaiiinoe aaaeiyeia – iaeia ec iniiaiuo caaea/
nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa a no?aiao ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. Ii
i?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey iieeoeee au?aaieaaiey aeioiaeia naycaia n
?anoe?aieai neiaeiuo i?iaeai. Ainoaea?noai, aa?y ia naay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca nioeeaeueiue eeeiao, noaeeeaaaony ii?ie n e?aeia
i?ioeai?a/eaui aini?eyoeai iauanoaaiiinoueth naieo aeaenoaee. Aeaei a
oii, /oi aeey oniaoiiai i?iaaaeaiey nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneeo ia?
iaiaoiaeeiu iaiaeua oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa. Eo enoi/ieee – iaeiae.
Ionthaea caeiiiia?iinoue : /ai auoa ?acia? nioeeaeueiuo aeaa, – oai
aeano/a aeieaeii auoue iaeiaiaia iaeiaeaiea. Yoo caaeneiinoue oaea/ii
noi?ie?iaae E. Y?oa?ae : “ iiauoaiea aeeciaiiiai o?iaiy, e eioi?iio y
no?aiethnue, yaeyaony ia noieueei i?iaeaiie ?ani?aaeaeaiey, neieueei
i?iecaiaenoaa, oi/iaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. ?aoaiea eaaeeo ia a
aeaeaiee, a a oiiiaeaiee iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iaeoeoeee. Oa , eoi naia
aieiaiea oaeaeyao i?iaeaiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey, anaaaea i?eoiaeeo e
ioeai/iiio aeaeaieth ?ani?aaeaeyoue aieueoa, /ai a ninoiyiee
i?iecaiaeeoue ia?iaeiia oicyenoai.” ( Y?oa?ae E. Aeaaininoiyiea aeey
anao. – I., 1991. – n.205. ). Ii aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaathuayny yeiiiieea
iicaieyao niae?aoue iaeiae ii ioiineoaeueii eueaioiui noaaeai e
iieo/aoue i?e yoii aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiua noiiu n?aaenoa aeey nioeeaeueiuo
oeaeae. A nia?aiaiiuo caiaaeiuo no?aiao aeioiaeiinoue yeiiiieee a oeaeii
aeinoaoi/ii auniea, /oi iicaieyao i?aaeoaeuenoaai yoeo ainoaea?noa
i?iaiaeeoue yooaeoeaiua nioeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu, oai naiui iaania/eaay
aeaaii?eyoioth nioeeaeueioth neooaoeeth, niinianoaothuoth aeeiaieea
?acaeoey.
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi ?acee/ey a o?iaia iio?aaeaiey iiaoo
caaenaoue e io oaeoi?ia, ia ioiinyueony e aioo?aiiei naienoaai o?oaea e
aai ea/anoaa o naiiai ?aaioieea. I?aaeaea anaai e oaeei oaeoi?ai
ioiinyony : ?acia? naiuee, niioiioaiea eiee/anoaa ?aaioathueo e
eaeaeeaaioeaa a naiuea, ninoiyiea caei?iauey, aaia?aoe/aneea e
eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey e o.ae.
Iniiaiiieaaathuay oeaeaaay ooieoeey ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea ainoaea?noaa ninoieo a oii, /oiau oiaiueoeoue yoe ?acee/ey e
iaania/eoue aieaa aeaaii?eyoiua aeey anao /eaiia iauanoaa oneiaey
iaoa?eaeueiie aeecie. Oi?iie ?aaeecaoeee oaeie oeaee aunooiaao
?ani?aaeaeaiea i?iaeoeoia e oneoa, o?ainoa?oiua auieaou, a oaeaea
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?ia?aiiu ii noaaeeecaoeee aeioiaeia.
Auieaou ii eeiee i?ia?aii iiiiue i?ecaaiu niya/eoue ?acee/ey a o?iaia
aeioiaeia, aucaaiiua ia ?acee/eyie a o?oaea, a i?e/eiaie, noiyueie aia
naiiai i?ioeanna o?oaea, a oaeaea niinianoaiaaoue oaeiaeaoai?aieth ?yaea
iio?aaiinoae, iaeaieaa aaaeiuo n oi/ee c?aiey caaea/ oi?ie?iaaiey
niiniaiinoae e o?oaeo, ?acaeoey ee/iinoe, aeinoeaeaiey aieaa aunieiai
iauaia?aciaaoaeueiiai e eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiae, aeinooiiiai
cae?aaiio?aiaiey, iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey. Ii iineieueeo yoa oi?ia
?ani?aaeaeaiey cao?aaeaaao eioa?anu iauanoaa a oeaeii e eaaeaeiai aai
/eaia a ioaeaeueiinoe, oi ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea a yoie iaeanoe
aeieaeia auoue iniaaiii aeoeaiie.
I?iaeaiu ia?aaainoaa a ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeioiaeia e nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea
ainoaea?noaa aiiaue noaee i?aaeiaoii iaeeaeaiiuo oai?aoe/aneeo
aeeneonnee a eiioea 70-o ia/aea 80-o a.a., a ia?eiae iaeiina?aaoeaiiai
naeaeaa a ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee ( “ ?aeaaiiieea “, “
oyo/a?eci”). Nooue i?iaeaiu caeeth/aaony a neaaeothuai. Eaeiau i?aaeaeu
aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua i?ioeannu ? Ia
oiaiueoaaony ee yooaeoeaiinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey yeiiiieee a oeaeii
ec-ca ?anooueo ianooaaia o?ainoa?oiuo auieao – aaaeue enoi/ieeii
yaeythony iaeiae ? Ia iiae?uaatho ee ana aieaa i?ia?anneaiua iaeiaiaua
noaaee noeioeu e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoao ? Ia niinianoaotho ee iiiaea
nioeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu ?inoo neiy nioeeaeueiuo eaeaeeaaioeaa ?
Aia?eeaineee yeiiiieno I. Oaeia caia/aao: aeaenoaeoaeueii, ethaee,
eiathuea yoou, aiaaou; ethaee, ?ithueany a ioni?iuo aaeao, aaaeiu. Ii
anee aoaeoo aianaiu iiaua i?aaeea, niaeanii eioi?ui eaaeaeue aeaaeaeaoe
yoou aoaeao iaeaaaoueny aaeaaiaeiui iaeiaii 10 oun. aeiee. A
niaoeeaeueiue oiiae “ iiiiaoieeia “, e anee eaaeaeue ec “ iiiiaoieeia “
iieo/eo i?aai ia iieo/aiea ec yoiai oiiaea aaeaaiaeiiai iiniaey a 2.000
aeiee., oi, nei?aa anaai, i?iecieaeao neaaeothuaa : /enei aeaaeaeueoeaa
ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo yoo nie?aoeony, a /enei “ iiiiaoieeia “ oaeeaeoaeueii
auno?i aic?anoao (Oaeia I. Yeiiiie/aneee ia?ac iuoeaiey. – I., 1991. –
n.379.).
Iaeuecy caauaaoue, /oi ia?aaainoai a aeioiaeao a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
ii?iaeaeaii iauaeoeaiui aeaenoaeai ?uii/iiai oeaiiaiai iaoaiecia.
No?aieaiea oie/oiaeeoue iieiinoueth aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth aeioiaeia
icia/aei au iaia?aiea iieiinoueth ?ac?ooeoue nai ?uii/iue iaoaieci.
Oaeei ia?acii, nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa a ?uii/iii oicyenoaa
aeieaeia auoue aanueia oiieei eino?oiaioii, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iia
i?ecaaia niinianoaiaaoue nioeeaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe e niya/aieth
nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe, a n ae?oaie – ieeiei ia?acii ia iiae?uaaoue
noeioeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e aunieiyooaeoeaiiai o?oaea ii iaeio.3.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee.
I?aeoeea i?iaaaeaiey nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee a ?acaeouo no?aiao au?aaioaia
ianeieueei iai?aaeaiee a aa ?aaeecaoeee. E iei ioiinyony : nioeeaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea ; nioeeaeueioth caueoo ?aaioieeia, iieeoeeo a iaeanoe
ca?aaioiie ieaou ; nioeeaeueiua ia?u ia ?uiea o?oaea ; aeeeeuioth
iieeoeeo.
Nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea – iaeaieaa aaaeiay /anoue iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa
a nioeeaeueiie noa?a. A i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaioieee iiaoo
iioa?youe ( ii ?yaeo iauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei, iai?eia?, ec-ca o?aaiu )
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaeieaeaoue ?aaioo. I?e yoii iie eeoathony enoi/ieea
aeioiaea. Aeey ?aoaiey aicieeoae a yoii neo/aa i?iaeaiu nouanoaoao aeaa
aiciiaeiinoe. Ia?aay – auieaoa ii?aaeaeaiiie noiiu ca i?e/eiaiiue oua?a.
Iaeiaei aaeeiia?aiaiiia iiniaea ia aeaao aio aiciiaeiinoe nouanoaiaaoue
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa aoi?ie iooue :
nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea.
Iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeeueii iiieiaoue niune, cia/aiea nioeeaeueiiai
no?aoiaaiey – eae iniiaiiai iaoaiecia nioeeaeueiie caueou ?aaioieeia a
oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. Eiaiii ia yoie iniiaa nioeeaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea iiaeao noaoue ?aaeueiie aacie aeinoeaeaiey nioeeaeueiie
noaaeeueiinoe e niaeaney. Ana yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
ainnoaiiaeaiey no?aoiaiai oa?aeoa?a aeaiiiai aeaea nioeeaeueiie caueou.
A caaeneiinoe io niaethaeaiey i?eioeeiia no?aoiaaiey e iaania/aiey ei
aaeaeaaoiuo enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey iiaeii auaeaeeoue 3 iiaeaee
i?aaiecaoeee nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey:
1. A ia?aie iiaeaee no?aoiaua ia/aea ia ?acaeou. ?acia? auaeaaaaiuo
nioeeaeueiuo iiniaee e auiea/eaaaiuo iainee caaeneo io ?yaea
aoi?inoaiaiiuo aiaoieo oaeoi?ia, io neoaeaaiiai iieiaeaiey. Iaaeinoaoie
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa iie?uaaaony o/?aaeeoaeyie. Iiaeiaiay nenoaia
niiniaia iaania/eoue eeoue iaaunieea o?iaie caueou e iiaeao
nouanoaiaaoue oieueei a oneiaeyo aacaeaoeoeeoiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa. ?uii/iui oneiaeyi oicyenoaiaaiey, eae i?aaeei, naienoaaiai
aeaoeoeeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa, a cia/eo, aaeeea aa?iyoiinoue
oiai, /oi ainoaea?noai ia niiaeao auiieieoue naieo iaycaoaeuenoa.
2. Ioee/eoaeueiay /a?oa aoi?ie iiaeaee – no?aooaiua e no?aoiaaoaee
aeaeatho aciinu, iaeiaei ?an/aou n ieie ia o/eouaatho noaiaie
aa?iyoiinoe ianooieaiey oiai eee eiiai no?aoiaiai niauoey, o.a.
nioeeaeueiiai ?enea. No?aoiaaiea oaeoe/anee inouanoaeyaony a iieueco
o?aoueeo eeoe, e iaeiieaiea oeiainiauo n?aaenoa ieeae ia naycaii n
?inoii iaycaoaeuenoa.
3. O?aouey iiaeaeue no?ieony, enoiaey ec no?aoiaaiey nioeeaeueiuo
?eneia. Aaee/eia iaeiieaiiuo n?aaenoa a eaaeaeue eiie?aoiue iiiaio
a?aiaie niioaaonoaoao acyoui no?aoiaaoaeyie iaycaoaeuenoaai. Auieaou ia
iiaoo i?aauoaoue onoaiiaeaiiiai niioiioaiey iaaeaeo auaeaaaaiuie
iiniaeyie e iinooieaieyie. Yoa iiaeaeue nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey iau/ii
i?aaeoniao?eaaao niiniau iie?uoey aeaoeoeeoa n?aaenoa iooai ia?aciaaiey
caianiuo oiiaeia, ia?ano?aoiaaiey ?eneia e o.ae.. Oaeay oi?ia
i?aaiecaoeee nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey aeinoaoi/ii aeaea : ia aicieeaao
oaoie/aneeo o?oaeiinoae eae i?e iauaaeeiaiee ianeieueeeo aeaeia
no?aoiaaiey, oae e i?e eo ?acaeaeaiee, i?e auoiaea ec oiiaeia
no?aoiaaiey a?oiiu o/anoieeia eee i?e i?eaea/aiee iiauo.
Nenoaia nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey no?ieony ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eioeeiao.
Ai-ia?auo, iii eiaao caeiiiaeayoaeueioth iniiao. Ai-aoi?uo, iii
iaycaoaeueii aeey eeoe, ?aaioathueo a oneiaeyo ?enea ( ai?i/ai,
no?aoiaaiea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny e ia aeia?iaieueiie iniiaa ).
A-o?aoueeo, nenoaia nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaao o/anoea
ainoaea?noaa a oeiaine?iaaiee niioaaonoaothueo auieao. Aeaeyony yoi eeai
a oi?ia nieaeaiey auiea/eaaaiuo naieie ?aaioieeaie noii, eeai ca n/ao
iiauoaiey i?aaeeaaaaiuo ainoaea?noaii iiniaee. A-/aoaa?ouo, nenoaia
nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey i?eaioe?oaony ia iiiiuue i?aaeaea anaai neaaui
a yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee /eaiai iauanoaa.
I?aeoeea ii?aaeaeeea ianeieueei oi?i nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey. Ai
iiiaeo oeeaeeeciaaiiuo no?aiao i?eiaiythony neaaeothuea : no?aoiaaiea io
ian/anoiiai neo/ay, aieacie, a nayce n ?iaeaie e ooiaeii ca ?aaaieii, ii
eiaaeeaeiinoe, a neo/aa iioa?e ?aaiou, iaineiiiia no?aoiaaiea.
Aaaeiaeoei iai?aaeaieai iieeoeee iaineiiiiai no?aoiaaiey yaeyaony
inouanoaeaiea eiioeaioeee “aeeiaie/aneie iainee”: i?eaaaeaiea iainee a
niioaaonoaee n o?iaiai ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aaioathuaai ianaeaiey. Oai
naiui oaeanony aini?aiyonoaiaaoue iaanoeaiaieth (aneaaenoaea eioeyoeee)
n?aaenoa, eioi?ua auee iaeiieaiu ?aaioieeii, iooai ?aaoey?iuo
io/eneaiee.
A iaycaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa aoiaeeo iaania/aiea ooieoeeiiaeueii –
niiniaiie nenoaiu einoeoooia no?aoiaaiey ia neo/ae aieacie. Iai?eia?,
iaania/aiea a neo/aa caaieaaaiey ii/oe aeey 90% a?aaeaeai O?A
aa?aioe?oaony iooai onoaiiaeaiiie caeiiii nenoaiu no?aoiaaiey ia neo/ae
aieacie. Ieiei 10% a?aaeaeai cano?aoiaaiu /anoiui ia?acii. Caaieaaoee ai
a?aiy aieacie aeioiaea ia oa?yao. ?aaioiaeaoaeae caeii iaycuaaao
i?iaeieaeaoue auieaoo ca?aaioiie ieaou a oa/aiea oanoe iineaaeothueo
iaaeaeue.
Aiciiaeiua ian/anoiua neo/ae ia i?iecaiaenoaa e i?ioanneiiaeueiua
caaieaaaiey ioaaouaathony nenoaiie no?aoiaaiey io ian/anoiuo neo/aaa.
Caeanue ?a/ue eaeao i ?acee/iiai ?iaea ia?aieaoaieyo, ?ani?aaeaeaiee e
i?aaao cano?aoiaaiiuo. Aieueoea cao?aou ia oeiaine?iaaiea iineaaenoaee
ian/anoiuo neo/aaa ia i?iecaiaenoaa yaeythony aaaeiie i?e/eiie
eioaineoeeaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee caueou ?aaioiiieo/aoaeae.
Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau oeiaine?iaaiea inouanoaeyeinue ia 100% ca n/ao
aciinia i?aaei?eyoee eee ?aaioiaeaoaeae, o.e. a niioaaonoaee n
i?eioeeiii i?e/eiiinoe aii?in i ia/eneaiee ecaea?aeae ( cao?ao ),
naycaiiuo n iineaaenoaeyie ian/anoiuo neo/aaa, aoaeao ioianai e
i?aaei?eyoeyi.
Nioeeaeueiay caueoa ?aaioieeia, eae aaaeiaeoaa iai?aaeaiea nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa, e?aeia aaaeia, o.e. aieueoeinoai ianaeaiey ai
anao no?aiao ninoaaeytho ?aaioathuea, aaeeinoaaiiui ( eee iniiaiui )
aeioiaeii eioi?uo yaeyaony ca?aaioiay ieaoa, a yoi icia/aao, /oi iie
yeiiiie/anee oycaeiu e ei ia ia /oi iia?aoueny, e?iia ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe. E?iia oiai, a ethaii ainoaea?noaa eiaaony cia/eoaeueiia
eiee/anoai iao?oaeiniiniaiuo eeoe e eeoe n iiieaeaiiie
o?oaeiniiniaiinoueth, o?aaothueo iniaiai aieiaiey ainoaea?noaa. Ei anaio
yoiio iiaeii aeiaaaeoue, /oi iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa a iaeanoe
nioeeaeueiie caueou caiyouo aace?oaony ia ia?aaainoaa noi?ii ia ?uiea
o?oaea. Iaaiiue ?aaioiee yaeyaony neaaie ii n?aaiaieth n ?aaioiaeaoaeai
noi?iiie, iineieueeo ia iaeaaeaao nianoaaiiinoueth ia n?aaenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaa e auioaeaeai i?iaeaaaoue naith ?aai/oth neeo. Aeaenoaey
ainoaea?noaa a yoie noa?a aeieaeiu auoue iaoeaeaiu ia oeiainiaoth
iiaeaea?aeeo ?aaioieeia a neo/aa iaianaiey oua?aa caei?iaueth iineaaeieo
eee a eiuo neo/ayo. Aeey yoiai ainoaea?noai ?ac?aaaouaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua
i?aaiaua ii?iu, iaania/eaathuea nicaeaiea nenoaiu aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua
caeeth/atho iaaeaeo niaie ?aaioieee e i?aaei?eieiaoaee. Ainoaea?noai,
i?iaiaey oaeea ia?u, enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi a nioeeaeueiuo
acaeiiioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie e ?aaioiaeaoaeyie ?a/ue aeieaeia
eaeoe ia i?inoi i eoiea – i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia, a i nioeeaeueiii noaoona
ee/iinoe.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aeoeea e ioa/anoaaiiue iiuo naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii,
/oi e aaaeiaeoei i?eioeeiai nioeeaeueiie caueou ?aaioieeia neaaeoao
ioianoe:
nioeeaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa ca aa?aaeiia
ioiioaiea e ee/iinoe, e caueoa aeinoieinoaa /aeiaaea, aai i?aaa ia
naiaiaeiue o?oae, naiaiaeo auai?a i?ioannee, ianoa ?aaiou e iao/aiey,
io?aio o?oaea, iaania/aiea i?eaieaiuo oneiaee o?oaea, caueoo caei?iauey
e aeecie, eiiiainaoeeth oo?aou o?oaeiniiniaiinoe, /oi niioaaonoaoao
iieiaeaieyi Anaiauae aeaeea?aoeee i?aa /aeiaaea, nioeeaeueiuo iaeoia e
ae?oaeo aeieoiaioia III, IIO e ae?oaeo i?eciaiiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ii?i
;
nioeeaeueiay ni?aaaaeeeainoue a iaeanoe o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee – ?aaiua
i?aaa ia oneiaey e io?aio o?oaea, nio?aiaiey caei?iauey,
?aaioiniiniaiinoe e o?oaeiniiniaiinoe a?aaeaeai, aunieee o?iaaiue
eiiiainaoeee oo?aou o?oaeiniiniaiinoe, iaania/aiea iaaeeoeeineiai,
nioeeaeueiie e i?ioanneiiaeueiie ?aaaeeeoaoeee ;
anaiauee e iaycaoaeueiue oa?aeoa? caueoiuo ?aaioieeia io nioeeaeueiuo e
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo ?eneia, iaania/aiea i?aaa ia nioeeaeueioth caueoo eae
aeaaiiai i?eaioe?a nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey iauanoaa ;
ieieiaeueii aiciiaeiue o?iaaiue nioeeaeueiuo e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
?eneia, aeinooiiinoue e ioe?uoinoue niioaaonoaothuae eioi?iaoeee ;
ainoaea?noaaiiua aa?aioee naycaiiua n nioeeaeueiie caueoie i?e
iaeiia?aiaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e naiioi?aaeyaiinoe iaainoaea?noaaiiuo
nenoai e i?ia?aii caueou ;
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue anao iniiaiuo noauaeoia caueou (ainoaea?noai,
i?aaei?eieiaoaee, oiaa?euanoaa nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey e oe?ieee e?oa
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee o?oaeyueony ) a oi?ie?iaaiee e
niaa?oainoaiaaiee oao eee eiuo nenoai e oi?i caueou;
nieeaea?iinoue anao noauaeoia nioeeaeueiie caueou ia iniiaa
“nioeeaeueiuo aeiaiai?ia” , eanathueony ?ani?aaeaeaiey oeiainiaiai
a?aiaie ii eiiiainaoeee e ieieiecaoeee nioeeaeueiuo e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
?eneia ;
yeiiiie/aneoth e nioeeaeueioth naiaiaeo ?aaioieeia a iaeanoe o?oaea –
auai? i?ioannee n i?eaieaiuie o?iaiyie nioeeaeueiuo e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
?eneia, aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey, ianoa
?aaiou, naiaiaeu annioeeaoeee ;
ee/ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ?aaioieeia ca nio?aiaiea naiaai caei?iauey,
?aaioiniiniaiinoe e o?oaeiniiniaiinoe, i?aaeeueiue auai? i?ioannee,
ianoa ?aaiou ;
iiiaio?iaiaainoue e ?aciiaae?aniinoue niiniaia nioeeaeueiie caueou – io
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aa?aioee aeey anao o?oaeyueony aei oceiiai?aaeaiiuo ia?
aeey ioaeaeueiuo eo eaoaai?ee e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo a?oii ;
iiiainoauaeoiinoue nioeeaeueiie caueou – noauaeoaie nioeeaeueiie caueou
aeieaeiu aunooiaoue : ainoaea?noai ( a eeoea aaaeiinoa e ieienoa?noa ),
?aaioiaeaoaee, oiaa?euanoaa ii no?aoiaaieth, ?aaeiiaeueiua i?aaiu
oi?aaeaiey ;
iiiaianiaeoiinoue e ?aciiiai?aaeaiiinoue ia? nioeeaeueiie caueou –
i?aaeiaoii aieiaiey aeieaeiu noaoue oneiaey e iieaoa o?oaea ?aaioieeia,
i?ioanneiiaeueiay iiaeaioiaea, iaaeeoeeineia ianeoaeeaaiea, eiiiainaoeey
oo?aou ?aaioiniiniaiinoe e ?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiua oneoae.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea a iaeanoe ca?aaioiie ieaou aeieaeia
?aaeeciauaaoueny aeeooa?aioee?iaaiii. ?aaoee?othuea aiaoaoaeuenoai
inouanoaeyaony a iniiaiii a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea noaiaiue
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaee ?aaioieea iaauniea, e iiceoeee aai a
i?ioeainoiyiee n ?aaioiaeaoaeai ioiineoaeueii neaau. Yoi aeaaiui ia?acii
eanaaony oao aeaeia o?oaeiauo i?ioeannia, eioi?ua o?aaotho
iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai o?oaea. A ioiioaiee oaeeo eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey
oeene?oaony ieieiaeueiue o?iaaiue ca?aaioiie ieaou, ieaea eioi?iai
auiea/eaaoue aa, ia ?ac?aoaaony. N iiiiuueth caeiiia ainoaea?noai
ii?aaeaeyao oaeaea ?eoi iieaou o?oaea ( aeiionoei, eaaeaeua 14 aeiae eee
aaeaiany/ii ).
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iieeoeea ca?aaioiie ieaou i?aaeoniao?eaaao aaaaeaiea
i?aaeaeueiiai o?iaiy iineaaeiae e nio?aiaiea aai aoa/aiea
ii?aaeaeaiiiai io?acea a?aiaie. Aiciiaeii oaeaea eniieueciaaiea
ia?aie/aiee ia oaiiu ?inoa iieaou o?oaea. Aeaiiua ia?u i?eiaiythony aeey
i?aaeioa?auaiey eioeyoeee e ono?aiaiey o?oaeiinoae a iaeanoe ieaoaaeiiai
aaeaina.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ia ?uiea o?oaea.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea a yoie iaeanoe aeaeaao iniaaiii io/aoeeaui
ia?aoiae nenoaiu /enoiai no?aoiaaiey ii aac?aaioeoea e iieneo
i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo ia? ii i?aaeioa?auaieth aiciiaeiuo o?oaeiinoae a
o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe e ia ?uiea o?oaea.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea i?eiaieoaeueii e ?uieo naycaia i?aaeaea anaai n
aiciiaeiinoyie ainoaea?noaa aeeyoue ia ni?in ia ?aai/oth neeo. E?iia
oiai, aicaeaenoaea ia yoio ?uiie eaeao n iiiiuueth ei??aeoe?iaee
i?aaiauo ii?i, eanathueony eniieueciaaiey a no?aia eiino?aiiie ?aai/ae
neeu. ?aaoee?iaaiea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny e nie?auaieai aeinooia
iaeioi?uo a?oii ?aaioieeia ia ?uiie o?oaea ( iai?eia?, n iiiiuueth
nie?auaiey iaineiiiiai aic?anoa ). E?iia oiai, ainoaea?noai iiaeao
aeeyoue ia ?uiie o?oaea, eioi?ie?oy i aai ninoiyiee caeioa?aniaaiiua
i?aaiu. Aanueia na?ueaciia aicaeaenoaea ia yoio ?uiie iii ieacuaaao e
oai, /oi aa?ao ia naay i?aaiecaoeeth e oeiaine?iaaiea nenoaiu
ia?aiao/aiey ?aaioieeia a nayce ni no?oeoo?iuie naeaeaaie a yeiiiieea.
Eino?oiaioa?ee nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee a iaeanoe ?uiea o?oaea aeeth/aao a
naay ia?yaeo n i?iecaaaeaieai eiiiainaoeeiiiuo auieao i?e aac?aaioeoea e
a ia?eiae iienea ?aaiou i?aaeinoaaeaiea eiinoeueoaoeee ii
i?ioi?eaioaoeee, o?oaeiono?ienoao e i?ioanneiiaeueiiio iao/aieth,
iaeaa/athueo anooieaiea a o?oaeiaoth aeeciue eee niaio i?ioannee.
Oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa ec oiiaea no?aoiaaiey ii aac?aaioeoea aeieaeiu
eniieueciaaoueny yooaeoeaii, iai?eia?, a oeaeyo oeiaine?iaaiey
ia?ii?eyoee ii i?ioanneiiaeueiiio iao/aieth, ?aaaeeeoaoeee, iaeaa/athuae
aica?auaiea e o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oaeaea a ea/anoaa
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo n?aaenoa aeey nicaeaiey e eciaiaiey no?oeoo?u ?aai/eo
iano.
Ia?yaeo n yoei oeaeueth nia?aiaiiie iieeoeee iaania/aiey caiyoinoe
yaeyaony oaeaea ?aoaiea i?iaeai iniauo a?oii ?aaioathuaai ianaeaiey (
iiaeeeuo ethaeae, eiaaeeaeia, aeaiuei, iieiaeaaee, eiino?aioeaa).
AEeeeuiay iieeoeea.
Iieeoeea iaania/aiey iaiaoiaeeiuo aeeeeuiuo oneiaee ?anniao?eaaaony a
nia?aiaiiuo caiaaeiuo no?aiao eae eino?oiaio nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee.
Eaaei e auno?i ?aoaaiua aeeeeuiua i?iaeaiu oneeeaatho oa??eoi?eaeueioth
iiaeaeaeiinoue ?aai/ae neeu, /oi a oneiaeyo nouanoaaiiuo no?oeoo?iuo
naeaeaia i?eia?aoaao iniaoth cia/eiinoue, eai iiauoaao yooaeoeaiinoue
i?iecaiaenoaa.
A o?aaeeoeeiiiii aa?eaioa yoi iai?aaeaiea nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee
i?iaiaeeony iooai auaeaeaiey ec athaeaeaoa n?aaenoa aeey ieacaiey iiiiue
?aaioieeai, a?aiaeothuei aeeeuea. Iaeiaei anoue e aeueoa?iaoeaiua
aa?eaiou: ainoaea?noai a ninoiyiee iiiu?youe naiinoiyoaeueiia aeeeeuiia
no?ieoaeuenoai. I?e yoii eniieuecothony ?acee/iua aiciiaeiinoe.
Iai?eia?, oa??eoi?eaeueiua i?aaiu aeanoe naie nicaeatho ioiineoaeueii
aeaoaaua eiiieaenu aeeeuey e naeatho eo a iaai naiueyi n ieceeie
aeioiaeaie. Aua iaeei iooue nioeeaeueiie iiaeaea?aeee a yoie iaeanoe
i?aaeiieaaaao eniieueciaaiea aeeeuey, iino?iaiiiai /anoiuie
no?ieoaeueiuie eiiia?aoeaaie. ?ieue ainoaea?noaa a yoii neo/aa naiaeeony
e oiio, /oi iii aanieaoii i?aaeinoaaeyao no?ieoaeueiui i?aaiecaoeeyi
caieth, inouanoaeyao eo eueaioiia e?aaeeoiaaiea eee i?eiaiyao e iei
aieaa iyaeia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea. A ?aieao aeaiiiai aa?eaioa ainoaea?noai
iau/ii eiio?iee?oao aaee/eio iieaou aeeeuey, onoaiaaeeaay i?aaeaeueioth
noiio aeioiaeia aeaaeaeueoeaa ca naeaaaaiia a iaai aeeeuea. A
ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo i?eoiaeeony iinooiaoue aua aieaa ?aoeoaeueii :
ecuiaoue ec /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe caieth e eniieueciaaoue aa aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.4. ?acoeueoaoeaiinoue
nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa.
Eae oaea auei neacaii auoa, iaeiie ec iniiaiuo oi?i ?aaeecaoeee
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa aunooiatho
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?ia?aiiu ii noaaeeecaoeee aeioiaeia. Iaeia /anoue
n?aaenoa oaeeo i?ia?aii oi?ie?oaony /a?ac ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao e
eniieuecoaony oeaio?aeeciaaiii. Ae?oaay /anoue n?aaenoa ia?acoaony ca
n/ao i?eauee ia naieo i?aaei?eyoeyo e oiiaeao.
*a?ac eaiaeu ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?ia?aii iiiiue oaeiaeaoai?ythony
iio?aaiinoe a ainieoaiee thiuo /eaiia iauanoaa, niaea?aeaiee i?anoa?aeuo
e iao?oaeiniiniaiuo, iaania/aiee ( io/anoe ) iieo/aiey ia?aciaaiey,
nio?aiaiey caei?iauey. Noaiaiue oaeiaeaoai?aiey yoeo iio?aaiinoae
ii?aaeaeyaony neiaeeaoeieny a aeaiiuo oneiaeyo o?iaiai yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey e oeaiiinoiuie onoaiiaeaie, neiaeeaoeieny a iauanoaa.
?ani?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa ii eeiee i?ia?aii iiiiue inouanoaeyaony ii o?ai
iai?aaeaieyi.
Ia?aia iai?aaeaiea oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi /anoue iinooieaiee,
iieo/aaiuo ianaeaieai, iaoiaeeony a caaeneiinoe io o?oaea, ii i?e yoii
i?eieiathony ai aieiaiea e ?acia?u oaeiaeaoai?aiiuo iio?aaiinoae.
Aoi?ia iai?aaeaiea oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi i?iaiaeeiua auieaou ia
eiatho nayce n o?oaeii aeaiiiai ?aaioieea, a a ?an/ao aa?aony ?acia?
iio?aaiinoae, ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eioi?uo yoe auieaou iai?aaeythony. yoe
auieaou ioaaouaatho iiniaey ia aeaoae iiiaiaeaoiui ?aaioieeai, iaeeiieii
iaoa?yi, ia niaoeeaeece?iaaiiia ea/aiea, aeioaoeee ainoaea?noaa ia
niaea?aeaiea aeaoae a aeaoneeo o/?aaeaeaieyo, a oeieao – eioa?iaoao.
?acia? oaeie aeioaoeee caaeneo io eiee/anoaa aeaoae e o?iaiy aeioiaeia
?iaeeoaeae.
Iniaaiiinoue o?aoueaai iai?aaeaiey ii?aaeaeyaony oai, /oi iniiaiay eo
/anoue, aunooiaao a oi?ia eueaio e oneoa, iinooiaao ianaeaieth
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a iaoo?aeueiie oi?ia /a?ac niioaaonoaothuea
o/?aaeaeaiey iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u. Yoa /anoue ?ani?aaeaeyaiuo
n?aaenoa oi?ie?oao naiaai ?iaea “aeiiieieoaeueiua” aeioiaeu : iie ia
i?ioiaeyo /a?ac athaeaeao naiuee e eie iaeuecy ?anii?yaeaoueny ii aa
oniio?aieth. Oaeea aeioiaeu ?ani?aaeaeythony aac o/aoa ia?u
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai o?oaea e oeaeeeii ii?aaeaeythony eioa?anaie e
aiciiaeiinoyie iauanoaa ia aeaiiue eiie?aoiue enoi?e/aneee iiiaio.
Iio?aaeoaeai /anoe ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiue aunooiatho ia ana o?oaeyueany
aiiaua, a oieueei oa, eioi?ua eiatho a yoii iio?aaiinoue e oieueei a
ia?o yoie iio?aaiinoe. Iai?eia?, ca aanieaoiie iaaeeoeeineie iiiiuueth
ia?auathony oa, eoi /aua e na?ueaciaa aieaao e ia iiaeao iiea/eaaoue
iaaeeoeeineea oneoae, oneoaaie oeieueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee – oio, o eiai
aieueoa aeaoae a oeieueiii aic?anoa.
Ii, /?acia?ii aeoeaiia aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa a
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua i?ioeannu, au?aaieaaiea aeioiaeia aaaeao e
nieaeaieth aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe a iauanoaa e nie?auaieth yooaeoeaiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaa a oeaeii. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, nie?auaiea ?iee ainoaea?noaa
a ?aaoee?iaaiee aeioiaeia ianaeaiey aaaeao e ?inoo aeeooa?aioeeaoeee
aeioiaeia, nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe, iaino?aieth nioeeaeueiuo
eiioeeeoia e a eoiaa e iaaeaieth i?iecaiaenoaa, nieaeaieth aai
yooaeoeaiinoe. Aeinoeaeaiea iioeiaeueiuo ianooaaia aiaoaoaeuenoaa
ainoaea?noaa a ?aaoee?iaaiea nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee a iauanoaa naycaii n
?ac?aoaieai i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo yooaeoeaiinoueth e nioeeaeueiie
ni?aaaaeeeainoueth. Yoi i?ioeai?a/ea, ii iaeiiio ec iiaiee, eaaeeo a
noa?a nii?eeiniiaaiey yeiiiie/aneie e aeooiaiie noa?
aeecieaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo ?acaeaaaony ii naiei
caeiiai, ii oai ia iaiaa oanii acaeiinaycaiiuo. I?e anae iaeiioeiiinoe
yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia a no?aiao n ?uii/iie i?aaiecaoeeae oicyenoaa
yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu a ieo ?acaeaathony ia aaca niaoeeoe/aneeo aeey
eaaeaeie no?aiu aeooiaiuo, i?aanoaaiiuo onoiaa iauanoaa, iaoeeiiaeueiuo
o?aaeeoeee, enoi?e/aneeo iniaaiiinoae, oi?ie?othueo iniaua iioeau
oicyenoaaiiiai iiaaaeaiey. Oae, /?acau/aeii aunieea noaaee iaeiaia,
acuiaaiuo n aeioiaeia /anoiuo eeoe e i?eaueae ei?ii?aoeee a Oaaoeee,
yaeythony iai?eia? iai?eaieaiuie aeey NOA, eo aaaaeaiea iiaei au
i?eaanoe aia?eeaineoth yeiiiieeo e eaoano?ioa.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ianooaau ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia a ?acee/iuo
no?aiao iaiaeeiaeiau, ii, ii iauaio i?eciaieth, iie iniai aaeeee a
Oaaoeee. Oae, anee acyoue ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaea ii oaeoi?ai
i?iecaiaenoaa a yoie no?aia e na?oiie?iaaoue aeiiaoiea oicyenoaa a 10
a?oii ( o.a. ii 10% ianaeaiey ), oi iieo/eony neaaeothuay ea?oeia :
aaeiaie aeioiae aeiiaoiaai oicyenoaa a aunoai 10%-i eeanna aoaeao
i?eia?ii a 100 ?ac aieueoa, /ai o iecoeo 10% ianaeaiey. Ii anee acyoue
?aniieaaaaiue aeioiae ( o.a. aeioiae iinea oieaou iaeiaia e iieo/aiey
o?ainoa?oiuo auieao ), oi ?acieoea iaaeaeo aunoae e iecoae a?oiiie
aeiiaoieo oicyenoa ninoaaeo cia/eoaeueii iaiueooth aaee/eio : i?aauoaiea
oaea aoaeao ia a 100 ?ac, a anaai a 4 ?aca. Oaeiau ianooaau
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ua ia?aaeei e o oaaaeneeo yeiiiienoia aucuaatho
ii?aaeaeaiiua niiiaiey : oae, ii i?iaaaeaiiui a Oaaoeee enneaaeiaaieyi,
nie?auaiea ?acee/ee a ca?aaioiie ieaoa ( iinea oieaou iaeiaia ) ai
iiiaii niinianoaiaaei nieaeaieth aeeiaie/iinoe ?uiea o?oaea.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu
ii?aaeaeyao o?iaaiue e ianooaau iio?aaeaiey, a, cia/eo, ai iiiaii e
oneiaey oi?ie?iaaiey iio?aaiinoae ethaeae.
I?e yoii iaaei neacaoue, /oi nenoaia nioeeaeueiie caueou ia
ii?aaeaeyaony oieueei iiaeaea?aeeie iaeiiaania/aiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey eee
oao, eoi ia aeeth/ai a iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai ( o/aueany,
iaineiia?u, eiaaeeaeu ). Iia aeeth/aao a naay caueoo e eeoe,
o/anoaothueo a iauanoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa e i?aaeaea anaai ethaeae,
?aaioathueo ii iaeio. Inouanoaeyaony e /a?ac ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiea a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie oi?ia o?oaea ( i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/ae iaaeaee,
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue e ii?yaeie i?aaeinoaaeaiey ioioneia, io?aiu o?oaea
e ae?. ) e aai iieaou (onoaiiaeaiea ieieiaeueiuo noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou
e ae?. ), a oaeaea ii?aaeaeaiea i?aa ?aaioieeia i?e i?eaia ia ?aaioo e
oaieueiaiea. Yoa noi?iia nenoaiu nioeeaeueiie caueou oaeaea
ii?aaeaeyaony o?iaiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu, niioiioaieai
iieeoe/aneeo nee e o?iaiai iauanoaaiiiai naiiniciaiey.
Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee n nioeeaeueiie i?eaioaoeeae oa?aeoa?ecoaony aa ia?a?anoaieai a
iauanoaaiii – i?aia?acothuoth iieeoeeo, iuoathuothny ioaaoeoue ana
nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu e eiathuoth oeaeue iaania/eoue au?aaieaaiea
eiouanoaaiiuo ?acee/ee, ?acee/ee a aeioiaeao e a aiciiaeiinoyo ia/aea
aeaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. A ?aieao yoie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee auee
i?iaaaeaiu ia?ii?eyoey, iai?aaeaiiua ia oeo/oaiea aeeeeuiuo oneiaee,
oe?aieaiey naiuee e niaa?oainoaiaaiey nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey. Iiaua
eiioeuenu iieo/eea iieeoeea, io?aaeathuay eioa?anu n?aaeiaai neiy,
iieiaeaaee, aeaiuei e i?anoa?aeuo. Iieeoeea a eioa?anao eiino?aiiuo
?aai/eo ii iaeio, o/ao eiathueony i?iaeai, naycaiiuo n aaeaioaoeeae a
o?oaeiaii ie?oaeaiee e a iauanoaaiiie aeecie, o?aaotho inouanoaeaiey
aeaeueiaeoeo ia? a ?aieao eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie iiiiue. I?e yoii aeieaeiu
o/eouaaoueny nioeeaeueiua i?iaeaiu, oa?aeoa?iua eae aeey no?ai ec
eioi?ie i?eaue ?aai/ee, oae e aeey no?aiu, aaea aio i?aaeinoaaeyaony
?aaioa.
A i?ioeii ainoaea?noaaiiay nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea i?iaiaeeeanue aeaaiui
ia?acii ii i?eioeeio oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae iaeiia?aiaiii iiiaeo
a?oii ianaeaiey ( ii i?eioeeio “eeiaeee” ). Yoi ia a iineaaeiath
i/a?aaeue iauynieeinue oai, /oi ionoonoaiaaea eiie?aoiay eioi?iaoeey i
i?iaeaiao e ?aaeueiinoyo iauanoaaiiie aeecie e nia?aiaiiiai ie?a o?oaea,
/oi a nith i/a?aaeue oi?iiceei i?ioeann i?eyoey ?aoaiee ainoaea?noaii a
yoie iaeanoe. A i?ioeii ionoonoaiaaea eiie?aoiay eioi?iaoeey i no?oeoo?a
?aai/eo iano e caiyoinoe, ia oneiaeyo o?oaea ; ia auei oaeaea iiae?iaiie
eioi?iaoeee i ?ani?aaeaeaiee eaieoaea, ionoonoaiaaee aeaiiua i
iaeiiaania/aiiuo neiyo ianaeaiey, i iaaunieii o?iaia iaineiiiiai
no?aoiaaiey. Oneeey, iai?aaeaiiua ia iaania/aiea aieueoae iaic?eiinoe
i?ioeannia a iaeanoe nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee, i?eaaee e nicaeaieth
yooaeoeaiuo noaoenoe/aneeo aeaiiuo e yooaeoeaiuo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai,
i?ecaaiiuo iiauoaoue yooaeoeaiinoue nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee e
niinianoaiaaoue noaaeeecaoeee nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey. N iiiiuueth
aiaeeca iauaaeeiaiiuo aeaiiuo, a oaeaea iooai ecaeaiey io/aoia (
iai?eia?, io/ao i iaoiaeao ?aaoee?iaaiey o?iaiy iainee )
i?aaei?eieiathony iiiuoee iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue nioeeaeueiie
iieeoeee, iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoue aa ?aaoee?iaaiey e aiciiaeiinoue
eiio?iey ca iae . yoei iooai neaaeoao eaeoe e a aeaeueiaeoai.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea ia yaeyaony ecia?aoaieai eaieoaeecia aeey iiaeeoia
?aai/aai eeanna. I?iaaaeaiea nioeeaeueii – iieeoe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee
i?eciaaony iaiaoiaeeiui ai anao iauanoaaiii – iieeoe/aneeo nenoaiao.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea ( IIO ), eioi?ie a 1999 aiaeo
aoaeoo 80 eao, aianea naieie eiiaaioeeyie nouanoaaiiue aeeaae a
ioi?ieaiea nioeeaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ?uii/iuo yeiiiiee e eo
nioeeaeueioth iieeoeeo.
Nioeeaeueiua iineaaenoaey yeiiiie/aneeo e oaoie/aneeo ia?aiai, e
i?eia?o, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?iaeaiu, o?aaothuea ianoaeaeaiey
iacaaeneii io iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa no?ai. Yoi ioiineony eae e
aiaeeco i?e/ei iaaeaeaoaeueiuo i?ioeannia, oae e e yooaeoeaiinoe
eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa, iai?aaeaiiuo ia i?aaeioa?auaiea, naea?aeeaaiea
e ono?aiaiea iineaaenoaee. Ia?ooaiea yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney,
nioeeaeueiua aeeni?iii?oeee, a?oiiiaay eee i?ioanneiiaeueiay
iio?aaiinoue a caueoa iiaoo iiyaeoueny a ethaie aeeiaie/anee
?acaeaathuaeny no?aia. Caeanue ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaony i?ino?ainoai aeey
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa e iaeeea iiuoii, o.a. oi?ie?iaaiey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee.
A ?innee aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aaaeiinoe ioaeaaony i?aaeii/oaiea ?an/aoo
i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia. Ii?iaoeaii- noaoenoe/aneee iaoiae aai ?an/aoa,
eniieuecoaiue a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, i?aaeiieaaaao ioeaieo ninoaaeythueo
ii?iaoeaiiai iaai?a i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey ii n?aaeiei oeaiai iieoiee, a
cao?aou ia iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u, oneoae e o.ae. ii?aaeaeyaony ii
eo oaeoe/aneie aeiea a iaueo ?anoiaeao 10% iaeiaiaa iaania/aiiuo naiae.
N/eoaaony, /oi iauai e no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia aeatho
aiciiaeiinoue oaeiaeaoai?eoue iaiaoiaeeiua iio?aaiinoe ?acee/iuo
eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey i?e ieieiaeueiuo cao?ao.
Oai?aoe/anee i?iaeeoi/iue ieieioi yaeyaony /a?oie, ieaea eioi?ie
ainoaea?noai ia aeieaeii aeiioneaoue nieaeaiea aeeciaiiiai o?iaiy naieo
a?aaeaeai, iaania/eaay ei iaoa?eaeueioth iiaeaea?aeeo. Iiyoiio naiia
neiaeiia – i?eie?eoue a aai aaee/eia e iaai?a eiiiiiaioia o?aaiaaiuey
iao/iie iainiiaaiiinoe, ?ano?niie iaania/aiiinoe e nioeeaeueiie
aeiionoeiinoe. A naaiaeiyoiae nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee
oeacaiiua i?eioeeiu iaoiaeyony a aanueia caiaoiii i?ioeai?a/ee ae?oa n
ae?oaii.
*oi eanaaony oeiainiauo aiciiaeiinoae ainoaea?noaa, oi iii ia iiaeao
aa?aioe?iaaoue anai aeaaea yoio ona/aiiue oeceieiae/aneee ieieioi,
auno?i ?anoouee a nayce n eioeyoeeae. Oeiainiaua ia?aie/aiey yaeythony
naiui na?ueaciui i?aiyonoaeai e oi?ie?iaaieth yooaeoeaiie nenoaiu
nioeeaeueiie caueou ianaeaiey.
Oaeiaeaoai?aiea oaeeo nioeeieoeueoo?iuo iio?aaiinoae, eae ia?aciaaiea,
iiaeaea?aeaiea caei?iauey, iaania/aiea ioaeuoa e i?iaaaeaiea aeinoaa,
noaei a oneiaeyo ?ac?ooaiey einoeoooa iauanoaaiiuo oiiaeia iio?aaeaiey
i?iaeaiaoe/iui aeey aieueoae /anoe ianaeaiey, ia aiai?y oaea i
iaeiiaania/aiiuo. Eacaeinue au, ia?aoiae ei anaiauae ieaoiinoe aeieaeai
aue canoaaeoue aeeth/eoue cao?aou ia oaeiai ?iaea iio?aaiinoe a iaai?
oneoa i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia, ii yeiiiie/anee aiciiaeiinoe ainoaea?noaa
ia iicaieytho yoiai. Nethieiooi/iue ?acoeueoao – iaino?aiea
e?eieiaeueiie ianoaiiaee, aeieaia?aiaiiua iineaaenoaey – nieaeaiea
ia?aciaaoaeueiiai o?iaiy ianaeaiey, oooaeoaiea aai caei?iauey e
?ac?ooaiea nenoaiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Iiyoiio i?eoiaeeony
eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi eniieueciaaiea a ea/anoaa oi/ee ion/aoa
oeceieiae/aneiai i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia i
i?eaa?aeaiiinoe oai?aoe/aneie eiioeaioeee aaniethoiie aaaeiinoe, a i
o?aaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ?aaeeyo.
Iaaeaeo oai e n iiceoeee eiaeeaeaea e n oi/ee c?aiey iauanoaa a oeaeii
aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao oeo/oaiea aeaaininoiyiey ii n?aaiaieth n
i?aaeoanoaothueie ia?eiaeaie, iaaeaee n iieacaoaeyie o?iaiy aeecie
aa?oieo neiaa ianaeaiey. Oaeoi? ia?aaainoaa aioo?aiia i?enou ethaiio ec
nouanoaothueo nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneeo ono?ienoa. Iiyoiio oneeaiea
iiaeioiaeiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee eee oaaee/aiea eiouanoaaiiiai ?anneiaiey
iaeuecy iaeiicia/ii ioiaeaeanoaeyoue n iaaeaieai o?iaiy aeecie
ieceiaeioiaeiuo a?oii ianaeaiey.
Ianiio?y ia iinoiyiiue ?ino noieiinoe i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia
/eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey n aeioiaeaie ieaea yoiai o?iaiy iinoaiaiii
oiaiueoaaony ia/eiay n 1993 a. Iaeiaei aeey oiai, /oiau i?eaeeceoueny e
iieacaoaeth naiiai iaaeaaiiieo/iiai ec aeiia?ano?ia/iuo aiaeia – 1991,
aeieth aaaeiuo iaaei oiaiueoeoue a 2,5 ?aca ( ii ioiioaieth e 1989 a. –
ii/oe a 10 ?ac ).
*oi eanaaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia, oi aeey
enneaaeiaaiey yaeaiey iaeiiaania/aiiinoe aaaeai ia oieueei eo eiia/iue
o?iaaiue, ii e i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey : ec eaeeo ninoaaeythueo iie
neeaaeuaathony e a eaeeo i?iii?oeeyo. Niioiioaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou,
aeioiaeia io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe o?oaeiaie eee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, iainee, noeiaiaeee, iiniaee, eueaio, iaeiaia e i?i/eo
iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey iiieiaiey ?aaeueiie
neooaoeee a ieceiaeioiaeiuo a?oiiao ianaeaiey.
Iieacaoaee aeooaaiai aeaiaaeiiai eee niaieoiiiai aeioiaea ia?acothony
a ?acoeueoaoa aioo?enaiaeiiai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey e, anoanoaaiii, caaenyo
io oeia e ?acia?a naiuee, niioiioaiey a iae ?aaioathueo e eaeaeeaaioeaa.
Iaeiaei n ?acaeoeai ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee, a /anoiinoe oa?ia?neiai
oicyenoaa e iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, aiciiaeii i?eaeaony ii iiuoo
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai ia?aoiaeeoue e o/aoo a ea/anoaa aeioiaeiie y/aeee
aeiiioicyenoaa, iacaaeneii io oiai, yaeyaony ee iii naiaeiui, eee aai
/eaiu iauaaeeiaiu oieueei niaianoiui i?iaeeaaieai.
Ii ?acoeueoaoai ianeaaeiaaiey 6,5 oun. naiae ia oanoiaaeoeaoe
oa??eoi?eyo ?innee, i?iaaaeaiiiai a ethea – naioya?a 1992 e 1993 a.a., o
20% iaeiaiaa iaania/aiiuo naiae naiiaeayoaeueiua caiyoey ( ?aaioa ii
iaeio, i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai ) aeaaaee aieaa 60% iauaai aeioiaea, oiaaea
eae 40% iie?uaaeenue ca n/ao ?acee/iuo aeaeia nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey.
(A NOA a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a naiueyo, aeeaoueo ieaea o?iaiy aaaeiinoe, ia
ca?ieaoo i?eoiaeeony iaiaa 25% ).
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue auea oa?aeoa?ia iaiaa /ai aeey 1%
ieceiaeioiaeiuo oicyenoa e aeaaaea anaai 0,1% eo aeioiaea. *oi aea
eanaaony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, oi aeey iaiiiaei
aieaa 3% ath caieiathueany iia a n?aaeiai yaeyeanue oauoi/iie. Aeioiae
io nianoaaiiinoe i?e aeaenoaothuae noaaea iaeiaa ia i?iaeaaeo ia iiaeao
auoue eniieueciaai a ea/anoaa enoi/ieea iiauoaiey aeaaininoiyiey. Ii
ninoaaeye oieueei 0,3% i?ioea 7,1% aeioiaeia eo ae?oaeo enoi/ieeia,
eioi?ua eiaee i?eia?ii 23% oicyenoa. Nthaea ioiinyony iaiaeaaaaiua eee
oe?uaaaiua io iaeiaia o?ainoa?ou, oaiaaay oi?aiaey, iaca?aaeno?e?iaaiiay
naea/a aeeeie ieiuaaee a iiaeiaai e o.ae. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeey
ieceiaeioiaeiie a?oiiu aeioiaeu ec ae?oaeo enoi/ieeia eiaee aeaaea aaeaa
aaaeiia cia/aiea, /ai iiniaey, iineieueeo iineaaeiea, oioy eo e iieo/aei
aaeaia aieueoaa /enei naiae, ii oaeaeueiiio aano a iauai aeioiaea auee
iaeeiaeiai iacia/eoaeueiu. A aeioiaeao aeiiioicyenoa, iaoiaeyueany ieaea
o?iaiy aaaeiinoe, oaeaeueiue aan iiniaee aue aua iaiueoa e ninoaaeye
anaai 6,8%. *oi eanaaony niioiioaiey ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo auieao, oi
ia?aia ianoi n?aaee ieo caieiaee ii oaeaeueiiio aano iainee, a ia aeieth
aeioaoeee e iiniaee a noiia i?eoiaeeeinue iaiiiaei aieueoa 11%. (
Iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoea a 1992-1993 a.a. aua ia ea?aee nouanoaaiiie ?iee
).
Ii aeaiiui iaua?inneeneiai ianeaaeiaaiey aeiiaoieo oicyenoa, ia eiiaoe
1993 aiaea ieiei 30% ethaeae o?oaeiniiniaiiai aic?anoa, a oii Oaaeeoea
SEQ Oaaeeoea \* ARABIC 1
Aeeiaieea iieacaoaeae iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey, %
Ii ninoiyieth ia : N?aaeiee ?acia? iainee ii ioiioaieth e n?aaeiaio
?acia?o ca?ieaou N?aaeiee ?acia? iainee ii ioiioaieth e aaee/eia
i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia Ieieiaeueiue ?acia? iainee ii noa?inoe (o/eouaay
eiiiainaoeeii-iua auieaou) ii ioiioaieth e ieieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaoa
Ieieiaeueiue ?acia? iainee ii noa?inoe ii ioiioaieth e ieieiaeueiie
ca?aaioiie ieaoa
1.01.1991 38 245 100 152
1993a.
1 yiaa?y 22 119 100 77
1 ai?aey 31 133 100 77
1 ethey 31 130 105 72
1 ieoya?y 34 140 189 74
1994a.
1 yiaa?y 30 138 180 87
1 ai?aey 32 126 235 73
1 ethey 34 118 189 62
1 ieoya?y 36 139 264 81
1995a.
1 yiaa?y 32 110 264 53
Oaaeeoea SEQ Oaaeeoea \* ARABIC 2
Aeeiaieea iieaou o?oaea e i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia ( II )
?aaioathueo.
Aiae N?aaeiaiany/iay ca?ieaoa II ?aaioathuaai Ieieiaeueiay ca?ieaoa
1994 ouny/ ?oaeae % e i?aaeuaeouaio ianyoeo ouny/ ?oaeae % e
i?aaeuaeouaio ianyoeo ouny/ ?oaeae % e i?aaeuaeouaio ianyoeo
yiaa?ue 134,2 103 53,1 110 14,62 27,5
oaa?aeue 144,7 108 61,6 116 14,62 23,7
ia?o 164,8 114 67,9 110 14,62 21,5
ai?aeue 175,0 106 74,8 110 14,62 19,5
iae 192,0 110 87,5 117 14,62 16,7
ethiue 207 108 96,5 110 14,62 15,2
etheue 221,0 106 103,3 107 20,5 19,8
aaaono 232,8 106 101,3 98 20,5 20,2
naioya?ue 255,0 109 103,8 103 20,5 18,0
ieoya?ue 265,0 104 118,5 114 20,5 17,3
iiya?ue 281,6 106 136,7 115 20,5 15,0
aeaeaa?ue 355,0 126 163,6 120 20,5 12,5
/enea iieiaeaaee e ii/oe 40% aeaoae, aeeaoo a oneiaeyo aaaeiinoe. N?aaee
eeoe, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e naiueyi n o?aiy aeaoueie, aeiey aaaeiuo aieaa
/ai a 2 ?aca i?aauoaao n?aaeithth ii anaio ianaeaieth.
Eiie?aoiua ?acoeueoaou ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia
iaeiiaania/aiiuo au?aaeaaony a niioaaonoaee eo iniiaiuo oa?aeoa?enoee (
ni. oaa. 1 e 2 ).
I?eaaaeaiiua aeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i iaeioi?ii ?inoa n?aaeiaai
?acia?a iainee ii ioiioaieth e n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaoa. Ieieiaeueiue
?acia? iainee ii/oe ia iioneaeny ieaea 70% io aaee/eiu niioaaonoaothuaai
i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia. Niioiioaiea ?anniio?aiiuo iieacaoaeae
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea iaeieioueo iaineiia?ia
auei ioiineoaeueii eo/oa e oeo/oaeinue auno?aa, /ai o ieceiiiea/eaaaiuo
?aaioathueo.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi a oneiaeyo ia?aie/aiiuo ?ano?nia nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea
iai?aaeaia a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia iiaeaea?aeaiea o?iaiy aeecie
iao?oaeiniiniaiuo. Iaeiaei iaeuecy oioneaoue ec aeaeo iaiaoiaeeiinoue
nicaeaiey aeey o?oaeiniiniaiuo aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey
naiiiaania/aiey.
Neaainoue ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiie iieeoeee caeeth/aia e a naiie nenoaia
iacia/aiey nioeeaeueiuo auieao, ec-ca /aai ia?ooaaony i?eioeei
aae?eniinoe e i?ienoiaeeo ?aniueaiea ?ano?nia. A yoii iiaeiii a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue ianiaa?oaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. *oiau ioeaieoue ianooaau
iaiainiiaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, aeinoaoi/ii ioiaoeoue auieaoo iainee a iieiii
?acia?a ?aaioathuei iaineiia?ai, eiaeaenaoeeth iauaai ?acia?a iainee, a
ia i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia a aa ninoaaa, auieaoo iaaeaaaie e iaineyi,
eiiiainaoeee ia oaei?iaeaiea oiaa?ia aeey aeaoae, aac o/aoa
iaoa?eaeueiiai iieiaeaiey naiae.
Aaniethoiue aeaoeoeeo oiaa?ia ( i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey e
iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo ) e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie i?aeoe/anee i?aiaeieai. A
ai?aea 1994 a. o?iaaiue ianuuaiiinoe ?uii/iie oi?aiaee
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuie oiaa?aie aue ?aaai 88% e aic?in ii n?aaiaieth n 77%
a 1993 aiaeo.
A oeaeii iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi oiaa?iia i?aaeeiaeaiea eae
i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey, oae e i?iiuoeaiiuo ecaeaeee iiaei au oaeiaeaoai?eoue
ni?in. Iaeiaei aeey iaeiiaania/aiiuo neiaa ianaeaiey ia ia?iaii ianoa
inoathony ia?aie/aiey ii aeioiaeai. ?ino oeai ia iicaieyao aunooiaoue a
ea/anoaa iieiioeaiiuo noauaeoia iio?aaeoaeueneiai ?uiea. A ?acoeueoaoa
ia iinoiyiiia iaaeiaaeaiea ia?a/aia, iai?eia?, /anoue eiaaeeaeia. Ii
aeaiiui aeaia?oaiaioa ii aeaeai eiaaeeaeia. Ieinioecaueou, 22% iaeeiieeo
eiaaeeaeia ia iiaoo ia iiaoo iaania/eoue naay ea?oioaeai, 17% – oeaaii,
22% – iynii, 45% – ia iiaoo iieoiaoue o?oeou1.
Iio?aaeaiea iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia ec-ca iinoiyiiiai ?inoa oeai
ieacaeinue i?aeoe/anee iaaeinooiiui ianaeaieth, aeeaouaio ca /a?oie
aaaeiinoe. Anee a ia?aua 9 ianyoeaa 1994 a. n?aaeiaiany/iua oaiiu
i?e?inoa oeai ninoaaeyee 8%, oi a IV eaa?oaea iie oaaee/eeenue aei 13%.
I?eioeeieaeueii eciaiyaony neooaoeey n iio?aaeaieai oneoa. Eo iieaoa a
athaeaeao i?iaeeoi/iiai ieieioia aeeth/aao ec ?an/aoa aeiee ?anoiaeia ia
ieo o 10% iaeiaiaa iaania/aiiuo naiae. A yoie a?oiia iaoiaeyony
iaineiia?u e eiaaeeaeu, eiathuea aieueoea eueaiou ii iieaoa. Ii nthaea
iiiaaeatho e ?aaioathuea n ieceei o?iaiai aeooaaiai aeioiaea, e
aac?aaioiua, e aaaeaioeu. Noieiinoue aea i?iacaea a ai?iaeneii
o?ainii?oa ca 1994 a. oaaee/eeanue a n?aaeiai a 10-13 ?ac, a iiacaeao
aeaeueiaai neaaeiaaiey e i?eai?iaeiuo iiacaeao – a 5-7 ?ac. A
?acoeueoaoa a 1 eaa?oaea 1995 a. noieiinoue iany/iiai aaeeiiai aeeaoa a
Iineaa aieaa /ai ao?ia i?aauoaea ieieiaeueioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo.
Ieaoa ca aeeeuea aic?inea a 24 ?aca, ai?y/aa aiaeiniaaaeaiea – a 18,
oneoae aeaoneeo- aeioeieueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee a 3-4 ?aca.
Iainiiaaiiua iauaeoeaiuie yeiiiie/aneeie i?e/eiaie, ii ia ii?aaaeaiiua n
/aeiaa/aneie oi/ee c?aiey ?acee/ey a oneiaeyo ?aaeecaoeee aeioiaeia
oneeeaatho nioeeaeueioth iai?yaeaiiinoue.
O/eouaay, /oi aeaaea a no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie ia aieaa
/ai o 10% a?aaeaeai iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aeioiaeia yaeythony
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue, a inoaeueiua – yoi eeoea iaaiiiai
o?oaea e eaeaeeaaioeu, i?eoiaeeony eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi o ian
o?oaeiniiniaiia ieceiaeioiaeiia ianaeaiea, a oai aieaa,
iao?oaeiniiniaiua, eiatho i/aiue iaiiiai oainia naiinoiyoaeueii
oeo/oeoue naia iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea.
5. Caeeth/aiea.
Aii?aee oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiiio iiaieth, noaaoaio /ooue ee ia aeneiiie,
/oi ?uiie e nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea ianiaianoeiu, acaeiieneeth/athue,
iiaeii aeieacaoue neaaeothuoth oai?aio :
oniaoiia ?aoaiea i?iaeai auoiaea ec aeoai/aeoaai nioeeaeueii –
yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena, iiauoaiey o?iaiy e ea/anoaa aeecie iaaiciiaeii
aac oiaeiai eniieueciaaiey yooaeoeaiuo ?uii/iuo iaoaieciia.
Iiaeii i?eaanoe o?e a?aoiaioa a aeieacaoaeuenoai yoie oai?aiu.
Ia?aue. ?uii/iua iaoaieciu, aicaoaeaeathuea aeoo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
ni?aaiiaaiey, aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe, iai?yaeaiey o?oaeiaie yia?aee
ethaeae, yaeythony aeaaiui enoi/ieeii ?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, oaaee/aiey ee/iuo aeioiaeia ?aaioieeia, iannu e aeiee
yoiai aiaaonoaa, auaeaeyaiiai ia iiaeaea?aeeo ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iaoee e
eoeueoo?u, ia ainieoaiea e ia?aciaaiea aeaoae, ia niaea?aeaiea
eiaaeeaeia e o.i. *ai aiaa/a iaoeey, oai aieaa cia/eoaeueiu iioiee
n?aaenoa eioi?ua iia iiaeao iai?aaeyoue ia nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea.
Oaaaeeoaeueiu i?eia?u – Aa?iaiey e ssiiiey, eioi?ua io iineaaiaiiie
?ac?ooe e ieuaou, caiaiea oioaeeoa?iua iaoaieciu ?uii/iuie, noiaee
aeinoe/ue aeanoyueo ?acoeueoaoia a oaiiao yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa,
iiauoaiey e ea/anoaa aeecie ianaeaiey.
Aoi?ie. Nioeeaeueiay noa?a, io?anee oneoa e aeooiaiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa
– ia oieueei iio?aaeoaee iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa, ii e aai
i?iecaiaeeoaee. A ia?niaeoeaa cia/eiinoue noa?u oneoa, a ea/anoaa
enoi/ieea iauanoaaiiiai aiaaonoaa aoaeao ia?anoaoue, i?aaeaea anaai
can/ao ?uii/iuo oneoa. ?acaeaay iaoeo e ia?aciaaiea, eoeueoo?o e
cae?aaio?aiaiea iu niinianoaoai oaaee/aieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa –
aaeeinoaaiiiai enoi/ieea ?inoa o?iaiy e ea/anoaa aeecie.
O?aoee. Nioeeaeueiay noa?a noaiiaeony ana aieaa yooaeoeaiui iieai
i?eeiaeaiey eaieoaea. Ni?in ia oneoae cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ia?aciaaiey,
eoeueoo?u, eneonnoaa a ?acaeouo no?aiao ?anoao iia?aaeathueie oaiiaie,
oaaee/eaaaony aeiey aeiaeaiiiai a yoe noa?u eaieoaea, i?eiinyuaai
aunieia i?eauee. A ia/aea 90-o aiaeia i?iaeaaea aeaeaieannao n NOA
i?aauneea 10 ie?ae. aeiee. a aiae. Auno?i ?anoao ?uiie i?ia?aiiiiai e
ioeueoeiaaeeeiiai i?iaeoeoa, ia?iiiu aeioiaeu iiuiuo oaea?aaeeieiiiaiee.
?aiannain eneonnoaa, i?aauoaiea aai a e?oiiaeoee yeiiiie/aneee ?ano?n,
aia?eeaineee oooo?ieia Aeaeii Iynaeoo n/eoaao iaeiie ec aeanyoe
aeiaaeueiuo oaiaeaioeee 90-o aiaeia. Yoi iaeia ec oa?aeoa?iuo /a?o
noaiiaeony aoiaienoe/anee – eioi?iaoeeiiiie iinoeiaeono?eaeueiie
oeeaeeecaoeee, eioi?ay noaiao aeiieie?othuae a neaaeothuai aaea.
Aeanyoee ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia i?eaueueiiai aeeaaeuaathony a iaaeeoeeio,
cae?aaiio?aiaiea, oneoae ioaeuoa, oo?eci, eioi?ue anei?a caaithao
ia?aainoai ia ie?iaii ?uiea, iioaniea iaooue.
Ia yoii oiia ie?iaiai i?ia?anna, neiaeeaoeany a ?innee, a nayce n
ia?aoiaeii e ?uieo, oaiaeaioeee i?aaenoaaeythony o?iaeeeauie e
i?ioeaianoanoaaiiuie. A eiaiii : iaieuaiea aeanyoeia ieeeeiiia
?aaioathueo, iaineiia?ia e /eaiia eo naiae, oiaiueoaiea aeiaeaiee a
nioeeaeueioth noa?o, nie?auaiea ?iaeaeaaiinoe e n?aaeiae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie, oooaeoaiey aa ea/anoaa aeey aieueoeinoaa
ianaeaiey.
?inney enoi?e/anee iaeaaeaao e?oiiaeoei a ie?a aeooiaiui iioaioeeaeii.
Iaeiaei, iaoa eoeueoo?iia e eioaeeaeooaeueiia ianeaaeea, iaeiieaiiia
o?oaeii e oaeaioii aeanyoeia iieieaiee, eniieuecoaony ec ?oe aii ieioi,
?anoeuaaony, neoaeaao.
?inney iiaeao nio?aieoue aunieia caaiea aaeeeie aea?aeaau, iaeii ec
eeaee?othueo iano a ie?iaii niiauanoaa XXI aaea ia iooai oaaee/aiey
aeiau/e e yenii?oa en/a?iaaiuo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo (iaooe), ia ia iniiaa
iiaouanoaa naiaai AIE ( eioi?ue oa?yao iaeio iiceoeeth ca ae?oaie ).
Iniiaa aaaeouaai ianoa ?innee a ie?iaii niiauanoaa – a aa aeooiaiii
iioaioeeaea, aunieii eioaeeaeoa e aiaaoaeoai eoeueoo?iii ianeaaeee,
?acaeoie nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey. Anee o ian nio?aiyony i?aiaeaaeathuea iuia
oaiaeaioeee, oi ia?iae aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue ieuaoue, no?aia iaaeieai
ioeaoeony ia aeaeueithth ia?eoa?eth ie?iaiai i?ia?anna, iaeiieaiiia ca
ouny/aeaoea ?inneeneie enoi?ee aeooiaiiai aiaaonoaa aoaeao aacaea?ii
?ano?a/aii. Ii anee iu noiaai eciaieoue i?ei?eoaou nioeeaeueii –
yeiiiie/aneie no?aoaaee ainoaea?noaa e /anoiiai eaieoaea, naeaeaoue
noa?o iaoee, eoeueoo?u, ia?aciaaiey e cae?aaiio?aiaiey iieai auaiaeiiai
i?eiaiaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai e /anoiiai eaieoaea, ia?niaeoeaa
aic?iaeaeaiey ?innee e ?aoaiey neiaeiaeoaai eiiieaena i?iaeai
nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a aoaeao oniaoii ?aoaia.
6. Nienie eniieueciaaiiie
eeoa?aoo?u.
Aeaienia. I.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea : oeaee, i?eioeeiu, iaoaieciu ?aaeecaoeee
Yeiiiieno, – 1995 a. ? 11
2. Eiioeaioeey nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee a ?innee : Ec aeieeaaea Einoeoooa
nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneeo i?iaeai ia?iaeiianaeaiey ?AI
Iauanoaaiiua iaoee e nia?aiaiiinoue – 1994 a. ? 6, no?.
23-31.
Eo?n yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee
Iiae ?aaeaeoeeae i?ioanni?a *aio?eia I.I.
Ee?ia, 1994 a. – Ecaeaoaeuenoai “ ANA “
Naa/aiei I.
Nioeeaeueiua i?ei?eoaou : i?iaeaiu e ?aoaiey
Yeiiiieno – 1995 a., ? 5, no?. 58 – 66.
Nieieeineee A., Enaeiaa I.
Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea (niaoeeo?n).
Eaeoeey ? 5. Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea
?inneeneee yeiiiie/aneee aeo?iae – 1996 a., ? 3,
no?. 98 – 103.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea : ?aoi?ia nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey Iauanoai
e yeiiiieea – 1995 a., ? 10 – 11, no?. 49 – 81.
Oieaeo. A.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea eae ninoaaiay /anoue nioeeaeueiie ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee
Aanoe Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa. Na?ey 6.
Yeiiiieea – 1994a., ? 5, no?. 31 – 47.
Aeceiiaa E.I. Iaeiiaania/aiiinoue : noa?ua i?iaeaiu, iiaua oaiaeaioeee
// I?iaeaiu i?iaiice?iaaiey – 1995a., ? 6 ,no?.108.
Aeceiiaa E.I. Iaeiiaania/aiiinoue : noa?ua i?iaeaiu, iiaua oaiaeaioeee
// I?iaeaiu i?iaiice?iaaiey – 1995a., ? 6 ,no?.108.
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