Aaaaeaiea.
Ca iineaaeiea 10 eao a iaoae no?aia i?iecioei iiiai ia?aiai, iie ia
iiaee ia cao?iiooue iaoo yeiiiieeo, a a ianoa n iae e ?acee/iua oi?iu
nianoaaiiinoe. Ii, eiaaea i?ienoiaeyo e?oiiua nioeeaeueiua iiaeaeaeee
oeia oao, /oi iu ia?aaeeaaai naaiaeiy, aaaeii a ioeaieao i?ienoiaeyuaai
ia aiaaeaoue a e?aeiinoe eae aeooiai iai?eyoey ianoiyuaai, oae e aai
aaciaeyaeiie aiieiaaoeee. ?uii/iua ioiioaiey i?eaiaeyo iuia e
ainnicaeaieth ia iiaie, eiie?aoii-enoi?e/aneie iniiaa einoeoooa
ioa/anoaaiiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. *oiau eo/oa iiiyoue, /oi niiniaai
aeaoue iauanoao yoio nioeeaeueiue oaiiiai, eaeeie ?aaeueiuie- eae
iiceoeaiuie, oae e iaaaoeaiuie- iineaaenoaeyie aoaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny
aai naii?aaeecaoeey, aaaeii i?enoaeueiaa aniio?aoueny a
eaieoaeenoe/aneia i?ioeia no?aiu, i?iaiaeece?iaaoue ?aaeee iiuoa,
iaeiieaiiiai ioa/anoaaiiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii ca aaea aai
aeiniaaoneie enoi?ee.
Iiuo yoio, eiia/ii aea, ia niiniaai aeaoue ioaaoa ia ana aieiothuea ian-
nia?aiaiieeia- aii?inu. Ii ciaeiinoai n iei iicaieyao aeoaaea oynieoue
oaeea aaaeiua e naaiaeiy i?iaeaiu eae, iai?eia?, iaoeeiiaeueiay
iaioaeueiinoue e aa i?iyaeaiey a ioiioaieyo n i?aeoeeie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, iauaa e niaoeeoe/aneia a enoi?ee ?inneeneie
eiiia?oeee a n?aaiaiee aa n caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie e aia?eeaineie.
Iaiau/aeii oe?ieei aue e aeeaiacii i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo noaeaa iyo?ia
?inneeneiai aeaeiaiai ie?a. Iaeie iiaeiyeenue ia aa?oeiu oniaoa,
aeaaininoiyiey e i?eciaiey, eiay ca nieiie iaia?aiaieoaeueiue,
eaaeiaaniue aaaaae ?uoea?ae oaea/e e eoie?ia n/anoeeaiai noa/aiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Ae?oaea aeiaeeenue oiai aea, aeaaiaea?y oio, oaeaioo,
?aaeeiio oii?noao e o?oaeiethaeth. Iooaaiaeiie ieoueth iaeieo neoaeeea
/anoue, ae?oaeo aea, iai?ioea- aan/anoea. ?acei ?acee/aeenue yoe ethaee
e ii naiaio eoeueoo?iiio o?iaith, oeaiiinoiui i?eaioaoeeyi.
Aeoeeiia?iua eiiiaiee.
Oniaoe yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ai 2-e iieiaeia XIX — ia/aea XX aa. ai
iiiaii naycaiu n ?acaeoeai aeoeeiia?iie oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
Aeoeei-
ia?iua eiiiaiee — aaaeiaeoee einoeooo ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa, iicaieythuee
aeeoioee?iaaoue iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aaaeaiey nia?aiaiiiai oicyenoaa
eaieoae. Naii
iiiyoea «aeoeeiia?iay eiiiaiey», eae ai?i/ai e nai i?aaiaie i?eioeei, ia
eioi?ii iia iniiaaia (ia?aie/aiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeoeeiia?a
noieiinoueth i?e-
iaaeeaaeaueo aio aeoeee) ecaanoiu a ?innee n XVIII a., a oa/aiea
eioi?iai a
no?aia aeaenoaiaaei ianeieueei aeoeeiia?iuo i?aaei?eyoee. Aia?aua yoa
ii?ia
iieo/eea th?eaee/aneia cae?aieaiea a iaeiii ec oeacia Aeaenaiae?a I a
1805 aiaeo.
A niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a ioia/aaony, /oi i?iaicaeaoaiea yoiai
i?eioeeia a
?innee i?iecioei ia iienoieaoey ?aiaa, /ai a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia. Ii
aeaenoae-
oaeueiia ia/aei i?aaiaiio ioi?ieaieth yoie oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeoea-
iinoe iieiaeee iaieoano 1 yiaa?y 1807 a. «I aea?iaaiiuo eoia/anoao iiauo
auaiaeao, ioee/eyo, i?aeiouanoaao e iiauo niiniaao e ?ani?ino?aiaieth e
oneea-
ieth oi?aiauo i?aaei?eyoee». Ei onoaiaaeeaaeinue ianeieueei ?iaeia
«eoia/aneeo
oiaa?euanoa», eioi?ua aeaenoaiaaee ia iniiaa niaoeeaeueiuo aeiaiai?ia
iaaeaeo eo
o/anoieeaie — «oiaa?euaie». «Oiaa?euanoai iieiia» i?aaenoaaeyei niaie
iau-
aaeeiaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ioaa/aaoeo ii aeaeai anai naiei eiouanoaii.
O/anoiee oaeiai i?aaei?eyoey ia iia iaeiia?aiaiii o/anoaiaaoue a
ae?oaii. A
«oiaa?euanoaa ia aa?a» iiieii «oiaa?euae» iiaei o/anoaiaaoue
ia?aie/aiiia
/enei aeeaae/eeia, ioaa/aaoeo ii aai aeaeai eeoue noiiie naieo aciinia e
eiaaoeo i?aai o/anoaiaaoue e a ae?oaeo aiaeiae/iuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, ii i?e
yoii
ia eiaaoeo i?aaa aieina a oi?aaeaiee eie. E?iia oiai ?ac?aoaeanue e
nianoaai-
ii aeoeeiia?iay oi?ia ~ «oiaa?euanoai ii o/anoeai eee eiiiaiey». A
ioee/ea
io ia?auo aeaoo, yoio ?iae aeayoaeueiinoe «ia i?yii i?eiaaeeaaeeo e
caiyoeyi
eoia/anoaa» e aeiioneaeenue e iaio o/anoieee «ec anao ninoiyiee» (o.a.
nineiaee).
Oaeoe/anee iaieoano 1 yiaa?y 1807 a. oaeei ia?acii caoeene?iaae
nouanoai-
aaiea aeaoo aeaeia eaieoaeenoe/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee — oi?aiauo aeiiia e
aeoeeiia?-
iuo eiiiaiee. Ioiineoaeueii iineaaeieo iauaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao auee
ecaanoiu
oa?ieiu «oiaa?euanoai ii o/anoeai» e «eiiiaiey ia aeoeeyo». Naia?aoiia
(o.a.
/anoiii?aaiaia) caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai eniieueciaaei oaeaea neaaeothuea
oi?iu: «aeoee-
iia?iay eiiiaiey», «aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai», «oiaa?euanoai ia iayo». Ana
iie
auee a iauai oiaeaeanoaaiiu. A i?aeoeea aeoeeiia?iiai o/?aaeeoaeuenoaa
noaee
iinoaiaiii ?acee/aoueny «aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa» e «iaaaua oiaa?euanoaa».
Io-
ee/ea aoi?uo io ia?auo caeeth/aeinue aeaaiui ia?acii a n?aaieoaeueii
oceii e
onoie/eaii ninoaaa iaeueeia. Iaaaua oiaa?euanoaa, eae i?aaeei, aicieeaee
a
?acoeueoaoa i?aia?aciaaiee naiaeiuo oe?i (oi?aiauo aeiiia). Eo iae
(aeoeee)
auioneaeenue eiaiiuie e a aunieie eoith?a, ia?ai?iaeaaea eo
ia?aie/eaaeanue.
Aei 1836 a., eiaaea aue i?eiyo aeoeeiia?iue caeii, aeaenoaiaaaoee
aieioue aei
1918 a., a ?innee auei o/?aaeaeaii 58 eiiiaiee, ec ieo 41 ioe?uea
aeaenoaey.
N?aaee o/?aaeeoaeae e aeoeeiia?ia auei iiiai aunieiiinoaaeaiiuo
/eiiaieeia e
i?aaenoaaeoaeae a?enoie?aoee, /oi noaei neaaenoaeai acaeiiiai?aaeaiiuo
oaiaeai-
oeee. N iaeiie noi?iiu, ianiiiaiia caeioa?aniaaiiinoue iacaaiiuo
eaoaai?ee eeoe
a iieo/aiee aeiiieieoaeueiuo — e aanueia cia/eoaeueiuo — aeioiaeia.
Iaaei nea-
caoue, /oi aeoeeiia?iia o/?aaeeoaeuenoai a ioee/ea io eoia/aneeo
i?iiuneia, a
aeacao aeai?yinoaa ecia/aeueii eiaei eoaea aieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiue i?aie.
Ianii-
iaiia e caeioa?aniaaiiinoue ?oeiaiaenoaa eiiiaiee a i?eaea/aiee e aa
aeayoaeue-
iinoe aeeyoaeueiuo naiiaieeia n oeaeueth iieo/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?eaeeaaee.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi yoa oaiaeaioeey ieacaeanue naienoaaiia ?acaeoeth
aeoeeiia?iiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia i?ioyaeaiee anae aai enoi?ee. Oaeiai ?iaea
i?eaeeaaee
iiaee caeeth/aoueny a i?aaeinoaaeaiee i?aaa ia iiiiiieueioth
aeayoaeueiinoue a ii?a-
aeaeaiiie noa?a a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea, inaiaiaeaeaiea io
iaeiaia e nai?-
ia, i?yiua ainoaea?noaaiiua noaneaeee e i?i/aa.
Yoa oi?ia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa auno?i caaiaaaea iiioey?iinoue o
ioaeeee,
i?e/ai ianoieueei, /oi i?eaaei e ?inoo noieiinoe eo aeoeee, ?acaeoeth
oi?aiaee
eie e a eiia/iii eoiaa — iaauaaeiio aaeeioaaeo.
?acaeoea yoeo i?ioeannia eiaei ?acoeueoaoii no?aieaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa
peaea-
iiioe?iaaoue eo, iinoaaeoue a ii?aaeaeaiiua ?aiee. Oae iiyaeeny
iiaeienaiiue
Ieeieaai 1 6 aeaeaa?y 1836 a. caeii “I oiaa?euanoaao ii o/anoeai eee
eiiiaie-
yi ia aeoeeyo». Caeii caoeene?iaae eiioeanneiiiue (o.a. ?ac?aoeoaeueiue)
i?ei-
oeei o/?aaeaeaiey aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaiee, ainiiaenoaiaaaoee, ai?i/ai, a
oio ia?e-
iae a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e ae?oaeo no?ai. Caeii onoaiaaeeaae
eneeth/eoaeueii eiai-
iie oei aeoeee. Onoaa eiiiaiee, ?aaii eae e aai eciaiaiey
ooaa?aeaeaeenue eiia?a-
oi?ii. A iaeanoe aeoeeiia?iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aieioue aei 1917 a.
i?iaeieaeaee
nouanoaiaaoue iiiai/eneaiiua ia?aie/aiey aeey aeayoaeueiinoe
aeoeeiia?iuo i?aae-
i?eyoee, iiiaea ec eioi?uo auee aeaeea?e?iaaiu aua Caeiiii 1836 aiaea.
Yoi e
?ac?aoeoaeueiue oa?aeoa? o/?aaeeoaeuenoaa, e iaycaoaeueiue eiaiiie oei
aeoeee
(/oi iaoiaeeeinue eeoue i?aeoeeie naia?aoiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa),
ia?aie/aiea
i?aa e ?acia?ia caieaaeaaeaiey a oeaeii ?yaea ?aaeiiia, iaoeeiiaeueiua e
aa?ienii-
aaaeiua ia?aie/aiey ii ninoaao aeoeeiia?ia e i?aaeaiee e o.ae. A 1905 a.
aeaaea
auei aaaaeaii iieiaeaiea ia iaycaoaeueiii auyniaiee /a?ac Ieienoa?noai
aioo?ai-
ieo aeae “aeaaiiaaeaaeiinoe e eiouanoaaiiiai iieiaeaiey o/?aaeeoaeae”.
Aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee iieiaeaiey aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaiee i?eaaaeai
iaaieueooth
auaea?aeeo ec caienee Niaaoa nuacaeia i?aaenoaaeoaeae i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
oi?aia-
ee, iai?aaeaiiie a ethia 1912 a. iaeiia?aiaiii a Niaao ieieno?ia e
Ieienoa?no-
ai oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A iae eiinoaoe?iaaeinue, /oi a ?innee “ii
iauaio i?aaeeo anyeia aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai aneaaenoaea oiai
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, /oi
aeoeey aai iiaeao ieacaoueny a ?oeao eeoea, ia?aie/aiiiai a naiae
i?aainiiniaiin-
oe, ?anniao?eaaaony a ioiioaiee i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aio a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa,
iaeii-
a?aiaiii eae aa?ae, eiino?aiaoe e eeoei iieueneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, e e
iaio
i?eiaiythony a niaieoiiinoe ana ia?aie/aiey, nouanoaothuea aeey yoeo
eaoaai?ee
ianaeaiey».
A 1914 a. auea i?aaei?eiyoa aeaaea iiiuoea eiaeeoeoee?iaaoue
iiiai/eneai
ia?aie/eoaeueiua i?aaeea aeey aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaiee.
Aeaeii THc e Iiai?inneeneia Aeoeeiia?iia Iauanoai.
Aeaeii THc — o/?aaeeoaeue Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa eaiaiiioaieueiiai,
aea-
eaciiai e ?aeueniaiai i?iecaiaenoa, iniiaaoaeue e
aee?aeoi?-?anii?yaeeoaeue caai-
aea — ?iaeeeny a 1814 a. a a.Ia?oe?-Oeaeaee, iaeiii ec naiuo aieueoeo e
aiaaouo
i?iiuoeaiiuo ai?iaeia THaeiiai Oyeuena, iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai e?ay Aiaeee.
Aei ian
aeioee i/aiue neoiua naaaeaiey i aai aeecie e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe
ia ?iaeeia. A ?innee Aeaeii THc iiyaeeny aia?aua oaea a c?aeii aic?anoa,
eiaaea
aio auei 55 eao, ii noi?ie?iaaeny eae ee/iinoue, a ca iea/aie aue
aiaaoue
aeeciaiiue iiuo. Ecaanoii, /oi Aeaeii THc ?iaeeeny a naiuea eiaeaia?a,
noiyaoaai
ai aeaaa iaeiiai ec iaaaeeoo ?ae/aneeo caaiaeia a. Ia?oe?a. Ii iieo/ee
aeiiaoiaa
ia?aciaaiea e a thiioaneea aiaeu ?aaioae iiae ia/aeii naiaai iooea,
eioi?ue a oi
a?aiy aue eiaeaia?ii ia caaiaea Naeoa?oa. Iciaeiieaoenue ia i?aeoeea n
iaoae-eo?ae/aneei aeaeii, Aeaeii THc aiineaaenoaee ia?aoiaeeo ia caaiae
Yaae Aaee.
Nionoy iaeioi?ia a?aiy ii iniiauaaao nianoaaiiia iaoaie/aneia
i?iecaiaenoai a
Iueth-Ii?oa. Aeaeii THc auno?i noaaeo aeaei ia oaa?aeoth iiao. Eiaiii a
yoio ia?eiae
?ane?uaaaony aai oaeaio ecia?aoaoaey e i?aaiecaoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aeae.THc aia-
?aua a Aiaeee ono?aeaaao iiaeuaiioth iaoeio i?yiiai aeaenoaey. A eiioea
50-o
aiaeia ii iinooiaao ia ?aaioo a ea/anoaa eiaeaia?a ia Ieeueaieueneee
aeaeacii?i-
eaoiue caaiae, a a 1860 a. noaiiaeony aai aee?aeoi?ii. «THcianeea»
eaoaou aeey
aeaeueiiaieiuo oyaeaeuo i?oaeee, ecaanoiia aeaoeua aiaeeeneiai
ecia?aoaoaey, ii-
yaeythony eiaiii a yoe aiaeu. Ii oaeaea iinayuaao iiiai a?aiaie
i?eaioiaeaieth
?aoeaioo?u a?iie aeey iaoeaee noaeia e oi?oiauo oe?aieaiee.
A oa aea 60-a aiaeu XIX a. ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai, icaai/aiiia
i?iaeaiie
a?iie?iaaiey aiaiiuo ei?aaeae, eneaei iiaeoiaeyuee aeey yoeo oeaeae
iaoa?eae e
caaiaeu-ecaioiaeoaee a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia. A nayce n yoei Aaeie?aeoaenoai
i?iaaei
?yae eniuoaiee a?iie?iaaiiie noaee o?aioeocneiai e aiaeeeneiai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?iaeoeoeey Ieeueaieueneiai caaiaea, ia eioi?ii ?aaioae Aeae.THc,
oniaoii eo
auaea?aeaea e, ii iiaieth oea?neeo aiaiiuo /eiiaieeia, ieacaeanue
iaeaieaa i?i/-
iie e iaaeaaeiie.
A yoii ianoa iaiaoiaeeii naeaeaoue iaaieueoia ionooieaiea. Aiaeeeneee
enoi?ee
Aeae.Aanoaoae noaaeo iiae niiiaiea iaaeaaeiinoue iiaeiaiuo eniuoaiee. A
aeaiiii
neo/aa ii nnueaaony ia iaioeao eiio?-aaeie?aea Oienoaaea, a eioi?ii
iienuaaao-
ny, eae a 1864 a. ia aiaeeeneii oeioa i?iaa?yeanue i?i/iinoue a?iie.
I?eaaaeai
yoi iienaiea e iu. A?iie?iaaiiay iaoeaea iiaeaaoeaaeanue ia ai?oa noa?uo
aea?aayiiuo aiaiiuo ei?aaeae, aeeth/ay aeaaea o?aaaou ia?acoea 1810 a.,
e iano?a-
eeaaeanue n ?annoiyiey a 200 y?aeia ec 9-oe aetheiiauo aeaaeeinoaieueiuo
i?oaeee.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi 9-aetheiiaua nia?yaeu auee naeaeaiu ec noaee, a ia
/oaoia,
onoa?aaoay eiino?oeoeey i?oaeee nieaeaea iaaeaaeiinoue i?iaiaeeiuo
eniuoaiee:
/anoi nia?yae i?inoi cano?aaae a a?iia ia iieiooe.
Eae au oi ie auei, Aaeie?aeoaenoai, nnueaynue ia ?acoeueoaou
nianoaaiiuo
ianeaaeiaaiee, i?eciaei ieeueaieueneoth noaeue eo/oae e iaeaieaa
i?i/iie. E a
?acoeueoaoa ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai ?acianoeei ia yoii caaiaea aiaiiue
caeac n
oeaeueth oe?aieaiey a?iiae oi?oa «Eiinoaioei» a a. E?iiooaaeoa. Oae,
aia?aua
noaeueaa aiaeeeneiai ecia?aoaoaey e i?aaiecaoi?a i?iecaiaenoaa Aeaeiia
THca ia?a-
naeeanue n eioa?anaie ?innee. Eiaiii a yoe aiaeu ii aeecei nioaeny n
?onneeie
aiaiiuie eiaeaia?aie aaia?aeii Oioeaaaiii e iieeiaieeii Aa?iii.
Iineaaeiee
e i?aaeeiaeee Aeaeiio THco i?eiyoue ia naay eniieiaiea aeiaiai?a,
eioi?ue caeeth-
/eei i?aaeoaeuenoai n eiycai Na?aaai Ei/oaaai a 1868 aiaeo. Niaeanii
aeiaiai?o
ei. Ei/oaae iaycaeny iino?ieoue ia thaa ?innee caaiae aeey auaeaeee
aeaeaciuo
?aeuenia. Ii ia noiaa nia?aoue eaieoae, ii aac iniaiai niaeaeaiey
ia?aonooiee
eiioeanneth aiaeeeneiio eiaeaia?o. Aeae.THc a naith i/a?aaeue iaoae yoi
i?aaeeiaea-
iea aanueia caiai/eaui e ia?niaeoeaiui. E, eae iau/ii, ii n i?enouae aio
iaen/a?iaaiie yia?aeae e aeoaieei ciaieai aeaea aa?aony ca inouanoaeaiea
eaeae.
Ianoieueiie eieaie aiaeeeneiai eiaeaia?a noaiiaeony enneaaeiaaiea
o?aioeocneiai
aaieiaa Ea Iea 1837 a., iinayuaiiia eco/aieth iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo
thaeiie
iaei?inneeneie noaie. A iai, a /anoiinoe, ooaa?aeaeaeinue, /oi i?e?iaea
iaea?eea
yoio e?ae ia?aieeanniui oaeai, ii ia iaaeaeeea aai aiaaouie caeaaeaie
aeaeaciie
?oaeu. A oa/aiea aeanyoeeaoee i?eaiai? ecaanoiiai niaoeeaeenoa ieeoi ia
?aoaeny
inii?eoue. I?aaeeueiinoue auaiaeia o?aioeocneiai aaieiaa, eacaeinue au,
iiaeoaa?ae-
aeaea e iaoaea/a n iino?ieeie eacaiiiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai caaiaea,
?aaioaaoaai ia
ianoiii nu?uea, a Eene/ainea.
Aeae.THc oacaeaao a Iiai?inneth, /oiau naiinoiyoaeueii ?acia?aoueny a
yoii
iai?inoii e ?eneiaaiiii aeaea. Ii aieiaoaeueii ianeaaeoao ianoiinoue,
iniao?eaaao
caeaaee eaiaiiiai oaey e aeaeaciie ?oaeu, iiae?iaii ?anni?aoeaaao
aeeoaeae ie-
?anoiuo aea?aaaiue. Ana yoi e i?eaaei Aeae. THca e oaa?aeiio ?aoaieth
i?eiyoue
eiioeanneth. Ii caeeth/ee aeiaiai? n ?onneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii, eioi?ue
aue auni-
/aeoaa ooaa?aeaeai 18 ai?aey 1869 aiaea* Aeiaiai? iiaeienaee ieieno?
iooae niia-
uaiey aaia?ae-eaeoaiaio I.I.Iaeueieeia, ieieno? oeiainia,
noaon-nae?aoa?ue
I.O.?aeoa?i e aeiaa?aiiue Aeae.THca Yiiaioee Eeoa Aaaea?. Ii aeiaiai?o
aaee-
eia?eoaineee iiaeaeaiiue Aeaeii THc i?eieiae ia naay iaycaoaeuenoai
ia?aciaaoue
aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai ni neeaaei/iui eaieoaeii a 300.000 o.no. (eee 3
iei.
?oa.)** aeey ?ac?aaioee eaiaiiiai oaey e iniiaaiey ?aeueniaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ia
thaa ?innee a Aaoiooneii oacaea Aeaoa?eiineaaneie aoaa?iee. A oa/aiea
o?ao
ianyoeaa ni aeiy ooaa?aeaeaiey aeiaiai?a Aeae.THc iaycai aue
ia?a/eneeoue a iaeei ec
caa?aie/iuo aaieia ia n/ao Iauanoaa 500.000 o. no., ec eioi?uo 20.000
aeieaeiu
auee inoaaaoueny a aaiea aei iieiiai ono?ienoaa aeiiaiiuo ia/ae. Aeaeii
THc
iaycuaaeny aanoe ?ac?aaioeo eaiaiiiai oaey, aeiau/a eioi?iai aeieaeia
auea
aeinoeaaoue 2.000 o*** a aeaiue, a oa/aiea aeaayoe ianyoeaa ionoeoue a
iieiue oiae
aeiiaiiua ia/e aeey auieaaee /oaoia, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue eioi?uo
aeieaeia auea
auoue ia iaiaa 100 o aaeaiaaeaeueii, a oa/aiea aeaoo eao caaa?oeoue
iino?ieeo
?aeueniaiai caaiaea, ?aaioathuaai ia ianoiii nu?uea, a oaeaea ono?ieoue
iaoaie/an-
eea ianoa?neea aeey ioaeae caaiaea.
Ni naiae noi?iiu i?aaeoaeuenoai aacaiciacaeii onooiaei Iauanoao caiee
e aa
iaae?a a ie?anoiinoyo Acianei-Oa?ueeianeie ae.ae., aa?aioe?iaaei a
oa/aiea aeanyoe
eao iiioaeioth i?aieth a 50 eii. naa?o noieiinoe ?aeuenia a aeaea
noaneaeee ia
________________________________________________________________________
___
* Niauoey, eiaaoea ianoi a ?innee, aeaoe?othony ii theeaineiio
eaeaiaea?th, a a Aiaeee — ii a?aai?eaineiio e niioaaonoaaiii iiia/athony
eae «no.no.» e «i.no.»
** Eo?n ?oaey ii ioiioaieth e ooioo noa?eeiaia: 96 ?oa.= 10 o.no.
*** Iaeia aiaeeeneay oiiia ?aaiyeanue 62 ioaeai.
eiee/anoai ia aieaa 3000.000 ioae. a aiae. I?e/ai yoa i?aiey aeieaeia
auea
auiea/eaaoueny Iauanoao ca eaaeaeua 100.000 ioae. aeaenoaeoaeueii
auaeaeaiiuo e
i?eiyouo ia aeaeaciua aei?iae ?aeuenia. I?aaeoaeuenoai oaeaea aeaaaei
Iauanoao
i?aai aaniioeeiiiai aaica ec-ca a?aieoeu anao aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee,
iaiaoiaeeiie
aeey ono?ienoaa e ia?aiia/aeueiiai aeaenoaey caaiaeia e eiiae. THco
?ac?aoaeinue
ia?aciaaoue iauanoai aeey nii?oaeaiey aeaeaciie aei?iae
i?ioyaeaiiinoueth aei
85 aa?no io iaeiiai ec ioieoia Acianei-Oa?ueeianeie ae.ae. a iai?aaeaiee
e ono?ae-
aaaiui caaiaeo e eiiyi. Aeey yoeo oeaeae i?aaeoaeuenoai auaeaeyei
Iauanoao nnoaeo
a 3/4 oneiaeaiiie iiaa?noiie noieiinoe, eioi?ay ia aeieaeia auea
i?aauoaoue
63.000 ?oa. ca aa?noo. I?e/ai nnoaea auiea/eaaeanue i?aaeoaeuenoaii, eae
iiae/a?-
eeaaeinue a aeiaiai?a, iaeiia?aiaiii n oieaoie Iauanoaii inoaeueiie
/aoaa?oe.
Eaieoae, iaiaoiaeeiue aeey iino?ieee aeaeaciie aei?iae ia?aciauaaeny
iooai
auionea iaaa?aioe?iaaiiuo aeoeee.
E, iaeiiaoe, aeaonoi?iiiaa niaeaoaiea iaiaa?eaaei th?eaee/aneoth
noi?iio aeay-
oaeueiinoe Iiai?inneeneiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa. Iii auei iniiaaii
niaeanii
aiaeeeneei caeiiai ia iauanoaao 1862 a. e 1867 a., a aai ioiioaiey n
o/?aaeaea-
ieyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee ?aaoee?iaaeenue caeiiaie
?innee-
neie Eiia?ee.
Ono?iea a ?innee ana aeaea, naycaiiua n caeeth/aieai aeiaiai?a,
Aeae.THc aic-
a?auaaony a Eiiaeii e aeaeaao ana aiciiaeiia aeey nei?aeoaai ia?aciaaiey
nieeae-
iie eiiiaiee, iineieueeo ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai noaaeei aai a i/aiue
aeanoeea
a?aiaiiua ?aiee. Onoaa Iiai?inneeneiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa aue i?eiyo
29 iay 1869 a. (i.no.). I?e aai ia?aciaaiee a /enei iniiaiuo
iiaeien/eeia-aeoee-
iia?ia aoiaeeee neaaeothuea eeoea: Aeaieee Ao/, aa?iiao (100 aeoeee);
Oiian
A?anne, yneaae?, a?aaeaeaineee eiaeaia? (200 aeoeee); Aeaenaiae?
Ioaeeae,
a?aaeaeaineee eiaeaia? (100 aeoeee); Oiian A?anne ie., yenaae?, /eai
ia?eaiai-
oa (50 aeoeee); *a?euec O.Ao/, yneaae? (100 aeoeee); A.N.Oyeciai,
aa?iiao (40 ae-
oeee); Aeaeicao Oeoai?o, yneaae?, a?aaeaeaineee eiaeaia? (100 aeoeee).
Eaieoae
Iauanoaa aue iiaeaeai ia 6.000 aeoeee aeinoieinoaii 50 o.no. eaaeaeay. A
ia?aii
auionea auei 3.400 aeoeee, ?acaeaeaiiuo ia aeaa ?ac?yaea: A
(i?eaeeaae?iaai-
iua) e A (iau/iua). Ia?aiia/aeueii niaeanii onoaaa aeeaeaeaiae
aeoeeiia?ia
onoaiaaeeaaeny a ?acia?a 10% aiaeiauo. Ii iinoaiiaeaieth i?aaeaiey
Iauano-
aa io 5 aeaeaa?y 1871 a. (i.no.) ii?aaeaeyeenue iniaua i?eaeeaaee e
i?aeiouano-
aaiiua i?aaa aeoeee ?ac?yaea A. Eo aea?aeaoaeyi aa?aioe?iaaeny aeioiae a
15 %
aiaeiauo.
Niaeanii onoaao i?aaeaiea ian/eouaaei 6 /aeiaae, ec eioi?uo /aoaa?i
ecae?a-
eenue aeoeeiia?aie ?ac?yaea A e aeaia — aeoeeiia?aie ?ac?yaea A (aeaa
iineaaeieo
yaeyeenue aee?aeoi?aie-?anii?yaeeoaeyie caaiaea). Ia?aiia/aeueii a
i?aaeaiea ii
?ac?yaeo A aioee: ny? Oeeueyi Naenoiinoie Oyeciai, Oiian A?anne ie.,
Iooiia?
Aa?i, aaia?ae-iaei? (?onneee iiaeaeaiiue). Ii ?ac?yaeo A a i?aaeaiea
auee
eca?aiu Aeaeii THc e Aeaeii Ae?ao Ao/. Ii/aoiui aee?aeoi?ii Iauanoaa
noae ei.
Ei/oaae, /uee iaycaiiinoe ia?aie/eaaeenue i?aaii i?enoonoaey e niaauaiey
a
canaaeaieyo i?aaeaiey n aianaieai aai iiaiey a i?ioieie. Ei. Ei/oaae ia
ian
ioaaonoaaiiinoe a ea/anoaa aee?aeoi?a. Ii oneiaeyi, iiaeienaiiui 28 iay
1869 a.
(i.no.) aee?aeoi?ai-?anii?yaeeoaeyi iacia/aeinue 1.000 aeoeee ?ac?yaea
A, eioi?ua
n/eoaeenue oiea/aiiuie ii ia?eoeaoaeueiie oeaia. A aeaeueiaeoai eo
ianeaaeieee,
aoiaeeaoea a ninoaa i?aaeaiey Iauanoaa, noaee e?oiiuie aea?aeaoaeyie
aeoeee: a
?oeao naiuee THcia auei nin?aaeioi/aii a 1914 a. 136.450 aeoeee, a o
Ao/ae —
40.000 aeoeee. Ia auieaoo aeaeiaaiuey Aeae.THco e Aeae.Ao/o auaeaeyeanue
noiia a
1.000 o. no. a aiae. Ia ieo aiceaaaeenue ioaaonoaaiiua iaycaiiinoe
iaaethaeaiey ca
caaiaeii e oi?aaeaiea aeaeaie Iauanoaa.
Aeae.THc aian ia n/ao Iauanoaa noiio a 50.000 o. no. a aaiee?neee aeii
«Martin
& Co.» A Eiiaeiia, aeaaeaeueoeu eioi?iai aiineaaenoaee oaeaea noaee
e?oiiaeoeie
aea?aeaoaeyie aeoeee Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa. A 1914 a. a ?oeao
Aeaeaeina
Ia?oeia auei nin?aaeioi/aii 83.400 aeoeee. Niaeanii aeiiieieoaeueiui
oneiaeyi,
iiaeienaiiui anei?a iinea aeiaiai?a, ec oeacaiiie auoa noiiu 20.000 o.
no.
auee ia?aaeaiu a Ainoaea?noaaiiue aaie ?inneeneie Eiia?ee ia eiy
ieieno?a
oeiainia. I?aaeoaeuenoai, i?eaeaaay ia?iiiia cia/aiea ?acaeoeth
eaiaiiioaieue-
iuo ?ac?aaioie e no?ieoaeuenoao /oaoiiiieaaeeueiiai e ?aeueniaiai
caaiaea ia thaa
?innee, a oaeaea o/eouaay aaaeiinoue no?ieoaeuenoaa niaaeeieoaeueiuo
iooae, a caith
i/a?aaeue ieacuaaei aeiiieieoaeueioth iiiiuue Iauanoao a aeaea nnoaeu a
500.000 e?a-
aeeoiuo ?oaeae iinea oiai, eae Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai oiio?aaeo ia
oeacaiiua
oeaee ia iaiaa iieiaeiu naiaai iniiaiiai eaieoaea, o.a. nauoa iaeiiai
ieeeeiia
?oaeae.
Naeaeaa ana iaiaoiaeeiia ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiii yoaia, Aeae. THc n
aieiaie ooiaeeo
a i?aeoe/aneoth ?aaioo. Aeaa /?acau/aeii oyaeaeuo, ianuuaiiuo aei
i?aaeaea aiaea
ooei ia no?ieoaeuenoai ia?aie aeiiiu. 24 ai?aey 1871 a. (no.no.) auea
caaeooa ia/ue.
Oau, ia aeieth aiaeeeneiai eiaeaia?a auiaea ai?ueeay iaoaea/a n ia?aie
ieaaeie,
/a?ac o?e aeiy ?aaioa ia/e auea inoaiiaeaia iinea oiai, eae auynieeinue,
/oi
iaaiciiaeii aeaeueoa iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ioaeioth oaiia?aoo?o. A eiia/iii
eoiaa o?aai-
aaeanue na?ueaciay ia?ano?ieea aeiiiu. Ii o Aeae. THca ia iionoeeenue
?oee, e ii
iiyoue yia?ae/ii aa?aony ca aeaei. Aiaeeeneee eiaeaia? n oii?noaii e ii
iiiao
?aaioaao iaae oniaa?oainoaiaaieai oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna: ii
aeiaeaaaony ii-
oeiaeueiiai ?aaeeia ?aaiou ia/e, cia/eoaeueii oeo/oaao ninoaa oeoou,
?aaoee?oao
aeoouea. Ii aeaaiue aai oniao caeeth/aeny a oii, /oi aia?aua a ?innee a
aeaeaciii
i?iecaiaenoaa eniieueciaae ieia?aeueiia oiieeai — eien. Aoi?e/ii aeiiia
auea
caaeooa 24 yiaa?y 1872 a. e n yoiai a?aiaie caaiae aacinoaiiai/ii ai ana
aic?anoath-
ueo ?acia?ao ieaaee /oaoi. Iiiooii caiaoei, /oi ia Noeeineii caaiaea
Ianoooi-
aa, iniiaaiiiai iaeiia?aiaiii n THcianeei, i?aaeeueiay auieaaea auea
aeinoeaio-
oa oieueei a 1887 aiaeo.
O?iiieiaey noaiiaeaiey e ?anoe?aiey i?aaei?eyoey aiai?eo i oii, /oi
?inney
a eeoea Aeaeiia THca i?eia?aea ia oieueei oaeaioeeaiai eiaeaia?a, ii e
yia?ae/iiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaey, oniaoii e a naeaoua n?iee i?aaieciaaaoaai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue
i?ioeann iiiaii?ioeeueiiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai eiiaeiaoa. Ii i?eia?ae
ecaano-
iinoue a iaoae no?aia e aioae a aa enoi?eth oai, /oi ia?aui onoaiiaee
auieaaeo
a iaoe?iuo ?acia?ao /oaoia ec ianoiuo ?oae, ia ianoiii ieia?aeueiii
oiieeaa e
ia?a?aaioeo aai a aeaeaci e noaeue.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ni no?ieoaeuenoaii aeiiiu aicaiaeeeny
aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiue e
?aeuenii?ieaoiue caaiae n iiaeniaiuie oeaoaie: iaoaie/aneeie
ianoa?neeie, eoc-
iyie, aiaeiea/eie, aiaeiiaii?iie naoueth. ?aeueniaue caaiae aue iouai a
1873 a., n
yoiai aea aiaea ia/aoa ?ac?aaioea eaiiy, ecaanoe, aeeiu e i?iecaiaenoaa
iaiaoii?-
iiai ee?ie/a. A 1874 a. THcianeee caaiae ia/eiaao auaeaeeo ni?oiaiai
aeaeaca, a
1876 a. — caaeoaaaony aoi?ay aeiiia, a 1879 a. — ia/eiaao i?iecaiaeeoue
ia?aaioea-
aue /oaoi. A oii aea aiaeo auea iieo/aia ia?aay ieaaea ia?oaiianeie
noaee, a n
1880 a. Aeae.THc ia?aoiaeeo ia i?iecaiaenoai noaeueiuo ?aeuenia, eioi?ua
ia onooia-
ee ii ea/anoao ?aeuenai aiaeeeneeo caaiaeia.
?inney noaea aeey Aeaeiia THca aoi?ie ?iaeeiie, aai naiuey (a o iaai
6uei
/aoaa?i nuiiaae) iieeioea ?iaeiua ianoa THaeiiai Oyeuena e ia?anaeeeanue
a iiaue
ai?iaeie ia thaa ?innee, aicieeoee aoeaaeueii ia ionoii ianoa.
Ie?oaeathuea
ciaee aiaeeeneiai eiaeaia?a eae yia?ae/iiai, i?aaei?eei/eaiai,
oeaeaono?aieai-
iiai /aeiaaea n o?acaui ?an/aoii e oiaieai oaaaeuaaoue ia?niaeoeao, a a
aeoaeia
aeooe ii aue ia/oaoaeai. Aeaeii THc aeaeae, /oiau ?onneee eaiaiiue
oaieue
oniaoii au eiieo?e?iaae a N?aaeecaiiiii?uea n aiaeeeneei, a ?onneee
/oaoi
iieueciaaeny oaeei aea oniaoii a Iaoa?ao?aa, eae e aiaeeeneee. Ii no?iee
aeaeaei
eaeouea, ii aiieia ?aaeueiua ieaiu, anee iiniio?aoue ia aeeiaieeo ?inoa
i?iec-
aiaenoaa (ni. oaae. ? 1)8. Aeae. THc ia/oae aeiaanoe aeiau/o eaiaiiiai
oaey aei 45 iei.
ioae a aiae, a auieaaeo /oaoia —aei 15 iei. Aeey inouanoaeaiey naieo
ieaiia ii a
ethia 1889 a. i?eaue a Iaoa?ao?a, ii aiacaiii caaieae e neii/aeny 17
ethiy 1889
a. (no.no) a ainoeieoea «Aiaeaoa?». Eoiaii e naiaia?aciui iaiyoieeii aai
aeaaae-
oeaoeeaoiae aeayoaeueiinoe noae oi?ioi ono?iaiiue caaiae, aie?oa
eioi?iai au?in
iiiaiouny/iue ai?iae.
Oaaeeoea ? 1 (a ioaeao)
Aeaeu i?iaeoeoeee 1873 1883 1893 1895
Oaieue 2,959,198 10,513,069 28,222,681 34,122,913
?oaea aeaeaciay 690,587 2,798,290 12,759,355 15,361,694
*oaoi 388,647 1,590,453 7,322,435 10,154,145
*oaoi ia?aaioe – 35,453 150,741 266,648
Noaeue ia?oai – 1,119,163 4,817,157 5,349,533
?aeuenu 816,447 3,522,648 3,994,453 145,328
AEaeaci ioaeeeia 212,722 583,645 615,787 759,690
E eiioeo XIX a. ca i/aiue ei?ioeee n?ie iaei?inneeneay aieay noaiue,
auaeaeai-
iay ciieiui thaeiui nieioeai i?aia?aceeanue: a iaeiaaea aacethaeiii
ianoa aue
iino?iai caaiae, aeathuee ?aaioo ianeieueeei ouny/ai /aeiaae, e aiciee
iaeeaeai-
iue ai?iae, iacaaiiue eiaiai aiaeeeneiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey «THciaea».
AEeoaee
ie?anoiuo aea?aaaiue aua a 60-a aiaeu XIX a. ia oiio?aaeyee aeaeaciuo
oei ia
eieanao oaeaa. A nionoy anaai 30 eao a yoie ianoiinoe auei iino?iaii 10
oaieueiuo
oaoo, 6 ec eioi?uo auee aeaenoaothueie. I?e oaooao ?aaioaee iiaeuaiiua e
aiaeiioeeaiua iaoeiu iiuiinoueth niioaaonoaaiii 1.056 e.n. e 1.306 e. n.
Aicaeaa-
eye yoi ia?iiiia i?aaei?eyoea THcia iaoaeeo?ae/aneee caaiae. Aai
aeiiaiiua oeaoa
ian/eouaaee 6 ia/ae iauaiii io 3.288 aei 13.440 eoa. oooia. I?e ieo auei
onoaiiaeaii 14 eaoia?ianeeo aicaeooiiaa?aaaoaeae, eioi?ua ioaieeaaeenue
eieio-
ieeiauie aacaie, e 10 aicaeooiaeoaiuo iaoei. A ia/aea XX a.
i?iecaiaeeoaeue-
iinoue aeiiaiiuo ia/ae aeinoeaaea 70 oun. ioaeia a nooee. *oaoi
inaiaiaeaeaeny io
na?u i?e iiiiue 2 eieeaeoi?ia aieinoueth 8.000 ioaeia eaaeaeue. Ianoiay
aeaeac-
iay ?oaea, eneeth/eoaeueii a ia?aia a?aiy oiio?aaeyaoayny aeey auieaaee
/oaoia,
ia iioa?yea naiaai cia/aiey e aiineaaenoaee. Iia oea a aeaei aianoa n
aieaa
aiaaoie e?eai?iaeneie ?oaeie a i?iii?oeee 1/3 ia?aie ia 2/3 iineaaeiae.
Oaeay
i?eianue oieueei oeo/oeea ea/anoai /oaoia.
Ioaeeeiaiaia aeaeaci i?iecaiaeeeinue a 20 iaueiiaaiiuo ioaeeeiaiauo
ia/ao,
noaeue ioeeaaeanue a II ia?oaiianeeo ia/ao ia eeneii iiaeo, i?e/ai i?e
eaaeaeii
auei ii 4 aaia?aoi?a. A a ia/aea XX a. noaeue ia/aee ieaaeoue ia
THcianeii
caaiaea e aannaia?ianeei niiniaii. Iauay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
aeaeacii?ieaoiiai
ioaeaea a yoi a?aiy aeinoeaaea 10 iei. ioaeia a aiae, a eenoii?ieaoiiai
e e?iaaeueii-
ai — aei 2.750 oun. Ia caaiaea aeaenoaiaaei 494 eieniaaeueiua ia/e n
aiciiaeiie
au?aaioeie aei 25 iei. ioaeia a aiae.
I?ieaoiue noai ?aeuenii?ieaoiiai ioaeaea, iiuiinoueth a 1.400 e.n.,
aue inia-
uai i?eai?aie aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai iiaeaaaiey ?aeuenia. A ia/aea XX a.
ii iia
ia?aeaouaaoue a nooee aei 75 oun. ioaeia ?aeuen. THcianeee caaiae
aeaaeae nianoaaiii
auno?iaiiuie aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuie iooyie ii?iaeueiie eieae, eioi?ua auee
ni-
aaeeiaiu n iiaie Aeaoa?eieineie aei?iaie, iino?iaiiie a 1881-1884 aiaeu.
Aai
iiaeaeaeiie ninoaa ian/eouaae 15 ia?iaicia e 35 aaaiiia. Iniai
iiae/a?eiai, /oi
caaiae, ana aai ianoa?neea e aeaaiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aacaeu
inaauaeenue
yeaeo?e/anoaii.
Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai ?ac?aaaouaaei ea?uea?u, a eioi?uo aeiauaaee
ecaano-
eiaue e aooiaue eaiaiue, uaaaiue, ianie, aeeio. A 1909 a. auione ee?ie/a
ninoaaee 2.450 oun. oooe, a iaaaoaiie ecaanoe — 67 oun. ioaeia.
Ii ninaaenoao n THcianeei aicieeei ianeieueei iaeeeo eeoaeiuo e
iaoaie/an-
eeo caaiaeia, iieo/aaoeo oaieue, /oaoi, aeaeaci e noaeue io aeaaiiai
i?aaei?eyoey
Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa.
A ?acee/iuo ai?iaeao eiia?ee — Iaoa?ao?aa, Iineaa, Oa?ueeiaa, Aa?oaaa,
Eeaaa, ?inoiaa-ia-Aeiio, Aeeueii, Aaeo, Aeaenaiae?ianea, Ia?eoiiea e a
I?e-
aieaeneii ?aeiia — Iiai?inneeneia Iauanoai eiaei naie
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa.
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee eiieoao, a aai ioe?uoea i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue onoaaii
Iaua-
noaa, aue o/?aaeaeai I?aaeaieai. Eiieoao, iainiiaaaoeeny ia Ii/oaineiE
oeeoea,
yaeyeny i?aaenoaaeoaeai ii caeacai e aeaeai Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa, ii
ia
iaeaaeae ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuie ooieoeeyie ii oi?aaeaieth caaiaeii. Aeey
?oeiaiaeno-
aa aeaeaie ia i?aaei?eyoeyo a THciaea auei nicaeaii Aeaaiia oi?aaeaiea.
A eiioea XIX a. ia THcianeii caaiaea e a aai ianoa?neeo o?oaeeeinue
5.689 /a-
eiaae, a ee?ie/iii ioaeaeaiee — 62 ?aaioieoeu, 35 aaeia ?aai/eo auee
caiyou ia
oai?ea eiioi?, iaoeiiuo caeaiee e i?. Ia oaieueiuo oaooao ?aaioaei 3.160
/a-
eiaae, a eaoii ooao oaaee/eaaeny aua i?eia?ii ia 500 /aeiaae, eioi?ua a
iniiaiii auee caiyou ia iino?ieeao e ae?oaeo aniiiiaaoaeueiuo ?aaioao. A
a
ia/aea XX a. ia caaiaea e ?oaeieeao o?oaeeeinue oaea nauoa 15 oun.
/aeiaae. Iauea
aaeaaiaeiua noiiu ca?aaioiie ieaou a eiioea XIX a. 1913 a. ninoaaeee
7.075.684 ?oa-
eae. Ieaoa naeaeueiuo ?aaio eieaaaeanue a i?aaeaeao io 20 aei 150 ?oaeae
a ianyoe a
caaeneiinoe io neiaeiinoe iia?aoeee e eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aai/aai,
aaeaiany/iay ca?a-
aioiay ieaoa — io 15 aei 60 ?oa., a iiaeaiiay — io 60 eii. aei 2.500.
Aaeiaai
?aai/eo, oia?oeo io ian/anoiuo neo/aaa, iacia/aeenue iainee io 5 aei 25
?oaeae a
ianyoe. Ioiaoei, /oi ia THcianeii caaiaea i?aeoeeiaaee auaea/o
aaeeiia?aiaiiuo
iiniaee. Oae, iai?eia?, a 1897 a. auei auaeaii iiniaee ia noiio nauoa
5.000 ?oa-
eae. Aieaa oiai, ?aai/ea caaiaea iau/ii no?aoiaaeenue ia neo/ae nia?oe e
eiaa-
eeaeiinoe a I ?inneeneii No?aoiaii Iauanoaa. I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeii
iiae/a?e-
iooue, /oi THcu oe?iei i?aeoeeiaaee yenoaineaiua oi?iu ?o/iiai
iaeiiiea/eaa-
aiiai o?oaea, /oi i?eiineei ei aeiiieieoaeueioth i?eaueue.
Caaiaeioi?aaeaiea i?aaeinoaaeyei ?aai/ei aanieaoiua eaa?oe?u n
aea?iaui
ioiieaieai e aiaeith. Aeey aeaeathueo eiaeenue ieaoiua eaa?oe?u, ii
oaeaea n
aea?iaui ioiieaieai io 1 aei 4 ?oaeae a ianyoe. Ana ioa?inu e ia/enoiou
io
eaa?oe? e n oeeoe iinaeea aaeaaeiaaii oaiceeenue e aeano?oeoi?o, a
eioi?ii naeeaa-
eenue. Eaoii aea caaiaeneea oeeoeu e oa??eoi?ey, i?eeaaathuay e aeiiai,
iieeaaeanue
aiaeith n aeiaaaeaieai iaacca?aaeeaathuae aeeeinoe. Eiienney ii
enneaaeiaaieth
iieiaeaiey ai?ii?aai/eo thaa ?innee, ?aaioaaoay ia caaiaeao e ?oaeieeao
Iiai-
?inneeneiai Iauanoaa aaniie 1905 a., inoaaeea iiae?iaiua iienaiey aeeeeu
?aai/eo. Iiieii /anoiuo aeiiia eiaeenue ioaeaeueiua aeaaiono?iaiiua 2-o
e 4-o
eaa?oe?iua aeiieee, eaa?oe?u a 1,5—2 eiiiaou n eooiae (n oeaiaioiui eee
caieyiui iieii) e eaca?iu. Ii iiaieth eiiennee, ana oeiu aeeeeu auee a
oie
eee eiie noaiaie aeaaiono?iaiiu, ii eaca?iu, eae iiae/a?eeaaeinue,
ioee/aeenue
oaniioie. Aieaa oiai, aanieaoiua eaa?oe?u e eaca?iu i?aaeinoaaeyeenue
aeaeaei ia
anai ?aai/ei.
Aeaaeaeueoeu Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa oaeaeyee aeinoaoi/iia ii oai
a?aiaiai
aieiaiea, eae au iu nae/an neacaee, nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iui aii?inai
aeecie
?aai/aai. Nia?aiaiieee ia?aaeei n ainoi?aii ioia/aee yoo noi?iio
aeayoaeueiinoe
Iauanoaa. Iaaei neacaoue, /oi o ieo auee aeinoaoi/iua iniiaaiey. Ii, eae
oae
iiaaeinue, ia?yaeo n oi?ioei ninaaenoaoao iai?aiaiii e ieioia. Iniai
iiae/a?eeaa-
einue, /oi ii aeaaiono?ienoao THciaea auea auoa iiiaeo aieueoeo
aoaa?ineeo
ai?iaeia oeaio?aeueiie ?innee. Iia /aoei aeaeeeanue ia aeaa /anoe:
oi?ioi iono?iai-
ioth «aiaeeeneoth eieiieth» e, ii n?aaiaieth n iae, iaiaa
aeaaiono?iaiiua
?onneea eaa?oaeu, iaeei ec eioi?uo iieo/ee ia/aeueii ciaiaieoia iacaaiea
«Ni-
aa/aaea». I?aaaea, ia yoii nia?aiaiieee i?aaeii/eoaee oiae/eaaoue.
Ai?iae i/aiue
auno?i ?in: anee a eiioea XIX a. a iai i?iaeeaaei aianoa n ?aai/eie 25
oun.
/aeiaae, oi oaea a 1911 a. ii ian/eouaae 50 oun. aeeoaeae. A THciaea
iainiiaaeinue
ianeieueei aaieia, auei ioe?uoi ioaeaeaiea Ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea,
eiaeanue
ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoiay noaioeey n iaaeaeoia?iaeiui niiauaieai, auee
auno?iaiu
ainoeieoeu, a oii /enea e ii oeio aiaeeeneeo, ?aniieaaaeinue iiiaeanoai
?onneeo
eaaie, ii a oiaea a?aiy e o?aioeocneeo aooaoiuo, e iaiaoeeeo ieaiuo
aa?ia. A
ia?aaia n ieie o?aeoe?u, a eioi?uo aieei oi?aiaaee ?onneie aiaeeie.
Caiaoei,
/oi ieee ia oieueei ?inneeneea ?aai/ea, ii e eiino?aiiua eiaeaia?u,
eioi?uo
ia?aaeei ca yoo i?iaeiiinoue ioi?aaeyee aeiiie. A eiioea XIX a. a.
Ia?oe?-Oeaeaee,
ioeoaea iaae?aeny aeaaiui ia?acii eiaeaia?iue ia?niiae THcianeiai
caaiaea,
THCIAEA.
i?ineaaeeny eiaiii ii yoie /anoe. Aieaa oiai, eae ioia/atho aiaeeeneea
enoi?e-
ee, iueyinoai noaei iaeiie ec i?e/ei aunieie nia?oiinoe ianaeaiey a
ai?iaea.
Iaaaceiu THciaee i?iaeaaaee oi?ioea e naaaeea i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua
oiaa?u,
ca aeia?iea/anoaaiiinoueth eioi?uo iaaethaeae aaoa?eia?iue a?a/.
Iiai?inneeneia
Iauanoai ?aniieaaaei nianoaaiiui Aeaenaiae?ianeei eiaieai, eioi?ia
oaeiaea-
oai?yei ioaeaeu ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo, a oaeaea nauaaei naie i?iaeoeou ia
?uiie.
Aaca?, ?aaioaaoee ii aine?anaiueyi, aue aeinooiai aeey iiiaeo. Oai
iiaeii auei
i?eia?anoe oiaa?u ii oeaiai ia auoa, /ai a Oa?ueeiaa. Ia oa?ia «Ianee» —
Iauanoai ?acaiaeeei ieaiaiiie neio, iii eiaei eiiiue e ieaiaa?aiiue
caaiaeu,
ia?iaoth ioeiiieueioth iaeueieoeo. Caaiaeioi?aaeaiea auno?ieei ia
aaciianiii
aeey caaiaea ?annoiyiee aieith, ioa?inu io eioi?ie aaeaaeiaaii
naeeaaeenue a aea-
no?oeoi?a. A ai?iaea auei o/?aaeaeaii Iauanoai iio?aaeoaeae,
?aniieaaaaoaa
aeaoiy iaaaceiaie n ioaeaeaieyie ia ie?aeiao. Ana oiaa?u a iaaaceiao
Iauanoaa
i?iaeaaaeenue ii oia?aiiui oeaiai. Aai iaeueeaie ninoiyee aieueoae
/anoueth
caaiaeneea ?aai/ea. Aieaa oiai, caaiaeioi?aaeaiea, o/eouaay
eeeiaoe/aneea onei-
aey ?aaeiia, a eaoiee ia?eiae aanieaoii auaeaaaei ?aai/ei /ae, eioi?ue
aioiaee-
ny e?oaeinooi/ii, a oaeaea oieiaeioth aace?iaaiioth aiaeo,
i?ieeiy/aiioth a ini-
auo eioeao, a caoai inaaaeaiioth aioneaieai aicaeooa iiae aeaaeaieai.
Ii aeaaiui aeinoeaeaieai Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa, eae iai
i?aaenoaaeyaony,
auea iino?ieea caaiaeneie aieueieoeu, eioi?ay ?aniieaaaeanue a /aou?ao
caeaieyo e
auea ?ann/eoaia ia 100 e?iaaoae. THcianeay aieueieoea n/eoaeanue iaeiie
ec eo/oeo
a ie?oaa, iia eiaea i?ae?aniia oe?o?ae/aneia ioaeaeaiea. Ia niaea?aeaiea
aieue-
ieoeu ooiaeeei io 60.000 aei 75.000 ?oa. a aiae. A iae ?aaioaei 6
a?a/ae, 2 i?i-
aeci?a e 33 neoaeaueo. Ia ca?ieaoo a?a/ai a niaieoiiinoe o?aoeeinue
16.000 ?oa.
a aiae. A 1895 a. /enei noaoeeiia?iuo aieueiuo ?aaiyeinue 728 /aeiaae,
aiaoeaoi?-
iuo — 26.250 /aeiaae. Ana aeaeu iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue (ea/aiea a
aieueieoea,
i?eai aieueiuo e iinauaiea eo ia aeiio), ?aaii eae e auaea/a
iaaeeeaiaioia,
i?iaiaeeeenue aanieaoii. Caaiaeioi?aaeaiea auno?ieei oi?ioi
aeaaiono?iaiiua
ieaoiua (aoiae — 5 eii.) iauanoaaiiua aaie n ioaeneei e aeaineei
ioaeaeaieyie.
Ia eo iino?ieeo auei eno?a/aii 20.000 ?oaeae.
Ae?oaei ia iaiaa aaaeiui aeinoeaeaieai Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa noaea
i?aa-
iecaoeey ia/aeueiiai ia?aciaaiey aeey ?aai/eo. I?e caaiaea eiaeinue 1
aeaaiay e 3 oeeeaeueiua oeieu, ?aniieiaeaiiua ia ie?aeiao ai?iaea.
Caeaiea aeaaiie oeieu,
eae ienaee nia?aiaiieee, ?aniieaaaei aieueoei aeoiaui caeii, aunieeie,
i?i-
noi?iuie e naaoeuie eeannaie. Eo?n aeaaiie oeieu aue 4-o eaoiei n aeaoiy
ia?aeeaeueiuie eeannaie (anaai 6), oeeeaeueiua ian/eouaaee ii 2 eeanna
eaae-
aeay. Noieiinoue anao o/eeeuiuo caeaiee inoaaeea ieiei 75.000 ?oaeae., a
?anoiae
ia eo niaea?aeaiea, eneeth/ay ?anoiaeu ia ioiieaiea, inaauaiea e
niaea?aeaiea
caeaiee, o?aaiaae noiiu i?eia?ii a 13.000 ?oaeae. A 1897 a. 18 o/eoaeae
iao/aee
a caaiaeneeo oeieao 387 iaeue/eeia e 250 aeaai/ae. Ieaoa ca iao/aiea
?aaiyeanue
5 ?oaeyi a aiae, i?e/ai aeaoe aaeia e ne?io io iaa inaiaiaeaeaeenue. A
THciaea
eiaeenue oaeaea iaeia aiaeeeneay e ianeieueei /anoiuo oeie.
Aeaaiono?ienoai oa??eoi?ee caaiaea e ai?iaea oaeaea iaoiaeeeinue a
oeaio?a aie-
iaiey caaiaeioi?aaeaiey. Iiai?inneeneia Iauanoai ?acaeei iauanoaaiiue
ia?e
iauae ieiuaaeueth 6 aeanyoei, iaeio aai noi?iio iiuaae aieueoie
eneonnoaaiiue
i?oae (iiaa?oiinoue aiaeu ieiei 20 aeanyoei), a eioi?ii ?aai/ea e
aeeoaee ai?iaea
iiaee oaeeoue ?uao, eoiaoueny a niaoeeaeueii auno?iaiiuo ieaao/eo
eoiaeueiyo e
eaoaoueny ia eiaeeao. Aeaaeaeueoeu Iauanoaa ii ia?a naieo nee
caaioeeenue e i
aeinoaa ?aai/eo, i?e yoii ia iaaei caauaaoue, /oi ?a/ue eaeao i ?oaaaea
aaeia. Eaoii a
ia?ea iinoiyiii ea?ae ethaeoaeueneee i?eano? ec ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo
caaiaea. A
eiioea XIX a. caaiaeioi?aaeaieai aicaiaeeeinue aeaa caeaiey,
i?aaeiacia/aaoeony aeey
/aeiuo. Ii caaa?oaiee no?ieoaeuenoaa yoe ioee/ii iai?oaeiaaiiua /aeiua
iinoo-
ieee a aaaeaiea Iauanoaa o?acainoe. Ii, eae ioia/aea Eiienney ii
enneaaeiaaieth
iieiaeaiey ai?ii?aai/eo, a ia/aea XX a. yoe caaaaeaiey, e niaeaeaieth,
iinaua-
eenue iaei. Aieueoay oea?eiaue, ?aniieiaeaiiay a oeaio?a THciaee, ieiae
niaiano-
iuo oneeee ?aai/eo e aeaaeaeueoeaa caaiaea. Ia aa iino?ieeo auei
cao?a/aii
100.000 ?oaeae, i?e/ai 3/7 /anoe noiiu nia?aee naie ?aai/ea, 1/7 /anoue
iinooieea io aeeoaeae ai?iaea e 3/7 iiaea?oaiaaee oicyaaa. Iiieii iaa
eiaeinue
aua aeaa oea?eae i?e oeieao. E, iaeiiaoe a iaaaceiao Iiai?inneeneiai
Iauanoaa
nouanoaiaae eieaeiue neeaae e aeaeeioaea.
Any enoi?ey caaiaea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi i?aaei?eyoea,
iniiaaiiia
Aeae.THcii, iinoiyiii ?anoe?yeinue. A ecaanoiie noaiaie yoi auei
iaoneiaeaii
oai oaeoii, /oi ?inneeneia i?aaeoaeuenoai, e?aeia caeioa?aniaaiiia a
?acaeoee
nianoaaiiiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai e ?aeueniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia thaa
?innee, iinoi-
yiii ieacuaaei anaia?ioth iiiiuue THcianeiio caaiaeo. Niaaoneee enoi?ee
E.O.Aeiaeei iiae/a?eeaae, /oi ia?aaiaoe thaeiie iaoaeeo?aee aue iaeiei
ec naiuo
?aiieo iauaeoia i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee. A yoeo oeaeyo a 70-80-a
aiaeu
i?ioeiai aaea i?aaeoaeuenoai oe?iei eniieueciaaei nnoaeu e i?iyaeyei
iaiaeoth
ecia?aoaoaeueiinoue a iaoiaeaeaiee niiniaia eacia/aeneiai
oeiaine?iaaiey. Oae,
iai?eia?, a 1873 a. Aeae.THco aeiiieieoaeueii auea auaeaia aeieain?i/iay
nnoaea iiae
caeia aeoeee n?ieii ia 7 eao. Eae ioia/ae E.O.Aeiaeei, «yoi aue iaeei ec
ia?auo
neo/aaa auaea/e iaonoaaiuo nnoae, i?aaeoanoaiaaaoee ia/aeo oe?ieie eo
i?aeoe-
ee». Aanueia oa?aeoa?ai e ae?oaie neo/ae, ioiinyueeny e 1876-1883
aiaeai, eiaaea
THcianeee caaiae iieo/ee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue caeac ia ecaioiaeaiea
?aeuenia ia
2.700 oun. ioaeia ii aunoae oeaia 2 ?oa. 30 eii. ca ioae. A aeaiiii
neo/aa ?a/ue oea
oaea ia aaaine?iaaiee ii eacaiiui caeacai, eioi?ua iau/ii
iaania/eaaeenue
caeiaii caaiaeia. E oaeie oi?ia /anoi i?eaaaaee e ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey
oyaeaeie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Eiaiii a yoe aiaeu ?aeuenii?ieaoiue oeao Iiai?inneeneiai
Iauanoaa ?aaioae aeaaiui ia?acii ii eacaiiui caeacai, aeiey eioi?uo
i?eia?ii ?aaiyeanue 78% io anae i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Ii i?e yoii
neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi n?aaiaieth ni noa?uie o?aeueneeie caaiaeaie,
eioi?ua a 1880-1882 aiaeao eeoue ia15 % iaaeieniieueciaaee naiae
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie iiuiinoe, THcianeee caaiae, ii cayaeaieyi naieo
aeaaeaeueoeaa, aioia aue oaeaieoue naith i?iaeoeoeeth.
I?aeoeea iiaeaea?aeee i?aaei?eyoey iooai iaania/aiey aa?aioe?iaaiiuie
caea-
caie nio?aieeanue e a iineaaeothuea aiaeu, ii yoi auei naycaii oaea n
iiauie
yaeaieyie a ?inneeneie yeiiiie/aneie enoi?ee, eiaaea i?aaeoaeuenoai
ia?aoei e
ioe?uoie iiaeaea?aeea ia?auo iiiiiieenoe/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee. I?e yoii
caiaoei
/oi neiiaoee oea?neie aaeieieno?aoeee ana-oaee auee ia noi?iia noa?uo
o?aeueneeo
caaiaeia. E?anii?a/eai ia yoii aiai?yo i?aaei?eiyoua i?aaeoaeuenoaii
ia?u a
ioiioaiee aia?aua i?aaieciaaiiiai a 1882 a. Nithca ?aeueniauo
oaa?eeaioia, a
ninoaa eioi?iai aioee ia?aaeaeueiua caaiaeu. Ianiio?y ia aeaeea?aoeaiua
cayaea-
iey i oii, /oi iaiaoiaeeii iaa?aaaoue naiinoiyoaeueiua caaiaeu, e /eneo
eioi?uo
ioiineeny THcianeee, i?aaeoaeuenoai a 1884 a., aa?aioe?oy eacaiiua
caeacu ia 400
oun. ioaeia a aiae eaaeaeiio, oai ia iaiaa aeaoi o?aeueneei caaiaeai
iaania/eaaei
67% caa?ocee i?ioea 1880-1882 aa., a Iiai?inneeneiio — iaiaa 50 %. A
80-a aiaeu
THcianeee caaiae noaiiaeeny ana aieaa neeueiui eiieo?aioii e aai aeiey a
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo caeacao auno?i ?inea: n 7% a 1882-1884 aa. aei 23% a
1885-1887 aiaeu.
THcianeee caaiae, ia i?eiyaoee o/anoey a niaeaoaiee 1882 a., aioae a
ninoaa
Nithca ?aeueniauo caaiaeia a aeaeaa?a 1890 aiaea. Eae n/eoae
E.O.Aeiaeei, yoio
oaeo iauyniyeny oai, /oi a 80-a aiaeu i?aaeaeueiua caaiaeu yaeyeenue
iniiaiui
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie ?aeuenia. Ii e 90-i aiaeai neooaoeey eciaieeanue
ei?aiiui ia?a
cii: ia anoaaooth ia iiae thaeioth iaoaeeo?aeth, ?aaioaaooth ia ianoiii
nu?uea, a
oeaeyo onei?aiey aa ?inoa i?aaeoaeuenoai ia?auaao anth nenoaio
iiaeaea?aeee eacai-
iuie caeacaie ia ?aeuenu. A oi aea a?aiy noa?ua ia?aaeaeueiua caaiaeu
noaee
ia?ano?aeaaoueny ia i?iecaiaenoai ae?oaie i?iaeoeoeee. E a naaoa yoiai,
eae ienae
E.O.Aeiaeei, niaa?oaiii anoanoaaiii, /oi noa?aeoee thaeiue
iaoaeeo?ae/aneee
caaiae aioae a ninoaa iiaiai neiaeeeaoa, n?ie aeaenoaey eioi?iai enoaeae
a yiaa?a
1895 aiaea.
A ia/aea XX a. neooaoeey iinoaiaiii aui?aaeyaony, /anoiue ni?in ia
i?iaeoe-
oeeth oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia/eiaao ea?aoue ana aieueooth ?ieue ii
n?aaiaieth n
ainoaea?noaaiiui. Ia auei a noi?iia io yoeo i?ioeannia e i?aaei?eyoea
THcia. A
XX a. i?aaeoaeuenoai i?iaeieaeaei ?aciauaoue ia caaiaeao e ?oaeieeao
Iiai?innee-
neiai Iauanoaa eacaiiua caeacu. Iu ?aniieaaaai n?aaieoaeueiuie aeaiiuie
ia
ia?eiae aieiu, eiaaea eacaiiue ni?in ia iaoaee ?acei aic?in., a aai
i?iecaiaenoai a oeaeii ii ?innee iaaeaei20a. Ec oaaeeoeu aeaeii, /oi
oieueei a aeiau/a oaey aeiey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeacia auea cia/eoaeueiie, a a inoaeueiuo aeaeao
i?iaeoeoeee,
eiaaoae iai?iiiia cia/aiea, eo aeiey auea ieaea.
Oaaeeoea ? 2. Eacaiiua caeacu, ?aciauaiiua ia caaiaeao e ?oaeieeao Iiai-
?inneeneiai Iauanoaa a 1916 a. (a ioaeao)
Aeaeu
i?iaeoeoeee Ii?neiio
aaaeiinoao Aiaiiiio
aaaeiinoao Eacia Anaai eac.
caeacia Anaai
i?iecaaae.
Oaieue 7.240.287 2.760.000 27.283.771 37.284.058 82.858.283
Eien 170.000 4.480.000 550.000 5.520.000 15.815.971
*oaoi 200.000 3.850.000 134.000 4.181.000 8.215.065
Noaeue o?aiiae. – 1.924.736 – – –
Enoi/ieee:
?AEA. O. 23. Ii. 28. Ae. 1498. E. 5;
Oai aea. O. 1498. Ii. 1. Ae. 14. E. 10, 20, 22.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay iieeoeea iiaeaea?aeee nua?aea
aaaeioth ?ieue
a noaiiaeaiee e ?acaeoee THcianeiai i?aaei?eyoey. Ii, eae iai
i?aaenoaaeyaony,
oniaoiay aeaeiaay aeoeaiinoue Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa iauyniyeanue
oaeaea e
?aoeeiiaeueii i?aaieciaaiiui i?iecaiaenoaii, e oiaeui oi?aaeaieai.
Enoaoe,
yoio oaeo ioia/aee e naie ?aai/ea. THcianeee caaiae no?ieeny n?aco eae
i?aae-
i?eyoea n iieiui iaoaeeo?ae/aneei oeeeeii, aai aeaaeaeueoeu n naiiai
ia/aea
oaeaeyee aieueoia aieiaiea niaa?oainoaiaaieth oaoiieiae/aneiai
i?ioeanna, caai-
oeeenue i ea/anoaa naiae i?iaeoeoeee. Oae, iai?eia?, ia Anaie?iie
aunoaaea a
Ia?eaea a 1900 a. ecaeaeey Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa auea ioia/aiu
A?ai-i?e.
N?aaenoaa ia ?anoe?aiea i?iecaiaenoaa THcu ecuneeaaee ia oieueei iooai
iieo/a-
iey i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo nnoae e eacaiiuo aa?aioe?iaaiiuo caeacia, ii e
i?e
iiiiue auionea iaeeaaoeeiiiuo caeiia iiae caeia iaaeaeaeeiinoe, eioi?ua,
eae
i?aaeei, ?aciauaeenue ia aeaiaaeiii ?uiea a Aiaeee.
A eiioea XIX noieaoey, eiaaea i?aaei?eyoey oaea oaa?aei noiyee ia
iiaao, naiuey
THcia aeoeaii i?eia?aoaea a nianoaaiiinoue eiaiey ianoiuo aeai?yi,
eioi?ua
auee ?aniieiaeaiu a Aa?oiaaeiai?ianeii e Aaoiooneii oacaeao
Aeaoa?eineaaneie
aoaa?iee. Yoi auee caiee aiaaoua caeaaeaie ia?aieeanniie aeaeaciie
?oaeu,
eioi?ay aiineaaenoaee e noaea iniiaiui nu?ueai aeey i?aaei?eyoey. Oae, a
o?e
yoaia (1886, 1894, 1895) nia/aea Aeaeii THc, a caoai aai nui Aeai?
neoieee
eiaiea Aaeie?unaiei Oaaei?a A?naiueaae/a, ia?aaeaiiia a iaa 1909 a. a
nianoaai-
iinoue Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa. THcu oaeaea i?eia?aee caiee,
i?eiaaeeaaeaa-
oea Eeaai I.O. (1889 a.), Niieyieiiaie E.E. (1890 a.), Ea?eiie A.A.
(1893 a.), Ioaie/iiai N.Ae. (1893 a.), Oa?iaiei e Aacoaeuo (1893 a.),
Aia?aeaoe-
eeo I.A. e E.I. (1896 a.) e Aeia?iaieueneiai B.C. (1897 a.). A 1894 a.
iia eoieee
caiee a Aa?oiaaeiai?ianeii oacaea iiae iauei iacaaieai «E?eaie ?ia». A
1894 e
1909 aiaeao nuiiauey THca, Aeueaa?o, Aeaeii Aeaeaein, A?oo? e Aeai?,
i?iaeaee a
nianoaaiiinoue Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa eiaiey, aeinoaaoeany ei a
ianeaaenoai
io iooea. Ia yoe oeaee o?aoeeenue ii oai a?aiaiai a?iiaaeiua n?aaenoaa.
Oae,
iai?eia?, oieueei ia iieoieo aeaoo eiaiee (Ea?eiie e Niieyieiiaie) auei
iio?a/aii 255 oun. ?oaeae na?aa?ii.
Iaoa?ao?aneee eiieoao, ia/eiay n 1895 a., aae i?iaeieaeeoaeueioth
ia?aieneo n
ieienoa?noaaie aioo?aiieo aeae, oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe (ia?aciaaii a
1905 a.), caieaaeaeey e ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiouanoa, eni?aoeaay ?ac?aoaiea
ia
ooaa?aeaeaiea eoi/eo e?aiinoae. Yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii iioiio, /oi
i?eia?aoaiea
caiaeue aia aeeaeaeoaai ?aniieiaeaiey caaiaea ia i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue
aeiaiai?ii
1869 a. e aeiiieieoaeueiuie oneiaeyie. A eiioea eiioeia oiaeaoaenoai
Eiieoaoa
Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa auei oaeiaeaoai?aii Niaaoii ieieno?ia e
eiia?aoi-
?ii 23 oaa?aey 1910 a. (no.no.) iineieueeo, eae oeacuaaeinue a
aeieoiaioa Ai?iiai
aeaia?oaiaioa Ieienoa?noaa oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iii auei «aucaaii
aeaeaieai iaania/eoue naia i?aaei?eyoea ?oaeith».
Caaiaeioi?aaeaiea oaeaea caeeth/aei aeiaiai?u ia a?aiaeo caiee n
e?anoueyinee-
ie iaueiaie n oeaeueth i?eia?aoaiey i?aaa ia ?acaaaeeo e aeiau/o
aeaeaciie ?oaeu.
A eiioea XIX ia/aea XX a. (aeaeaa?ue 1898, oaa?aeue 1902, yiaa?ue 1907
aa.) nuiiauey
THca A?oo? Aeaaeae e Aeaeii Aeaeaein e aee?aeoi?-?anii?yaeeoaeue sseia
Aiae?anii
caiyaoee yoio iino iinea nia?oe Ae ae. THca iiaeienaee o?e aeiaiai?a n
e?anoueyiaie
nae Aieueoea Ea?aeoau, Noeeu e Iiaio?ieoeeia, ?aniieiaeaiiua a
Aaoiooneii
oacaea. Yoe aeiaiai?u i?aaenoaaeytho aieueoie iao/iue eioa?an
iineieueeo, ia iao
acaeyae, ii?iaa?aatho oi/eo c?aiey, auneacaiioth aaoi?ii eieae 1937 a.
«Noa?ay
THciaea» i oii, /oi e?anoueyia ie?anoiuo aea?aaaiue iiaeaa?aaeenue yeiau
aaccanoai-
/eaiio a?aaaaeo ni noi?iiu aeaaeaeueoeaa caaiaea. Iaaeaeo oai
aeiaiai?aie /aoei
i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue ?acia?u a?aiaeiie ieaou, aa?aioe?iaaeny aaeaaiaeiue
aeioiae
Iauanoao iinaeyi a aeaea iiioaeiie ieaou. Oae, iai?eia?, ii aeiaiai?o
1898 a.
Iiai?inneeneia Iauanoai auiea/eaaei e?anoueyiai ca i?aai aanoe ?acaaaeeo
ia
iaiaa 500 ?oaeae a aiae, a aaeaaiaeiue aeioiae iaueiu aeieaeai aue
ninoaaeyoue ia
iaiaa 3.000 ?oaeae, ii aeiaiai?o 1902 a. — ia iaiaa 2.000. Eae i?aaeei,
caiee
a?aiaeiaaeenue ia aeeeoaeueiue n?ie — io 9 aei 15 eao. Yoi auee
aeieoiaiou,
ioi?ieaiiua ii anai th?eaee/aneei i?aaeeai e o/eouaathuea eioa?anu iaaeo
noi?ii. A naioya?a 1909 a. Iaoa?ao?aneee eiieoao iai?aaee a ioaeae
oi?aiaee
IOeI ienueii, a eioi?ii oaaaeiieye aeanoe i oii, /oi Iiai?inneeneia
Iauanoai
ioeacuaaaony io i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iaeieaeaiey au?aaioie ?oaeu ia
a?aiaeiaaiiuo o
e?anoueyi caieyo ii i?e/eia iacia/eoaeueiiai a iae niaea?aeaiey aeaeaca.
Ia yoii
iniiaaiee, ii oieueei ii enoa/aiee n?iea aeaenoaey noa?uo, iiauo
aeiaiai?u n
Iauanoaaie iinaeyi ia auee caeeth/aiu.
Oaeei ia?acii, ii ni?aaea, ninoaaeaiiie aeey IOeI a ninoaa
Iiai?inneeneiai
i?aaei?eyoey a ia/aea XX a. aoiaeeee: 1) aeaeaciua ?oaeieee a E?eaii
?iaa
Aeaoa?eineaaneie aoaa?iee — «Aa/a?iee Eoo» Aa?oiaaeiai?ianeiai oacaea,
«Eeo-
iaiianeee» Aeaenaiae?ianeiai oacaea, «Ea?aeoaneee», «Iiaio?ieoeeee» e
«Noe-
eianeee» Aaoiooneiai oacaea; 2) eaiaiiioaieueiua ?oaeieee
(«Oeaio?aeueiue»,
«Aaoea», «Iiainiieyieiianeea») e i?eiaaeeaaeauea e iei aeaeaciua
?oaeieee a
Aaoiooneii oacaea iauae ieiuaaeueth 18.888 aeanyoei; 3) THcianeee
/oaoiiiiea-
aeeueiue, aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiue e noaeaeeoaeiue caaiae ni
aniiiiaaoaeueiuie oeaoa-
ie, ?aniieiaeaiiue a Aaoiooneii oacaea; 4) aeaeaciay aei?iaa ii?iaeueiie
eieae a
?aeiia caaiaea aeeeiie a 23 aa?nou n aaoeie a 11 aa?no, niaaeeiythuae
caaiae ni
noaioeeae THciai Aeaoa?eieineie ae.ae. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?ioeann
eiioeaio?aoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, ioaaoeaoee ?inneeneoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue, aue oa?aeoa?ai e
aeey Iiai?inneeneiai Iauanoaa. A /anoiinoe ii iaoae naia i?iyaeaiea a
aeoeaiii i?eia?aoaiee a eiioea XIX a. iiauo caiaeue n oeaeueth
iaania/aiey,
i?e/ai a e?oiiuo ianooaaao, nianoaaiiui nu?ueai iaoaeeo?ae/aneia i?aae-
i?eyoea.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, Iiai?inneeneia Iauanoai iicaeinoaiaaei e?oiiua
noiiu ia ?anoe?aiea i?iecaiaenoaa a aeaea caeiia e iin?aaenoaii auionea
iaeeaa-
oeee. Oae, 29 ia?oa 1889 a. (i.no.) Iauanoai caeeth/eei aeiaiai? n
ei?aeii A?/e-
aaeueaeii Aaeueoo?ii, e Aai?e A?anne i auionea 6% caeeaaeiuo eenoia ia
noiio a
275 oun. o.no. iiae caeia eiaiey, i?eia?aoaiiiai o ei. Eeaai. N yoeo ii?
ei?ae
Aaeueoo? noae ea?aoue aeaeioth ?ieue a aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa e
iinoaiaiii nin?a-
aeioi/ee a naieo ?oeao a?iiaaeiia /enei aeoeee. Oiiae iiaaoaiey
ia?aciauaaeny
ec noiiu ?aaiie 1% aiaeiauo ia iiieiaeueioth noiio caeia, a oaeaea iethn
6 %
aiaeiauo ia aaeaaiaeii iiaaoaaiua caeeaaeiua eenou, i?e/ai aueoi
iineaaeieo
i?iecaiaeeeny ii iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe, a eo aeaaeaeueoeo a?o/aeny
eoiii ia
iieaoo i?ioeaioia. Iiaaoaiea i?iecaiaeeeinue a i?enoonoaee iioa?eona
aaeaaiaeii a
iaa ianyoea n iauyaeaieai a «Oaeina» oiea/aiiuo Iauanoaii aeieaia.
Iiai?in-
neeneia iauanoai acyei ia naay iaycaoaeuenoai ?anieaoeoueny n aeieaaie e
1 ethey
1823 aiaea.
A 1896 e 1900 aa. Iiai?inneeneia Iauanoai auionoeei 5% aeaoona?eeiuo
iaeeaaoeeiiiue caei a oeaeyo niaeaenoaey ?acaeoeth i?aaei?eyoey ia
iauoth noiio
300.000 o. no. N?iee iiaaoaiey niioaaonoaaiii enoaeaee 1 ethey 1911 a. e
1 ie-
oya?y 1920 aiaea. A a ai?aea ianyoea 1910 a. ninoiyeny iiaue caai iiae
caeia
caiaeueiuo o/anoeia, eoieaiiuo o Eeaai, Niieyieiiaie e Ea?eiie ia noiio
a
6000.000 o.no. (eee 5.675.995 ?oaeae), eioi?ay aeeth/aea a naay
iaania/aiea
ia?aaiaea eee iiaaoaiey iaeeaaoeeiiiuo caeiia 1896 e 1900 aa. Iiaaoaiea
iiaiai
caeia i?aaeiieaaaeinue i?iaanoe a oa/aiea 33 eao. Aeey aii?oecaoeee
aeieaa Iiai-
?inneeneia iauanoai ?ac a iieaiaea oaea?aeeaaei 8 iainia n eaaeaeie
aiaeeeneie
oiiiu oaey, au?aaioaiiiai a eiiyo Iauanoaa aei oao ii?, iiea iauay noiia
oaea?aeae ia aoaeao ?aaiyoueny noiia oaeoueo ieaoaaeae ii caeio
eaaeaeiai niioaaono-
aothuaai iieo aiaeey.
Eae oeacuaaeinue a caeiia 1895 a. i Iiai?inneeneii iauanoaa, a oa/aiea
ianeieueeeo eao aeeaeaeaiae ninoaaeye nauoa 15 % aiaeiauo ia
iaueiiaaiiua aeoeee.
E a ?acoeueoaoa e eiioeo XIX a. cia/eoaeueiay /anoue caeiia Iauanoaa
auea
oiea/aia ec i?eauee, eioi?ay, oaeei ia?acii, auea eaieoaeece?iaaia. *oi
aea
eanaaony caeiia ?oaaaea aaeia, oi, eae iieacuaatho aaeainiaua n/aoa
Iauanoaa, a
1913 a. ia?aay na?ey auea iieiinoueth auiea/aia, a ii aoi?ie /eneeeny
iacia/e-
oaeueiue aeiea. A 1900 a. aeoeeiia?iue eaieoae Iauanoaa aue oaaee/ai e
ninoaaee
1 iei. 200 oun. o. no. Ii aue ?acaeaeai ia 600 oun. o.no. noa?iai e 600
oun. o.no.
iiaiai eaieoaea. I?e yoii aea?aeaoaeyi noa?iai eaieoaea iacia/aeanue
noiia
iiaiai, ?aaiay noiia iaoiaeyuaainy o ieo ai aeaaeaiee.
Ii niiauaieyi aacao, Iiai?inneeneia Iauanoai a 1912 a. io nauoa naiae
i?iaeoeoeee iieo/eei i?eaueue a 128.137 o. no. N oaea?aeaieai inoaoea
aeieaa ec
i?eauee ca i?aaeuaeouee aiae (46.301 o.no.), iauee iaee/iue eaieoae
Iauanoaa,
iiaeeaaeauee ?ani?aaeaeaieth, onoaiiaeeny a noiia 174.439 o.no., ec
eioi?uo
44.598 iioei ia aii?oecaoeeth, 50.000 – a ?aca?aiue eaieoae, 60.000 eee
5% ia
eaaeaeoth aeoeeth eae aeeaeaeaiae aeoeeiia?ai e, iaeiiaoe, 19.840 o.no.
niiaa ooei ia
?aii?oiua* naeaeee.
Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai ia iaoiaeeeinue a noi?iia io i?ioeannia,
i?ienoiaeea-
oeo a ?onneie yeiiiie/aneie aeecie, a eiaiii: iiiiiieecaoeee e eeanniaie
eiinieeaeaoeee ao?aeoacee. A ia/aea XX a. iii aoiaeeei a a?oiio thaeiuo
caaiaeia,
yaeyaoeony eiio?aaaioaie neiaeeeaoa «I?iaeaiaoa». Eae iaiaeiie?aoii
iiae/a?ee-
aaeinue a niaaoneie enoi?e/aneie eeoa?aoo?a, yoio iiuiue neiaeeeao a
i?aaeaiai-
iua aiaeu ia aeiionoee ioe?uoey iiauo iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo caaiaeia. Aieaa
oiai, ii
n oeaeueth iiauoaiey oeai cae?ue ?yae aeaenoaiaaaoeo e cia/eoaeueii
ia?aie/ee
i?iecaiaenoai ia i?aaei?eyoeyo naieo eiio?aaaioia, aceiay oo?aou ca
i?aauoa-
iea onoaiiaeaiiuo eaio. Ia/eiay n 1907 a. Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai
caeeth/eei
n Iauanoaii aeey i?iaeaaee ecaeaeee ?onneeo iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo caaiaeia
(ioeoee-
aeueiia iacaaiea neiaeeeaoa) oeaeue ?yae eiio?aaaioneeo aeiaiai?ia,
i?aaeinoaaeya-
oeo neiaeeeaoo i?aai eneeth/eoaeueiie i?iaeaaee i?iecaiaeeiuo THcianeei
caaiaeii
_______________________________________________________________________
* ?aii?o — ?acieoea iaaeaeo i?iaeaaeiie e iieoiiie oeaiie. Yoi
?aciiaeaeiinoue n?i/iie naeaeee, eioi?ay caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
aeaaeaeaoe oeaiiuo aoiaa eee aaethou i?iaeaao eo aaieo n iaycaoaeuenoaii
iineaaeothuaai aueoia ii iiaie, aieaa aunieie oeaia.
aaeie, ?aeuenia, eenoiaiai aeaeaca, noaee anao ni?oia e ?yaea ae?oaeo
ecaeaeee. Yoe
niaeaoaiey onoaiaaeeaaee aeiee o/anoey THcianeiai caaiaea a neiaeeeaoa
«I?iaea-
iaoa» (iie eieaaaeenue a i?aaeaeao io 9% aei 14,5% ia ?aciua aeaeu
ecaeaeee),
ii?aaeaeyee n?aaeiea oeaiu ia i?iecaaaeaiioth ii caeacai i?iaeoeoeeth.
Iiai?innee-
neia iauanoai, niaeanii aeiaiai?ai, iaycuaaeinue i?eia?anoe aeoeee
neiaeeeaoa, a
Iauanoai aeey i?iaeaaee ecaeaeee, a naith i/a?aaeue, i?eia?aoaei aeoeee
THcianeiai
caaiaea, i?e/ai eo iauaa eiee/anoai niaoeeaeueii iaiaa?eaaeinue. N?ie
aeaenoaey
niaeaoaiee iinoiyiii i?iaeeaaaeny, aieioue aei 1917 aiaea.
Eae niiauaee aacaou, Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai caieiaei 3-a ianoi ii
i?iec-
aiaenoao iaeioi?uo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee n?aaee eiio?aaaioia neiaeeeaoa
«I?iaeaiaoa».
Iii oei aneaae ca THaeii-?onneei Aeiai?ianeei iaoaeeo?ae/aneei e
?onnei-aaeue-
aeeneei iaoaeeo?ae/aneei i6uanoaaie.
Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai oaeaea aioei a ninoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo
i?aaieca-
oeee ?inneeneie ao?aeoacee, noaa /eaiii Nuacaea i?aaenoaaeoaeae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe
e oi?aiaee. 12-14 ai?aey 1906 a. a Iaoa?ao?aa ninoiyeny aai
i?aaiecaoeeiiiue
nuacae. Oiaaea aea auei naieoeeiie?iaaii i?yiia o/anoea a nuacaeao
ioaeaeueiuo
e?oiiuo oe?i n eaieoaeii aieaa 300 oun. ?oaeae. Oaeei oe?iai
i?aaeinoaaey-
einue oieueei i?aai niaauaoaeueiiai aieina, i?e oneiaee oieaou aiaeiauo
aciinia a
?acia?a 100 ?oaeae n eaaeaeiai ieeeeiia eaieoaea. Niaao nuacaeia (a
ninoaaa 48 /a-
eiaae) aue iaaeaeai i?aaii i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eioa?ania «anae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
oi?aiaee» ia?aae i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie e caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie
no?a-
iu. Anooieaiea Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa a ninoaa yoie i?aaiecaoeee
i?ieci-
oei a oaa?aea 1910 a., i /ai ecaauae Niaao nuacaeia aeaaiioi?aaeythuee
caaiaeii
e ?oaeieeaie Aaeai Aeaenaiae?iae/ Naeoeui. Iauanoai ieaoeei /eaineea
aciinu a
?acia?a 1200 ?oaeae a aiae.
Aaniie 1911 a. a i?anna iiyaeeenue ia?aua naaaeaiey i i?aaenoiyuae
i?iaeaaea
eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoeee Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa a?oiia o?aioeocneeo
eaie-
oaeenoia. ?onneea aacaou, nnueaynue ia naaaeaiey, niiauaiiua
o?aioeocneeie aeo?-
iaeenoaie, oaaaeiieyee ioaeeeo i oii, /oi iiia/aeo a ea/anoaa
iin?aaeieea i?e
i?iaeaaea aunooiee e?oiiue aaiee?neee aeii «Thalmann Co.». Iinea
aeaooeaoiaai
ia?a?uaa inaiueth 1913 a. aiiaue caaiai?eee i i?iaeaaea THcianeiai
caaiaea. Ia nae
?ac aacao/eee iaaeaoniuneaiii oeacuaaee ia i?e/eiu, canoaaeaoea
aeaaeaeueoeaa
«auionoeoue ec ?oe noieue cia/eoaeueiia i?aaei?eyoea». Nnueaynue ia
iiaiea ii?aaea-
eaiiuo eeoe, aacaou niiauaee i oii, /oi a iineaaeiea aiaeu i?iecaiaenoai
ia
i?aaei?eyoee ianeieueei nieceeinue*, a yenieoaoaoeey oaieueiuo ?oaeieeia
ia auea
i?aaieciaaia aeieaeiui ia?acii. Aieaa oiai, «Ae?aeaaua aaaeiiinoe»
oeacuaaee
ia oii, /oi n oi/ee c?aiey oaoie/aneie iai?oaeiaaiea THcianeiai caaiaea
onoa?aei,
e Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai /ooue ee ia aaeeinoaaiiia n?aaee i?aaei?eyoee
THaa ia
n/eoaeinue n oaoie/aneei i?ia?annii, e iiyoiio ia aiineei oeo/oaiee a
oaoiiei-
aeth i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeey iaeeaeaiey aeaea, eae niiauaee aacaou,
o?aaiaaeenue aeiiie-
ieoaeueiua oneeey e i?eoie iiauo eaieoaeia. Niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiay
iniaay
eiienney ai aeaaa n Eoe Ae?aeoonii (ia yoio ?ac a ea/anoaa iin?aaeieea
ia
ia?aaiai?ao aunooiee aaiee?neee aeii «Louis Dreyfus &Ni») i?iecaiaeeea
ii-
ae?iaiue iniio? caaiaea e ?oaeieeia.
Aiaeeeneee enoi?ee Aeae.Aanoaoae oaeaea ioia/ae oaeo ionoaaaiey THcia
a aeaea
aiaae?aiey iiauo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia. Ii ii ana aea aieueoa
neeiiai
n/eoaoue naaaeaiey, niiauaiiua i?annie, nei?aa aieineiaiuie
ooaa?aeaeaieyie, a
ia aeinoaoi/ii iainiiaaiiie e?eoeeie.
________________________________________________________________________
* Yoi auei eeoue io/anoe aa?iia ooaa?aeaeaiea.
Oaaeeoea ? 3. Iniiaiua iieacaoaee i?iecaiaenoaa a 1911-1913 aa. (a aiae.
oiiiao)
Aeaeu i?iaeoeoeee 1911 1912 1913 1914
Oaieue 1.390.868 1.261.589 1.388.750 1.493.357
Eien 326.434 435.589 436.350 391.254
*oaoi e nieaau 252.241 270.370 272.771 267.099
Noaeue 175.372 210.941 228.380 231.367
?aeuenu 52.147 82.957 69.244 87.349
Eenoiaia aeaeaci
aieaaiee e i?. 61.342 71.235 97.257 89.813
Aaeee caaioiaee e i?. 84.635 55.762 60.234 48.282
Enoi/ieee:
?AEE. Ii. 28. Ae. 1497. E. 18, 20, 22.
E ana-oaee ionoaaaiea THcianeiai caaiaea n yoie oi/ee c?aiey io aieaa
iieiaeuo
iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee thaa ?innee oaea a eiioea XIX a.
noaiiaeeinue
yaiui. Oae, niaaoneee enoi?ee A.I.Nieiaueaaa ioia/aao, /oi a 90-a aiaeu
i?ioei-
ai noieaoey ia caaiaea aue inouanoaeai e?oiiue naeaea a
yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe
o?oaea., i?e/ai /eneaiiinoue caaiaeneeo ?aai/eo aic?inea eeoue ia 13% a
oi a?aiy,
eae iauee iauai i?iaeoeoeee oaaee/eeny ii/oe ia 149 i?ioeaioia. Ii,
ianiio?y ia
yoi, a 1900 a. Iiai?inneeneia iauanoai ii oeacaiiiio iieacaoaeth
onooiaei
Iao?ianeiio caaiaeo ?onnei-aaeueaeeneiai iauanoaa a 3 ?aca, a
Ae?oaeeianeiio
Aeiiaoeeiai iauanoaa – a 4,6 ?aca. Aeey aieueoae iieiiou ea?oeiu
i?eaaaeai
aeaiiua ia yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe o?oaea ia Noeeineii caaiaea: iia
?aaiyeanue
0,87 e.n. ia iaeiiai ?aai/aai, oi anoue auea a 3,25 ?aca ieaea, /ai ia
THcianeii caaaaeaii.
Eae iai i?aaenoaaeyaony, nia?aiaiieee a?ineee eeoue io/anoe
ni?aaaaeeeaue
oi?ae aeaaeaeueoeai Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa. Ii a?yae ee iiaeii
niaeaneoueny n
oai, /oi ia THcianeii caaiaea aiana ia n/eoaeenue n oaoie/aneei
i?ia?annii. A
io/aoa I?aaeaiey iauanoaa io 13 yiaa?y 1913 a. (i.no.) oeacuaaeinue, /oi
a
i?aaenoiyuai aiaeo iaeeaeaaony oeo/oaiea aeae ii ioiioaieth e 1912 a.
Iaeioi?ue
niaae, i/aaeaeii, aue aucaai oai, /oi a 1910 a. ia caaiaea auea i?eiyoa
i?ia?aiia
iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, /anoe/ii i?a?aaiiay a nayce n aaa?eae ia
yeaeo?e-
/aneii aaia?aoi?a. Ii ae?oaea ioieou i?ia?aiiu e 1913 a. auee auiieiaiu
e
oaea ia/aee aeaaaoue ?acoeueoaou. A i?aaeuaeouai 1912 a., eae
iiae/a?eeaaeinue a
io/aoa, auea aeinoeaiooa nouanoaaiiay yeiiiiey a iio?aaeaiee oiieeaa.
I?aaea-
iea Iauanoaa i?aaeiieaaaei i?eiyoue ia?u ii oeo/oaieth aeoouey a
aeiiaiiuo
ia/ao. Iii oaeaea aaei ia?aaiai?u n aaeueaeeneie oe?iie «Evence Ni??aa»
ii
nii?oaeaieth 150 eieniaaeueiuo ia/ae e no?ieoaeuenoao caaiaea ii
eniieueciaaieth
iooiaeia ?yaeii n Oeaio?aeueiuie ?oaeieeaie.
A ia/aea 1914 a. ?onnei-Aceaoneee aaie niae?aeny i?eia?anoe
eiio?ieueiue
iaeao aeoeee Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa, caeeth/ea n yoie oeaeueth a
yiaa?a 1914 a.
niaoeeaeueiia niaeaoaiea n aaiee?neei aeiiii Ae?aeoona. A oaea aaniie
oiai aea
aiaea I.A.Ai?aeii, aee?aeoi? ?onnei-Aceaoneiai aaiea, aae ia?aaiai?u ii
niaiano-
iiio i?eia?aoaieth THcianeiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai caaiaea. Ii ia yoio ?ac
ia?oia-
?ii ii naeaeea aunooiee Iaoa?ao?aneee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaie. Eiini?oeeoi
aai-
eia i?aaeiieaaae o/?aaeeoue aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai aeey yenieoaoaoeee
yoiai caaiaea.
Aiineaaenoaee ?onnei-Aceaoneee aaie ioeacaeny io i?eia?aoaiey THcianeiai
caai-
aea. Ana oeiiiou ii iieoiea eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoeee Iiai?inneeneiai
iauano-
aa acye ia naay Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaie, eioi?ue i?aaeiieaaae inouanoaeoue
naeaeeo,
eae niiauaee aacaou, ia 33 iei. ?oaeae. Yoio eaieoae aeieaeai aue
?ani?aaeaeeoue-
ny neaaeothuei ia?acii: 15 iei. ?oaeae iaee/iuie, 12 iei. a aeoeeyo e 6
iei. a
iaeeaaoeeyo. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaie i?aneaaeiaae oeaeue iaania/eoue
niaianoioth yen-
ieoaoaoeeth aeiiaiiuo ia/ae THciaee n Iauanoaii iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo
caaiaeia
Aa?oiaia. Ii a iaa 1914 a. aacaou oaaaeiieee naieo /eoaoaeae i oii, /oi
e yoa
naeaeea Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaiea oaeaea ia ninoiyeanue. Ia/aaoayny anei?a
aieia
ia aeaa aiaea caaea?aeaea inouanoaeaiea aeaaii ianoaeaeaaoaeny iieoiee.
E oieueei a
ai?aea 1916 a. ?onnei-Aceaoneee aaie aunooiee a ea/anoaa aaeeinoaaiiiai
iieoia-
oaey aeoeee Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa. A eaoii oiai aea aiaea ii
ia?aonooiee eo
?onneiio iauanoao aeey ecaioiaeaiey nia?yaeia e aiaiiuo i?eiania,
auaoaio
iauanoao «Ia?aeaeiai».
A 1913-1914 aiaeao (aei iauyaeaiey aieiu) iieiaeaiea aeae a
Iiai?inneeneii
iauanoaa, niaeanii io/aoo I?aaeaiey, i?iaeieaeaei oeo/oaoueny. Ii
i?eciaieth
naieo aeoeeiia?ia, ?ino aeioiaeia aue aiieia oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiui. Yoi
iauyniy-
einue oai ianoiyoaeuenoaii, /oi noa?ua eiio?aeou ia iinoaaeo oaey e
/oaoia,
caeeth/aiiua ii aieaa ieceei, /ai a 1914 a. oeaiai, auee iieiinoueth
au?aaioaiu.
Ae?oaie i?e/eiie oeo/oaiey aeae, eae oeacuaaei I?aaeaiea, noaei
aiaae?aiea
yeaeo?e/aneiai i?eaiaea e iinoaiaiiia nieaeaiea iio?aaeaiey oaey. A
i?aaeaiai-
iua aiaeu a aeiiaiiuo oeaoao i?iaeieaeaeanue iiaea?iecaoeey
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ia THcia-
neee caaiae auee aeinoaaeaiu oo?aiaicaeooiaeoaee e ia?iaua eioeu nenoaiu
Aaaeie
e Oeeeien. Eiio?aeo, caeeth/aiiue ia oae aeaaii n oe?iie «Evence Ni??aa»
aeaaae nouanoaaiioth yeiiiieth a iio?aaeaiee oaey e, eae neaaenoaea
yoiai, nieaea-
iea naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee. Iacaaeieai aei aieiu ia oa??eoi?ee,
i?eiaaeeaaeaa-
oae iauanoao auee ioe?uou iiaua ianoi?iaeaeaiey eienothuaainy oaey, oae
iacu-
aaaiua o?acianeea ieanou, eioi?ua ii ea/anoao ia onooiaee
niieyieiianeei.
Iauay noieiinoue iaaeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa a a.
THciaea ia 13 yiaa?y 1914 a. ninoaaeea 1.740.773 o. no*. ?ac?aceaoayny
ia?aay ie?iaay aieia iaianea na?ueaciua oua?a aeciano, eae oeacuaaeinue
a ion/aoa I?aaeaiey iauanoaa. Caaiae iioa?ye eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua eaae?u
?aai/eo, eniuouaae o?oaeiinoe ni nauoii i?iaeoeoeee aaeaeo naiaa n
ia?aaiceaie a?ocia ia aeaeaciuo aei?iaao no?aiu, eioi?ua a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue iaania/eaaee aiaiiua ia?aaicee.
Ana aiaeu a ia/aea XX noieaoey e?aaeeoiua iia?aoeee Iiai?inneeneiai
iauano-
aa inouanoaeyeenue i?e iin?aaeie/anoaa Eiiaeiineiai Ia??-aaiea, a a
?innee —
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai, Iaoa?ao?aneiai eiiia?/aneiai e Iineianeiai
eoia/aneiai aaieia. A 1913 a. a I?aaeaiea iauanoaa a ea/anoaa
aee?aeoi?ia aoiaeeee neaaeothuea eeoea: ei?ae A.Aaeueoo? eae
i?aaenaaeaoaeue, I.Aeeeii, Aeaeii Aeaeaein THc, A.Iaeeiiae, A.Ieenii e
A.?aaeeueii. A 1914 a. ninoaa aee?aeoi?ia ianeieueei eciaieeny,
I?aaeaiea eca?aei iiaiai naiaai /eaia *.Ao/a, a a ea/anoaa
aeoea-aee?aeoi?a — *.Ioaeeae. Iinea ionoaaee I.Aeeeiia a 1914 a. aai
ianoi a i?aaeaiee caiye A?oo? Aaeueoo?. A 1915 a. oia? Aeueaa?o
?aaeeueii, a a 1916 a. ec ninoaaa i?aaeaiey e n iinoa aai i?aaenaaeaoaey
ooae iaeei ec naiuo e?oiiuo aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaaaa ei?ae A?/eaaeueae
Aaeueoo?. A ?acoeueoaoa I?aaeaiea nie?aoeeinue aei /aou?ao /aeiaae. A
ea/anoaa ioaaonoaaiiuo aaaioia Iao?ia?aaeneiai eiieoaoa Iiai?inneeneiai
iauanoaa a 1916 a. auee neaaeothuea eeoea: Aeai Ay?/, eioi?ue aei yoiai
caieiae iino eiiia?/aneiai aee?aeoi?a THcianeiai caaiaea, *a?euec
Yanai?o e Ai?en
* A aiaeu aieiu eo?n ?oaey ii ioiioaieth e ooioo noa?eeiaia nieceeny. Ia
13 yiaa?y 1915 a. (i.n.) ii ninoaaee 117 ?oa.=10 o.no. Iaaeaiea eo?na
i?iaeieaeaeinue e a neaaeothuea aiaeu (?AEA. O.23. Ii. 28. Ae. 1497. E.
23.)
Ieeieaaae/ Iiia?aioeaa. A oa/aiea anae aei?aaiethoeeiiiie enoi?ee
i?aaei?eyoey aai ?oeiaiaeyuee e eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneee ia?niiae
eiiieaeoiaaeny aeaaiui ia?acii ec aiaee/ai. Oai ia iaiaa ninoaa
neoaeaueo caaiaea aue iienoeia iiiaiiaoeeiiaeai. ?yaeii n aiaee/aiaie e
?onneeie o?oaeeeenue aa?ae, iieyee, aaeueaeeoeu, iaioeu, aieaa?u, eaouoe
e aeaaea a?aee.
Iinea Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee ia/aeanue iiaay y?a a enoi?ee THcianeiai
caai-
aea. Aeae?aoii NIE io 24 yiaa?y 1918 a. ii aue iaoeeiiaeece?iaai.
Noieiinoue
eiouanoaa Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa ia 1 yiaa?y 1918 a., eae niiauaeinue
a
ienueia Iao?ia?aaeneiai eiieoaoa aaia?aeueiiio eiinoeo Aaeeeia?eoaiee
A.Aoae-
oaoco, ?aaiyeanue aiooeoaeueiie noiia: 412.385.931 ?oaeth .
Iaoeeiiaeecaoeey
THcianeiai caaiaea noaea eeoue iaeiei ec yieciaeia a iauyaeaiiie iiaie
aeanoueth
«e?aniiaaa?aeaeneie aoaea ia eaieoae». Ii ia ana ianoiyei oae i?inoi.
Aieueoaae-
eai noieei iaiaeuo oneeee iaeaaeeoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann,
?anno?iaiiue
aieiie e ?aaiethoeeae. Iiyoiio Niaia?eii 12 iay 1919 a. iniaui
iinoaiiaeaieai
n/ae ioaeiui nio?aieoue aei ii?u aei a?aiaie nouanoaiaaiea
Iao?ia?aaeneiai eiie-
oaoa n oai, /oiau eniieueciaaoue iiuo aai /eaiia e ia?aaeaoue
aiineaaenoaee aoaeoua-
io oi?aaeaieth. Ii ia enoi?ee Iiai?inneeneiai iauanoaa e THcianeiai
caaiaea,
oanii naycaiiie ni iiiaeie auoiaeoeaie ec Aiaeee, auea oaea iinoaaeaia
oi/ea. A
20-a aiaeu iaanaaaea en/acaao eiy oaeaioeeaiai aiaeeeneiai eiaeaia?a,
i?aeoeea-
iiaaoi?a, i?aoniaaathuaai aecianiaia Aeaeiia THca ec iacaaiey ai?iaea,
eioi?ue
aiciee aeaaiaea?y aai oneeeyi. Ia ea?oa ?innee iiyaeyaony iiaia
iaeiaiiaaiea:
Noaeeii. Ii oiiiieieea yiioe oioaeeoa?ecia ieacaeanue iaaeieaiaa/iie,
i?inouanoaiaaa anaai o?e aeanyoeeaoey. Aea e nia?aiaiiia iacaaiea
ai?iaea —
Aeiiaoee — iaei /oi aiai?eo i aai i?ienoiaeaeaiee e ie/ai ia naycaii n
aei?aaiethoeeiiiie enoi?eae yoiai aiaaoiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai e?ay ia
thaa ?innee.
Caeeth/aiea.
Oi?ie?iaaiea e oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea aeoeeiia?iiai eaieoaea
yaeythony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia, ia eioi?ii aace?othony
i?iaiaeeiua a no?aia ?aoi?iu. Aeoeeiie?iaaiea caieiaao aaaeiia ianoi a
nicaeaiee ii?iaeueiuo oneiaee ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee, yaeyynue
oaeiaiie oi?iie aeey i?iaaaeaiey eo ?acainoaea?noaeaiey, iicaieyao
i?aaieciaaoue yooaeoeaiue eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth oi?aaeai/aneiai
aiia?aoa.
A ianoiyuai ?aoa?aoa aeeoioee?iaaiu iniiaiua naaaeaiey, iicaieythuea
iiiyoue, n /aai ia/eiaeinue aeoeeiie?iaaiea, eae iiyaeyeenue
aeoeeiia?iua eiiiaiee a ?innee, n eaeeie o?oaeiinoyie noaeeeaaeenue ia
naiai iooe ?inneeneea i?aaei?eieiaoaee. Ia i?eia?a “Iiai?inneeneiai
aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa” auei iieacaii eaeoth eieinaeueioth ?ieue ea?aee
oaeea i?aaei?eyoey a enoi?ee iaoaai ainoaea?noaa.
E?iia oiai aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa iaeaaeatho ?yaeii
i?aeiouanoa ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie aeaeaie aeaeiauo i?aaiecaoeee,
aeaeathueie eo iaeaieaa iiaeoiaeyuae oi?iie aeey e?oiiiai aeciana a neeo
oeaeiai ?yaea i?e/ei. I?aaeaea anaai aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa iiaoo
eiaoue iaia?aie/aiiue n?ie nouanoaiaaiey, a oi a?aiy eae ia?eiae
aeaenoaey i?aaei?eyoee, iniiaaiiuo ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe
eee oiaa?euanoa n o/anoeai oece/aneeo eeoe, eae i?aaeei, ia?aie/ai
?aieaie aeecie eo o/?aaeeoaeae. Aeoeeiia?iua iauano-
aa, aeaaiaea?y auioneo aeoeee, iieo/atho aieaa oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe a
i?eaea/aiee aeiiieieoaeueiuo n?aaenoa ii n?aaiaieth n iaei?ii?e?iaaiiui
aecianii. Iineieueeo aeoeee iaeaaeatho aeinoaoi/ii aunieie
eeeaeaeiinoueth,
eo ai?acaei i?iua ia?aoeoue a aeaiueae i?e auoiaea ec aeoeeiia?iiai
ia-
uanoaa, /ai iieo/eoue iacaae aeieth a onoaaiii eaieoaea oiaa?euanoaa n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
