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Кейнсианская революция (Д. Кейнс Общая теория занятости, процента и денег)

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Ieienoa?noai iauaai e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey

?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee

E?eooneay ainoaea?noaaiiay yeiiiie/aneay aeaaeaiey

Oaeoeueoao onei?aiiie iiaeaioiaee

Eaoaae?a «Yeiiiie/aneay oai?ey»

Niaoeeaeueiinoue «Oeiainu e e?aaeeo»

EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA

Eniieiee: Ai?iiaiiaa

Ieueaa Ai?eniaia

I?iaa?ee: __________________

___________________________

___________________________

a.E?eoone

1997 a.

1. Iee?i- e iae?iyeiiiieea.

Iioaeeeiaaiiue a 1936 aiaeo aeaaiue o?oae Aeae.Eaeina «Iauay oai?ey
caiyoinoe, i?ioeaioa e aeaiaa» ciaiaiiaae niaie ?aaiethoeeiiiue
ia?aai?io a ?acaeoee yeiiiie/aneie iunee. Aaoi? a i?aaeeneiaee
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao naie iaoiae eeanne/aneiio ianeaaeeth A.Nieoa e
Ae.?eea?aei.

Iauee yeiiiie/aneee aiaeec Aeae.Eaeina yaeeny neaaenoaeai aia?aua oiaaea
i?iecaaaeaiiiai, noaaoaai oaia?ue oaea i?eau/iui, aeaeaiey iaoee ia
iee?i- e iae?iyeiiiieeo. Iiiaea ioeaee yeiiiienoia aeieaeineaineie yiioe
i?ienoaeaee ec eo iiiuoie aeaoue iee?iyeiiiie/aneea ioaaou ia
iae?iyeiiiie/aneea aii?inu. Eaein iieacae, /oi yeiiiieea no?aiu a
oeaeii ia iiaeao auoue aaeaeaaoii iienaia a oa?ieiao i?inouo ?uii/iuo
ioiioaiee. Eaeino i?eiaaeeaaeeo ioe?uoea oiai, /oi oaeoi?u, oi?aaeythuea
«aieueoie» yeiiiieeie, ia yaeythony i?inoi oaaee/aiiie aa?neae oaeoi?ia,
oi?aaeythueo iiaaaeaieai aa «iaeuo» /anoae. ?acee/ea iaaeaeo iee?i- e
iae?inenoaiaie i?aaeii?aaeaeyao ?acieoeo a iaoiaeao aiaeeca. Aeae.Eaein
n/eoaaony nicaeaoaeai nenoaiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee.

Eeanne/aneay oai?ey aac?aaioeoeu.

Iuoaynue iiiyoue i?e/eiu aeai?annee 29-32 aa., Eaein ?aoeoaeueii ioaa?a
iau/iua iauyniaiey «eeanneeia» n i?eaea/aiea e?eauo D-S (
ni?ina-i?aaeeiaeaiey ) ia ?uiea o?oaea e «i?aiyonoaeyie», iaoathueie
ii?iaeueiiio ooieoeeiie?iaaieth naiaiaeiiai eiieo?aioiiai ?uiea. A
?aieao e?eauo D-S e eaoaai?ee /anoe/iiai ?aaiiaaney iao e iaiaea ia
naaaeaiea anao ?uieia aiaaeeii, eae neacaee au oaia?ue, a «aaeeiia
yeiiiie/aneia i?ino?ainoai». Aieiaiea Eaeina inoaiiaee i/aaeaeiue,
eacaeinue au, oaeo: aac?aaioeoea aicieeaao eae neaaenoaea ianiiniaiinoe
e iaaeaeaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iieoiaoaeae a niaieoiiinoe eoieoue ana,
/oi auianaii ia niaieoiiue ?uiie, e oai naiui i?aaeinoaaeoue anai
aeaeathuei ?aaioaoue – ?aaioo. Neaaeoy yoie iunee ii iauaaeeiee naith
iiaeaeue aa?aae?iaaiiiai ni?ina ( AD ) n ?uii/iuie iiiyoeyie D-S e?eauo.
A yoii niune e oeaeue aai «Iauae oai?ee». Ioee/ii iiieiay oao, eoi
ooaa?aeaeae, /oi iinoaiaiii nieaeay oeaiu e ca?ieaoo iiaeii a eiioea –
eiioeia aeinoeaiooue iieiie caiyoinoe, Eaein ?ac ca ?acii iiaoi?ye: «A
eiioea eiioeia iu ana oi?ai». Ii ?anniao?eaae iiaeaeue yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaiu, eioi?ay ca aeinoaoi/ii ei?ioeee io?acie a?aiaie i?eoiaeeo a
?aaiiaanea, aoaeo/e auaaaeaiiie ec iaai. Aai ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
i?aaeoaeuenoao a yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea – a ia?eiae niaaea
oeaeaiai?aaeaiii nicaeaaaoue athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo, ?anoiaeiaaoue
aieueoa, /ai nia?aii iaeiaia – ia auee ioe?iaaieai aeey «eeanneeia», e
eo aieueoa oaeeaeei oi, /oi eceiaeaiiia a «Iauae oai?ee» e ie/aai
iiaiai, ii eo iiaieth, a ieaia ?aoeaioia ia niaea?aeauaa, aae?oa noaei
iacuaaoueny «iiaie yeiiiieeie».

Ni?in ia o?oae ii?aaeaeyaony ni?inii ia eiia/iue i?iaeoeo yoiai o?oaea,
oae eae ia naiaiaeiii ?uiea iiaeii i?iaeaoue eeoue oi, ia /oi anoue
ni?in, a ia oi, /oi au iiaeaoa i?aeiaeeoue aeey i?iaeaaee. E /ai auoa
ni?in ia i?iaeoeo o?oaea, oai auoa aai ?uii/iay oeaia e oai auoa ni?in
ia o?oae, eioi?ue yoio oiaa? i?iecaiaeeo. Ni?in ia o?oae – yoi oa oeaia,
eioi?oth iaieiaoaeue niaeanai caieaoeoue ca eaaeaeue /an o?oaea, iieoiay
caaeaiiia aai eiee/anoai. *ai auoa oeaia, iacia/aaiay i?iaeaaoeii –
?aai/ei, oai iaiueoaa eiee/anoai aai aoaeao eoieaii. Ni?in – yoi e?eaay
ni?ina a eii?aeeiaoao: eiee/anoai iieoiaaiuo /ania ( inue aanoeenn ) e
oeaia – ca?aaioiay ieaoa, a aeieea?ao ca /an ( inue i?aeeiao). ssnii,
/oi, eae e anyeay e?eaay ni?ina, iia eaeao naa?oo – aiec – iai?aai.
Oaaee/aiea ni?ina – yoi ?ino oeaiu ca eaaeaeue /an o?oaea, e iaiai?io.
Ni?in ia o?oae caaeneo io aai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe e ?uii/iie oeaiu
eiia/iiai i?iaeoeoa; ii ?anoao eee iaaeaao aianoa n ieie.

Iniiaiay i?iaeaia ethaiai iaieiaoaey – yoi ii?aaeaeeoue, neieueei /ania
o?oaea ii iiaeao eoieoue ( neieueei ?aai/eo iaiyoue ). I?e yoii ii
aeieaeai o/eouaaoue caeii oauaathuae aeioiaeiinoe: /ai aieueoa /ania
o?oaea aeiaaaeaii e eiathuaiony o iaai oeene?iaaiiiio eiee/anoao caeaiee
e iai?oaeiaaiey ( iniiaiie eaieoae ), oai iaiueoaa eiee/anoai eiia/iiai
i?iaeoeoa iieo/aaony ia eaaeaeue aiiaue aeiaaaeaiiue /an o?oaea, oioy
iauaa eiee/anoai i?iaeoeoa i?e yoii iai?a?uaii aic?anoaao. Eiee/anoai
i?iecaaaeaiiiai ca 1 /an i?aaeaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa, oiiiaeaiiia ia aai
?uii/ioth oeaio, ii?aaeaeyao i?aaeaeueioth noieiinoue i?iaeoeoa, e
iaieiaoaeue ia iiaeao caieaoeoue ?aaioathuaio oeaio ( ca?aaioioth ieaoo
) auoa yoie oeaiu. Yoei ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoai /ania o?oaea, eioi?ia
ii eoieo.

I?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea, oi anoue eiee/anoai oiaa?a, eioi?ia aai
aeaaeaeueoeu aeaeatho i?iaeaoue, oai aieueoa, /ai auoa aai oeaia. Eaaei
oynieoue, /oi ca 7 aeieea?ia a /an anaaaea iaeaeaony aieueoa aeaeathueo
auiieieoue ii?aaeaeaiioth ?aaioo, /ai oo aea ?aaioo – ca 5 aeieea?ia a
/an, e cia/eo e?eaay i?aaeeiaeaiey a oao aea eii?aeeiaoao ( eiee/anoai
o?oaea – oeaia ) aeieaeia eaeoe nieco – aaa?o – iai?aai.

Ecauoie o?oaea

W2

W3

Q1 Q2 Q3

?en.1

I?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea ia aeaiiii eiie?aoiii ?uiea, iai?eia?, a
i?iecaiaenoaa aaeineiaaeia, iiaeao oianoue, anee ?yaeii ioe?iaony
aaoiiiaeeueiue caaiae e «caaa?ao» /anoue ?aai/eo. E?eaay i?aaeeiaeaiey
naeaeiaony aeaai – oeaia ca /an aic?anoao. Iaiai?io, anee aaoiiiaeeueiue
caaiae cae?iaony, oi /anoue ?aai/eo n iaai caoi/ao ia?aeoe ia
aaeineiaaeiue caaiae, e i?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea ia yoii ?uiea aic?anoao.
E?eaay i?aaeeiaeaiey naeaeiaony ai?aai – oeaia ca /an oiaaeao.

Eceiaeaiiua niia?aaeaiey, oi anoue neooaoeeth ia iaeioi?ii ?uiea o?oaea
eeethno?e?oao ?en.1, aaea Q icia/aao eiee/anoai ?aai/eo ( /anu,
aeaeaiiua ia i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai aeiy ) W – ca?aaioiay ieaoa,
aeiee.//an, D e S – e?eaua ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey. Eae e ia ethaii
naiaiaeiii ?uiea, ie iaeei i?iaeaaaoe e ie iaeei iieoiaoaeue ia niiniaai
iiaeeyoue ia oeaio – e?eaua D e S a aeaiiue iiiaio ia aeaiiii ?uiea
iaiiaeaeaeiu, e ?aaiiaaniua cia/aiey oeaiu e eiee/anoaa ii?aaeaeythony
oi/eie ia?ana/aiey e?eauo ( W, Q ). Anee eoi-oi caoi/ao iieo/eoue aieaa
aunieoth ca?aaioioth ieaoo W, oi aicieeiao ecauoie i?aaeeiaeaiey Q3 – Q1
, e anaaaea iaeaeoony oaeea ?aai/ea, eioi?ua niaeanyony ?aaioaoue ca
iaiueooth ieaoo. Yoio ecauoie aoaeao aeaaeoue ia ca?ieaoo aiec e iia
aa?iaony e ?aaiiaaniiio cia/aieth W. Iaiai?io, anee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue
caoi/ao iiieceoue ca?aaioioth ieaoo aei aaee/eiu W, oi iiyaeony
iaaeinoaoie i?aaeeiaeaiey Q3 – Q1, eioi?ue aoaeao aeaaeoue ia ca?ieaoo
aaa?o, e ?aaiiaanea iiyoue aoaeao ainnoaiiaeaii.

?en. 2

?aaiiaanea icia/aao ionoonoaea ia aeaiiii ?uiea o?oaea aac?aaioeoeu:
ana, eoi oioae iieo/eoue ?aaioo ca ?aaiiaanioth ca?ieaoo, aa iieo/ee.
Oa, eoi oi/ao iieo/eoue aieueooth ieaoo, euoo aa. Anoue e ae?oaea
eaoaai?ee ethaeae, eioi?ua oioaee au ?aaioaoue ii iaeio, ii ia eiatho
i?aaa, iai?eia?, ia aeinoeaoea 16 eao, eee oaeea, eoi ia eiaao ?aaiou e
ia aeaaeaeao aa, oioy yaeyaony ?aaioiniiniaiui e ia caiyo a aeiiaoiai
oicyenoaa ( «ae/e», «aiiaee» … ). Yoio eiioeiaaio ethaeae ia?acoao
ieieiaeueiue, ieeiaaea ia en/acathuee o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu, eioi?ue ii
?aciui ioeaieai eieaaeaony a i?aaeaeao 3-5 % io anao niiniaiuo e ?aaioa
ii iaeio.

Niaeanii eeanne/aneei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, aac?aaioeoea ( i?aauoaiea iaae
ieieiaeueiui, «anoanoaaiiui» o?iaiai ) aicieeaao a ?acoeueoaoa
ia?aie/aiee, iaeeaaeuaaaiue ia naiaiaeiue eiieo?aioiue ?uiie o?oaea. Ia
?en.2 e ?en.3 iieacaiu 2 oa?aeoa?iuo iaoaiecia aicieeiiaaiey
aac?aaioeoeu.

?en.3

Ionoue, iai?eia?, eae yoi eeethno?e?oao ?en.2, i?aaeoaeuenoai a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea onoaiaaeeaaao ieieiaeueiue o?iaaiue
ca?aaioiie ieaou W2 ( a 1938 a. ii ninoaaeye 0,25 aeiee.//an, a 1977 a.
– 2,3 aeiee.//an), eioi?ue i?aauoaao ?aaiiaaniue o?iaaiue W1 aeey
aeaiiiai ?uiea. Aicieeaao ecauoie ?aai/ae neeu: i?iecaiaeeoaeue iiaeao
iaiyoue oieueei Q1 /aeiaae, /enei aeaeathueo iaiyoueny ia oaeoth
ca?ieaoo ninoaaeyao Q3 /aeiaae, /enei oaieaiiuo ?aaii Q2 – Q1, a /enei
aac?aaioiuo ninoaaeo Q3 – Q1 ( oioyo iaiyoueny, ii ia iiaoo). Oaeei
ia?acii Q1 /aeiaae oeo/oeee naia iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea ca n/ao Q2 –
Q1 /aeiaae, iioa?yaoeo ?aaioo.

?en.3 eeethno?e?oao neooaoeeth, eiaaea ?aaeaiaioe?oaony ea/anoai
aeeeeuiuo oneiaee ?aai/eo-iea?aioia. Iineieueeo iaieiaoaeue auioaeaeai
ianoe aeiiieieoaeueiua ecaea?aeee ii oeo/oaieth aeeeeuiuo oneiaee, ii
nieaeaao ia aaee/eio yoeo ecaea?aeae naie ni?in ia ?aai/oth neeo, oae
/oi e?eaay ni?ina naeaeaaaony ec iieiaeaiey D1 a iieiaeaiea D2.
Iieiaeaiea ?aaiiaaney ia?aoiaeeo ec oi/ee (W2, Q2) a oi/eo (W1, Q1),
oaieaii aoaeao Q2 – Q1 /aeiaae, iaiyouo inoaiaony Q1 /aeiaae, a /enei
aeaeathueo iaiyoueny ca oeaio W3 e aeeoue a i?aaeieo oneiaeyo ninoaaeo
Q3 /aeiaae, oae /oi /enei aac?aaioiuo ninoaaeoue Q3 – Q1 /aeiaae.

Ethaua ?aaeaiaioaoeee, iaeeaaeuaaaiua ia naiaiaeiue ?uiie o?oaea ecaia,
a oaeaea ?aniaua, iieeoe/aneea, ?aeeaeiciua aa?uea?u, ?aaii eae e
aa?uea?u, naycaiiua n iieii ?aaioathuaai e iiiaea ae?oaea,
ia?aie/eaathuea, cao?oaeiythuea naiaiaeiia ia?aiauaiea ?aai/ae neeu
iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie ?uieaie, i?eaiaeyo e aicieeiiaaieth aac?aaioeoeu,
eioi?ay i?e eo ono?aiaiee ?aeaene?oao e ieieiaeueiiio, «anoanoaaiiiio
o?iaith» – oaeiaa oi/ea c?aiey «eeanneeia» ia i?e/eiu aac?aaioeoeu.

3. Oee?eoeyoeeiiiue iioie e ?aaiiaanea.

*oiau ia caoaiiyoue iniiaioth eaeath, eneeth/ei aia/aea ainoaea?noai (G)
ec yeiiiieee, oioy iioii iii noaiao ea?aoue ?ieue aeaeaeouae a
eaeineaineie oeeinioee. Eoae, any yeiiiieea, a iia any – /anoiay, oae
eae ainoaea?noaa iao, ?acaeaeyaony ia 2 oeia noauaeoia: «/anoieeia» (
households ) e «oe?iu». Nooue ia a oii, eae iie iacaaiu, a a oii, eaeiau
eo ooieoeee. *anoieee iio?aaeytho oiaa?u e oneoae, i?iecaiaeeiua
oe?iaie, e ioaeatho ei naie o?oae e eaieoae a aeaea no?iaiee e ae?oaeo
aeaa, eioi?uie iie aeaaeatho. Yeiiiieea no?aiu nin?aaeioi/aia, oaeei
ia?acii, ia aeaoo iiethnao, /oi noaiaoe/anee ecia?aaeaii ia ?en.4.

?en.4
?en.5

Yoi – aa?oa?iay iiaeaeue yeiiiieee, a eioi?ie iao aeaiaa, a anee eo a
iaa ia aaiaeeoue, oi a iae ieeiaaea ia iiyayony ie ia?ai?iecaiaenoai
oiaa?ia ie ecauoie ?aai/ae neeu. Ia o?iaia iaoo?aeueiiai iaiaia a
oee?eoeyoeeiiiii iioiea ia aicieeatho ie o?iiau ie ooa/ee: nieaiua
iao?oeu ana ?aaii i?ioooioo, iino?iaiiua e ia canaeaiiua aeiia –
naietho, e naie o?oae y oiaea ia iiao iaeiieoue ai?ie.

Aa?oa?iue, iaoo?aeueiue iioie oiaa?ia e oneoa iai?a?uaai, e AEai Aaoeno
Nye ( 1767 – 1832 ) au?acee yoi iaeiie o?acie: «I?aaeeiaeaiea oiaa?a
?iaeaeaao ia iaai ni?in». E oio aea Nye io/aoeeai iiieiae, /oi aeaiueae
ii?ieeaeuaatho yoo ecyuioth oi?ioeo. ?en.5 iieacuaaao, /oi aeaeatho
aeaiueae: ca oiaa?u e oneoae, iieo/aaiua io oe?i, /anoiee ?aniea/eaaaony
aeaiueaaie ( i?aaay e?aeiyy no?aeea aiec ) , iieo/aiiuie io oao aea oe?i
( eaaay e?aeiyy no?aeea aaa?o ) ca i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ei o?oae e eaieoae.

*oi aea eciaieeinue n aaaaeaieai aeaiaa? I/aiue iiiaia. Oaa?ai
aioo?aiiea no?aeee – inoaeenue oieueei aeaiaaeiua iioiee, eae iieacaii
ia ?en.6

?en.6

Ieeoi oaia?ue ia i?eoiaeeo n eiiaoie e i?aaeeiaeaieai au?uoue yio a
iaiai ia nieaiua iao?oeu. I?eoiaeyo n aeaiueaaie e iieoiatho iao?oeu. Ii
iiaoo e ia i?eeoe, e ia eoieoue, a naa?a/ue, iaeiieoue. Inoaoueny aac
iao?oeia, ii n aeaiueaaie, ia?aie/eoue naie iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in ( N
), ii iaeiieoue naa?aaeaiey ( S ). I?e yoii aa?aae?iaaiiue ni?in ( AD )
ia oiaiueoeony, ii oe?iu ia niiaoo i?iaeaoue ana, /oi iie i?iecaaee –
aanue aaeiaie iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo ( GNP ) ca au/aoii aii?oecaoeee (
A ), oi anoue oi, /oi a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee iacuaaaony iaoeeiiaeueiui
aeioiaeii ( Y ). Iie niiaoo i?iaeaoue oiaa?ia e oneoa oieueei ia
aaee/eio iio?aaeoaeueneeo cao?ao /anoieeia ( C ). Oaeei ia?acii,
naa?aaeaiey ( S ) yaeythony ii nouanoao ecuyoeai, iooieii n?aaenoa ec
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea, anee oe?iu aoaeoo, i?eaioe?oynue ia oiaaoee
ni?in ( C), nie?auaoue i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?ia e oneoa. Iie iiaoo,
iaeiaei, i?iecaanoe eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey, eiaanoeoeee ( I ), a
oi/iinoe iie?uaathuea iooie ( S ), e oiaaea aaee/eia oee?eoeyoeeiiiiai
iioiea nio?aieony iinoiyiiie. I?eoie eaieoaeia ecia?aaeai ia ?en.6
aoiaeyuae a iioie no?aeeie.

Eoae, oneiaey iae?iyeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney ninoiyo a ?aaainoaa
aa?aae?iaaiiiai ni?ina iaoeeiiaeueiiio aeioiaeo.

AD = Y

i?e/ai yoe aaee/eiu iiaoo auoue ?aceiaeaiu ia naie ninoaaeythuea

AD = C + S, Y = C + I

oae, /oi oneiaea ?aaiiaaney iiaeao auoue caienaii oaeaea a aeaea

I = S.

4. Iae?iyeiiiie/aneea ia?aiaiiua e ioeueoeieeeaoi? Eaeina.

Aaaaeaiiua iae?iyeiiiie/aneea ia?aiaiiua Y, AD, C, S, I acaeiinaycaiu
ae?oa n ae?oaii, e e?iia oiai eaaeaeay ec ieo caaeneo aua io ?yaea
oaeoi?ia, eee nee, ia aioaaeoeo a yoio nienie. A ea/anoaa aeaaiie,
«iacaaeneiie» ia?aiaiiie neaaeoao i?eiyoue iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae Y,
iineieueeo yoi iniiaiie iieacaoaeue ninoiyiey yeiiiieee e aaaeiaeoee
ecia?yaiue oaeoi?. Oaeea iiiyoey, eae niaae, iiaeuai io?aaeatho
aeeiaieeo eciaiaiey i?aaeaea anaai yoie ia?aiaiiie. ?anniao?eaay neeu,
eioi?ua i?eaiaeyo e onoaiiaeaieth a aeaiiue iiiaio ii?aaeaeaiiiai o?iaiy
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea, Eaein aaiaeeo ooieoeeth iio?aaeaiey C eae
caaeneioth io Y ia?aiaiioth: C = C(y), io?aaeathuoth iio?aaeoaeueneea
?anoiaeu /anoieeia, eo iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in.

Iauee aeae yoie ooieoeee, iiieii noaoenoe/aneeo ?an/aoia, iiaeii
auynieoue, caiaoea, /oi iio?aaeaiea ?anoao aianoa n aeioiaeii e ia
iiaeao aai i?aauoaoue. Yoa ooieoeey i?aaenoaaeaia ia ?en.7, aaea
i?iaaaeaiiay oaeaea i?yiay iiae oaeii a 45( e inyi, eioi?ay a oneiaeyo
?aaiiaaney ( Y = AD ) ecia?aaeaao aa?aae?iaaiiue ni?in AD eae ooieoeeth
aeioiaea Y.

?en. 7

Ec i?eaaaeaiiuo ?aiiaa niioiioaiee neaaeoao oaeaea, /oi aa?oeeaeueiue
io?acie, ?aaiue ?aciinoe AD e C i?e caaeaiiii Y, niioaaonoaoao aaee/eia
naa?aaeaiee ( iaeiieaiee ) S. Iino?iaiiay ioaeaeueii ia ?en. 8-9 a
caaeneiinoe io Y iia iacuaaaony ooieoeeae iaeiieaiee: S = S(y).

Iaeeii, oi/iaa oaiaain oaea iaeeiia ooieoeee N e S e ine Y, ( aeey
iiaeaeueiuo «e?eauo», ecia?aaeaiiuo i?yiuie aeey i?inoiou, ii iaeeiaeia
ai anao oi/eao) iieo/ee iniaia iacaaiea: «i?aaeaeueiay neeiiiinoue e
iio?aaeaieth» (MPC) e «i?aaeaeueiay neeiiiinoue e iaeiieaieth» ( MPS ).
Ec ?enoieia aeaeii, /oi

MPC = DC/DY, MPS = DS/DY, MPC + MPS = I.

?en. 8
?en. 9

Aeaeaa aaiaeeony aaee/eia, ia?aoiay MPS, oi anoue eioaiaain oaea iaeeiia
ooieoeee S, e aaea aeey iaa – iacaaiea : ioeueoeieeeaoi? Eaeina m. Eoae,

m = DY/DS = I/MPS = 1/(I – MPC).

Niune iacaaiey ( iiiaeeoaeue, a yeiiiieea eo/oa oneeeoaeue ) noaiiaeony
iaiaaeeaiii ynai i?e ?anniio?aiee ?en.8 e 9. Ia ieo a aeaea
ai?eciioaeueiie eeiee ?aniieiaeaia ooieoeey eiaanoeoeee I, i?e/ai
ai?eciioaeueiinoue eeiee, icia/athuay iacaaeneiinoue eiaanoeoeee io
aeioiaea Y, neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eeoue eae iiaeaeueiia oi?iuaiea,
aua?aiiia aeey iiyniaiey iniiaiie eaeae. A eiaiii, eae aeaeii ec
?enoieia, oaaee/aiea naa?aaeaiee ia 1 aeieea? oiaiueoaao iaoeeiiaeueiue
aeioiae ia m aeieea?ia, e oaaee/aiea eiaanoeoeee ia 1 aeieea?
oaaee/eaaao aai ia m aeieea?ia. E iaiai?io, oiaiueoaiea iaeiieaiee ia 1
aeieea?, oaaee/eaaao iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae ia m aaeeieoe, a oiaiueoaiea
eiaanoeoeee ia 1 aeieea? oiaiueoaao aai ia m aaeeieoe. Iaiiiiei. *oi
?aaiiaaniay aaee/eia iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea niioaaonoaoao oi/ea
ia?ana/aiey ooieoeee iaeiieaiey S e eiaanoeoeee I.

5. I?e/eiu aac?aaioeoeu ii Eaeino.

Eae ana yoi naycaiii n aac?aaioeoeae? Ia ?en.10 a i?aaenoaaeaia e?eaay,
naycuaathuay o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu U ( a i?ioeaioao ) n o?iaiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea Y ( a aeieea?ao , eioi?oth iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue eae i?eaieaioth iiaeaeue oaeie nayce a e?aoein?i/iii
ieaia. Iia i?inoi io?aaeaao oio i/aaeaeiue oaeo, /oi /ai aieueoa aoaeao
i?iecaiaeeoueny oiaa?ia e oneoa, oai aieueoa aeey eo i?iecaiaenoaa
iio?aaoaony ?ano?nia, aeeth/ay ?aai/oth neeo, a neaaeiaaoaeueii o?iaaiue
aac?aaioeoeu iaaeaao, anee iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae ?anoao. Niaeanii
«eeanne/aneie» oi/ea c?aiey ( /enoua ?uii/ieee ), yeiiiieea aoaeao
no?aieoueny e ?aaiiaaniiio ninoiyieth, eioi?ia niioaaonoaoao
ieieiaeueiiio o?iaith aac?aaioeoeu U a ?acoeueoaoa oiai, /oi n ?inoii
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea ?aaeueiay ca?ieaoa aoaeao nieaeaoueny aei
naiaai ?aaiiaaniiai cia/aiey ia anao ?uieao o?oaea. Ii Eaeino aea, e a
yoii ninoieo iaeei ec aeaaiuo iiiaioia aai oai?ee, ?aaiiaaniue o?iaaiue
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea ( Y1 ia ?en.10 b) , oi anoue iae?iyeiiiie/aneia
?aaiiaanea, niioaaonoaoao oneiaeth ?aaainoaa eiaanoeoeee I naa?aaeaieyi
S. I?e yoii iieiay caiyoinoue iiaeao e ia aeinoeaaoueny, eeai iioiio,
/oi «/anoieee» neeoeii iiiai ioeeaaeuaatho ( iio?aaeytho neeoeii iaei),
eeai iioiio, /oi «oe?iu» ia eiatho iaiaoiaeeiuo noeioeia aeey
aeinoaoi/iuo eiaanoeoeee a i?iecaiaenoai, iaania/eaathuaa iieioth
caiyoinoue.

?en. 10

Iiauoaiea o?iaiy eiaanoeoeee e nieaeaiea o?iaiy iaeiieaiee
ioeueoeieeeaoeaii oaaee/eaaao iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae e nieaeaao
o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu. A yoii eaaei oaaaeeoueny, caiaoea, /oi oi/ea
?aaiiaaney ia ?en.8 e 9 naeaeaaaony oiaaea ai?aai e, niaeanii ?en.10 a,
oi/ea U1 iioneaaony ii e?eaie aiec. «Aieueoa o?aoeoue!» – aio iniiaiie
?aoeaio i?ioeaaoaiey.

Eaein caieiaaony a iniiaiii aac?aaioeoeae, iineieueeo yoa i?iaeaia auea
aeaaiie a 30-50-o aiaeao. Iaeiaei iicaeiaa yeiiiienoai, a oii /enea e
iineaaeiaaoaeyi Eaeina, i?eoeinue noieeiooueny e n ae?oaie i?iaeaiie –
eioeyoeeae, ?inoii oeai, eioi?ay iniaaiii ino?i anoaea ia?aae
Niaaeeiaiiuie Ooaoaie ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 60-o aiaeia. E oioy i?iaeaio
eioeyoeee aeinoaoi/ii o?oaeii ano?ieoue a eaeineaineoth iae?iyeiiiieeo,
oai ia iaiaa iineaaeiaaoaee Eaeina aeieacuaaee, noi iineieueeo ?ino
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea e aa?aae?iaaiiiai ni?ina oieeaao yeiiiieeo e
iieiie caiyoinoe, oi o?iaaiue eioeyoeee i?e yoii aeieaeai ?anoe. A
ea/anoaa i?aaaeiiiaeiaiie iiaeaee oaeie nayce iaaeaeo o?iaiai
aac?aaioeoeu U e o?iaiai eioeyoeee i iie i?aaeeaaaee ?anniao?eaaoue oae
iacuaaaioth «e?eaoth Oeeeeina», ecia?aaeaiioth ia ?en.11 e iacaaiioth
oae ii eiaie i?aaeeiaeeaoaai aa aaoi?a.

?en. 11

E?eaay eiaao aeae aeia?aieu, oi anoue io?aaeaao ia?aoii
i?iii?oeeiiaeueioth naycue iaaeaeo eioeyoeeae e aac?aaioeoeae: /ai ieaea
o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu ( auoa caiyoinoue ) , oai auoa o?iaaiue eioeyoeee
( ?ino oeai). Ia inoaiaaeeaaynue ia i?aaaeiiiaeiaiuo, ii ioithaeue ia
i?yiuo e aannii?iuo niia?aaeaieyo, iieiaeaiiuo a iniiao yoie
ecia?aoaiiie Oeeeeinii nayce, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ethaia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ieacuaaaony ia?aae ia ?aoaaiie a i?eioeeia i?iaeaiie
iaeiia?aiaiiiai iaocaeaiey e aac?aaioeoeu e eioeyoeee. E oiaaea iii
aeieaeii iaoiaeeoue nioeeaeueii i?eaieaiue eiii?iienn, niiniau e
n?aaenoaa nioeeaeueiie caueou.

6. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee.

A naiaiaeiii iauanoaa n ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee
ainoaea?noaii aiciiaeii eeoue n iiiiuueth oeiainiaie iieeoeee, ii ia
i?eioaeeoaeueiui, «ieaiiaui» ?ani?aaeaeaieai ?ano?nia. Eeth/aaui
iiiyoeai oeiainiaie iieeoeee yaeythony iaeiae ( T ) e ainoaea?noaaiiua
?anoiaeu ( G ); aaee/eia ?aciinoe yoeo aaee/ei, D = G – T, iacuaaaiay
athaeaeaoiui aeaoeoeeoii, ea?aao aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a iaua ioeaiea
aeaenoaee i?aaeoaeuenoaa.

A aeiaaeueiie ea?oeia oee?eoeyoeeiiiiai iioiea iaeiae e ainoaea?noaaiiua
?anoiaeu iiaeii ecia?aceoue, aaaaey aeiiieieoaeueiue iooie aaee/eiie a O
aeieea?ia e aeiiieieoaeueiue i?eoie aaee/eiie G aeieea?ia, eae yoi
iieacaii ia ?en.13.

?en. 13

Oaeei ia?acii, noiia?iue i?eoie ninoaaeyao ( I + G ) aeieea?ia, a iooie
– (S+T) aeieea?ia. Eae e ?aiaa, aeieaeiu auiieiyoueny oneiaea
iae?iyeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney

AD = Y,

i?e/ai oaia?ue oaea aa?aae?iaaiiue ni?in AD e iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae Y
au?aaeathony eae noiiu o?ao ninoaaeythueo

AD = C + S + T, Y = C + I + G

e , neaaeiaaoaeueii, oneiaey ?aaiiaaney iiaoo auoue ia?aienaiu a aeaea

S + T = I + G

( aaea N – iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in ).

Ea?aeeiaeueiue niune iineaaeiaai niioiioaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi oaia?ue
a neo/aa, anee aaee/eia iaeiieaiee «/anoieeia» S i?aauneo aaee/eio
eiaanoeoeee «oe?i» I, yoi iaeii, naii ii naaa ia aoaeao n
iaecaaaeiinoueth i?eaiaeeoue e ia?ooaieth yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney,
niaaeo i?iecaiaenoaa, oiaiueoaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea e, eae
neaaenoaea, ?inoo aac?aaioeoeu. A ?oeao ainoaea?noaa ieacuaaaony
iaoaieci, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai iii niiniaii au?iaiyoue aicieeathuee
ia?aein e ainnoaiiaeoue ?aaainoai eaaie e i?aaie /anoae iineaaeiaai
niioiioaiey. Yoiai iiaeii aeinoeaiooue eeai niioaaonoaothuei
oiaiueoaieai iaeiaia T, i?e iinoiyiiie aaee/eia ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eiaanoeoeee G a yeiiiieeo; aaee/eia noiia?iuo iioieia a eaaie e i?aaie
/anoyo niioiioaiey i?e yoii inoaaony ia i?aaeiai o?iaia. Eeai oaaee/eoue
ainoaea?noaaiiua ?anoiaeu G, inoaaea ia i?aaeiai o?iaia aaee/eio iaeiaia
T; aaee/eia noiia?iuo iioieia i?e yoii aic?anoaao. A iaieo neo/ayo
eiiiainaoeey aeinoeaaaony ca n/ao athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa D = G – T.
I/aaeaeia oaeaea yeiiiie/aneay iaoeaeaniia?aciinoue ia?aiai niiniaa:
/anoieee oaaee/eaatho naie iaeiieaiey, a ei i?aaenoaaeythony iaeiaiaua
eueaiou.

I?eaaaeaiiue i?eia? aeaiiino?e?oao iniiaioth eaeath ?aaoee?iaaiey: ecuya
o /anoieeia ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio aeioiaea, iiaeii aicaeaenoaiaaoue caoai
ia oee?eoeyoeeiiiue iioie, aeiaeaaynue aai ?aaiiaaney. I/aaeaeia oaeaea
noaia aeaenoaee a neo/aa, eiaaea oe?iu i?e iinoiyiiie aaee/eia
iaeiieaiee /anoieeia S, ii eaeei-eeai i?e/eiai niecyo aaee/eio
eiaanoeoeee I.

Noiia?iue iooie ( S+T) , iaeia /anoue eioi?iai eaeao a ea?iai /anoieea,
a ae?oaay – a ea?iai ainoaea?noaa, iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae niaieoiiue
iioie naa?aaeaiee; iaicia/ei aai aoeaie I. Noiia?iue i?eoie (I+G), iaeia
/anoue eioi?iai iai?aaeyaony oe?iaie, a ae?oaay ainoaea?noaii, iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue eae niaieoiiue iioie eiaanoeoeee; iaicia/ei aai aoeaie I.
Anee oaia?ue iino?ieoue a?aoeee, aiaeiae/iua ecia?aaeaiiui ia ?en.8 e 9,
n caiaiie iaicia/aiee S ia I e I ia I, oi iieo/ei oi/ii oa aea auaiaeu.
A eiaiii, oaaee/aiea ( oiaiueoaiea ) niaieoiiue naa?aaeaiee ia 1
aeieea?, i?eaiaeeo e nieaeaieth ( oaaee/aieth ) iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea
ia m aeieea?ia e o.ae.. Ioeueoeieeeaoi? m aoaeao ?aaioaoue oaeaea, eae e
a /anoiie yeiiiieea, e aaee/eia aai inoaiaony a oi/iinoe oie aea naiie,
ii oaia?ue yoi oaea ia i?inoi ?aaiiaeaenoaothuay niiioaiiuo eioa?ania e
iaia?aiee ia?iiiiai /enea /anoieeia e oe?i, ii ?acoeueoao eo
acaeiiaeaenoaey n iiuiui ?u/aaii, nin?aaeioi/aiiui a iaeieo ?oeao –
?oeao i?aaeoaeuenoaa.

Iiyniei, ii/aio aaee/eia ioeueoeieeeaoi?a inoaaony oie aea naiie. ?aiiaa
ioia/aeinue, /oi iia ii?aaeaeyaony oaeii iaeeiia ooieoeee iaeiieaiey
/anoieeia S ( eo «i?aaeaeueiie neeiiiinoueth e iaeiieaieth») e
ai?eciioaee, eioi?ay ecia?aaeaea ooieoeeth eiaanoeoeee oe?i I.
Ai?eciioaeue – yoi iacaaeneiinoue io aaee/eiu iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea
Y, /oi yaeyaony aiieia oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiie eaeaaeecaoeeae ?aaeueiinoe:
ia oiia «aaeiaiai o?aiaea» iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea no?aiu aaee/eia
eiaanoeoeee ca ei?ioeee ia?eiae aeaeiaiai oeeeea io aeiaaeueiie
oa?aeoa?enoeee i?aeoe/anee ia caaeneo. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii ia
i?ioyaeaiee ei?ioeeo ia?eiaeia ia caaenyo io aaee/eiu iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea iaeiaiaua noaaee e ainoaea?noaaiiua eiaanoeoeee. Iie iiaoo
auoue ?aciuie, neaaeai a oaca ?aoeannee e oaca iiaeuaia, ii a yoe
ei?ioeea ia?eiaeu, iie nooue ai?eciioaee. Noaei auoue oaie iaeeiia ia
iaiyaony e aaee/eia ioeueoeieeeaoi?a oiaea.

Eiay a ?oeao aeaa oaeeo ?u/aaa eae iaeiaiaay noaaea e ainoaea?noaaiiua
?anoiaeu ( eiaanoeoeee ), i?aaeoaeuenoai iiaeao eie iieueciaaoueny,
niia?acoynue n ninoiyieai yeiiiieee e iieeoe/aneie eiiuthieoo?ie.
Oaaee/aiea iaeiaiaiai i?anna anaaaea iaauea?uoii, iniaaiii ia?aae
auai?aie. Oaaee/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia ( eiaanoeoeee ) – yoi
no?ieoaeuenoai oeie, aieueieoe, «oe?aieaiea iai?iiu no?aiu» – eae
i?aaeei i?eaeaeaoaeueiay ia?a. Oeaia yoie i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe –
athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo, eioeyoeey, iaaeaiea ?aaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou e
o.ae.. Ii aeey «i?inoiai /aeiaaea» yoi ia oae oae i/aaeaeii…

Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:

Iae?iyeiiiieea. Aaeueia?ei A.I., … – N.Iaoa?ao?a . 1994 a.

Eo?n yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee. / iiae ?aae. I.I. *aio?eia, 1994 a.

Iae?iyeiiiieea. / I.E.Aoieeia, A.A.Naiaiia – I., AI «AeEN» – 1996 a.

Iae?iyeiiiieea. Iyieueth I.A./ ia?. n aiae., I. 1994 a.

Eca?aiiua i?iecaaaeaiey., Aeae.I. Eaein./ ia?.n aiae./ I., 1993

PAGE

PAGE 17

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//an

I?aaee.o?oaea

S

?aaiiaanea

Ni?in ia o?oae

D

Eiee/anoai ?aai/eo iano

C

a

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i

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a

o

a

aeie.//an

*enei aac?aaioiuo

W2

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*enei oaieaiiuo

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Eiee/anoai ?aai/eo iano

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*enei aac?aaio.

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Oeaia oeo/oaiey aeecie

W1

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D2

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Q2

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Eiee/anoai ?aai/eo iano

*anoieee

*anoieee

Iioie oiaa?ia e oneoa

Iioie o?oaea e eaieoaea

Ieao /anoi. ca oiaa?u e oneoae

Iioie oiaa?ia e oneoa

Iioie o?oaea e eaieoaea

Ieaoa oe?i ca o?oae e eaieoae

Oe?iu

Oe?iu

Naa?aaeaiey /anoieeia

*anoieee

Eiaanoeoeee oe?i

Oe?iu

AD

AD

C

S

S

C

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Y1

Y2 – Y1 = (Y = m(I

m = ctg ( Y2 ( Y1

S, I

Y1 – Y2=(Y = m(S

m = ctg ( Y2 ( Y1

S, I

S

S1

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Naa?aaeaiey, S

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Iaeiae, O

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Oe?iu

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