?aaioa aea?o iaaeaaeaeo ia iaoa?eaeueiia e nioeeaeueiia i?iaeaeaeaiea.
Iia iaania/eaaao aeaoyi aieaa aeaaii?eyoiue noa?o a aeecie. Iia icia/aao
aaeeinoaaiiue /anoiue niinia aeeoue ia oae aaaeii, eae ?iaeeoaee. Iia
iiiiaaao i?aiaeieaaaoue ?aniaua e ae?oaea nioeeaeueiua aa?uea?u. Ei?i/a
aiai?y, … ?aaioa – yoi i?iione e naiaiaea e eo/oae aeecie. Eeoeoue
ethaeae ?aaiou – yoi cia/eo au/a?eiooue eo ec iaoaai iauanoaa.
Noaaen Oa?eaeue “Oyae?eua a?aiaia”
Iaoaieci ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?uiea o?oaea e oai?aoe/aneea iiaeoiaeu e aai
aiaeeco
Ii ii?aaeaeaieth ?uiie – yoi einoeooo eee iaoaieci, naiaeyuee aianoa
iieoiaoaeae (i?aaeuyaeoaeae ni?ina) e i?iaeaaoeia (iinoaaueeia)
ioaeaeueiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa. Iiaeiaiui ia?acii auioneieee ?acee/iuo
oieaa?neoaoia e aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua niaoeeaeenou iiaeienuaatho
eiio?aeou ni naieie ?aaioiaeaoaeyie, /oiau iieo/aoue ca?aaioioth ieaoo
ca naie iaauee e oiaiey, a ?aaioiaeaoaee, a naith i/a?aaeue,
?anniao?eaatho i?aaeeiaeaiiua eaiaeeaeaoo?u eae iaeei ec yeiiiie/aneeo
?ano?nia, niiniaiue a aa?iiie/iii ni/aoaiee n ae?oaeie i?eiineoue
onoie/eaoth i?eaueue. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy n?aaee ioa/anoaaiiuo
yeiiiienoia (ai iiiaii iiae aeeyieai caiaaeiuo o/aiuo) iieo/eea
?ani?ino?aiaiea oi/ea c?aiey, /oi ana yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiia ianaeaiea
(caiyoua iethn aac?aaioiua) yaeyaony o/anoieeii ?uiea o?oaea, naycuaay
yoi ooaa?aeaeaiea n iiiyoeyie o?eeoeeiiiie e no?oeoo?iie aac?aaioeoeu.
Ii eo iiaieth, o?eeoeeiiiay aac?aaioeoea n/eoaaony iaecaaaeiie e aeaaea
aeaeaoaeueiie, o. e. ?aaioieee, eioi?ua euoo ?aaioo eee aeaeoo iieo/aiey
?aaiou a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai, ia?aoiaeyo n ieceiiiea/eaaaiie,
iaeii?iaeoeoeaiie ?aaiou ia aieaa aunieiiiea/eaaaioth e aieaa
i?iaeoeoeaioth. Yoi icia/aao aieaa aunieea aeioiaeu aeey ?aai/eo e aieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e
aieueoee ?aaeueiue iauai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa.
N oa/aieai a?aiaie a no?oeoo?a iio?aaeoaeueneiai ni?ina i?ienoiaeyo
aaaeiua eciaiaiey (iinoiyiii iiaeia?aaaaiua aiciiaeiinoyie
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e eo ?aaeecaoeeae n oeaeueth iieo/aiey
i?eauee i?iecaiaeeoaeyie), /oi, a naith i/a?aaeue, eciaiyao no?oeoo?o
iauaai ni?ina ia ?aai/oth neeo. Aicieeaao no?oeoo?iay aac?aaioeoea,
eioi?ay auioaeaeaao ?aai/eo i?ioiaeeoue na?ueacioth ia?aiiaeaioiaeo,
aeey oiai /oiau aeiaeoueny nicaeaaaaiiai caiiai ianoa. Iaeei ec
aaaeiaeoeo i?eioeeiia ?uii/iie yeiiiieee – eiieo?aioeey aucuaaao
i?aaeii/oaiea iaeieo niaoeeaeenoia ae?oaei, /oi ii?iaeaeaao ae/ iaoaai
aaea – aac?aaioeoeo, eai ciaiaieoia “?aaainoai aiciiaeiinoae” ia
i?aeoeea aeaeaei ia anaaaea ?aaeueii ( yoi eanaaony ia?aciaaiey, iauaai
ninoiyiey yeiiiieee oiai ?aeiia Caiee, aaea ou ?iaeeeny e ae?.).
Nouanoaoao oaeaea iiaiea, /oi ?aai/ea ianoa ia ?uiea o?oaea ia
ia?auathony, o.e. iie yaeythony iauaeoaie ae?oaiai ?uiea – ?uiea ?aai/eo
iano. Aai noauaeoaie aunooiatho eeoue oe?iu, iineieueeo iai?io ?aai/eo
iano inouanoaeyaony iaaeaeo ieie. Iaaiiua ?aaioieee a yoii iai?ioa ia
o/anoaotho ii i?e/eia ionoonoaey aeeyiey ia iieaoo eo o?oaea. Anee ia
o/eouaaoue aeeyiey i?ionithcia, oi eaaeaeue ioaeaeueiue ?aaioiee
ieacuaaaony aaniiiiuiie iaoeie a ?oeao nia?aiaiiuo aeaaioneeo
eiioea?iia, iaaycuaathueo naie oneiaey ea?u. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
niaoeeaeenou, anooieaoea ia ?uiie o?oaea, auioaeaeaiu n/eoaoueny n
iaeiia?aiaiiui i?enoonoaeai ia i?i eiieo?aioia. Oaeei ia?acii,
ianiaiaaeaiea eiio?aaaioia (i?iaeaaaoe ?aai/ae neeu e ?aaioiaeaoaeue eae
iieoiaoaeue ia ?uiea o?oaea), ?acee/ea iauaeoia ia?auaiey (?aai/ay neea
e ?aai/ea ianoa) aeatho iniiaaiey ioa/anoaaiiui o/aiui, caieiathueiny
yeiiiieeie o?oaea, n/eoaoue ?uiee o?oaea e ?aai/eo iano aaoiiiiiuie.
Noiia?ii iie oi?ie?otho i?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea e ni?in ia o?oae,
niioiioaiea eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyao iauoth eiiuthieoo?o.
Iaieeanne/aneay ioeaiea ?uiea o?oaea auaeaeyao /aou?a iniiaiuo iiaeoiaea
e aiaeeco aai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. A iniiaa ia?aie eiioeaioeee eaaeao
iinooeaou eeanne/aneie iieeoyeiiiiee. A? i?eaea?aeeaathony a iniiaiii
iaieeanneee (I.Naioyeuenii, I.Oaeaenoaei, ?. Oiee), a a 80-o aa. a?
iiaeaea?aeeaaee oaeaea noi?iiieee eiioeaioeee yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey
(Ae.Aeeaea?, A.Eaooa? e ae?.). I?eaa?aeaioeu yoie eiioeaioeee iieaaatho,
/oi ?uiie o?oaea, eae e ana i?i/ea ?uiee, aeaenoaoao ia iniiaa oeaiiaiai
?aaiiaaney, o.a. iniiaiui ?uii/iui ?aaoeyoi?ii neoaeeo oeaia – a aeaiiii
neo/aa ?aai/ae neeu (ca?aaioiay ieaoa). Eiaiii n iiiiuueth ca?aaioiie
ieaou, ii eo iiaieth, ?aaoee?oaony ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea ?aai/ae neeu,
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony eo ?aaiiaanea. Eiaanoeoeee a ia?aciaaiea e
eaaeeoeeaoeeth (a /aeiaa/aneee eaieoae) – yoi aiaeiae eiaanoeoeee a
iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea. Niaeanii ia?aeiaeueiie eiioeaioeee eiaeeaeae
“eiaanoe?oao a eaaeeoeeaoeeth” aei oao ii?, iiea ia iiieaeaaony ii?ia
i?eauee ia yoe aeiaeaiey. Ec iaieeanne/aneie eiioeaioeee neaaeoao, /oi
oeaia ?aai/ae neeu aeaei ?aaae?oao ia iio?aaiinoe ?uiea, oaaee/eaaynue
eee oiaiueoaynue a caaeneiinoe io ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, a aac?aaioeoea
iaaiciiaeia, anee ia ?uiea nouanoaoao ?aaiiaanea. Io?eoeaiea
eeanne/aneie oai?eae aiciiaeiinoe iaaeinoaoi/iiai o?iaiy ?anoiaeia
/anoe/ii iniiauaaaony ia caeiia Nyy (I?aaeeiaeaiea ii?iaeaeaao naie
nianoaaiiue ni?in, o.e. nai i?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa nicaea?o aeioiae, a
oi/iinoe ?aaiue noieiinoe i?iecaaae?iiuo oiaa?ia), eioi?ue, iaeiaei, ia
o/eouaaao naa?aaeaiey, o.a. ecuyoea n?aaenoa ec iioiea aeioiaeia, e, a
?acoeueoaoa, iai?iaeaiiua oiaa?u, nie?auaiea i?iecaiaenoaa, aac?aaioeoea
e iaaeaiea aeioiaeia. Yoio caeii aue au ni?aaaaeeea i?e oneiaee
e?aoein?i/iie caaea?aeee n?aaenoa o aeiiaoieo oicyenoa e ia iaoae au
eiaanoeoeeyi i?aaei?eieiaoaeae – oiaaea au ii ia i?ea?e e nie?auaieth
iau?ia ?aaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?e oneiaee, /oi oeaiu ia i?iaeoeoeeth
(eiieo?aioeey iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyie) nieaeaeenue i?iii?oeeiiaeueii
nieaeaieth aeioiaeia (nie?auaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou eae nieaeaiea iieaou
?ano?na, /oiau i?iecaiaeeoaeyi auei auaiaeii i?iecaiaeeoue i?iaeoeoeeth
i?e iiaii o?iaia oeai). I?e nio?aiaiee noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou yoi
iiiaioaeueii i?eaaae?o e iiyaeaieth eceeoeia ?aai/ae neeu, o. a. auciaao
aac?aaioeoeo. Iiyoiio yeiiiienou-eeanneee i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi
auioaeaeaiiay aac?aaioeoea iaaiciiaeia: ethaie aeaeathuee ?aaioaoue ii
ii?aaeae?iiie ?uii/iie noaaea, a oii /enea aeinoaoi/ii ieceie, iiaeao
eaaei iaeoe ?aaioo. Yeanoe/iinoue niioiioaiey oeai e ca?aaioiie ieaou
niiniaiu iiaeaea?aeeaaoue iieioth caiyoinoue. Iineieueeo na?ue?cii
aiai?eoue ia eciaiaiee ca?aaioiie ieaou a oi/iii niioaaonoaee n
eieaaaieyie ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, oai aieaa ia ionoonoaee
aac?aaioeoeu, ia i?eoiaeeoueny, noi?iiieee yoie eiioeaioeee nnueathony
ia iaeea ianiaa?oainoaa ?uiea, eioi?ua e i?eaiaeyo e ianiioaaonoaeth eo
oai?ee n aeeciueth. E iei ioiinyo aeeyiea i?ionithcia, onoaiiaeaiea
ainoaea?noaii ieieiaeueiuo noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou, ionoonoaea
eioi?iaoeee e o.i. Auaeaeaaaony oacen i yeiau aeia?iaieueiii oa?aeoa?a
aac?aaioeoeu. Iaeiaei n yoie iiceoeee o?oaeii iauynieoue a? eieaaaiey a
caaeneiinoe io oacu yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea. Auaeaeaaaony e oacen i
“iienea” ?aai/aai ianoa eae yaeaiee, aucuaathuaai ianoaaeeueiinoue ?uiea
ec-ca ?acai?/eainoe e no?aieaiey e iaeneiaeueiie auaiaea ia?iiuo
?aaioieeia. Iaeiaei e a yoii neo/aa iaynii, ii/aio oaeeo ?aaioieeia
auaaao oi 4-5%, oi ana 15%? Ii aeaaiue aii?in, ia eioi?ue ia iiaoo
ioaaoeoue noi?iiieee iaieeanne/aneiai iiaeoiaea, – ii/aio ana ia?iiua
?aaioieee a neo/aa i?aauoaiey eo i?aaeeiaeaiey iaae ni?inii ia
i?aaeeaaatho naith ?aai/oth neeo ii aieaa ieceie oeaia?
Eiiai iiaeoiaea e iauyniaieth ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?uiea o?oaea
i?eaea?aeeaathony eaeineaioeu e iiiaoa?enou. A ioee/ea io iaieeanneeia
iie ?anniao?eaatho ?uiie o?oaea eae yaeaiea iinoiyiiiai e
ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai ia?aaiiaaney. Eaeineaineay iiaeaeue (Aeae.I.Eaein,
iicaea ?.Ai?aeii e ae?.), a /anoiinoe, enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi oeaia
ca?aaioiie ieaou aeanoei oeene?iaaia e iau/ii ia eciaiyaony a noi?iio
oiaiueoaiey (yoio yeaiaio iiaeaee ieeae ia aeieacuaaaony, a i?inoi
i?eieiaaony eae aaconeiaiue oaeo). Iineieueeo aea oeaia ca?aaioiie
ieaou ia yaeyaony ?aaoeyoi?ii ?uiea, ii (?aaoeyoi?) aeieaeai auoue
i?eaian?i ecaia. Aai ?ieue ioaiaeeoueny ainoaea?noao, eioi?ia, oiaiueoay
eee oaaee/eaay niaieoiiue ni?in, iiaeao eeeaeaee?iaaoue aeaiiia
ia?aaiiaanea. Oae, nieaeay iaeiae, ainoaea?noai noeioee?oao ?ino ni?ina
e iio?aaeaiey. Yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue, i?eaiaeeo e ?inoo i?iecaiaenoaa e
caiyoinoe. Oaeei ia?acii, ni?in ia ?aai/oth neeo ii yoie iiaeaee
?aaoee?oaony ia eieaaaieyie ?uii/iuo oeai ia o?oae, a niaieoiiui
ni?inii, eia/a – iau?iii i?iecaiaenoaa. Eaeineaioeu n/eoatho
ianinoiyoaeueiuie ooaa?aeaeaiey eeanneeia i oii, /oi oe?iu aoaeoo
eiaanoe?iaaoue aieueoa, anee aeiiioicyenoaa iiaunyo o?iaaiue
naa?aaeaiee, oae eae noauaeou naa?aaeaiee e eiaanoi?u yaeythony
?acee/iuie a?oiiaie ethaeae e ?aoaiey i?eieiatho oaeaea ?acaeaeueii.
Noaaea i?ioeaioa oaeaea ia yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui oaeoi?ii, oae eae
aieaa aaaeiui yaeyaony ii?ia i?eauee, eioi?oth oe?iu iaeeaeatho
iieo/eoue io eiaanoeoeee. Ai a?aiy niaaea i?iecaiaenoaa iaaeaaeaeu ia
i?eaueue noieue i?ec?a/iu, /oi o?iaaiue eiaanoeoeee aoaeao ieceei, a
aiciiaeii aoaeao au? e iaaeaoue, ianiio?y ia cia/eoaeueiia nieaeaiea
noaaee i?ioeaioa. Iiceoeey eaeineaioeaa ninoieo a oii, /oi ieaiu
naa?aaeaiee e eiaanoeoeee ia niioaaonoaotho ae?oa ae?oao, e iiyoiio
iiaoo i?ienoiaeeoue eieaaaiey iauaai iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa, aeioiaea,
caiyoinoe e o?iaiy oeai, o.e. eiee/anoai i?iecaaae?iiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa
e niioaaonoaaiii o?iaaiue caiyoinoe iaoiaeyony a i?yiie caaeneiinoe io
o?iaiy iaueo, eee niaieoiiuo, ?anoiaeia. O iiiiiieenoia-i?iecaiaeeoaeae,
aeiieie?othueo ia ?uieao iiiaeo aeaaiuo i?iaeoeoia, anoue e
aiciiaeiinoue e aeaeaiea i?ioeainoiyoue nieaeaieth oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth
a oneiaeyo iaaeaiey ni?ina. Aea e ia ?uieao ?ano?nia neeueiua i?ionithcu
auaea?aeeaatho ae?noeoth eeieth i?ioea nieaeaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou.(Ia
aiai?y i oii, /oi iaieiaoaee aanueia inoi?iaeii ioiinyony e nieaeaieth
ca?aaioiie ieaou, o/eouaay aai io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia
acaeiiioiioaiey a eieeaeoeaa e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea ?aai/eo.)
Oieueei eiaaea caieaie?iaaiiua eiaanoeoeee e naa?aaeaiey ?aaiu, o?iaaiue
/enoiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa aoaeao noaaeeueiui, eee ?aaiiaaniui,
eia/a aicieeaao aac?aaioeoea e eioeyoeey (a iieiay caiyoinoue yaeyaony
nei?aa neo/aeiinoueth, a ia caeiiiia?iinoueth).
I?aaenoaaeoaee oeieu iiiaoa?enoia (i?aaeaea anaai, I.O?eaeiai) enoiaeyo
ec aeanoeie no?oeoo?u oeai ia ?aai/oth neeo e, aieaa oiai, ec
i?aaeiinueee eo iaeiiiai?aaeaiiiai, iiauoaoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey.
Iiiaoa?enoaie aaiaeeony iiiyoea iaeiaai anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy
aac?aaioeoeu, io?aaeathuaai no?oeoo?iua oa?aeoa?enoeee ?uiea o?oaea,
aeaeathuaai oeaiu ia i?i iaaeaeeie, i?aiyonoaothueie ii?iaeueiiio aai
ooieoeeiie?iaaieth, onoaoaeythueie aai ia?aaiiaanea e, noaei auoue,
aac?aaioeoeo. Ii iiaieth i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeaiiie oeieu, aeey, iai?eia?,
aia?eeaineiai ?uiea o?oaea oaeeie iaaaoeaiuie oaeoi?aie, oneeeaathueie
?uii/iia ia?aaiiaanea, yaeythony onoaiiaeaiea ainoaea?noaii
ieieiaeueiiai o?iaiy ca?aaioiie ieaou, neeueiua iiceoeee i?ionithcia,
ionoonoaea anae iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeee i iaee/ee aaeainee e ?aca?aiie
?aai/ae neeu. Aeey o?aaiiaaoeaaiey ?uiea iie i?aaeeaaatho eniieueciaaoue
eino?oiaiou aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee. ?a/ue, a /anoiinoe, eaeao i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe eniieueciaaoue ?u/aae o/?oiie noaaee Oeaio?aeueiiai
aaiea, ?acia?u iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia eiiia?/aneeo aaieia ia n/aoao
oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea, /oi iicaieeo, a /anoiinoe, noeioee?iaaoue
eiaanoeoeeiiioth e aeaeiaoth aeoeaiinoue e oaeei ia?acii oaaee/eoue
caiyoinoue a no?aia.
Au? iaeei ?ani?ino?ai?iiue oai?aoe/aneee iiaeoiae e iaoaiecio
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?uiea o?oaea i?aaenoaaeai oeieie einoeoooeeiiaeenoia
(Aeae.Aeaieii, E.Oeueiai e ae?.) Iniiaiia aieiaiea a iae oaeaeyaony
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo e io?aneaauo ?acee/ee a no?oeoo?a ?aai/ae neeu e
niioaaonoaothueo o?iaiae ca?aaioiie ieaou. Caeanue i?ineaaeeaaaony
iooiae io iae?iyeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca e iiiuoea iauynieoue oa?aeoa?
?uiea iniaaiiinoyie aeeiaieee ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae, i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
aeaiia?aoe/aneeo a?oii, /oi i?eieiaao an? aieueoaa cia/aiea a
nia?aiaiiie aeecie, iniaaiii iaeyaeuaaynue ia no?aiu n aeiieie?othuei
iieiaeaieai iaeieo io?aneae e ionoonoaeai eee ia?acaeoui ninoiyieai
ae?oaeo. Oaeaea io?aneaaie aiaeec ea?aao iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue a
yeiiiieea ?innee, ii?aae?iiie na?ue?ciuie aeeni?iii?oeeyie a ?acoeueoaoa
iiiaieaoiaai i?ioeainoiyiey NNN? e NOA.
A ia?enenoneie yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee ?uiie o?oaea ii?aaeaeyaony eae ?uiie
iniaiai ?iaea. Aai ioee/aao io ae?oaeo ?uieia ?acieoea oiaa?a “?aai/ay
neea” e oece/aneiai eaieoaea. Anee ?aai/ay neea a i?ioeanna o?oaea
nicaea?o noieiinoue, oi ana i?i/ea aeaeu ?ano?nia eeoue ia?aiinyony ia
iiaoth noieiinoue naiei o?oaeii. Yoi ea?aeeiaeueii ioee/aao ?aai/oth
neeo io anao i?i/eo ?ano?nia, iaania/eaaao a? eeth/aaia cia/aiea a
iauanoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa. E?iia oiai, ia?enenou iieaaatho, /oi ?uiie
?aai/ae neeu, oioy e iiae/eiyaony iauei ?uii/iui caeiiiia?iinoyi, eiaao
nouanoaaiiua iniaaiiinoe, iineieueeo naia ?aai/ay neea eae noauaeoeaiue
oaeoi? i?iecaiaenoaa, aoaeo/e oiaa?ii, iiaeao a oi aea a?aiy aeoeaii
aeeyoue ia niioiioaiea ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Eaaeaeue ec ia?a/eneaiiuo iiaeoiaeia ia aea?o aaniethoii aaeaeaaoiie
ea?oeiu iaoaiecia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu, iaeiaei eo
eiiieaeniue aiaeec io?aaeaao i?aeoe/anee ana ecaanoiua aniaeou
nia?aiaiiie aeecie. A oi aea a?aiy a?yae ee iiaeii niaeaneoueny n oaie
ec ieo, eioi?ua enoiaeyo ec iinueee i iieiie niiinoaaeiinoe ?uiea
?aai/ae neeu ni anaie ae?oaeie ?uieaie ?ano?nia, iai?eia?, i caaeaiiinoe
e iaeciaiiinoe ?yaea ia?aiao?ia ?aai/ae neeu, i?eoiaeyuae ia ?uiie
o?oaea. Iieaaatho, a /anoiinoe, /oi eaaeeoeeaoeey ?aaioieea anaaaea
i?eia?aoaaony aei i?eoiaea aai ia ?uiie o?oaea, a yoi aeaeaei ia
anaaaea aa?ii, oae eae ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ?aaioiee iieo/aao
eaaeeoeeaoeeth oaea ia i?iecaiaenoaa, o. a. iinea i?e?ia ia ?aaioo. Yoi
cia/eo, /oi ioeaieoue ia ?uiea aai iioaioeeae aeinoaoi/ii neiaeii.
Ae?oaie iinooeao aeaneo, /oi i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea /aeiaaea
ca?aiaa ecaanoia. Ii e yoi ia oae, iineieueeo nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai
iaoiaeia iioeaaoeee, niiniaiuo iiaeiyoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea.
I/aaeaeii oaeaea, /oi ia oieueei ca?aaioiay ieaoa neoaeeo aeey ?aaioieea
aeinoaoi/iie ioeaieie aai o?oaea e io?aaeaieai noaiaie aai
oaeiaeaoai??iiinoe naiei iieiaeaieai ia i?iecaiaenoaa e ia ?uiea o?oaea.
Yoi oaeaea noaaeo iiae niiiaiea oi?iu?iiue ?uii/ii-oeaiiaie iiaeoiae e
/aeiaaeo.
Aanueia iaeaaei ioeaieoue iioaioeeae /aeiaaea, aia?aua i?eoiaeyuaai ia
?uiie o?oaea. Au? o?oaeiaa ioeaieoue iioaioeeae /aeiaaea ia ?uiea o?oaea
iioiio, /oi a i?ioeanna o?oaea iniiaiie aeeaae aeinoeaaaony ioo?i ia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo, a eieeaeoeaiuo oneeee. Oaeei ia?acii, ?uiie o?oaea,
iiae/eiyynue a oeaeii caeiiai ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, ii iiiaei
i?eioeeiai naiaai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaoeeoe/aneee
?uiie, eiathuee ?yae nouanoaaiiuo ioee/ee io ae?oaeo oiaa?iuo ?uieia.
Caeanue ?aaoeyoi?aie yaeythony oaeoi?u ia oieueei iae?i- e
iee?iyeiiiie/aneea, ii e nioeeaeueiua e nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneea,
ioithaeue ia anaaaea eiathuea ioiioaiea e oeaia ?aai/ae neeu –
ca?aaioiie ieaoa. A ?aaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie aeecie ia aeeiaieeo ?uiea
o?oaea ieacuaaao aeeyiea oeaeue ?yae oaeoi?ia. Oae, i?aaeeiaeaiea
?aai/ae neeu ii?aaeaeyaony, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, oaeoi?aie
aeaiia?aoe/aneeie – o?iaiai ?iaeaeaaiinoe, oaiiaie ?inoa /eneaiiinoe
o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey, aai iieiaic?anoiie no?oeoo?ie. A NOA,
iai?eia?, n?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu i?e?inoa ianaeaiey a ia?eiae 1950-1990
aa. nie?aoeeenue n 1,8 aei 1%. Yoi caiaoii iiaeeyei ia aeeiaieeo
i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ?uiea o?oaea. A ?innee n?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu i?e?inoa
/eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey oaeaea ?acei nie?aoeeenue n o?iaiy i?eia?ii 1% a
70-80 aa. aei ieioniauo cia/aiee a 90-a aa. Iiieii aeaiia?aoe/aneiai
aaaeiui oaeoi?ii yaeyaony noaiaiue yeiiiie/aneie aeoeaiinoe ?acee/iuo
aeaiia?aoe/aneeo e yoie/aneeo a?oii o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey,
?ann/eouaaaiay eae ioiioaiea /eneaiiinoe caiyouo e aac?aaioiuo e iauae
/eneaiiinoe o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey a aeaiiie a?oiia. Iai?eia?,
aeiey yeiiiie/aneiai o/anoey aeaiuei a ?aai/ae neea NOA aic?inea n 34%
a 1950a. aei ii/oe 60% a 1994. A ?innee, iai?ioea, ca ia?eiae ?aoi?i
1993-1995 aa. o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneie aeoeaiinoe aeaiuei nieceeny ai anao
aic?anoiuo a?oiiao (neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ii aue i?aeoe/anee
iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiui), a oii /enea a a?oiia 25-49 eao – n 90 aei 84%.
Na?ue?ciia aeeyiea ieacaea e i?iaeieaeaao ieacuaaoue eiiea?aoeey. A NOA
iia ninoaaeyao a n?aaeiai 20% i?e?inoa ianaeaiey no?aiu. ?ano?o aeeyiea
eiiea?aoeee e ia ?uiie o?oaea ?innee: oieueei ca 1990-1994 a. ec auaoeo
niaaoneeo ?anioaeee a ?inneth auaoaei 4,5 iei /aeiaae. Ni noi?iiu ni?ina
aeaaiui oaeoi?ii, ieacuaathuei aeeyiea ia aeeiaieeo caiyoinoe, yaeyaony
ninoiyiea yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u, oaca yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea. Iiieii
yoiai na?ue?ciia aeeyiea ia iio?aaiinoue a ?aai/ae neea ieacuaaao
iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann.
No?oeoo?a ?uiea o?oaea e nia?aiaiiua eciaiaiey ia i?i
Aieueoeinoai enneaaeiaaoaeae neeiiythony e iunee i aeaienoaaiiinoe
nia?aiaiiiai ?uiea o?oaea, aaea ooieoeeiie?otho, ii e?aeiae ia?a, aeaa
ia eiieo?e?othueo ae?oa n ae?oaii ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu, eee aeaa naaiaioa
aaeeiiai ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu, iniiaaiiuo ia
i?ioanneiiaeueii-eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiii aeaeaiee caiyouo.
Iaeei ?uiie ioaaouaaao ?aai/ea ianoa niaoeeaeenoia n aunoei
ia?aciaaieai, oi?aaeythueo e aaeieieno?aoi?ia anao caaiueaa,
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo. Yoi aunieiiiea/eaaaiua a?oiiu ?aai/ae
neeu, eiathuea aunieee o?iaaiue eaaeeoeeaoeee, iaae?aeiua aa?aioee
caiyoinoe. Nthaea oaeaea ioiinyony ?aai/ea ianoa oaoieeia,
aaeieieno?aoeaii-aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ia?niiaea e ?aaioieeia n?aaeiae
eaaeeoeeaoeee. Ae?oaie ?uiie ioaaouaaao ?aai/ea ianoa, eae i?aaeei, ia
o?aaothuea niaoeeaeueiie iiaeaioiaee e cia/eoaeueiie eaaeeoeeaoeee. Eo
caieiatho oaeaea niaoeeaeenou a oaeeo noa?ao, eae io?aia iauanoaaiiiai
ii?yaeea, iiaea?iia aeaei, eneonnoai i?eaioiaeaiey ieue, ooiae ca
aieueiuie. Iaeiaei iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue iiyaeaiea a iaeaieaa ?acaeouo
no?aiao iiaiai oeia naaiaioaoeee ?uiea o?oaea, iniiaaiiiai ia niaoaiiii,
i?ioanneiiaeueii-io?aneaaii aeaeaiee ?aai/ae neeu:1- ?uiie,
ioaaouaathuee auno?i?anoouea iaoei?ieea i?iecaiaenoaa e io?anee noa?u
oneoa n ai?acaei iaiueoei n?aaeiai o?iaiai eiioeaio?aoeee e niaoaiiie a
eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiii ioiioaiee ?aai/ae neeie; 2-?uiie a noa?uo,
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneyo yeiiiieee, auaoeo a iaaeaaiai i?ioeii aeaaiuie.
A eciaiaieyo, i?ienoiaeyueo a io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a ?acaeouo no?ai a
iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey, i?ineaaeeaathony aeaa aaaeiaeoea oaiaeaioeee:
?aceia nie?auaiea /eneaiiinoe caiyouo a naeueneii oicyenoaa e
nouanoaaiiia oaaee/aiea eo a noa?a oneoa a nayce n a? ?anoe?aieai e
i?aa?auaieai a aaaeouoth noa?o i?eeiaeaiey iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
Caiyoinoue a naeueneii oicyenoaa NOA nie?aoeeanue n 6,5 iei /ae a 1955
a. aei 3,2 iei /ae a 1994, a a noa?a oneoa aic?inea n 30,1 iei /ae a
1955 a. aei 91,3 iei /ae a 1994 a., ninoaaea 74,2% io iauaai /enea
caiyouo. A 70-90-o aa. i?ienoiaeee oaeaea onei?aiiue ?ino caiyoinoe a
iaoei?ieeo io?aneyo yeiiiieee. Caiyoinoue caeanue ?ano?o a aeaa ?aca
auno?aa, /ai a i?iiuoeaiiinoe a oeaeii. A ?innee iiea io?aneaaay
no?oeoo?a caiyoinoe i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeia oie, eioi?ay neiaeeeanue a
?acaeouo no?aiao: a iaoa?eaeueiii i?iecaiaenoaa o ian caiyoi ieiei 52%
yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey, a a noa?a oneoa – oieueei 48%.(ni.
i?eeiaeaiea 2). Caiaoia ?aaiethoeey a i?ioanneiiaeueii-eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiii
ninoaaa yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey. Eiaeaia?u, oaoieee, o/?iua,
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oi?aaeai/aneee ia?niiae
, a oaeaea a?oiiu eiioi?neeo e oi?aiauo neoaeaueo ninoaaeee a NOA a 1994
a. 58% anao caiyouo. Iniaaiii auno?i ?ano?o /eneaiiinoue
niaoeeaeenoia-aiaeeoeeia nenoai, niaoeeaeenoia a iaeanoe aaiiie
eiaeaia?ee, iee?iyeaeo?iieee, i?iaeai yia?aaoeee, iieaeoey?iie aeieiaee,
eaaioiaie oeceee, iieoi?iaiaeieeia e ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee. A oi aea
a?aiy aiaae?aiea eiiiuethoa?ia e eiie eioi?iaoeeiiiie oaoieee nie?auaao
iio?aaiinoue a ?yaea eaoaai?ee aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eiioi?neeo
neoaeaueo e iecoaai oi?aaeai/aneiai ia?niiaea, caiyouo nai?ii e
ia?ae/iie ia?aaioeie yeiiiie/aneie eioi?iaoeee. N 70-o aiaeia
ia?aueaaiea aeiaeaiee a o?oaeinaa?aaathuoth oaoieeo, o.a. a
ieieiecaoeeth aeeaiai o?oaea aiieiuaei a iiaaeoai i?iecaiaenoaa aai
aeaeaeaiea e iiaui ?oaaaeai yooaeoeaiinoe e eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe, /oi
/anoi au?aaeaeinue a no?aieaiee e aaniethoii aacethaeiui i?iecaiaenoaai
i?e eo “aa?anneaiie” eiiiuethoa?ecaoeee. Aeaaecii iiaea?iecaoeee noaei:
aieueoay yooaeoeaiinoue iaiueoei /eneii ?aaioieeia. No?aieaiea e?oiiuo
eiiiaiee 70-o aa. ia?aie/eoueny eeoue eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui “yae?ii”, a
caoai ieieioiii niaoeeaeenoia iaa?ioeinue a ?acaeouo no?aiao ianniauie
oaieueiaieyie ia i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo aeanyoeeaoee. Oieueei ca 1990-1993
aa. ?aai/ay neea a iaoa?eaeueiii i?iecaiaenoa NOA oiaiueoeeanue ia
20-25%, a a e?oiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo noa?u oneoa – ia 1/3 i?e cia/eoaeueiii
?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. Ia iiauo caaiaeao “EAI”, eino?oiaioaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo “Oieiou”, a i?iecaiaenoaa ?iaioia ?iaioaie yiiineie oe?iu
“Oaioe” ii 10 aeiae aeeeeenue aaoiiaoe/aneea i?ioeannu aac ethaeae eee
iiae eiio?ieai ianeieueeeo niaoeeaeenoia ec “noaeeyiiie eiiiaou”. Oai
i?iaa?yeanue caiai/eaay eaeay: caioneaoue a oaa?eeo-aaoiiao nu?ue? e
auno?i, yeiiiiii iieo/aoue ia auoiaea aioiaia ecaeaeea. A aeaayiinoua
aiaeu ia?aaeiaua i?aaei?eyoey ?aaeueii i?eaeeceeenue e yoiio. Nie?auay
iia?aoi?neee, eiio?ieueii-?aaoee?othuee, a caoai e oi?aaeythuee
ia?niiae, iii noaiiaeeenue i?aaeaanoieeaie e?oiiiianooaaiiai auoaniaiey
o?oaea ec noa?u i?iecaiaenoaa. I?e ?ioi?iie nai?ea iaeia iaoeia caiaiyao
10-12 ?aai/eo. A ?iaioioaoieea iiaeao nieceoue eo /eneaiiinoue a 5-20
?ac, anee iaeei /aeiaae ianeoaeeaaao 10-20 ?iaioia. Na?ue?ciie
aac?aaioeoeae a?iceo eiiiuethoa?ecaoeey nai?ee. No?ieoaeuenoai n
iiiiuueth ?iaioia iiaeii aanoe n 1/10 i?aaeiaai ia?niiaea. Oaea
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoay /anoue ?aaioathueo iiaeao oaeiaeaoai?eoue
iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in ianaeaiey. Ii i?iaiico, naeaeaiiiio a 80-a aa.
Aa?iiaeneei einoeoooii i?ioannee, e ia/aeo neaaeothuaai noieaoey a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia iiaoo en/aciooue 20 iei ?aai/eo iano, e /aio
nia?aiaiiua iauanoaa ia aioiau. A oi aea a?aiy ia?aoiae i?iecaiaenoaa
?acaeouo no?ai io aaoiiaoecaoeee ia/aeueiie e eiiieaeniie ii?iaeee
aeoaieea niiiaiey a i?aaeeueiinoe i?aaeiaai acaeyaea, niaeanii eioi?iio
/aeiaae-?aaioiee iaeiicia/ii auoaniyaony ec aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo
i?ioeannia. Yoi eanaaony, ai-ia?auo, iia?aoeee, n o?oaeii iiaeaeathueony
eee a i?eioeeia ia iiaeaeathueony aaoiiaoecaoeee, iai?eia? iia?aoeee ni
neiaeiie i?iaeoeoeeae, eioi?ua aeiaa?ythony /aeiaa/aneiio c?aieth e
iaeueoeai, a ia eo aiaeiaai o ?iaioia. Ethaeueie eee iiae eo
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui eiio?ieai inouanoaeyaony eiia/iue iiioaae ecaeaeey,
aai oanoe?iaaiea, eni?aaeaiea ioeaie aaoiiaoia. Aii?aee ieaiai
iieii/eoue n ?o/iie nai?eie a 90-a aa. au? a eo ia/aea aeaaea oaeea
?aaiou, eae caee?iea, ia 90% auiieiyeenue a?o/ioth. Nai?uee
aeeaa?neoeoee?iaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee i?aainoiaeeo a aeaeinoe ?iaioia, a
neeo /aai iiioaae e ia aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo eiiaaea?ao inoa?ony
/aeiaa/anee iiin?aaeiaaiiui. Ai-aoi?uo, yoi eanaaony iniai oeaieiie
eneoniinoe ?aaioieea a iaeeina?eeiii eee ooo/iii i?iecaiaenoaa ia caeac,
aaea oieeaeueiua niiniaiinoe ianoa?a-oieaa?naea, iaania/eaathuaai ia
iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueiuo noaieao 100%-iia ea/anoai, eee
?aooo??a-iieea?aoenoa n oiiei ?acaeoui c?aieai e ynoaoe/anee ?acaeoui
aeonii i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa oiaiee aaoiiaoa. Nia?aiaiiua yiiineea
eiiiaiee, iai?eia?, noa?athony nio?aieoue niiniaiinoe ?aai/eo /eoaoue
/a?oaaee, “/oanoaiaaoue” iaoeio, i?aainoiaeeoue a oi/iinoe i?aoeeceiiiua
noaiee, ia aeiioneay i?e iiaiaaaaeaieyo yeeieiaoeee yoiai
niaoeeoe/aneiai ea/anoaa. Yoi i?eaiaeeo a iineaaeiaa a?aiy e ecaanoiie
aeaaaoiiaoecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa n aica?aoii /aeiaaeo ?yaea ooieoeee.
A-o?aoueeo, oneeaiea ?iee ?aaioieeia naycaii n iio?aaiinoueth
eioaeeaeoi?ieiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia oieueei a iaauanoaeyaiuo a oaoiieiaee
ciaieyo, ii oaeaea e a iiuoa e “iano?oeoo?e?iaaiiuo ciaieyo ethaeae,
eioi?ua iaoeaeaniia?acii “oi?youaaoue a eiiiuethoa?”. Yoio
“ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiue” ?ano?n i?iecaiaenoaa eiiiaiee noaee n/eoaoue
/anoueth naieo iio-oao. Iiaeaeaeiinoue, aa?eaoeaiinoue aeaeeo
aaoiiaoe/aneeo i?iecaiaenoa oaeaea iiin?aaeiaaia eaaeeoeeaoeeae e
niiniaiinoyie ethaeae e aaeaeaaoiui aeaenoaeyi a iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo
neooaoeeyo. Eo eieoeeaoeaa noaea aeey oaeeo i?iecaiaenoa aaeaa ee ia
?aoathuei oneiaeai. I?aainoiaenoai /aeiaaea ii ?aciiia?aceth aiciiaeiuo
?aoaiee iaae “eioaeeaeooaeueiie oaoieeie” aeaeaao o?oae ianeieueeeo
aeaeeo ?aaioieeia oeaeaniia?aciaa aeaenoaee ia?ai?ia?aiie?oaiiai
aa?aaaoa. Iiyoiio nia?aiaiiue iaiaaeaeiaio, n/eoathuee aeeaie o?oae
iaeaieaa aeaeie oi?iie eaieoaea ei?ii?aoeee, aeaeeo ?acii e a ?acaeoee
niiniaiinoae ?aaioieeia, iniaaiii e auno?ie aaeaioaoeee a eciai/eaii,
iai?aaeneacoaiii i?iecaiaenoaa. Oae, caaiae “Oeaoa” aeec Oo?eia,
ecaaaeaoenue io iia?aoi?ia e nio?aiea ieieioi EO?, noae aaa?eeiui.
?eneiaaiiinoue oaeeo i?ioeannia o?aaoao io ethaeae, i?enoonoaea eioi?uo
iaiaoiaeeii ia neo/ae aaa?ee e ec-ca iai?a?uaiiai eiio?iey, ?aaiou aei?i
e ii/ueth, ia?a/??eeaay naio eaeath aacethaeiinoe. “Aeaeaia?ae iioi?n”
noieeioeanue ia iiaeiaiii “caaiaea aoaeouaai” n “i?iecaiaenoaaiiui
eioia?ii”: iieiieaie ?iaioia, eo ioeeiiaieai io i?ia?aii e n aaeaia
iaiueoae, /ai iaeeaeaeinue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth. Ai O?aioeee ia
ii?iaa 90-o aiaeia aeey iioeiecaoeee iai?a?uaiuo i?iecaiaenoa
o?aaiaaeinue oaaee/eoue ia?niiae oaoianeoaeeaaiey ieieioi ia 30%. A
ssiiiee, ia?aie ioeacaaoaeny io /?acia?iie yeiiiiee ia o?oaea, ao?o
e?oiiuo eiiiaiee i?ecuaatho ecaaaaoue e?aeiinoae aaoiiaoecaoeee, a
i?ioanni?a oieaa?neoaoia – aieueoa e eo/oa o/eoue ia?niiae, /oiau
“?aoathuea ia?aiaiu a i?iecaiaenoaa ia noaee i?iaeaiaoe/iuie”. Oiaaea
aea oaoiie?aou NOA noieeioeenue n aeeeaiiie: oe?a iaaeaeyoue ?aaioieeia
ciaieyie eee ionoaoue. Ioenu e?oiiuo oe?i ia?ai?eaioe?othony n caiaiu
ethaeae iiaie oaoieeie ia eo eniieueciaaiea, noeioee?iaaiea e ?acaeoea.
Oaeei ia?acii, e i?e aeaeie eiiieaeniie aaoiiaoecaoeee, eae e i?e
?aiiae, /aeiaae inoa?ony a i?iecaiaenoaa ?yaeii n niaa?oainoaothuaeny
oaoieeie e i?eoiaeyuay e iaio “aeanoue iaae iaoeiaie” aeaeaao
iineaaeiea, a niioaaonoaee n i?iaiicii enneaaeiaaoaeae 80-o aa., eeoue
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiaa e auaiaeiaa.
Iaeiia?aiaiii iiaeii ioiaoeoue i?ioeann, i?eaaaeoee ca iineaaeiea aiaeu
e nouanoaaiiui eciaiaieyi. Yoi ineaaeaiea oae iacuaaaiiai aioo?aiiaai
?uiea o?oaea e?oiiuo eiiiaiee e an? aieueoay i?eaioaoeey oe?i ia
aiaoiea ii ioiioaieth e iei enoi/ieee eaae?iaiai iaania/aiey. (Aei yoiai
iau/iui yaeaieai a e?oiiaeoeo eiiiaieyo auea nianoaaiiay naoue
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaee e ia?aiiaeaioiaee eaae?ia, eioi?ay au?
i?iaeieaeaao yooaeoeaii aeaenoaiaaoue e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy.) E an? aea n
na?aaeeiu 80-o aa. iiiaea oe?iu i?aaeii/eoatho iaieiaoue aioiauo
niaoeeaeenoia, /ai inouanoaeyoue iiaeaioiaeo ia ?aai/eo ianoao. E?iia
oiai, ?ani?ino?aiyaony oaiaeaioeey a?aiaiiiai iaeia ii eiio?aeoo aeey
auiieiaiey eiie?aoiuo ?aaio. Aicieeei aeaaea iaiaei oe?i, eioi?ua
caieiathony iin?aaeie/aneeie ooieoeeyie e iiaeaioiaeie eaae?ia n
oeaeueth i?aaeeiaeaiey ?aai/ae neeu ii a?aiaiiiio eiio?aeoo ?acee/iui
eiiiaieyi. Oneeeaathuayny i?eaioaoeey eiiiaiee ia ?aaioieeia,
iiaeaioiaeaiiuo e ia?aiiaeaioiaeaiiuo ecaia, iauyniyaony oaeaea ?inoii
iiaeeueiinoe ?aai/ae neeu, o.a. noaiaie a? iaaeio?aneaauo e
iaaei?ioanneiiaeueiuo ia?aiauaiee. Iiaeeueiinoue ?aai/ae neeu naaiaeiy
an? /aua ii?aaeaeyaony i?eiaaeeaaeiinoueth ia e oe?ia (?aiueoa aeey
iiiaeo ?aaioieeia i?aiaeaaeaei aioo?eoe?iaiiia ia?aiauaiea e
i?iaeaeaeaiea), a e oie eee eiie i?ioannee. Ii aeaiiui iaoeeiiaeueiiai
ath?i Yeiiiie/aneiai aiaeeca NOA ia eiiaoe 80-o aa. aia?eeaineea ?aai/ea
e neoaeauea a oa/aiea o?oaeiaie aeecie iaiyee ?aaioo a n?aaeiai aieaa 10
?ac. N?aaee niaoeeaeenoia-yeaeo?iiueeia Neeeeiiiaie aeieeiu, iai?eia?,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiay oaeo/anoue a 80-o aa. ninoaaeea 30%. ssnii, /oi oaeoth
aunieoth oaeo/anoue niaoeeaeenoia aunoae eaaeeoeeaoeee ieeae iaeuecy
ioianoe ia n/?o ieioeo oneiaee o?oaea, n /ai iau/ii naycaia oaeo/anoue
iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo a?oii ?aai/ae neeu. Iia naycaia, i?aaeaea anaai, n
i?eaioaoeeae ia i?ioanneiiaeueiia niaa?oainoaiaaiea e neoaeaaiue ?ino.
Niia?acii oiio, eae i?ienoiaeeo aiaae?aiea eiiiuethoa?ia e eciaiaiea
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu, i?ienoiaeeo onei?aiea oaiiia
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai e iauaai ?acaeoey
/aeiaaea, aucaaiiiai iaoiieeiui i?eniiniaeaieyi e iiaui nei?inoyi, /oi
iinoaiaiii eciaiyao naaiaioaoeeth ?uiea o?oaea e iaeiia?aiaiii
ii?iaeaeaao aeoaieea no?oeoo?iua naeaeae a eaaeaeii naeoi?a, aeathuea
iiaua e iiaua eiioeuenu yeiiiie/aneiio ?inoo.
Eaae?iaay ?aaioa e o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey a eiiiaieyo
Aaaeiue yeaiaio ?uiea o?oaea – eaae?iaay ?aaioa ia oe?ia. Iia ia/eiaaony
n iaeia ?aaioieeia e ioaaouaaao aanue i?ioeann oi?aaeaiey ia?niiaeii,
aeeth/ay aai iioeaaoeeth, oi?iu iieaou o?oaea, i?ioanneiiaeueioth
iiaeaioiaeo e ia?aiiaeaioiaeo (ni. i?eeiaeaiea 3).Ianooaau e iaoiaeu
iaeia ?aai/ae neeu a eiiiaiee ii?aaeaeythony aeaoiy iniiaiuie
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie: oaeoi?aie aioo?aiiaai oa?aeoa?a (no?aoaaeae ?acaeoey
oe?iu e ?acoeueoaoaie a? aeayoaeueiinoe, ninoiyieai aioo?aiiaai ?uiea
o?oaea, aiciiaeiinoyie iiaeaioiaee eaae?ia) e iieiaeaieai ia
iaoeeiiaeueiii ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu.
Aiaoiee ia?i inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth 4 iniiaiuo iaoiaeia: 1- ia?i
niaoeeaeenoia ec oieaa?neoaoia, einoeoooia e eieeaaeaeae; 2- ouaoaeueiue
ioai? oao i?aoaiaeaioia, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?auathony a oe?io ca
?aaioie; 3- ia?i eaae?ia n iiiiuueth ?aeeaiiuo iauyaeaiee a n?aaenoaao
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee; 4- ia?auaiea a ainoaea?noaaiiua e /anoiua
aaaionoaa ii niaeaenoaeth iaeio. I?e yoii i?e ioai?a i?aoaiaeaioia
aeneiiie a eaae?iauo neoaeaao eiiiaiee n/eoaaony iieiaeaiea, i?e eioi?ii
/enei ?anniao?eaaaiuo eaiaeeaeaoia ia aeieaeiinoe eae ieieioi a aeaa
?aca aieueoa, /ai eiee/anoai eiathueony aaeainee. *enei aea
eioa?auethe?oaiuo aeey aeiionea i?aoaiaeaiou aeieaeii auoue au? a
iieoi?a ?aca aieueoa.
Aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiui e i?iaeoiaiiui yaeyaony nai iaoaieci ioai?a
i?aoaiaeaioia. Ii aeeth/aao, eae i?aaeei, aiaeec ?aai/aai ianoa,
?acoeueoaoii eioi?iai noaiiaeony aai niaoeeoeeaoeey, a oaeaea auai?
i?ioeaaeo?u ioai?a. Iineaaeiyy iau/ii ninoieo ec aiaeeca eioi?iaoeee,
niaea?aeauaeny a aaieao aeaiiuo eiiiaiee ia eiathueony i?aoaiaeaioao ia
?aaioo, i?ioeanna eioa?auethe?iaaiey i?aoaiaeaioia e i?iaaaeaiey
?aciiia?aciuo oanoia. Oanou a caaeneiinoe io aeieaeiinoe, ia eioi?oth
i?aoaiaeoao nieneaoaeue, iiaoo aeeth/aoue i?iaa?eo ia iauee
eioaeeaeooaeueiue o?iaaiue, ia o?iaaiue iiaeaioiaee a oao eee eiuo
aii?inao, eae i?aaeei, iauaai oa?aeoa?a (iiieiaiea e eceiaeaiea oaenoia,
ciaiea iniia iaoaiaoeee e eioi?iaoeee e o.i.), a oaeaea ia niaoeeaeueiua
niiniaiinoe e ciaiey. Aeey yoiai iiiaea e?oiiua eiiiaiee eiatho
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua oeaio?u ioeaiee eaae?ia, inouanoaeythuea eae ioai?
aiiaue iaieiaaiuo ?aaioieeia, oae e ioai? e aooanoaoeeth i?aoaiaeaioia
ia aioo?aiiaa i?iaeaeaeaiea ia iniiaa ?aca??iooiai caeeth/aiey ii
?acoeueoaoai oanoe?iaaiey e aooanoaoeee. A eiiiaieyo eniieuecothony
niaoeeaeueii ?ac?aaioaiiua noaiu caiauaiey nio?oaeieeia, o/eouaathuea
ana cao?aou eiiiaiee ia ia?i, oaieueiaiea, i?iaeaeaeaiea ia?niiaea e
oi?aaeaiea ei. Iau/ii yoi cao?aou ia ioai? ia?niiaea, aaiae a
aeieaeiinoue, iao/aiea a ia?eiae ?aaiou, auieaou ia i?ia?aiiu
nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey e o.i. A eaae?iaie ?aaioa aeoeaii
eniieuecoaony e aieaa oe?ieee iiaeoiae – ieaie?iaaiea /aeiaa/aneeo
?ano?nia. Ii aeeth/aao aiaeec ia?niaeoeaiuo iio?aaiinoae ii ioaeaeueiui
eaoaai?eyi ia?niiaea enoiaey ec aeieain?i/iuo oeaeae eiiiaiee. I?e yoii
ninoaaeythony nienee ia i?iaeaeaeaiea niaoeeaeenoia e i?ioiaeaeaiey eie
i?iiaaeooi/iuo aeieaeiinoiuo nooiaiae.
Anth aeayoaeueiinoue ii oi?aaeaieth ia?niiaeii eiiiaiee inouanoaeyao
niaoeeaeueiay eaae?iaay neoaeaa. Iia ninoieo ec ianeieueeeo ioaeaeia:
o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee, caiyoinoe, oi?aaeaiey ia?niiaeii, ca?aaioiie ieaou,
oneiaee o?oaea e ai?ueau n o?aaiaoeciii, iao/aiey eaae?ia, o/?oa e
aeaeii?iecaiaenoaa. A ninoaaa neoaeau ?aaioatho eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua
niaoeeaeenou – nioeeieiae, niaoeeaeenou ii oi?aaeaieth, o?oaeiaui
ioiioaieyi. Eaae?iaay neoaeaa, iniaaiii a e?oiiuo eiiiaieyo, ?aaeecoao
oeaeue ?yae i?ia?aii, iai?aaeaiiuo ia iai?a?uaioth iiaeaioiaeo e
ia?aiiaeaioiaeo ?acee/iuo eaoaai?ee ?aai/ae neeu, ia ?ac?aaioeo e
?aaeecaoeeth anaai eiiieaena ia? ii iioeaaoeee ia?niiaea. A e?oiiuo
eiiiaieyo i?aaei?eieiathony iiiuoee ioeaieoue yooaeoeaiinoue
aeayoaeueiinoe eaae?iaie neoaeau, a oii /enea e ioaeaeueiuo a? i?ia?aii.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe iaoiaeeeo ioeaiee i?ia?aiiu
iiaeaioiaee e ia?aiiaeaioiaee eaae?ia, eniieuecoaioth a aia?eeaineie
eiiiaiee “Oiieoyee”: R=n*T*V*k-n*C; aaea R- yooaeo aicaeaenoaey
i?ia?aiiu iao/aiey ia iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea; n- /enei
eao aeaenoaey i?ia?aiiu; T- /enei iao/aaiuo; V- noieiinoiay ioeaiea
?acee/ee a ?acoeueoaoao o?oaea eo/oeo e n?aaeieo ?aaioieeia; k-
eiyooeoeeaio, oa?aeoa?ecothuee yooaeo iao/aiey (?ino ?acoeueoaoeaiinoe,
au?aaeaiiue a noieiinoiie ioeaiea); C- cao?aou ia iao/aiea ?aaioieea.
Iniiaiuie iniaaiiinoyie ?acaeoey nenoaiu iieaou o?oaea a iineaaeiaa
aeanyoeeaoea noaee: iiauoaiea ?iee iia?aiaiiie ca?aaioiie ieaou, oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea iiiu?eoaeueiuo oi?i iieaou o?oaea, aiaae?aiea aeaeeo
oi?i aiciaa?aaeaeaiey. I?e yoii aacie aeey ioeaiee auiieiaiiie ?aaiou e
ia/eneaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aai/eo yaeyaony oa?eoiay nenoaia. Aeey
aieaa iieiiai o/?oa eiee/anoaa e ea/anoaa o?oaea eniieuecothony
iiiu?eoaeueiua nenoaiu iieaou. N?aaee iaeaieaa oeie/iuo oi?i e
i?eioeeiia iieaou o?oaea e iaoa?eaeueiiai noeioee?iaaiey ia Caiaaea
iiaeii iacaaoue: a) oaaee/aiea aeiee ianoaaeeueiuo yeaiaioia ca?aaioiie
ieaou (i?aiee, aiionu e o.i.), aeinoeaathueo 1/3 anae ca?aaioiie ieaou e
eniieuecoaiuo a ea/anoaa iiiu?aiey ca yeiiiieth nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia,
i?e?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea e oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee; a)
i?eiaiaiea oae iacuaaaiie aiaeeoe/aneie nenoaiu ioeaiee o?oaeiaiai
aeeaaea, aaea aeeooa?aioee?iaaiii a aaeeao ioeaieaathony iiiai/eneaiiua
oaeoi?u i?ioeanna o?oaea: eaaeeoeeaoeey ?aaioieea, iau?i ?aaiou, a?
ea/anoai, oeiainiaua ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe eiiiaiee. Aeey ioeaiee
?acoeueoaoia o?oaea aaeieieno?aoeaii-oi?aaeai/aneiai e
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai ia?niiaea a caiaaeiuo eiiiaieyo oe?iei
i?eiaiyaony iaoiae, iniiaaiiue ia aeinoeaeaiee iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae. Yoio
iaoiae i?aaeoniao?eaaao 4 iniiaiuo yoaia: onoaiiaeaiea ia?a/iy aeaaiuo
iaycaiiinoae ?aaioieea ia onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie; ii?aaeaeaiea noa?u
ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?eiaieoaeueii e eaaeaeie ooieoeeiiaeueiie iaycaiiinoe;
onoaiiaeaiea aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey ii eaaeaeie eaoaai?ee ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
iai?eia? %, $ e o.i.; onoaiiaeaiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo “noaiaea?oia
eniieiaiey”, eioi?ua niioiinyony n ?an/?oiuie noaiaea?oaie. Yoo nenoaio
a 90-o aa. eniieueciaaee 75% aia?eeaineeo eiiiaiee;
eniieueciaaiea nenoaiu oa?eoiuo noaaie, eioi?ua noeioee?otho ?aai/eo e
aeinoeaeaieth aunieeo eiia/iuo ?acoeueoaoia, i?aaeaea anaai, ii
ia?aiao?ai ea/anoaa, a oaeaea e iaeaaeaieth niaaeiuie e eiuie
i?ioanneyie, iai?eia? i?ioanneyie ii ?aiiioo i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey;
nouanoaiaaiea cia/eoaeueiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee a ca?aaioiie ieaoa,
eioi?ay io?aaeaao eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ?acee/ey a ?acoeueoaoao o?oaea, a
oaeaea a o?iaia eaaeeoeeaoeee e iiuoa ?aaioieeia;
eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo ieaiia a?oiiiaiai noeioee?iaaiey,
onoaiaaeeaathuaai naycue iaaeaeo eiia/iuie ?acoeueoaoaie aeayoaeueiinoe
eiiaiaeu niaoeeaeenoia (i?e?ino i?iecaiaenoaa, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
o?oaea e o.ae.) e aiciaa?aaeaeaieai a aeaea i?aiee e aiionia;
eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo oi?i o/anoey ?aaioieeia a i?eaueyo, eioi?ua
oaycuaatho aeaiaaeiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ia n i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie
?acoeueoaoaie aeayoaeueiinoe eiiiaiee, a n oeiainiauie, o.a. ?inoii
i?eauee;
o/anoea ?aaioieeia ai aeaaeaiee aeoeeyie.
Iiieii iaiin?aaenoaaiiie iieaou o?oaea a caiaaeiuo eiiiaieyo oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiu ?aciiia?aciua i?ia?aiiu /anoiiai nioeeaeueiiai
no?aoiaaiey e aeiiieieoaeueiuo aeioiaeia ?aaioieeia. Oae, iaineiiiui
iaania/aieai ec /anoiuo oiiaeia eiiiaiee ioaa/aii ieiei 90% ?aaioieeia
eiiiaiee n /eneaiiinoueth ia?niiaea aieaa 100 /aeiaae. N?aaee i?i/eo
i?ia?aii aeiiieieoaeueiuo aeioiaeia, iiniaee e oneoa iiaeii iacaaoue
?acee/iua iaaeeoeeineea iiniaey (ioionea ii aieacie, iiniaey ii
aa?aiaiiinoe e ?iaeai, ?anoiaeu ia ea/aiea e o.ae.), iiniaey a nayce n
ian/anoiuie neo/ayie, no?aoiaaiea aeecie, i?ia?aiiu iauaai ia?aciaaiey e
iiauoaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee, aanieaoiia ieoaiea a ?aai/eo noieiauo e ae?.
I?e/?i ana yoe i?ia?aiiu yaeythony aeiiieiaieai e nenoaia iaycaoaeueiiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey.
Caiaoiui yaeaieai a noa?a o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee e iioeaaoeee o?oaea a
?acaeouo no?aiao noaei ?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneie aeaiie?aoee eae i?ioeanna,
n iaeiie noi?iiu, i?iaeieaeathuaai iiiaieaoiea oneeey ii iioeiecaoeee
oi?aaeai/aneeo iiaeaeae a yeiiiieea, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, eiathuaai
oeaeueth aa?iiiecaoeeth nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee ia i?iecaiaenoaa e a
iauanoaa. Yeiiiie/aneay aeaiie?aoey iiaeao auoue ioa?aeoa?eciaaia eae
nenoaia, aeeth/athuay aeaiie?aoecaoeeth nianoaaiiinoe eiiiaiee a oi?ia
i?eaea/aiey ?aaioieeia e a? aeaaeaieth, a oaeaea o/anoey ?aaioieeia a
oi?aaeaiee eiiiaieae a oi?ia eae i?aaeinoaaeaiey ei cia/eoaeueiie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaoiiiiee, oae e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa ?yaeiauo
?aaioieeia (eee i?ionithcia, aaea iie eiathony) a ?oeiaiaeyueo
no?oeoo?ao eiiiaiee; eiio?ieue (ii e?aeiae ia?a, a ii?aaeae?iiuo
i?aaeaeao) ni noi?iiu ?aaioieeia ca aeayoaeueiinoueth aaeieieno?aoeee,
i?aaeinoaaeaiea ei i?aaa aieina i?e i?eiyoee eeth/aauo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
?aoaiee. Aaaeiuie yeaiaioaie yeiiiie/aneie aeaiie?aoee a eiiiaiee iiaeii
n/eoaoue oaeaea ?aaoey?iia eioi?ie?iaaiea ?aaioieeia i neooaoeee a
eiiiaiee, iaee/ea iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuae nenoaiu iiaeaioiaee e
ia?aiiaeaioiaee eaae?ia, eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo aeiiieieoaeueiuo
aeioiaeia a caaeneiinoe io i?eaueueiinoe eiiiaiee, nicaeaiea “e?oaeeia
ea/anoaa” e ae?oaeo oi?i aeoeaiiai o/anoey ?aaioieeia a aeaeao naiae
oe?iu.
A iniiaa aeaiiiai iiaeoiaea eaaeao eiioeaioeee ?yaea aia?eeaineeo
yeiiiienoia, nioeeieiaia e ineoieiaia (O. Oa?oeaa?aa, Ae. Iaea?aai?a e
ae?.), iieo/eaoea iacaaiea oai?ee “ea/anoaa o?oaeiaie aeecie”,
“iaiaauaiey” e “aoiaiecaoeee” o?oaea, “nio/anoey”, eioi?ua
aeaeea?e?otho, i?aaeaea anaai, oacen i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nioeeaeueiie e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeoeaiinoe ?aaioieea, aaaeiinoe oaeoi?a niaea?aeaiey
o?oaea aeey iieiiai ?ane?uoey iioaioeeaea /aeiaaea a i?iecaiaenoaa. A
/enea ae?oaeo aaaeiuo i?eioeeiia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo nia?aiaiiua
eiioeaioeee iioeaaoeee, iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea: oe?aieaiea
nioeeaeueiuo acaeiinaycae a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eieeaeoeaao, iioeiaeueiia
aiaea/aiea ?aaioieeia ai ana yoaiu i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna (io
ieaie?iaaiey aei eiio?iey), nicaeaiea aiciiaeiinoae aeey iiauoaiey
eaaeeoeeaoeee e neoaeaaiiai ?inoa, aoiinoa?u i?e/anoiinoe eaaeaeiai
?aaioieea e iauei oeaeyi oe?iu, eiiiaiee.
A oeaeii iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi ai iiiaeo caiaaeiuo eiiiaieyo eae?o
i?ioeann ia?aoiaea io aeanoeie iiaeaee oi?aaeaiey o?oaeii, iiaeaee
eiio?iey, iniiaaiiie ia eiioeaioeee Oyeei?a, e iiaeaee nio/anoey,
iniiaaiiie ia nia?aiaiiuo eiioeaioeeyo iioeaaoeee – ea/anoaa o?oaeiaie
aeecie, iaiaauaiey e aoiaiecaoeee o?oaea.
A ?innee o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey i?ecaai ?aaoee?iaaoue Caeii ?O “I
eieeaeoeaiuo aeiaiai?ao e niaeaoaieyo” io 11 ia?oa 1992 a.
1992 a. A i?i ?aaeaiaioe?othony iniiaiua i?aaeea aaaeaiey eieeaeoeaiuo
ia?aaiai?ia, ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey eieeaeoeaiuo aeiaiai?ia e
niaeaoaiee, o.a. aeieoiaioia, ?aaoee?othueo ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
?aaioiaeaoaeyie e ia?iiuie ?aaioieeaie. Caeii aia?aua a ?innee i?eciae
i?aai ?aaioiaeaoaey e ?aaioieea naiinoiyoaeueii ii?aaeaeyoue
niaea?aeaiea eieeaeoeaiiai aeiaiai?a. Iau/ii eieeaeoeaiue aeiaiai?
aeeth/aao iyoue iieiaeaiee:
– ii?iu e iaycaoaeuenoaa, ?aaoee?othuea oneiaey o?oaea, a oii /enea
iieaoo o?oaea, i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie e a?aiaie ioaeuoa,
oneiaey e io?aio o?oaea, o?oaeiaua eueaiou;
ii?iu e iaycaoaeuenoaa, ?aaoee?othuea ioiioaiey, oanii naycaiiua n
o?oaeiauie, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aii?inu caiyoinoe e i?aaeinoaaeaiey
eueaio i?e aunaiaiaeaeaiee n i?aaei?eyoey;
ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea nioeeaeueiia ianeoaeeaaiea ?aaioieeia (eiiiainaoeey
o?ainii?oiuo ?anoiaeia, i?aaiecaoeey ieoaiey, iaania/aiea aeeeueai);
iaycaoaeuenoaa e ii?iu, eanathueany nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey e
iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey ?aaioieeia;
i?aaeea aianaiey eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a eieeaeoeaiue aeiaiai?,
ii?yaeie e n?iee inouanoaeaiey eiio?iey ca ?aaeecaoeeae aeiaiai?a,
eioi?ue a iaoae no?aia iau/ii iiaeienuaatho i?aaenoaaeoaee
aaeieieno?aoeee e i?ionithca.
Aac?aaioeoea e ?u/aae aa ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
Aac?aaioeoea io?aaeaao ninoiyiea ?uiea o?oaea, e aiaeec aeaiiuo ii iae
iiaeao io?aceoue aai ne?uoua a iianaaeiaaiie aeecie oaiaeaioeee,
iaeiia?aiaiii aeaaay aiciiaeiinoue i?iaiaeeoue naiaa?aiaiioth
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo, iai?aaeaiioth ia ia?aiiaeaioiaeo e
aaeaioaoeeth caiyouo a onoa?aaathueo io?aneyo, i?aaiecaoeeth
iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio, aeeth/aieth iaoaieciia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey a iaeiaiaie, oaiiaeaiiie e ae?oaeo noa?ao. Nouanoaothuaa
iiiyoea o?iaiy aac?aaioeoeu i?e iieiie caiyoinoe (o.a. ia aeeth/ay
oeeeee/aneoth aac?aaioeoeo) ?aaii noiia o?iaiae o?eeoeeiiiie e
no?oeoo?iie aac?aaioeoeu. Anoanoaaiiue aea o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu
aicieeaao i?e naaeaine?iaaiiinoe ?uieia ?aai/ae neeu, o.a. eiaaea
eiee/anoai euoueo ?aaioo ?aaii /eneo naiaiaeiuo ?aai/eo iano.
Anoanoaaiiue o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aei ecaanoiie
noaiaie iieiaeeoaeueiia yaeaiea, o.e. “o?eeoeeiiiui” aac?aaioiui ioaeii
a?aiy, /oiau iaeoe niioaaonoaothuea aaeainee, a “no?oeoo?iui”
aac?aaioiui o?aaoaony a?aiy, /oiau iiiaiyoue eaaeeoeeaoeeth a
niioaaonoaeai n iai?aaeaieyie iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e, /anoi,
aeaaea niaieoue ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, a e?aeia ?aaeeeo
neooaoeeyo, a yeiiiieea iaaethaeaaony aeaoeoeeo niaieoiiiai ni?ina e
aicieeaao oaeie o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu, eioi?ue ieaea anoanoaaiiiai
o?iaiy (iai?eia?, ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, eiaaea anoanoaaiiue
o?iaaiue aue ii?yaeea 3-4%, iio?aaiinoe aiaiiiai a?aiaie i?eaaee e
i?aeoe/anee iaia?aie/aiiiio ni?ino ia ?aai/oth neeo, iau/iui yaeaieai
noaea naa?oo?i/iay ?aaioa, a oaeaea niaianoeoaeuenoai). I?e/ai
anoanoaaiiue o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu ia n/eoaaony nai ii naaa
iinoiyiiui, ii iiaeaa?aaaony ia?aniio?o aneaaenoaea einoeoooeeiiaeueiuo
eciaiaiee (eciaiaieyo a caeiiao e iau/ayo iauanoaa). Iai?eia?, a 60-o
aa. iiiaea n/eoaee, /oi yoio iaecaaaeiue ieieioi o?eeoeeiiiie e
no?oeoo?iie aac?aaioeoeu ninoaaeyao 4% ?aai/ae neeu, a naaiaeiy ii
ninoaaeyao, ii iiaieth iiiaeo yenia?oia, i?eia?ii 6%. I?e/eiu eaaeao,
ai-ia?auo, a eciaiaiee aeaiia?aoe/aneiai ninoaaa ?aai/ae neeu, a
/anoiinoe, aeaiueiu e iieiaeua ?aai/ea, aeiey aac?aaioiuo n?aaee eioi?uo
o?aaeeoeeiiii aeiaieueii auniea, noaee ioiineoaeueii aieaa aaaeiui
eiiiiiaioii ?aai/ae neeu. Ai-aoi?uo, i?iecioee einoeoooeeiiaeueiua
eciaiaiey. Iai?eia?, i?ia?aiia eiiiainaoeee ii aac?aaioeoea auea
?anoe?aia eae a ioiioaiee eiee/anoaa ioaaouaaaiuo ath ?aaioieeia, oae e
ii ?acia?ai iiniaee. Yoi aaaeii iioiio, /oi eiiiainaoeee ii
aac?aaioeoea, ineaaeyy aa aeeyiea ia yeiiiieeo, iicaieytho aac?aaioiui
aieaa niieieii eneaoue ?aaioo e oai naiui oaaee/eaatho o?eeoeeiiioth
aac?aaioeoeo e iauee o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu. I?iaeaia caeeth/aaony a oii,
/oi nouanoaoao cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai ?aai/eo, eioi?ua aaconiaoii
iuoaynue iaeoe ?aaioo a oa/aiee eaeiai-oi ia?eiaea a?aiaie, oa?ytho
iaaeaaeaeo ia aa iieo/aiea. Oioy eiee/anoai oaeeo ?aai/eo ai a?aiy
niaaea aieueoa, /ai ai a?aiy i?ioeaaoaiey, ii ana aea caiaoiia
oaaee/aiea eo /enea ia iiaeao ia aucuaaoue iiaeic?aiee ia oaaee/aiee
caiyoinoe ia iaioeoeeaeueiii ?uiea aac?aaioeoeu. Aiieia aiciiaeii, /oi
/aeiaae, caiyoue i?iaeaaeae ia?eioeeia eee ?aaioathuee ia
Aeaoa?eiao?aneoth iaoeth, iaciaao naay “aac?aaioiui”. I?iaeaiu,
naycaiiua n ioeaieie o?iaiy aac?aaioeoeu e ii?aaeaeaieai o?iaiy
aac?aaioeoeu i?e iieiie caiyoinoe, ia aeieaeiu iaoaoue iiieiaieth
aaaeiie enoeiu: /?acia?iay aac?aaioeoea aea/ao ca niaie aieueoea
yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua ecaea?aeee. Aeaaiay “oeaia” aac?aaioeoeu –
iaauiouaiiay i?iaeoeoeey. Eiaaea yeiiiieea ia a ninoiyiee nicaeaoue
aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai ?aai/eo iano aeey anao, eoi oi/ao e iiaeao
?aaioaoue iioaioeeaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?ia e oneoa oa?yaony
aacaica?aoii. Ecaanoiue enneaaeiaaoaeue a iaeanoe iae?iyeiiiieee A?oo?
Ioeai iaoaiaoe/anee au?acee ioiioaiea iaaeaeo o?iaiai aac?aaioeoeu e
ionoaaaieai AII. Yoi ioiioaiea, ecaanoiia eae caeii Ioeaia, iieacuaaao,
/oi anee oaeoe/aneee o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu i?aauoaao anoanoaaiiue
o?iaaiue ia iaeei i?ioeaio, oi ionoaaaiea iauaia AII ninoaaeyao 2,5%.
Iai?eia?, a NOA a aiae niaaea (1983) o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu aeinoea 9,5%,
eee ia 3,5% aieueoa i?aaeiieaaaaiiai anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy a 6%. Oiiiaeea
yoe 3,5% ia eiyooeoeeaio Ioeaia (2,5), iieo/ei, /oi a 1983 a. ionoaaaiea
iauaia AII ninoaaeyei 8,75%.
Eaeineaineee aiaeec, ?anniio?aiiue auoa, eiioeaio?e?iaaeny aie?oa
i?iaeaiu niaieoiiuo ?anoiaeia eae iniiau, ii?aaeaeythuae iaoeeiiaeueiia
i?iecaiaenoai e caiyoinoue. I?inoaeoay eaeineaineay iiaeaeue iieacuaaao,
/oi a yeiiiieea iiaeao aicieeiooue eeai aac?aaioeoea (io?ua, aucaaiiue
niaaeii), eeai eioeyoeey (io?ua, aucaaiiue iiauoaieai oeai), ii
eioeyoeey e aac?aaioeoea iaeiia?aiaiii aicieeiooue ia iiaoo. Yoa
iiaeaeue aeaenoaeoaeueii iauyniyea iae?iyeiiiie/aneia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
a oa/aiea /aou??o aeanyoeeaoee aei 1970-o aa. Oi anoue “Aaeeeay
aeai?anney”, eioeyoeeiiiue aoi ia?eiaea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu,
aieueoeinoai ace?oia e iaaeaiee a yeiiiieea a 1950-1960-o aa. iiaee
auoue eioa?i?aoe?iaaiu e aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi iiiyou a ?aieao eiioaenoa
eaeineaineiai aiaeeca. Ii a 1970-o aa. iieiaeaiea eciaieeinue.
Ninouanoaiaaiea eioeyoeee e aac?aaioeoeu ( iaeiia?aiaiiia aic?anoaiea
aac?aaioeoeu e o?iaiy oeai) noaei iinoiyiiui yaeaieai e i?aa?aoeeinue a
aeaaioth iae?iyeiiiie/aneoth i?iaeaio 1979-o e ia/aea 1980-o aa. A yoi
a?aiy aeaaaeaeu eiaee ianoi ace?ou noaaoeyoeee 1973-1975 aa. e 1978-1980
aa., eioi?ua i?inoay eaeineaineay iiaeaeue ?anoiaeia iauynieoue ia
niiaea. Oi?iu?iiay iiaeaeue yoie caaeneiinoe au?aaeaaony a e?eaie
Oeeeeina, e eioi?ie yeiiiienou i?eoee ia iniiaa yiie?e/aneiai nai?a
aeaiiuo. Iniiaiuie iiiaioaie, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueie eiioeaioeeth e?eaie
Oeeeeina, yaeythony: a) ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoue ?uiea o?oaea e a)
ainiiaenoai ia ?uiea. ?aciiia?acea ?uieia o?oaea i?aaeiieaaaao
aiciiaeiinoue oiai, /oi ii ia?a ?inoa yeiiiieee iieiay caiyoinoue ia
iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooa iaeiia?aiaiii ia eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii ?uiea
o?oaea. A oi a?aiy eae aeey iaeieo niaoeeaeueiinoae a ioaeaeueiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ?aeiiao aoaeao iaaethaeaoueny iieiay caiyoinoue, e aeaaea
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiue ni?in, aac?aaioeoea aoaeao nio?aiyoueny aeey
ae?oaeo niaoeeaeueiinoae e ?aeiiia. Yoi ianiioaaonoaea icia/aao, /oi a
?anoouae yeiiiieea i?e iauai o?iaia aac?aaioeoeu a 7%, ni?in ia
iaeioi?ua aeaeu o?oaea a ioaeaeueiuo ?aeiiao ia aoaeao oaeiaeaoai??i,
/oi, anoanoaaiii auciaao caeanue ?ino ca?ieaou. *enoue ?acoeueoao aoaeao
ninoiyoue a iiauoaiee oeai, aeaaea anee yeiiiieea a oeaeii an? au?
ooieoeeiie?oao ia i?e iieiie caiyoinoe, o.e. ?aaeoeey ?uiea ia
caiieiaiea yoeo iano i?iecieae?o ia n?aco (o?aaothony a?aiy e ?ano?nu
aeey iao/aiey ?aai/eo e aac?aaioiuo yoei ?aaeeei niaoeeaeueiinoyi).
Aeiiieieoaeueiia, ii aieaa i?ioeai?a/eaia iauyniaiea e?eaie Oeeeeina
iniiauaaaony ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee i oii, /oi i?ionithcu e e?oiiue aecian
?aniieaaatho cia/eoaeueiie iiiiiieueiie e ee ?uii/iie aeanoueth aeey
iiauoaiey oeai e ca?ieaou e /oi yoo aeanoue iaiiiai eaa/a ?aaeeciaaoue,
ii ia?a i?eaeeaeaiey yeiiiieee e ninoiyieth iieiie caiyoinoe.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, naia noaia “iiaeoaeeeaaaiie ca?ieaoie” eioeyoeee
auaeyaeeo i?eaeeceoaeueii oae: ii ia?a i?eaeeaeaiey yeiiiieee e
ninoiyieth iieiie caiyoinoe ?aaioiaeaoaee eniuouaatho an? aieueoea
o?oaeiinoe a iieo/aiee iiauo eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo e i?ionithcu
noaiiayony an? aieaa aa?anneaiuie a naieo o?aaiaaieyo oaaee/aiey
ca?aaioiie ieaou. ?acoeueoaoii noaiiaeony ?anoouee o?iaaiue oeai ie?
ionoonoaee aeiiieieoaeueiiai niaieoiiiai ni?ina. Niauoey 70-o e ia/aea
80-o aa. i?inoi-iai?inoi i?ioeai?a/eee eaeaa aeueoa?iaoeaiie nayce
“o?iaaiue eioeyoeee – o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu”, aiieiu?iiie a e?eaie
Oeeeeina. Aeaiiua ca 1972-1974 aa. i?aaeiieaaatho a eo/oai neo/aa
niauaiea e?eaie Oeeeeina ai?aai, o.a. a iaiaa aeaeaoaeueiia iieiaeaiea,
aaea eaaeaeue iiaue o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu nii?iaiaeaeaaony aieaa
aunieei o?iaiai eioeyoeee (ni. i?eeiaeaiea ). Yeiiiienou eaeineaineiai
iai?aaeaiey iauyniytho i?ienoaaeoaa na?eae oieia i?aaeeiaeaiey, eee
oeaiiauo oieia (iie auee auaaaeaiu aeey NOA):
ae?aiaoe/aneia iiauoaiea oeai ia iaooue IIAE i?eaaei e ?inoo ecaea?aeae
i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee i?aeoe/anee anao oiaa?ia;
a 1972-1973 aa. neiaeeeenue e?oiiua aeaoeoeeou naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee, iniaaiii a Acee e NNN?, /oi ?acei oaaee/eei yenii?o
naeueoici?iaeoeoeee a yoe no?aiu, neaaeiaaoaeueii, oeaiu ia ia?
aic?inee;
i?iecioei iaanoeaieaaiea aeieea?a, /oi aucaaei ?aceea eciaiaiey a
yenii?oa-eiii?oa;
oi?acaeiaiea eiio?iey iaae ca?ieaoaie e oeaiaie, aaaae?iua
aaeieieno?aoeeae Ieeniia, o.e. iinea oi?acaeiaiey yoie nenoaiu
i?aaei?eieiaoaee auno?i acaeoee oeaiu, aeey oiai /oiau eiiiaine?iaaoue
oa iioa?e, eioi?ua iie iiianee ai a?aiy aeaenoaey eiio?iey;
aeaenoaiaaee oaeaea oiieea oaeoi?u, aeeth/aaoea oaiaeaioeee
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe e iaeeaeaiey, o.e. oaii ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
o?oaea ia/ae nieaeaoueny ia i?ioyaeaiee 60-o e anao 70-o aa. (i?e?ino
oaeaeueiuo o?oaeicao?ao, o.a. ecaea?aeae o?oaea ia aaeeieoeo auionea
i?eaeeceoaeueii oiaeaeanoaaiai ?acieoea iaaeaeo i?e?inoii iiieiaeueiuo
noaaie ca?ieaou e oaaee/aieai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea);
eioeyoeey 70-o aa. – yoi ii?iaeaeaiea eioeyoeee eiioea 60-o aa.,
eioi?ay, a naith i/a?aaeue, auea aucaaia ?acaeoouie aiaiiuie ?anoiaeaie
ia?eiaea aueaoiaineie aieiu.
Nieaeaiea niaieoiiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey aucuaaao i?iii?oeeiiaeueiia
eciaiaiea o?iaiy aac?aaioeoeu e o?iaiy oeai. Oi anoue ?anooo iaa
iieacaoaey, aeaaay a ?acoeueoaoa noaaoeyoeeth. *eneiaua ia?aiao?u
noaaoeyoeee 1973-1975 aa. auee aanueia cia/eoaeueiu. O?iaaiue
aac?aaioeoeu iiaenei/ee n 4,9% a 1973a. aei 8,5% a 1975a., aiany
nouanoaaiiue aeeaae a nie?auaiea ?aaeueiiai AII ia 49 ie?ae aeieea?ia. A
oi aea naiia a?aiy o?iaaiue oeai au?in ia 21%. Noaia noaaoeyoeee
1973-1975 aa. a iniiaiuo /a?oao iiaoi?eeanue a 1978-1980 aa. Ia yoio ?ac
aeaaioneia oaaee/aiea oeai ia iaooue IIAE aei 21 aeieea?a ca aa??aeue a
ni/aoaiee n ?inoii oeai ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou aeaei oie/ie
e ?inoo oeai ia 26%, oiaaea eae o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu iiaenei/ee n 6,1%
aei 7,6%. A oa/aiea yoiai o??oeaoiaai ia?eiaea AII oaaee/eaaeny ia
i/aiue ne?iiiua 2% a aiae. E 1988 a. noaaoeyoeey 70-o i?aeoe/anee nioea
ia iao. Aaaeiui niauoeai, eioi?ia i?aaeoanoaiaaei oaeie aeaaii?eyoiie
oaiaeaioeee aue aeoaieee niaae 1981-1982 aa., a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
aucaaiiue ae?noeie aeaiaaeiie iieeoeeie. Niaae i?ea?e e ?inoo
aac?aaioeoeu aei 9,2% a 1982 a. A oneiaeyo yeno?aiaeueiiai nie?auaiey
?uiea o?oaea ?aai/ea auee auioaeaeaiu i?eie?eoueny n nie?auaieyie
i?e?inoia eo iiieiaeueiie ca?ieaou – eee a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?eiyoue
aeaaea nie?auaiea ca?ieaou, – aeey oiai /oiau nio?aieoue ?aai/ea ianoa.
Oe?iu, a naith i/a?aaeue, auee auioaeaeaiu ia?aie/eoue iiauoaiea oeai,
aeey oiai /oiau oaea?aeaoue naith ioiineoaeueioth aeieth ?acei
naeaaoaainy ?uiea. A oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeu?ia
1983-1988 aa. eioeyoeey e aac?aaioeoea iaeiia?aiaiii nieaeaeenue. A
?onea o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iiiaoa?enoneeo e ia?iaeaeathueony iaieeanne/aneeo
eiioeaioeee auea auaeaeiooa e iiioey?ece?iaaia oai?ey Ieeoiia O?eaeiaia
ia aaeaioeaiuo iaeeaeaieyo. Oai?ey aaeaioeaiuo iaeeaeaiee i?aaeiieaaaao,
/oi a e?aoein?i/iii ieaia iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue aeueoa?iaoeaiinoue
eioeyoeee e aac?aaioeoeu, ii a aeieain?i/iii ieaia oaeie aeueoa?iaoeau
iao. Anyeay iiiuoea nieceoue o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu ieaea anoanoaaiiiai
i?eaiaeeo a aeaeaeaiea neeu, eioi?ua aeanoaaeeece?otho e?eaoth Oeeeeina
e naeaeaatho a? ai?aai. I?e yoii nouanoaotho aeaa i?eioeeia, iniiaaiiua
ia i?aeoe/aneeo iaaethaeaieyo: eiaaea aeaenoaeoaeueiue o?iaaiue
eioeyoeee auoa, /ai iaeeaeaaiue, o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu oiaae?o; a anee
oaeoe/aneee o?iaaiue eioeyoeee ieaea iaeeaeaaiiai, iiauoaaony o?iaaiue
aac?aaioeoeu. Aicieeea oaeaea oai?ey ?aoeeiiaeueiuo iaeeaeaiee, eioi?ay
ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi i?aaei?eieiaoaee, iio?aaeoaee e ?aai/ea iau/ii
iniciatho eae ooieoeeiie?oao yeiiiieea, e aeinoaoi/ii yooaeoeaii
eniieuecotho eiathuothny eioi?iaoeeth, aeey oiai /oiau caueoeoue naie
nianoaaiiua eioa?anu. Anee ainoaea?noai aaiaeeo noeioee?othuoth
iieeoeeo, ?aai/ea iaeeaeatho ?inoa eioeyoeee e iineaaeothuaai nie?auaiey
?aaeueiie ca?ieaou. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?aai/ea aeeth/atho yoo iaeeaeaaioth
eioeyoeeth a naie o?aaiaaiey iiauoaiey iiieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou.
Ca iineaaeiea o?e aeanyoeeaoey o?aeoiaee e?eaie Oeeeeina eciaieeenue
?aaeeeaeueii. Ia?aiia/aeueiay eaeay ia onoie/eaie aeueoa?iaoeaiinoe
aac?aaioeoeu e eioeyoeee onooieea ianoi iiaeoiaeo aaeaioeaiuo
iaeeaeaiee, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui iiaeiaiay aeueoa?iaoeaiay naycue
aiciiaeia eeoue a e?aoein?i/iii eioa?aaea, ii a aeieain?i/iii iia ia
nouanoaoao. Aicieeoay iicaeiaa oai?ey ?aoeeiiaeueiuo iaeeaeaiee
aeieacuaaao, /oi iae?iyeiiiie/aneea ?u/aae aeieaeiu eniieueciaaoueny
e?aeia inoi?iaeii, iineieueeo a? iineaaenoaey ca?aiaa o/eouaathony eae
?aai/eie, oae e ?aaioiaeaoaeyie. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaeaaony auaiae i
oii, /oi ieeaeie nayce iaaeaeo eioeyoeeae e aac?aaioeoeae ia nouanoaoao
(aeaaea e?aoeia?aiaiiie). Acyoua aianoa aeiioacu anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy
aac?aaioeoeu i?eaiaeyo e auaiaeo i oii, /oi iieeoeea iaiaa?e?iaaiey
ni?inii ia iiaeao iiaeeyoue ia iau?iu ?aaeueiiai auionea i?iaeoeoeee e
caiyoinoe a aeieain?i/iii ieaia, a aicaeaenoaoao eeoue ia o?iaaiue oeai.
Iaoiaeu einaaiiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaeiieaaatho
?aoaiea aeaiiie i?iaeaiu iooai noeioee?iaaiey aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe e,
niioaaonoaaiii, o?iaiy caiyoinoe. Ni a?aiai Aeae. I. Eaeina eeth/aaay
?ieue a eniieueciaaiee iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo ?u/aaia ioaiaeeony iaoaiecio
ioeueoeieeeaoi?a. Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee ecaanoii
iiiaeanoai ?aciiia?aciuo ioeueoeieeeaoeaiuo yooaeoia, eioi?ua
i?iiecuaatho ioaeaeueiua noa?u yeiiiieee.
Iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue aanue yeiiiie/aneee e?oaiiai?io, ia/eiathueeny
n ainoaea?noaaiiuo iae?iaicaeaenoaee e caaa?oathueeny i?e?inoii
/eneaiiinoe caiyouo (ni. i?eeiaeiiea 5). Iiaeiaiue aiaeec aace?oaony ia
ioneaaeeaaiee oeaii/ee ioeueoeieeeaoi?ia, caaeaenoaiaaiiuo a oeacaiiii
e?oaiiai?ioa. I?aaeaea anaai, ?a/ue eaeao i nouiinoe
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee, iiae eioi?ie iiieiaaony aiciiaeiinoue
ainoaea?noaa oi?aaeyoue iauaiii i?aaeeiaeaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu. Iaeiaei
a ?aaeueiinoe oaeia oi?aaeaiea iai?yioth iaaiciiaeii e inouanoaeyaony
einaaiiui ia?acii iin?aaenoaii yienneiiiiai iaoaiecia. Eiie?aoii
aeaiiay aeoeey ?aaeecoaony a aeaea yiennee eee aeaoacaa?aoeee
Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii no?aiu oae iacuaaaiuo oeaio?aeueiuo aeaiaa,
eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho iaee/iua ieaoaaee aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu.
Oaoie/anee auione eee eeeaeaeaoeey oeaio?aeueiuo aeaiaa inouanoaeyaony
ainoaea?noaii iooai i?iaaaeaiey Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii iia?aoeee ia
ioe?uoii ?uiea ii eoiea = i?iaeaaea oeaiiuo aoiaa; aiciiaeia e i?yiay
aeaiaaeiay yienney aaieiio (eee eo oie/oiaeaiea). Ia?ii?eyoey ii
oaaee/aieth iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia iaeiia?aiaiii iiaee?aieythony
iieeoeeie eeeaeaeiuo n?aaenoa, caeeth/athuaeny a no?iaie ?aaeaiaioaoeee
ii?iu ?aca?ae?iaaiey: aeiey n?aaenoa eiiia?/aneeo aaieia, o?aieiuo a
Oeaio?aeueiii aaiea aeaea oeaio?aeueiuo (iaee/iuo) aeaiaa, no?iai
ii?aaeaeaia. A yoii neo/aa aeaiaaeiay ianna neeaaeuaaaony ec
iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia e aaieianeeo aeaiaa (e?aaeeoia), oi anoue
aaciaee/iuo ieaoaaeae. Auione eiiia?/aneeie aaieaie “aooaaeoa?neeo”
(?an/aoiuo) aeaiaa no?iai eeieoe?iaai.
Oae eae aaieianeay nenoaia ?aaae?oao ia ?ino oaaee/aieai e?aaeeoia a
niioaaonoaee n eiyooeoeeaioii iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia, yoi iicaieyao
ainoaea?noao, caaeaenoaoy yooaeo e?aaeeoiiai ioeueoeieeeaoi?a,
iiauoaoue aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoioth aeoeaiinoue yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu a
iaiaoiaeeiuo aio ?acia?ao. ?acoiaaony, iiiaoa?iay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa
ia ia?aie/eaaaony ?aaoee?iaaieai aeaiaaeiuo ?aca?aia. Iineaaeiyy
i?aaeiieaaaao oaeaea aeoeaioth iieeoeeo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie, aaaaeaiea
eeieoia e?aaeeoiaaiey, i?aaeinoaaeaiea eueaio ii e?aaeeoai, auaeaeaiea
oeaeaauo e?aaeeoia, iiaeaea?aeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai niioiioaiey iaaeaeo
e?aoein?i/iuie e aeieain?i/iuie e?aaeeoaie, caeiiiaeaoaeueiua eciaiaiey
e ei??aeoe?iaee e?aaeeoiiai iaoaiecia e o.i. Eiaiii eiuaeoeey aeaiaaeiie
iannu ii?aaeaeyao iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa e eiaanoeoeee.
E /eneo ?u/aaia oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee ioiinyony
ainoaea?noaaiiua ?anoiaeu e iaeiaiaua noaaee. Iaieioee?oy aeaiiuie
aaee/eiaie, ainoaea?noai iiaeao aeeyoue ia o?iaaiue aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe
a no?aia, oai naiui oi?ie?oy iaiaoiaeeioth yeiiiie/aneoth n?aaeo aeey
?anoe?aiey caiyoinoe.
N iaoiaeieiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea a
ioee/ea io e?aaeeoii-aeaiaaeiie iieeoeee aeinoeaaao iinoaaeaiiie oeaee
aieaa “ei?ioeei” iooai, iai?yioth aicaeaenoaoy ia niaieoiiue auione.
Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi yeciaaiiua naeaeae a ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeao
e iaeiaiauo noaaeao i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia einaaiiia, a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaaeiie iannu a ia?auaiee. Oae,
iai?eia?, ?ino ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia iiaeao iie?uaaoueny eeai ca
n/ao aeaiaaeiie yiennee, eeai ca n/ao ?inoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa a
?acoeueoaoa inouanoaeaiey aioo?aiieo eee aiaoieo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
caeiia. Iiiaoa?iue oa?aeoa? oeneaeueiuo ecuyoee i/aaeaeai.
Iinea aieaa iiae?iaiiai aiaeeca nayce iaaeaeo o?iaiai auionea e iau?iaie
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, iiaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ioee/ea i?iaaaeaiiuo
oeneaeueiuo iino?iaiee io o?aaeeoeeiiiuo, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
caeanue ?anniao?eaaaony eciaiaiea noaaee naiiai iaeiaa, a ia aaee/eiu
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee. Iineaaeiee iiaeoiae i?aaeiieaaaao oae iacuaaaiue
iaooaeueiue (aeei?aeiue) iaeia, eioi?ue aeaao iaeio e oo aea aaee/eio
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee i?e ethaie aaee/eia aaeiaiai aioo?aiiaai
i?iaeoeoa e ia iicaieyao ?anniio?aoue ?ieue eiie?aoiiai
iae?iyeiiiie/aneiai ?u/aaa, eniieuecoaiiai ainoaea?noaii i?e i?iaaaeaiee
iieeoeee caiyoinoe. E?iia oiai, iaooaeueiue iaeia niioaaonoaoao
?aa?anneaiie iaeiaiaie nenoaia, a oi a?aiy eae aeey aieueoeinoaa
i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai oeie/iu i?ia?anneaiua eee i?iii?oeeiiaeueiua
(eae a iaoai neo/aa) nenoaiu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.
Auoa ?anniao?eaaeenue iineaaenoaey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee aeey
ianooaaia caiyoinoe e aac?aaioeoeu. Iaeiaei niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi
aiciiaeii aicieeiiaaiea aaaeiuo iiai/iuo yooaeoia a ?acoeueoaoa
caaeaenoaiaaiey iae?i?u/aaia. A /anoiinoe, iaeei ec aniaeoia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey – i?iaeaia naaeaine?iaaiiinoe
athaeaeaoa. A naaoa aeaiiie i?iaeaiu ana ainoaea?noaaiiua aicaeaenoaey
aeieaeiu aiaeece?iaaoueny n oi/ee c?aiey eo aeeyiey ia athaeaeaoiue
aeaoeoeeo. Aeinoaoi/ii i?inoi ioeaieoue eciaiaiey a noiia iaeiaiauo
ieaoaaeae, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e naeaeae a athaeaeaoiii aeaoeoeeoa.
I?e auai?a ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee caiyoinoe ana iae?iyeiiiie/aneea
aicaeaenoaey aeieaeiu auoue neii?aeeie?iaaiu oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ?ino
athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa aue ii aiciiaeiinoe ieieiaeueiui.
Ae?oaei aaaeiui ?acoeueoaoii noeioee?othuae ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee
yaeyaony ?ino iaoa?eaeueiuo cao?ao. I?e/ai i?e?inou cao?ao e aaeiaiai
aioo?aiiaai i?iaeoeoa naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie ioeueoeieeeaoeaiie
caaeneiinoueth. O/eouaay ia?aie/aiiinoue, a eiiaaea e ino?ue aeaoeoeeo
iiiaeo i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, a oaeaea enoiuaiea aeaenoaothueo nu?ueaauo
aac, eciioaiiinoue e aei?iaiaecio naycaiiuo n ieie eiiiaeeueiuo oiiaeia,
ioeaiea ?inoa iaoa?eaeueiuo cao?ao ai iiiaeo neo/ayo i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie iniaoth aaaeiinoue. Iaeaieueooth ?ac?aaioaiiinoue a iaoiaee/aneii
ioiioaiee aeaiiue aii?in iaoiaeeo a noaiao iaaeio?aneaaiai aaeaina.
Neacaiiia iicaieyao eo/oa iiiyoue ianoi oai?ee ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey caiyoinoe a iauae nenoaia iae?iiiaeaeae e iniciaoue
aa?iyoiinoue aicieeiiaaiey aiciiaeiuo ioeaie i?e i?iaaaeaiee eiie?aoiuo
i?iaiiciuo ?an/aoia a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo.
Iniaaiiinoe e i?iaeaiu ?inneeneiai ?uiea o?oaea
Iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u i?aiaeieaiey e?eoe/aneiai ninoiyiey ?uiea o?oaea a
?aaeiiao, auoaeathuea ec anaai eceiaeaiiiai, iiaoo auoue noi?ioee?iaaiu
a aeaea neaaeothuaai ia?a/iy caaea/.
1. Enoiaeeoue ec ia?ainoaiaiiie aaaeiinoe aaeaeaaoiie ioeaiee e
oi?ie?iaaiey ?aaeueiiai ni?ina ia o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu, ia iieaaaynue ia
o?aaeeoeeiiiue “cayai/iue” i?eioeei.
2. Nouanoaaiii iiauneoue aeieth oneoa, ieacuaaaiuo iaainoaea?noaaiiuie
no?oeoo?aie ia ?uiea o?oaea, i?aaeaea anaai ii niaeaenoaeth nicaeaieth
iiauo ia?niaeoeaiuo ?aai/eo iano e ia?aiiaeaioiaea eaae?ia n o/aoii
o?aaiaaiee.
3. Niaianoiuie oneeeyie ANC e eiiia?/aneeo oe?i, ?aaeiiaeueiuo
aiaeeoe/aneeo e ia?eaoeiaiauo neoaea auyaeyoue e nenoaiaoe/anee
ooi/iyoue ia?niaeoeaiua o?oaeiaeaoeoeeoiua noa?u ?aaeiiaeueiie
yeiiiieee, inouanoaeyoue iiieoi?eia aaeainee a ?ac?aca ?aaeiiaeueiuo
i?ei?eoaoia a iaiin?aaenoaaiiii eiioaeoa n ?aaioiaeaoaeyie.
4. Ii eeiee ?aaeiiaeueiuo aaeieieno?aoeee, a oaeaea annioeeaoeaiuo
no?oeoo? i?aaei?eieiaoaeae o?aaiaaoue io ?aaioiaeaoaeae ia?niaeoeaiua
ieaiu ia oieueei aunaiaiaeaeaiey, ii e i?eaia ?aaioieeia; ia yoie
iniiaa ?ac?aaaouaaoue naiaeiua ?aaeiiaeueiua i?ia?aiiu niaeaenoaey
caiyoinoe, aaeainu i?aaeeiaeaiey e ni?ina ?aai/ae neeu, ia?niaeoeaiua
i?ioanneiiaeueiua iiaeaee aeaoeoeeoiuo eaae?ia.
5. I?iaiaeeoue iieeoeeo eiioeaio?aoeee oeiainiauo ?ano?nia ?aaeiiia ia
i?ei?eoaoiuo o?oaeiaeaoeoeeoiuo noa?ao yeiiiieee, eeieth ia
i?eaea/aiea e ?ano?niiio iaania/aieth ia?aoaeaiey ?aai/ae neeu e?oiiuo
?aaeiiaeueiuo aaieianeeo e ei?ii?aoeaiuo no?oeoo?; noeioee?iaaoue
i?aaei?eyoey, ?aaioathuea “ia i?eai” eaae?ia e iaania/aiea eo caa?ocee.
6. Ia iniiaa i?eaea/aiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo oeiainiauo ?ano?nia e
oeo/oaiey eniieueciaaiey ?aaeiiaeueiuo oiiaeia caiyoinoe iinoaiaiii
ia?aoiaeeoue e iia?aaeathuae nenoaia i?ioanneiiaeueiiai iao/aiey,
i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia caiyoue eiioeiaaio (ii i?e iaee/ee /aoeie
eioi?iaoeee i aoaeoueo noa?ao o?oaeiono?ienoaa).
I?eeiaeaiey
PAGE 18
Iineianeee ainoaea?noaaiiue eeiaaenoe/aneee oieaa?neoao
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