Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ii iaoea e aunoae oeiea
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Eacaineee oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneee einoeooo
Eaoaae?a yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee
?aoa?ao ia oaio : Iiiaoa?eci eae oai?ey e i?aeoeea.
Auiieiee : THaeei A. A. nooaeaio 209 a?oiiu
I?iaa?ee : Aaaeoeeei E. E.
Eacaiue
20 aeaeaa?y 1994 aiaea
Iiiaoa?eci eae oai?ey e i?aeoeea.
Neiaeeaoayny iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eaeineaineay iiaeaeue
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iiaea auoue i?eaieaiie a oneiaeyo
aunieeo oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, onoie/eaie oaiaeaioeee e iiauoaieth
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea e oeo/oaiey yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aunieea oaiiu ?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea nicaeaaaee
iaoa?eaeueioth iniiao aeey aai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey aac oua?aa
iaeiieaieth eaieoaea. Iaeiaei a na?aaeeia 70-o aa. oneiaey
aini?iecaiaenoaa ?acei oooaeoeeenue. Aiciee yooaeo noaaoeyoeee, oiaee
oaiiu ?inoa. Yeiiiie/aneea ?aaeee 70-o aa. ii?iaa?aee aeneiiaoe/iue, n
oi/ee c?aiey iaieaeineaioeaa, caeii Oeeeeina, niaeanii eioi?iio
aac?aaioeoea e eioeyoeey yaeythony ia?aoiuie aaee/eiaie e ia iiaoo ?anoe
iaeiia?aiaiii. Aii?aee oai?ee Eaeina eioeyoeey nii?iaiaeaeaeanue
noaaiaoeeae i?iecaiaenoaa e ?inoii aac?aaioeoeu.
Iiiuoee acaiae?eoue yeiiiieeo iooai aeaoeoeeoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey e
yeniaineiienoeie iieeoeee e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo i?aaiia i?aa?aoeeenue a
iaoaieci iai?a?uaiie iaea/ee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e ?ane?o/eaaiey
eioeyoeeiiiie nie?aee. Oae, a 70–o aa. ainoaea?noai noieeioeinue n
o?oaeii ?ac?aoeiie i?iaeaiie: eae niinianoaiaaoue ?inoo i?iecaiaenoaa e
caiyoinoe, ia noeioee?oy i?e yoii eioeyoeeth, e eae ai?ioueny n
eioeyoeeae, ia i?aiyonoaoy i?e yoii ?inoo i?iecaiaenoaa e ia oaaee/eaay
aac?aaioeoeo? Eaeineaineay oai?ey ioaaoa ia yoe aii?inu ia iiaea
aeaoue.
A 70-a aa. yeiiiieea caiaaeiuo no?ai noieeioeanue ia oieueei n aeoaieeie
oeeeee/aneeie e?ecenaie e caoooaieai oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, ii e n
?yaeii no?oeoo?iuo e?ecenia: yia?aaoe/aneei, nu?ueaaui, yeieiae/aneei,
aaethoii-oeiainiaui e ae?. Ionthaea aicieeea iio?aaiinoue ia oieueei a
i?aiaeieaiee oeeeee/aneeo e?eceniuo iio?ynaiee, ii e a nu?ueaaie
no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieea yeiiiieee. Eiaiii iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aoaiey yoeo
caaea/ e ii?aaeaeeea niaea?aeaiea oi?ie?othuaeny iiaeaee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Oai?aoe/aneie iniiaie yoie iiaeaee
iineoaeeee eiioeaioeee iaieeanne/aneiai iai?aaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie
oai?ee, a /anoiinoe, oaeeo aa nia?aiaiiuo aa?eaioia, eae iiiaoa?eci,
oai?ee yeiiiieee i?aaeeiaeaiey e ?aoeeiiaeueiuo iaeeaeaiee.
Iiiaoa?iay iieeoeea – iaeei ec iniiaiuo iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo eino?oiaioia,
iie?athueeny ia niiniaiinoue aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu aeeyoue ia
aeaiaaeiia i?aaeeiaeaiea e niioaaonoaaiii ia noaaeo i?ioeaioa.
Iiiaoa?iay iieeoeea caieiaao nae/an, iiaeaeoe, iniiaiia ianoi a
eino?oiaioao iae?iyeiiiieee. I?eciaii, /oi iia aeaenoaoao aieaa auno?i e
yooaeoeaii, /ai oeneaeueiay iieeoeea. Iaeioi?ua oeieu a yeiiiie/aneie
oai?ee aeaaea n/eoatho, /oi oeneaeueiay iieeoeea aiiaua ia i?eiineo
ieeaeiai ?acoeueoaoa e anee oae i?iaiaaoue iiiiaaoue ?aaioa ?uii/iiai
iaoaiecia, oi oieueei n iiiiuueth iiiaoa?iie iieeoeee. E oaeei oeieai
ioiinyony iiiaoa?eci e oeiea ?aoeeiiaeueiuo iaeeaeaiee.
Iiiaoa?eci (I.O?eaeiai, O.Eaeaai, A.Iaeueooea?, O.Oaeae, 70-a – 80-a
aiaeu OO a.). Iniiauaaaony ia oai?aoe/aneii iieiaeaiee i
naii?aaoee?othuaeny yeiiiie/aneie nenoaia. Nooue – a aeaoo oacenao:
aeaiueae – aeaaiay aeaeaeouay neea ?uii/iie yeiiiieee;
oeaio?aeueiue aaie iiaeao aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia aeaiaaeiia i?aaeeiaeaiea.
I?aaeeiaaaony iiaeaea?aeeaaoue oaii i?e?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu ia o?iaia
3-5 % a aiae. A i?ioeaiiai neo/aa ia?ooaaony iaoaieci /anoiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ia?anoaao eioeyoeey. Aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiieeo
naiaeeony e iiaeaeaea?aeaieth iinoiyiiuo oaiiia ?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu.
A nayce n yoei ai iiiaeo no?aiao auei aaaaeaii oa?aaoe?iaaiea aeaiaaeiie
iannu (io aia. target – oeaeue), caeeth/aaoaany a onoaiiaeaiee oeaeaauo
i?eaioe?ia – iecoaai e aunoaai i?aaeaeia ?acee/iuo aeaiaaeiuo aa?aaaoia
ia i?aaenoiyuee ia?eiae (eaa?oae, aiae e o.i.). A NOA e O?A
oa?aaoe?iaaiea auei aaaaeaii a ia/aea 70-o aiaeia, Eaiaaea – a 1975a.,
O?aioeee e Aaeeeia?eoaiee – a 1978a. A aieueoeinoaa no?ai oa?aaoe?iaaiea
au?iaeeeinue a i?inooth oi?iaeueiinoue: “aeeee” i?aaeaeia ?inoa
aeaiaaeiie iannu iiaeaiiythony e oaeoe/aneei oaiiai aa ?inoa ca
i?aaeoanoaothuee ia?eiae, a ca ia?ooaiea yoeo i?aaeaeia oeaio?aeueiue
aaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia ianao.
Ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa.
Ni?in ia aeaiueae ii?aaeaeyaony oaie ooieoeeyie, eioi?ua iie auiieiytho
a yeiiiieea. Aeaiueae ioaeiu i?aaeaea anaai aeey oiai, /oiau
inouanoaeyoue iieoiee iaiaoiaeeiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa. Anee ?anooo
aeioiaeu, oi ?anooo e oeaiu. A ?acoeueoaoa ianaeaieth e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi iaiaoiaeeii aieueoa aeaiaa aeey inouanoaeaiey naieo
iia?aoeee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ni?in ia aeaiueae caaeneo e io ?acia?ia
aeioiaeia ianaeaiey. Aeaiueae ioaeiu e aeey oiai, /oiau eiaoue caianioth
noieiinoue, iaeaieeaaoue aeaiueae. Oaeei ia?acii, ni?in ia aeaiueae
ninoieo ec ni?ina ia aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai iaiaia e aaeeieoeu n/aoa e
ni?ina ia aeaiueae eae ia caianioth noieiinoue. E oio e ae?oaie i/aiue
/oanoaeoaeueiu e eciaiaieyi a oeaia iaeeaaoeee e ae?oaeo iaaeaiaaeiuo
aeoeaia. Anee iaeeaaoeee aoaeoo i?eiineoue aieaa aunieee i?ioeaio, /ai
i?inoia aeaaeaiea aeaiueaaie, oi ianaeaiea aoaeao i?aaeii/eoaoue
iieoieo iaeeaaoeee. Iu iiaeai naeaeaoue, neaaeiaaoaeueii, auaiae, /oi
ni?in ia aeaiueae aoaeao caaenaoue io oiai i?ioeaioa, eioi?ue
auiea/eaaaony ii aeaiaaeiui aeoeaai e io ?acia?ia iieo/aaiiai ianaeaieai
aeioiaea.
Ni?in ia aeaiueae – eiee/anoai aeaiaa, eioi?ia ianaeaiea e
i?aaei?eieiaoaee oioaee au eiaoue a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee a ianoiyuee
iiiaio a caaeneiinoe io eiathuaainy o?iaiy aeioiaeia e noaaee i?ioeaioa
ii aeaiaaeiui aeoeaai (a?aoee 1).
A?aoee 1. Ni?in ia aeaiueae.
Anee i?ioeaio, auiea/eaaaiue ii iaeeaaoeeyi, aoaeao aic?anoaoue, oi
ni?in ia aeaiueae aoaeao nie?auaoueny. E iaiai?io, anee noaaea
i?ioeaioa aoaeao iaaeaoue, oi ianaeaiea e i?aaei?eieiaoaee aoaeoo
i?aaeii/eoaoue o?aieoue e aea?aeaoue o naay a aeaea aeaiaa aieueooth
/anoue naiaai aeioiaea. Iii?iaoai iino?ieoue a?aoee ni?ina ia aeaiueae,
enoiaey ec i?aaeiieiaeaiey, /oi ianaeaiea iiaeao eiaoue aeioiae eeai a 1
o?eeeeii ?oaeae, eeai a 2 o?eeeeiia ?oaeae, ec eioi?uo /anoue aoaeao
o?aieoueny a aeaiueaao, a /anoue a iaaeaiaaeiuo aeoeaao. Aeiey aeaiaa,
o?aieiuo ianaeaieai, aoaeao caaenaoue, oaeei ia?acii, io i?ioeaioiie
noaaee ii iaaeaiaaeiui aeoeaai e ?acia?a aeioiaeia.
I?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa – eiee/anoai aeaiaa, i?aaeeaaaaiia oeaio?aeueiui
aaieii no?aiu ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea.
I?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea e?eaie ia a?aoeea,
aaea ia ai?eciioaeueiie ine ioeiaeaii eiee/anoai aeaiaa a ia?auaiee, eee
aeaiaaeiay ianna I2, a ia aa?oeeaeueiie ine aoaeao ioeiaeai o?iaaiue
noaaee i?ioeaioa ia iaaeaiaaeiua aeoeau, oaeea, eae iaeeaaoeee,
iai?eia?. Iaeeii e?eaie i?aaeeiaeaiey aoaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny oie
oeaeueth, eioi?oth noaaeo ia?aae niaie oeaio?aeueiue aaie a iaeanoe
aeaiaaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey. Anee oeaio?aeueiue aaie i?aaeii/eoaao
nio?aiyoue ii?aaeaeaiiia eiee/anoai aeaiaa a ia?auaiee, ia caaioynue i
noaaea i?ioeaioa, oi e?eaay aoaeao eiaoue aeae aa?oeeaeueiie i?yiie
eeiee, eae yoi iieacaii ia a?aoeea 2.
A?aoee 2. I?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa i?e iiaeaea?aeaiee noaaeeueiiai iaueaia
aeaiaaeiie iannu
Anee oeaio?aeueiue aaie noaaeo naiae oeaeueth nio?aiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiie
noaaee i?ioeaioa ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea, i?e ?aaiiaeooiii ioiioaiee e
eiee/anoao aeaiaa a ia?auaiee, oi i?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa aoaeao
i?aaenoaaeaii ai?eciioaeueiie i?yiie eeieae, ia?aeeaeueiie ine, ia
eioi?ie ioeiaeaii eiee/anoai aeaiaa a ia?auaiee, eae yoi iieacaii ia
a?aoeea 3.
A?aoee 3. I?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa i?e iiaeaea?aeaiee noaaeeueiie noaaee
i?ioeaioa
*oi aeeyao ia i?aaeeiaeaiea aeaiaa? E?aaeeoiay neoaia ono?iaia oaeei
ia?acii, /oi oeaio?aeueiue aaie ?aaoee?oao eiee/anoai ?aca?aia a
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie nenoaia e a ?acoeueoaoa aicaeaenoaoao ia aeaiaaeiia
i?aaeeiaeaiea.
Aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiay iieeoeea oeaio?aeueiuo aaieia. Niaieoiiinoue
ia?ii?eyoee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia eciaiaiea aeaiaaeiie iannu a ia?auaiee,
iauaia e?aaeeoia, o?iaiy i?ioeaioiuo noaaie e ae?oaeo iieacaoaeae
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey e ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia, iieo/eea iacaaiea
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee. Aa oeaeue caeeth/aaony a ?aaoee?iaaiee
oicyenoaaiiie eiiuthieoo?u iooai aicaeaenoaey ia ninoiyiea e?aaeeoa e
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiay iieeoeea iai?aaeaia eeai ia
noeioee?iaaiea e?aaeeoa e aeaiaaeiie yiennee (e?aaeeoiay yeniainey),
eeai ia eo naea?aeeaaiea e ia?aie/aiea (e?aaeeoiay ?ano?eeoeey). A
oneiaeyo iaaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaa e oaaee/aiey aac?aaioeoeu oeaio?aeueiua
aaiee iuoathony iaeeaeoue eiiuthieoo?o iooai ?anoe?aiey e?aaeeoa e
nieaeaiey ii?iu i?ioeaioa. I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi e?aaeeoiay yeniainey
iiaeao ieacaoue iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea ia aeeiaieeo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee,
iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in e niinianoaiaaoue auaaaeaieth yeiiiieee ec
e?eceniiai ninoiyiey. Iai?ieia?, yeiiiie/aneee iiaeuai iau/ii
nii?iaiaeaeaaony “ae?aeaaie ai?y/eie”, niaeoeyoeeae, ?inoii oeai,
ia?anoaieai aeeni?iii?oeee a yeiiiieea. A oaeeo neo/ayo oeaio?aeueiua
aaiee no?aiyony i?aaeioa?aoeoue “ia?aa?aa” eiiuthieoo?u i?e iiiiue
e?aaeeoiie ?ano?eeoeee: ia?aie/aiea e?aaeeoa, iiauoaiey i?ioeaioa,
naea?aeeaaiey oaiiia yiennee ieaoaaeiuo n?aaenoa e o.i. Oeaeue
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea – iaania/aiea
aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey oeiainiaiai eaieoaea. Yoa oeaeue
eiie?aoece?oaony a caaea/ao i?aaiia aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiiai eiio?iey:
niya/aiea eee ono?aiaiea oeeeee/aneeo eieaaaiee i?iecaiaenoaa e
caiyoinoe ?aai/ae neeu; ?aaoee?iaaiea oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa;
naea?aeeaaiea eioeyoeee; au?aaieaaiea ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina. Iiiuoee
ono?aieoue ei?aiiua i?ioeai?a/ey i?iecaiaenoaa n iiiiuueth
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee, eae i?aaeei, ia aeinoeaatho oeaee.
Iiyoiio aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiua ia?ii?eyoey aeiiieiythony i?yiuie oi?iaie
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a yeiiiieeo. Iaeiaei e a yoeo neo/ayo
oaeaaony eeoue niya/eoue ino?ioo e?eceniuo yaeaiee oeaiie
aeeni?iii?oeee a yeiiiieea. Aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiay iieeoeea ioee/aaony io
ae?oaeo iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey einaaiiui oa?aeoa?ii
aicaeaenoaey ia i?ioeann aini?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaia
neaaeothuay noaia ?aaoee?iaaiey: aeaiaaeiay ianna – ii?ia i?ioeaioa –
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey – iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae. Oeaio?aeueiue aaie iuoaaony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii eciaiyoue oieueei iauai aeaiaaeiie yiennee e e?aaeeoa.
Yoe iia?aoeee aeeytho ia ?uiie nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia, /oi iaoiaeeo
au?aaeaiea a aeeiaieea ii?iu i?ioeaioa. O?iaaiue i?ioeaioa, ii iiaieth
iaeioi?uo yeiiiienoia, aaaeai aeey eiaanoe?iaaiey eaieoaea. Eciaiyy
oneiaey eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, oeaio?aeueiua aaiee a eiia/iii n/aoa
ieacuaatho aeeyiea ia i?iecaiaenoai e caiyoinoue. Eiaiii oaeoth noaio
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey auaeaeioe a 30-o aiaeao OOa.
ao?aeoaciue yeiiiieno Aeae.I.Eaein. Ia?ae/iui iauaeoii ?aaoee?othueo
ia?ii?eyoee oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea neoaeeo ia aeaiaaeiay yienney eee iauai
e?aaeeoa, a aaee/eia noii ia ?aca?aiuo n/aoao e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee a
yoii aaiea. Iaaeaeo ?acia?ii ?aca?aia e e?aaeeoiuie iia?aoeeyie aaieia
nouanoaoao acaeiinaycue, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i ieieiaeueiuo ii?iao iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia. N
?inoii aeaiiceoia (a oii /enea iieiuo aeeaaeia) noiia ?aca?aia aeieaeia
aic?anoaoue. Iiyoiio, anee a oiaea e?aaeeoiie yeniainee o aaieia
ia?acoaony iaaeinoaoie n?aaenoa ia ?aca?aiii n/aoa, iie auioaeaeaiu
caoi?iiceoue eee i?ae?aoeoue auaea/o iiauo e?aaeeoia, i?iaeaoue /anoue
ii?ooaey oeaiiuo aoiaa e i?eiyoue ae?oaea ia?u aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey
niioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?aca?aaie e ?acia?ii naieo iia?aoeee. Yoi iiaeao
i?eaanoe e caiaaeeaieth e aeaaea i?ae?auaieth ?inoa aaieianeeo
e?aaeeoia. Iai?eia?, anee aaiee ?aniieaaatho ecauoeii n?aaenoa ia
?aca?aiii n/aoa (ii n?aaiaieth n ii?iaie ?aca?aia), iie eiatho
aiciiaeiinoue ?anoe?eoue e?aaeeou e nicaeaaaoue iiaua aeaiiceou. A eoiaa
i?eoie aaieianeiai eaieoaea ia ?uiie oaaee/eaaaony. ?aaoee?oy ?aca?aioth
iiceoeeth aaieia, oeaio?aeueiue aaie iuoaaony aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia
ninoiyiea ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia.
Iaoiaeu aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee aeaeyony ia aeaa a?oiiu: iauea,
aeeythuea ia ?uiie nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia a oeaeii, e naeaeoeaiua,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey eiie?aoiuo aeaeia e?aaeeoa eee
e?aaeeoiaaiey ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae, e?oiiuo oe?i e o.ae. E iauei
iaoiaeai ioiinyony: o/aoiay (aeeneiioiay) iieeoeea; iia?aoeee ia
ioe?uoii ?uiea; eciaiaiea ii?i iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia.
O/aoiay iieeoeea – noa?aeoee iaoiae e?aaeeoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey: iia
i?eiaiyeanue Aaieii Aiaeee n na?aaeeiu OIOa. Yoio iaoiae aue naycai n
i?aa?auaieai oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea a e?aaeeoi?a eiiia?/aneeo aaieia.
Iineaaeiea ia?ao/eouaaee o iaai naie aaenaey eee iieo/aee e?aaeeou iiae
nianoaaiiua aeieaiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa. Iiauoay noaaeo ii e?aaeeoai,
oeaio?aeueiue aaie iiaoaeaeae ae?oaea e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey nie?aoeoue
caeinoaiaaiey. Yoi cao?oaeiyei iiiieiaiea ?aca?aiuo n/aoia, aaei e
iiauoaieth i?ioeaioiuo noaaie e a eoiaa e nie?auaieth e?aaeeoiuo
iia?aoeee. Anee oeaio?aeueiue aaie nieaeae ia?ao/aoioth noaaeo, ii
iaeaa/ae aeey eiiia?/aneeo aaieia iiiieiaiea ?aca?aiuo n/aoia e oai
naiui iiiu?ye e?aaeeoioth yeniaineth. Aaaeiinoue ia?ao/aoiuo iia?aoeee
ii?aaeaeyaony i ioiineoaeueiie naiaiaeie ia?aaeaeaeaiey eaieoaeia
iaaeaeo no?aiaie : iiauoaiea ia?ao/aoiie noaaee iiiiaaao i?eaea/ue a
no?aio eiino?aiiua eaieoaeu e oiaiueoeoue aeaoeoeeo ieaoaaeiiai
aaeaina; nieaeaiea noaaee niinianoaoao ioeeao eaieoaeia ec no?aiu.
Ia?aie/aiea aeaeaeaiey eaieoaeia e e?aaeeoia ineaaeyao yooaeoeaiinoue
ia?ao/aoiie iieeoeee e a yoie iaeanoe. A 30 – 40 aiaeao oeaio?aeueiua
aaiee i?iaiaeeee ?aeiiaiaeiaaiioth Eaeinii iieeoeeo “aeaoaauo
aeaiaa”, oi anoue ieceeo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie e iaeeueiiai e?aaeeoa. A
Aaeeeia?eoaiee n 1932 ii 1951 aiae ia?ao/aoiay noaaea nio?aiyeanue ia
o?iaia 2 %, a NOA n 1937 ii 1948 a. – 1 % . Aieueooth ?ieue a
iiaeaea?aeaiee ieceeo noaaie nua?aei no?aieaiea iaania/eoue
e?aaeeoiaaiea eacia/aenoaa ia eueaioiuo oneiaeyo a ia?eiae e iinea
Aoi?ie Ie?iaie aieiu. N 50-o a. ai iiiaeo no?aiao aiiaue aic?iaeeeanue
aeoeaiay o/aoiay iieeoeea. Iaeiaei a oeaeii cia/aiea yoiai iaoiaea
?aaoee?iaaiey ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie nieceeinue.
Iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea caeeth/athony a iieoiea eee i?iaeaaea
oeaio?aeueiui aaieii ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa, aaieianeeo
aeoeaioia e ae?oaeo e?aaeeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa ii ?uii/iiio eee ca?aiaa
iauyaeaiiiio eo?no. A neo/aa iieoiee oeaio?aeueiue aaie ia?aaiaeeo
niioaaonoaothuea noiiu eiiia?/aneei aaieai, oaaee/eaay oai naiui inoaoee
ia eo ?aca?aiuo n/aoao. I?e i?iaeaaea oeaiiuo aoiaa oeaio?aeueiue aaie
nienuaaao noiiu n yoeo n/aoia. Oaeei ia?acii, oeacaiiua iia?aoeee
eniieuecothony eae iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey ?aca?aia aaieia, a oaeaea
i?ioeaioiuo noaaie e eo?na ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa. Oaaee/aiea
?uiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeeaaoeee e ia?aoiae e aeoeaiie iieoiea
oeaio?aeueiuie aaieaie a 40-o aiaeao OOa. nicaeaee i?aaeiinueee aeey
i?aa?auaiey iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea a aeaaiue iaoiae
aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee. Yoe iia?aoeee oe?iei i?eiaiythony a NOA,
Aaeeeia?eoaiee, Eaiaaea, Aiaae?aiea eo a ae?oaeo no?aiao oi?iiceony
ionoonoaeai oai aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieiai e aeoeaiiai ?uiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo
iaeeaaoeee; n 50-o aiaeia i?eiaiythony a O?A, Ieaea?eaiaeao, ssiiiee,
neaiaeeiaaneeo no?aiao.
Eciaiaiea ii?i iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia, o?aieiuo e?aaeeoiuie
o/?aaeaeaieyie a oeaio?aeueiii aaiea, – iaoiae i?yiiai aicaeaenoaey ia
aaee/eio aaieianeeo ?aca?aia. Aia?aua yoio iaoiae aue aaaaeai a NOA a
1933 a. Iuia ii eniieuecoaony ai iiiaeo no?aiao. A aeiiieiaiea e iauei
iaoiaeai aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a i?aeoeea oeaio?aeueiuo
aaieia i?eiaiythony naeaeoeaiua. E eo /eneo ioiinyony: i?yiia
ia?aie/aiea ?acia?ia aaieianeeo e?aaeeoia; eiio?ieue ii ioaeaeueiui
aeaeai e?aaeeoia. I?yiia ia?aie/aiea ?acia?ia aaieianeeo e?aaeeoia
i?eiyei oi?io onoaiiaeaiey i?aaeaeueiuo eeieoia ii o/aoo aaenaeae aeey
ioaeaeueiuo aaieianeeo o/?aaeaeaiee. Eiio?ieue ii ioaeaeueiui aeaeai
e?aaeeoia /anoi i?aeoeeoaony ii e?aaeeoai iiae caeia ae?aeaauo oeaiiuo
aoiaa, ii iio?aaeoaeueneei nnoaeai ia iieoieo oiaa?ia a ?ann?i/eo, ii
eiioa/iiio e?aaeeoo. ?aaoee?iaaiea iio?aaeoaeueneiai e?aaeeoa iau/ii
aaiaeeony a ia?eiaeu iai?yaeaiey ia ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia, eiaaea
ainoaea?noai no?aieony ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoue yoe eaieoaeu a iieueco
i?ei?eoaoiuo io?aneae eee ia?aie/eoue iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in.
A 70 – 80-o aiaeao i?iecioee aaaeiua eciaiaiey a aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie
iieeoeea. Iau/ii oeaio?aeueiua aaiee i?e ii?aaeaeaiee eo?na iieeoeee
eniieueciaaee a ea/anoaa i?eaioe?a aeaiiua ia o?iaia e aeeiaieea
i?ioeaioiuo noaaie. Iiaeiaiay i?aeoeea niioaaonoaiaaea aeiaiai
eaeineaineie yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee i eeth/aaie ?iee i?ioeaioa a
eiaanoeoeeiiiii i?ioeanna. Iiae aeeyieai eaeae iaieeanne/aneiai
iai?aaeaiey a ao?aeoaciie iieeoyeiiiiee oeaio?aeueiua aaiee n na?aaeeiu
70-o aiaeia aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeytho ?aaoee?iaaieth aaee/eiu e oaiiia
?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu. Niaeanii oai?ee iiiaoa?ecia aeaaiie i?oaeeiie
oeeeee/aneeo eieaaaiee eiiuthieoo?u e eioeyoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna
yaeythony aanii?yaei/iia eciaiaiea aeaiaaeiie iannu.
A?aieoeu aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Oeaio?aeueiua aaiee iiaoo
ieacuaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiia aeeyiea ia ninoiyiea ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia e
/a?ac iaai – ia yeiiiieeo. Ii iie ia niiniaiu i?aiaeieaoue
caeiiiia?iinoe aini?iecaiaenoaa, ii?iaeaeathuea e?eceniua niaaeu e
ae?oaea ia?ooaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Aeaenoaeyi oeaio?aeueiuo
aaieia i?enoue i?ioeai?a/ey, oae eae iie iai?aaeaiu iaeiia?aiaiii ia
aeinoeaeaiea ?acee/iuo, /anoi ianiaianoeiuo oeaeae. Oaeaoaaeaiea
e?aaeeoa e iiiuoee noeioee?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai, eae i?aaeei,
niinianoaotho ia?ooaieth i?iii?oeee a oicyenoaa e oneeeaatho eioeyoeeth.
Iieeoeea aeanoeiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu ia aeaao aeaeaaiuo
?acoeueoaoia, oae eae eioeyoeey – neiaeiue iiiaioaeoi?iue i?ioeann,
eioi?ue iaaiciiaeii naea?aeaoue aeaiaaeiuie ia?aie. A oneiaeyo
aaethoiiai e?ecena e iaaeaiey eo?nia aaetho oeaio?aeueiua aaiee
iuoathony oeo/oeoue ninoiyiea ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina iooai iiauoaiey
i?ioeaioa e i?eaea/aiey a no?aio eaieoaeia. Oaei?iaeaiea e?aaeeoa
i?ioeai?a/eo i?eaioaoeee ia ?ino i?iecaiaenoaa.
?aaiiaanea ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea – ?aaainoai eiee/anoaa i?aaeeaaaaiuo
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea eiee/anoao aeaiaa, eioi?ua
aeaeatho eiaoue o naay ianaeaiea e i?aaei?eieiaoaee. Ia a?aoeea 4
?aaiiaanea aoaeao io?aaeaii ia?ana/aieai e?eauo ni?ina ia aeaiueae e
i?aaeeiaeaiey aeaiaa a oi/ea A.
A?aoee 4. ?aaiiaanea ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea.
I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi ?aaiiaanea ni?ina e i?aaeeaeiaeaiey aeinoeaiooi i?e
noaaea i?ioeaioa, ?aaiie 12 %, e aeaiaaeiii i?aaeeiaeaiee, ?aaiii 200
ie?ae.?oa. *oi i?iecieaeao, anee noaaea i?ioeaioa a yoeo oneiaeyo
nieceony aei 8 % ? Nieaeaiea noaaee i?ioeaioa ia iaaeaiaaeiua aeoeau
i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi ianaeaiea e i?aaei?eieiaoaee aoaeoo no?aieoueny
aieueoa inoaaeoue aeaiaa o naay. Ni?in ia aeaiueae aic?anoao. A ioaao
ia iiauoaiea ni?ina aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiay nenoaia aoaeao no?aieoueny
caiyoue aieueoa ?aca?aia o oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea. Noaaea ii e?aaeeoai
oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea au?anoao, iineieueeo eiee/anoai aeaiaa,
i?aaeeaaaaiuo aaieii, inoaiaony i?aaeiei. ?ino noaaee ii e?aaeeoai
oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea i?eaaaeao e oiio, /oi au?anooo noaaee ii
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui aoiaaai. A eoiaa noaaea n 8 % iiaeieiaony aiiaue aei
12 % . ?aaiiaanea aoaeao ainnoaiiaeaii.
Iaoaieci aicaeaenoaey iiiaoa?iie iieeoeee ia iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo.
Iiiaoa?iay iieeoeea aace?oaony ia o?ao e?aaoaieueiuo eaiiyo. Ai-ia?auo,
ia aiciiaeiinoe oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia noaaeo
i?ioeaioa /a?ac ioeueoeieeeaoeeiiiia oaaee/aiea eee nie?auaiea
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Ai-aoi?uo, ia nayce noaaee i?ioeaioa n
ieaie?oaiuie eiaanoeoeeyie. A-o?aoueeo, ia ioeueoeieeeaoeeiiiii
aicaeaenoaee ieaie?oaiuo eiaanoeoeee ia iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo.
Naycaiiua aiaaeeii yoe o?e ninoaaeythuea iiiaoa?iie oiieeoeee ia?acotho
oae iacuaaaiue o?aenienneiiiue iaoaieci, /a?ac eioi?ue iiiaoa?iay
iieeoeea ieacuaaao aicaeaenoaea ia iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo, caiyoinoue e
o?iaaiue oeai.
Iiiaoa?iay iieeoeea ia/eiaaony n ii?aaeaeaiey caaea/ i?aaeoaeuenoaii e
oeaio?aeueiui aaieii a iaeanoe noaaeeecaoeee yeiiiieee.Anee yeiiiieea
iaoiaeeony a ?aoeannee, oi oeaio?aeueiue aaie aoaeao oaaee/eaaoue
aeaiaaeiia i?aaeeiaeaiea, anee yeiiiieea iaoiaeeony a oaca iiaeueaia n
aieueoei o?iaiai eioeyoeee,oeaio?aeueiue aaie iiaeao aua?aoue iieeoeeo
nie?auaiey aeaiaaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey. ?anniio?ei yeniaineiienoeoth
iiiaoa?ioth iieeoeeo, eiaaea oeaio?aeueiue aaie i?eieiaao ?aoaiea
noeioee?iaaoue yeiiiieeo /a?ac ?ino aeaiaaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey. I?eiya
?aoaiea oaaee/eoue aeaiaaeiia i?aaeeiaeaiea ni 100 ie?ae.?oa. aei 300
ie?ae.?oa. oeaio?aeueiiio aaieo iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeey yoiai ia/aoaoue
iiaua aeaiueae. Anee i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi aeaiaaeiue ioeueoeieeeaoi?
?aaai 10, oi oeaio?aeueiue aaie i?aaeinoaaeo aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie
nenoaia aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?aca?aia ia noiio a 20 ie?ae. ?oa., aueoiea
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua iaeeaaoeee, o?aiyueany o oie aea aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie
nenoaiu. Oaaee/aiea ?acia?ia ia 20 ie?ae. ?oa. i?eaaaeao e oaaee/aieth
aeaiaaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey ia 200 ie?ae.?oa. ni 100 ie?ae.?oa. aei 300
ie?ae.?oa. i?eaaaeao e iaaeaieth noaaee i?ioeaioa n 12 aei 4 %.
Nie?auaiea noaaee i?ioeaioa n 12 aei 4 % i?eaaaeao e oaaee/aieth
ieaie?oaiuo eiaanoeoeee ia 100 ie?ae.?oa. i?e ioeueoeieeeaoi?a
eiaanoeoeee ?aaiii 3, oaaee/aiea ieaie?oaiuo eiaanoeoeee ia 100
ie?ae.?oa. i?eaaaeao e oaaee/aieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa ia 300
ie?ae.?oa.
Oi/ii oae aea aoaeao ?aaioaoue iaoaieci e a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaiee, eiaaea
aeaiaaeiia i?aaeaeiaeaiea aoaeao nie?auaoueny. Ii iu ?anniio?aee iauoth
noaio aai ?aaiou. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aeeyiea iiiaoa?iie iieeoeee ia
yeiiiieeo a e?aoein?i/iue e aeieain?i/iue ia?eiaeu ?acee/ii.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue auoa, oaaee/aieth aeaiaaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey a
eaeineaineie iiaeaee ?aaoee?iaaiey ioaiaeeeanue ooieoeey noeioeyoi?a
?aaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. ?ino aeaiaaeiie iannu niinianoaoao iiieaeaieth
i?ioeaioa, noeioee?oao eiaanoeoeee, i?iecaiaenoai e caiyoinoue.
A ioee/ea io eaeineaioeaa iiiaoa?enou n/eoatho, /oi eciaiaiea aeaiaaeiie
iannu ia aeeyao ia ?aaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai e caiyoinoue, a i?eaiaeeo
eeoue e eciaiaieth oeai. A e?aoein?i/iii ieaia ?ino aeaiaaeiiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey, aaconeiaii, niinianoaoao oaaee/aieth iaueaiia
i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei aeieaia?aiaiiue yooaeo niaa?oaiii eiie.
Oaaee/aiea aeaiaaeiie iannu iiaeoaeeeaaao ?ino oeai, a yoi aaaeao e
oaaee/aieth i?ioeaioiuo noaaie, o.a. iu eiaai eioeyoeeiiiue ?ino
i?ioeaioa.
Oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa aeaiaa o ianaeaiey, aeeyy ia ?ino ?anoiaeia,
ia?aiii/aeueii noeioee?oao i?iecaiaenoai. Iaeiaei caoai, aneaaenoaea
?inoa oeai, ?aaeueiia eiee/anoai aeaiaa o ianaeaiey (a ?an/aoa ia oeaiu
oiaa?ia) oiaiueoaaony, ainnoaiaaeeaaaony ia?aiia/aeueiue o?iaaiue ni?ina
e i?iecaiaenoaa, ii oaea i?e aieaa aunieeo oeaiao.
Yooaeo oaaee/aiey oieueei oeai a ioaao ia oaaee/aiea aeaiaaeiiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey a aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea iieo/ee iacaaiea i?eioeeia
iaeo?aeueiinoe aeaiaa. I?eioeei iaeo?aeueiinoe aeaiaa – ?acoeueoao
eciaiaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu a aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea, caeeth/athueeny a
ionoonoaee eciaiaiee a ?aaeueiii iaoeeiiaeueiii i?iaeoeoa, caiyoinoe,
noaaea i?ioeaioa e eiaanoeoeeyo i?e oaaee/aiee oieueei oeai. I?e/ai
oaaee/aiea iiieiaeueiiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa ca n/ao oieueei ?inoa
oeai aoaeao i?ienoiaeeoue i?iii?oeeiiaeueii oaaee/aieth aeaiaaeiie
iannu. Iai?eia?, anee aeaiaaeiay ianna aic?anoao ia 50 %, oi ia 50 %
aic?anooo e oeaiu.
Oaeei ia?acii, yeniaineiienoneay aeaiaaeiay iieeoeea, i?eaiaeyuay a
e?aoein?i/iii ieaia e ?inoo i?iecaiaenoaa e nie?auaieth aac?aaioeoeu, a
aeeeoaeueiie ia?niaeoeaa iai?a/eaaaony noaaiaoeeae i?iecaiaenoaa e
oaaee/aieai aac?aaioeoeu. Iiyoiio, aianoi aeene?aoeeiiiie iieeoeee
?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu e aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, iiiaoa?enou
i?aaeeaaatho i?iaiaeeoue iieeoeeo aeaiaaeiiai oa?aaoe?iaaiey, nooue
eioi?ie caeeth/aaony a no?iaii neaaeiaaiee oaiiai ?inoa aeaiaaeiie
iannu, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony ia iniiaa i?ioeuo aeieaia?aiaiiuo
oaiaeaioeee aeeiaieee i?iecaiaenoaa, aeaiaaeiie iannu e nei?inoe
ia?auaiey aeaiaa.
No?iai eiio?iee?oaiue ?ino aeaiaaeiie iannu e ia?auaiey aoaeao
niinianoaiaaoue eciaiaieth no?oeoo?u ioiineoaeueiuo oeai, oaaee/eo
noaiaiue niioaaonoaey no?oeoo? ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyao niaieoiioth caiyoinoue. Iaeeaeaiey noaaeeueiuo oeai a
ni/aoaiee n aeaeie ca?aaioiie ieaoie iicaieyo oicyenoaothuei aaaioai
i?eieiaoue yeiiiie/anee iainiiaaiiua e yooaeoeaiua ?aoaiey.
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