Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey ?O
Iiaai?iaeneee ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao
Einoeooo Yeiiiieee e Oi?aaeaiey
Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ii
Enoi?ee yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i a ?innee
Auiieieea
Eaee/eiiaa
Aeaia TH?ueaaia
A?.
Niaoe.
Aaeeeee Iiaai?iae 2001a.
YEIIIIE*ANEEA ?AOI?IU A IA?EIAe OAIAeAEUeIIE ?ACAe?IAEAIIINOE (XII –
XIII aa.)
IEAI
AAAAeAIEA
I. I?E*EIU E NOUIINOUe.
a) Niaia ?aiia oaiaeaeueiie iiia?oee
a) ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea.
a) Oneeaiea iieeoe/aneie aeanoe ianoiuo eiycae e aiy?.
a) ?onue a na?aaeeia XI a.
II. NIOeEAEUeII – YEIIIIE*ANEIA ?ACAEOEA.
1. Naeueneia oicyenoai.
a) Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea.
a) I?aeiouanoaa aio/ei.
a) Oaiaeaeueiia caieaaeaaeaiey.
a) Caeaaaeaiea e?anoueyi.
ae) Yenieoaoaoeey e?anoueyi.
a) Eoia.
2. Ai?iae e ?aianei a XII – XIII aa.
a) Neeaaeuaaiea ?uii/uo naycae.
a) Ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea.
a) Iauaaeeiaiey.
a) Oi?aiai – ?aianeaiiay ciaoue.
ae) Aa/aaua nia?aiey.
a) Eoia.
ANOOIEAIEA.
Oaiaeaeueiue oei ainoaea?noaa aoi?ie enoi?e/aneee, aieaa i?ia?anneaiue
ii n?aaiaieth n ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneei oeiii ainoaea?noaa. A ?yaea
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai oaiaeaeueiue no?ie onoaiiaeeny iinea ?aceiaeaiey
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa, ia ?acaaeeiao iaeiaaea
iiaouanoaaiiuo ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeo ainoaea?noa. O iaeioi?uo aea ia?iaeia
oaiaeaeueiue no?ie aue enoi?e/anee ia?aie eeanniaie
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie oi?iaoeeae.
0niiao oaiaeaeueiiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa ninoaaeyea nianoaaiiinoue
oaiaeaea ia aeaaiia n?aaenoai i?iecaiaenoaa oiai a?aiaie – caieth.
Oaiaeaeu yaeyeenue ainiiaenoaothuei eeannii. E?anoueyia, aeeaoea ia
caiea oaiaeaea, iaoiaeeeenue, iiieii yeiiiie/aneie, aua e a ee/iie
caaeneiinoe. Naiei o?oaeii e e nianoaaiiui eiaaioa?ai e?anoueyiei
ia?aaaouaae aa?neoth; o?iaeae n eioi?ie oeaeeeii iinooiae oaiaeaeo.
e?iia oiai, e?anoueyia ieaoeee oaiaeaeo ia?ie; iaoo?aeueiue, a aeaea
i?iaeoeoia o?oaea, eee aeaiaaeiue. O?e aeaea oaiaeaeueiie
?aiouio?aaioi/iay, i?iaeoeoiaay e aeaiaaeiay – auee aeaaiuie oi?iaie
yenieoaoaoeee e?anoueyi ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai n?aaeiaaaeiauey.
E?anoueyiei a oaiaeaeueioth yiioo eiae naia oicyenoai, ii aue
naiinoiyoaeueiui iaeeei i?iecaiaeeoaeai. Iaee/ea nianoaaiiiai oicyenoaa
(caiaeueiiai iaaeaea, aeiia, ?aai/aai neioa, eiaaioa?y) nicaeaaaei o
e?anoueyieia, a ioee/ea io ?aaa, ecaanoioth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a
i?iecaiaenoaa, /oi e ninoaaeyei aeaaiia i?aeiouanoai oaiaeaeueiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii n?aaiaieth n ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeie,
iineieueeo oaeay caeioa?aniaaiiinoue iicaieyea a eiia/iii n/aoa
oaaee/eoue i?iecaiaenoai e iaeiieaiea i?iaeoeoia o?oaea naa?o ee/ii
iaiaoiaeeiiai. Ii iiieii yeiiiie/aneie nouanoaiaaea e ee/iay
caaeneiinoue. Oi?iu e noaiaiue oaeie caaeneiinoe auee naiuie
?aciiia?aciuie, ia/eiay io iieiiai cae?aiiuaiey e caeai/eaay iaeiei
eeoue iaycaoaeuenoaii aeaiaaeiie auieaou.
Iniaaiiinoueth oaiaeaeueiiai no?iy yaeyaony oaeaea caaeneiinoue iaeieo
oaiaeaeia io ae?oaeo, naycaiiay ni no?oeoo?ie caieaaeaaeaiey. Iaeie
oaiaeaeu iaoiaeeeenue a caaeneiinoe io ae?oaeo, aieaa iiaouanoaaiiuo,
i?aaeinoaaeythueo ei caieth e ieacuaathueo caueoo, ii acaiai o?aaothueo
ianaiey neoaeau, aeaaiui ia?acii aiaiiie. Caaeneiua oaiaeaeu iacuaaeenue
aannaeaie, aieaa e?oiiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu – eo nthca?aiaie. Oaeei
ia?acii, oaiaeaeu i?aaenoaaeyee niaie naiaia?acioth ea?a?oe/aneoth
i?aaiecaoeeth, aa?oeiie eioi?ie i?eciaaaeny iiia?o.
Eae e a ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeo ainoaea?noaao, a oaiaeaeueiuo, e?iia
nianoaaiieeia n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa e caaeneiuo io ieo i?iecaiaeeoaeae,
nouanoaiaaee e ae?oaea a?oiiu ethaeae, e eioi?ui ioiineeenue ee/ii
naiaiaeiua ai?iaeaia (eoioeu, ?aianeaiieee e o.ae.), neoaeeoaee oea?eae,
naiaiaeiua e?anoueyia. Nouanoaaiiie iniaaiiinoueth oaiaeaeueiiai
ainoaea?noaa yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea nineiaiuo aeaeaiee e i?aaeinoaaeaiea
naaoneei e aeooiaiui oaiaeaeai ?yaea ianeaaenoaaiii cae?aieaiiuo
i?eaeeaaee a iaeanoe eneeth/eoaeueiiai i?aaa ia iaeaaeaiea caieae e ia
caiyoea auethueo aeieaeiinoae a aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii, aai
aii?oaeaiiuo neeao e nenoaia i?aainoaeey.
Iniiaiie aioo?aiiae ooieoeeae oaiaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa auea io?aia e
?acaeoea oaiaeaeueiiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa, a oii /enea iooai
oaea?aeaiey a iiae/eiaiee e?anoueyinoaa e ?aianeaiieeia. Oae aea, eae e
ai a?aiaia ?aaiaeaaeaiey, iaeiei yoei, oi anoue iiaeaaeaieai naiaiaeu
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae, aioo?aiiea ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa ia
en/a?iuaaeenue. Ainoaea?noai oaeaea inouanoaeyei i?aaiecaoeeth
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey ia naiae oa??eoi?ee, nai? iaeiaia e ae?oaea
ooieoeee. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii, noiaeiuie inoaeenue e aiaoiea ooieoeee –
iai?iia io iaiaaeaiey ecaia, aaaeaiea caaiaaaoaeueiuo aiei ii ioiioaieth
e ae?oaei ainoaea?noaai e ia?iaeai, aeeieiiaoe/aneea e oi?aiaua
ioiioaiey n ieie a aeie ie?a.
Oi?iu oaiaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa aeinoaoi/ii ?aciiia?aciu. Oeie/iie
oi?iie oaiaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa auea iiia?oey. A aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao iia
i?ioea, eae i?aaeei, neaaeothuea yoaiu ?acaeoey :
• ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiay iiia?oey,
• nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay iiia?oey,
• aaniethoiay iiia?oey.
?aeiaoaiaeaeueiay iiia?oey – yoi oi?ia ainoaea?noaa a ia?eiae
oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe. Iia oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaainoueth
oeaio?aeueiie (ei?ieaaneie) aeanoe, iaee/eai ia oa??eoi?ee ainoaea?noaa
iiiaeo naiinoiyoaeueiuo eeai iieonaiinoiyoaeueiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
ia?aciaaiee – aa?oeianoa, eiyaeanoa e o.i. ai aeaaa n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
oaiaeaeueiie a?enoie?aoee.
Nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay iiia?oey oa?aeoa?ia aeey ia?eiaea
i?aiaeieaiey oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe. A
nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie iiia?oee oeaio?aeueiay aeanoue oneeeaaaony e
iuoaaony iia?aoueny ia oieueei ia aeai?yinoai ec /enea iaeeeo e n?aaeieo
oaiaeaeia, ii e ia caaeeoi/iua neie ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey.
Nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay iiia?oey oa?aeoa?ia aua e oai, /oi i?e iae
ia?yaeo n iiia?oii nouanoaoao nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiia o/?aaeaeaiea n
ia?aie/aiiie eiiiaoaioeeae, eae i?aaeei, i?aeiouanoaaiii a iaeanoe
iaeiaiauo e oeiainiauo aii?inia.
Aaniethoiay iiia?oey – iineaaeiyy ec ia?a/eneaiiuo oi?ia i?aaeaiey, i?e
eioi?ie any iieiioa aeanoe i?eiaaeeaaeeo iiia?oo. Aaniethoiay iiia?oey
ioiineony e ia?eiaeo, eiaaea nicaeaiea aieueoeo oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo
oaiaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa oaea caaa?oaaony, ia/eiaaony ?aceiaeaiea
oaiaeaeecia eae no?iy e aioo?e iaai ca?iaeaeathony eaieoaeenoe/aneea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Iaeiie ec oi?i oaiaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa yaeyeanue oaeaea
n?aaeiaaaeiaay ?anioaeeea, nouanoaiaaaoay i?aeiouanoaaiii a oae
iacuaaaiuo “aieueiuo” ai?iaeao, oi anoue ai?iaeao, naiaiaeiuo io aeanoe
iiia?oa. I?eia?aie iiaoo neoaeeoue Aaioy, Aaiaoeey, Oei?aioeey, Aaeeeee
Iiaai?iae e Ineia. Aeanoue a yoeo ai?iaeao i?eiaaeeaaeaea ai?iaeneie
a?enoie?aoee.
Oai ia iaiaa, eaaeaeia ec oaiaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa, iacaaeneii io oi?iu
i?aaeaiey, inouanoaeyei ainoaea?noaaiiua ooieoeee e eiaei,
niioaaonoaaiii, ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao eae niaieoiiinoue i?aaiia,
?aaeecothueo yoe ooieoeee. A nayce n i?aiaeaaeaieai iio?aaiinoe
aioo?aiiaai iiaeaaeaiey e?anoueyinoaa, iniaia ianoi a oaiaeaeueiii
ainoaea?noaaiiii iaoaiecia caieiaee aii?oaeaiiua neeu e ?ai?anneaiua
i?aaiu. Aa?oooeo e iniiaiia yae?i anao caaiueaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai
iaoaiecia ninoaaeyee oaiaeaeu.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue oaeaea, /oi iiaouanoaaiiie neeie a oaiaeaeueiii
ainoaea?noaa auea oea?eiaue, i?e/ai ia oieueei eaeaieiae/anee, ii e
iieeoe/anee, inouanoaeyy ioaeaeueiua ainoaea?noaaiiua ooieoeee. Iaeaieaa
y?eei i?eia?ii oiio iiaeao neoaeeoue aeayoaeueiinoue eaoiee/aneie
oea?eae a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia.
Yeiiiie/aneee aacen oaiaeaeueiiai iauanoaa aue ii?aaeaeythuei ia oieueei
aeey iieeoe/aneie no?oeoo?u oaiaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa, ii e aeey
oaiaeaeueiiai i?aaa, nooueth eioi?iai yaeyeanue aicaaaeaiiay a caeii
aiey yeiiiie/anee ainiiaenoaothueo eeoe. Oaiaeaeueiia i?aai iiaeii
ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eae nineiaiia i?aai, ?anniao?eaaaoaa i?eiaiaiea neeu a
ea/anoaa i?aaiia?iiai niiniaa inouanoaeaiey eioa?ania oaaeiaeia eee
?ac?aoaiey nii?ia iaaeaeo ieie. Oaiaeaeueiia i?aai iineei, eae i?aaeei,
?aeeaeiciue oa?aeoa? e eiaei oanioth naycue n ii?iaie ?aeeaeiciie
ii?aee.
Oaiaeaeueiay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue ia ?one yaeeanue caeiiiia?iui eoiaii
yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?aiiaoaiaeaeueii-ai iauanoaa.
Neeaaeuaaiea a Ae?aaia?onneii ainoaea?noaa e?oiiiai caieaa-eaaeaiey –
aio/ei – a oneiaeyo ainiiaenoaa iaoo?aeueiiai oi-cyenoaa iaecaaaeii
aeaeaei eo aiieia naiinoiyoaeueiuie i?iec-aiaenoaaiiuie eiiieaenaie,
yeiiiie/aneea nayce eioi?uo ia?aie-/eaaeenue aeeaeaeoae ie?oaie.
Oi?ie?othueeny eeann oaiaeaeueiuo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa no?aieeny e
onoaiiaeaieth ?acee/iuo oi?i yeiiiie/aneie e th?eaee/aneie ca-aeneiinoe
caieaaeaeue/aneiai ianaeaiey. Ii a XI – XII aa. eiaa-oeany eeanniaua
aioiaiieciu iineee a iniiaiii eieaeueiue oa?ae-oa?; aeey ?ac?aoaiey
aiieia oaaoaei nee ianoiuo aeanoae, e iie ia o?aaiaaee
iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa. Aeaiiua onei-aey aeaeaee e?oiiuo
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa – aiy?-aio/eiieeia ii/oe iieiinoueth yeiiiie/anee
e nioeeaeueii iacaaeneiuie io oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe.
Ianoiia aiy?noai ia aeaeaei iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeaeeoueny naieie aeioiaeaie
n aaeeeei eeaaneei eiycai e aeoeaii iiaeaea?aeeaaei a ai?ueaa ca
yeiiiie/aneoth e iieeoe/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue aeanoeoaeae
ioaeaeueiuo eiyaeanoa.
Aiaoia ?aniaae Eeaaneie ?one auaeyaeae eae ?acaeae oa??eoi-?ee Eeaaneie
?one iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie /eaiaie ?aci?eaoaeny eiy-aeaneie naiuee. Ii
neiaeeaoaeny o?aaeeoeee ianoiua i?anoieu caieia-ee, eae i?aaeei, oieueei
iioiiee aeiia ?th?eea.
I?ioeann ianooieaiey oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe aue iauae-oeaii
iaecaaaeai. Ii aeae aiciiaeiinoue aieaa i?i/iiio ooaa?aeaeaieth ia ?one
?acaeaathuaeny nenoaiu oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey
iiaeii aiai?eoue ia enoi?e/aneie i?ia?anneaiinoe yoiai yoaia ?onneie
enoi?ee, a ?aieao ?acaeoey yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u.
I I?e/eiu e nouiinoue
a) Niaia ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiie iiia?oee.
Oaiaeaeueiay ?acae?iaeaiinioue iiaay oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiie
iieeoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee Ni aoi?ie o?aoe XII-aaea ia ?one ia/aeny
aeeeaoeeny aei eiioea XV-aaea ia?eiae oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe,
/a?ac eioi?ue i?ioee ana no?aiu Aa?iiu e Acee. Oaiaeaeueiay
?acae?iaeaiiinoue eae iiaay oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoe/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee, niaieaoay ?aiiaoaiaeaeueioth Eeaaneoth iiia?oeth,
niioaaonoaiaaea ?acaeoiio oaiaeaeueiiio iauanoao. Oaiaeaeueiua
?anioaeeee ia neo/aeii neiaeeeenue a ?aieao auaoeo ieaiaiiuo nithcia,
yoie/aneay e iaeanoiay onoie/eainoue eioi?uo iiaeaea?aeeaaeanue
i?e?iaeiuie ?oaaaeaie e eoeueoo?iuie o?aaeeoeeyie.
a) ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeaeaiey o?oaea noa?ua ieaiaiiua oeaio?u e iiaua ai?iaea
i?aa?aoeeenue a yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea oeaio?u. N “ieiyaeaieai” e
“iaiy?eaaieai” iaueiiuo caiaeue a nenoaio oaiaeaeueiie caaeneiinoe
aiaeaeeenue e?anoueyia. Noa?ay ?iaea-ieaiaiiay ciaoue i?aa?aoeeanue a
caineeo aiy? e ia?aciaaea aianoa n ae?oaeie eaoaai?eyie oaiaeaeia
ei?ii?aoeee caiaeueiuo nianoaaiieeia.
a) Oneeaiea iieeoe/aneie aeanoe ianoiuo eiycae e aiy?.
A i?aaeaeao iaaieueoeo ainoaea?noa-eiyaeanoa oaiaeaeu iiaee yooaeoeaii
caueuaoue naie eioa?anu,n eioi?uie iaei n/eoaeenue a Eeaaa. Iiaeae?ay e
cae?aieyy ca naieie “noieaie” iiaeoiaeyueo eiycae,ianoiay ciaoue
canoaaeyeaeo ioeacaoueny io acaeyaea ia”noieu” eae iaa?aiaiiia aeey ieo
ei?ieaiea.
ae)?onue a na?aaeeia XI aaea.
Iinea nia?oe ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai a 1054 a. ia ?one ieacaeinue
cia/eoaeueiia /enei nuiiaae, ?iaeiuo e aeaith?iaeiuo ieaiyiieeia
aaeeeiai eiycy. O eaaeaeiai ec ieo auea oa eee eiay “io/eia”, naie
aeiiai, e eaaeaeue a ia?o naieo nee no?aieeny oaaee/eoue aeiiai eee
iaiaiyoue aai ia aieaa aiaaoue. Yoi nicaeaaaei iai?yaeaiiia iieiaeaieaai
anao eiyaeaneeo oeaio?ao e a naiii Eeaaa. Enneaaeiaaoaee eiiaaea
iacuaatho a?aiy iinea nia?oe ss?ineaaa a?aiaiai oaiaeaeueiie
?acae?iaeaiinoe, ii yoi iaeuecy i?eciaoue i?aaeeueiui, oae eae ianoiyuay
oaiaeaeueiay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue ianooiaaooiaaea, eiaaea
e?enoaeeece?othony ioaeaeueiua caiee, au?inoatho aieueoea ai?iaea,
aicaeaaeythuea yoe caiee, eiaaea a eaaeaeii noaa?aiiii eiyaeanoaa
cae?aieyaony naiy eiyaeaneay aeeianoey. Ana yoi iiyaeeinue ia ?one
oieueei iinea 1132 a., a ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XI a. ana auei ia?aiai/eai,
ia i?i/ii e iaonoie/eai. Eiyaeaneea oniaeoeu ?aci?yee ia?iae e
ae?oaeeio, ?anoaouaaee ?onneoth ainoaea?noaaiiinoue, ii ia aaiaeeee
ieeaeie iiaie iieeoe/aneie oi?iu. E aioo?aiiei i?ioeai?a/eyi
aeiaaaeeinue aoi?aeaiea iiauo ei/aauo i?ae, eioi?ua ia aeaa noieaoey
noaee oicyeaaie noaiae.
Aaeeinoaaiiie neeie, eioi?ay a oao oneiaeyo iiaea ?aaeueii
i?einoaiiaeoue eieia?auaiea eiycae e eiyaeaneea naa?u,- yoi aiy?noai –
iniiaiie ninoaa iieiaeiai e i?ia?anneaiiai oiaaea oaiaeaeueiiai eeanna.
Aiy?neay i?ia?aiia a eiioea XI e ia/aea XII a. ninoiyea a ia?aie/aiee
eiyaeaneiai i?iecaiea e aan/einoa eiyaeaneeo /eiiaieeia, a eeeaeaeaoeee
oniaeoe e a iauae iai?iia ?one io iieiaoeaa. Niaiaaeay a yoeo ioieoao n
ono?aieaieyie ai?iaeai, yoa i?ia?aiia io?aaeaea iauaia?iaeiua eioa?anu e
auea aaconeiaii i?ia?anneaiie.
Oo?aoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaeeinoaa ?one ineaaeyea e ?acuaaeeiyea a? neeu
ia?aae eeoeii aic?anoaoae oa?icu eiicaiiie aa?annee e i?aaeaea anaai
noaiiuo ei/aaieeia.An? yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyei iinoaiaiiue oiaaeie Eeaaneie
caiee n XIII- aaea.
Iinea nia?oe Inoeneaaa aianoi aaeeiie aea?aeaau aicieeei ieiei iieooi?a
aeanyoeia naiinoiyoaeueiuo caiaeue: Aaeeoeeay, *a?ieaianeay, Niieaineay,
Iiaai?iaeneay e ae?oaea.
II Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea.
1. Naeueneia oicyenoai.
a) Iauay ca?aeoa?enoeea.
Iniiaie oicyenoaa a ?onneeo caieyo inoaaaeinue iaoaiiia caieaaeaeea.
Niaaeeiaiea caieaaeaeey ni neioiaiaenoaii,naeueneeie i?iiuneaie e
iiaeniaiui aeiiaoiei ?aianeii iaoneaaeeaaei iaoo?aeueiue oa ?aeoa?
e?anoueyineiai e oaiaeaeueii-aio/eiiiai oicyenoaa, a eioi?uo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue oeeee ?aaio iiaoi?yeny aaeaaiaeii. Nayce
e?anoueyineiai e aio/eiiiai oicyenoa n ?uieii iineee iio?aaeoaeueneee e
ia?aaoey?iue oa?aeoa? e ia yaeyeenue iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai i?inoiai n/o
aini?iecaiaenoaa. Iaoa?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiioth iniiao oaiaeaeueiiai
oicyenoaa ninoiaeyee o?oae caaeneiuo e?anoueyi e oieiiia e aceiaaiay n
e?anoueyi i?iaeoeoiaay ?aioa.
a) I?aeiouanoaa aio/ei.
Oaiaeaeu i?iaeieaeaee nio?aiyoue ca niaie i?aaiecothuoth ?ieue a
?acaeoee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A e?anoueyineeo
oicyenoaao, ?acaeoea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee oi?iiceeinue eo
ia?oeaeey?iinoueth e ?ooeiiinoueth ianeaaeiaaiiie io i?aaeaaeia oaoieee.
E?oiiay aio/eia eiaea aieueoa aiciiaeiinoae aeey i?aaiecaoeee
iiiaiio?aneaaiai iaoaiii-i?iiuneiaiai oicyenoaa, ?anoe?aiey iaoie,
aiaae?aiey aeaoo- e o?aoiieueiuo nenoai naaiiai?ioa, i?eia?aoaiey aieaa
aei?iaeo e ea/anoaaiiuo i?oaeee o?oaea, ecaioiaeeaiuo ai?iaeneeie
?aianeaiieeaie. Iaeiiaoe, no?aieaiea oaiaeaeueii-caaeneiuo e?anoueyi
inoaaeoue naaa (iinea oieaou oaiaeaeueiie ?aiou ) aieueooth /anoue
i?iecaaaeaiiiai eie i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa auioaeaeaei eo oaaee/eaaoue
aeioiaeiinoue naiaai oicyenoaa eioaneoeeaoeeae o?oaea,
niaa?oainoaiaaieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iaaueia e naiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
i?ioeanna.
Ecaanoii aei 40 aeaeia naeueneiai caieaaeaeue/aneiai e i?iiuneiaiai
eiaaioa?y. Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/aea ia?iaay nenoaia
naaiiai?ioa, oaaee/eaaaoay, ii n?aaiaieth n iiaenaeii e ia?aeiaii,
ieiuaaeue iaoiou e oiaiueoaaoay oa?ico iieiiai iao?iaeay. A
iai?iaeie/anoaa, a caoai e ia iaoia ia/eiaao aoiaeeoue a i?aeoeeo
oaeia?aiea ii/au iaaicii. Iaeiaei o?iaeaeiinoue iieae inoaaaeanue
iaaunieie – “nai-iieoi?a”, “nai-aeaa”, “nai-o?e” a n?aaeiea o?iaeaeiua
aiaeu. A XII-XIII aa. ?anoao ieiuaaeue ieoeueoo?aiiie caiee, iniaaiii a
?acoeueoaoa oneeaiey eieiiecaoeee caeaaaeyaiuie e?anoueyiaie iiauo
caiaeue, no?aieaoeony au?aaoueny ec oaiaeaeueiie caaeneiinoe ooiaeii ia
“aieueiua” caiee.
a) Oaiaeaeueiia caieaaeaaeaiea.
Oaiaeaeueiia caieaaeaaeaiea i?iaeieaeaei ?anoe e ?acaeaaoueny
i?aeiouanoaaiii a oi?ia e?oiiuo eiyaeaneeo, aiy?neeo e oea?eiaiuo
aio/ei. Naaaeaiee i iaee/ee e ?acaeoee a XI-XII aa.oneiaiiai
oaiaeaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaiey oeia iicaeiaeoaai iianaianoiiai neoaeeeiai
caieaaeaaeaiey iiea ia iaia?oaeaii. Neoaeeeui aannaeai, ninoaaeyaoei
“aeai?u” eiycae (neoaeeeua aiy?a, ae?oaeeiieee, eeoea ec aio/eiiie
aaeieieno?aoeee), aeaaaeenue ia neoaeao caiee ia aio/eiiii i?aaa eee aea
ei?ieaiey – i?aai ia aea?aeaiea ai?iaeia eee aieinoae e iieo/aiea n ieo
aeioiaeia.
a) Caeaaaeaiea e?anoueyi.
Iniiaiay ianna e?anoueyi – iaueiieeia aua inoaaaeanue ee/ii naiaiaeiie e
oicyenoaiaaea ia ainoaea?noaaiiuo caieyo, aa?oiaiui nianoaaiieeii
eioi?uo n/eoaeny eiycue (aoaeouea “/a?iua” caiee), oiea/eaay
oaiaeaeueioth ?aioo a aeaea “aeaiae”. ?aoathuoth ?ieue a caeaaaeaiee
e?anoueyiiaueiieeia ea?aei i?yiia ianeeea iaae ieie ni noi?iiu
oaiaeaeia. Aiaea/aiea e?anoueyi-iaueiieeia a ee/ioth oaiaeaeueioth
caaeneiinoue aeinoeaaeinue e /a?ac eo yeiiiie/aneia caeaaaeaiea.
?aci?yaoeany a neeo ?yaea i?e/ei e?anoueyia noaiiaeeenue caeoiaie,
?yaeiae/aie, caeeaaeuaaeenue a oieiiu e aeeth/aeenue a /enei ainiiaeneie
/aeyaee. *aeyaeue aeeea ai aeai?ao oaiaeaeia e ii eo aio/eiiui naeai e
aeeth/aea a naay eae iieiuo (“iaaeueiuo”) oieiiia, oae e ?acee/iua
eaoaai?ee caaeneiuo eeoe, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eioi?uo i?eaeeaeaeinue e
oieiineiio. ?aciiia?acea oa?ieiia, i?eeaaaaoeony e naeueneiio ianaeaieth
oiai a?aiaie (“ethaee”, “nia?aeu”, “ecaie”, “ne?iou”, “i?iuaieee”,
“caeeaaeieee”, “caeoiu”, “?yaeiae/e”,”/aeyaeeiu”), io?aaeaei neiaeiinoue
i?ioeanna ia?aciaaiey eeanna oaiaeaeueii-caaeneiuo e?anoueyi, ?acee/ey a
iooyo aiaea/aiey eo a oaiaeaeueioth caaeneiinoue e noaiaiue yoie
caaeneiinoe.
ae) Yenieoaoaoeey e?anoueyi.
Yenieoaoaoeey caaeneiuo e?anoueyi inouanoaeyeanue i?aeiouanoaaiii /a?ac
aceiaiea n ieo i?iaeoeoiaie ?aiou e – a iaiueoae noaiaie – /a?ac
io?aaioee a ainiiaeneii oicyenoaa. Niioiioaiea ianoa e ?iee yoeo ?aio a
oaiaeaeueiuo oicyenoaao caaenaei io ianoiuo oneiaee oicyenoaiaaiey, io
noaiaie c?aeinoe oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee. I?iaeieaeae nio?aiyoue naia
cia/aiea a oaiaeaeueiii oicyenoaa e o?oae oieiiia, auiieiyaoeo ?aaioo ii
aeiiaoiaio oicyenoao oaiaeaea, a aio/eiiii ?aianea, a ia?aaioea
iaaieueoeo oiaaea ieiuaaeae aa?neie caiaoee. Aianoa n oai ?inei /enei
oieiiia, naaeaaiuo oaiaeaeaie ia caieth. Aii?oaeaiiua io?yaeu aeai?iauo
oieiiia ninoaaeyeeae?oaeeiu aiy?.
a) Eoia.
Aaaeiaeoei eoiaii ?acaeoey oaiaeaeueiiai oicyenoaa a XII-XIII aa.
yaeyeanue e?enoaeeecaoeey aai iniiaiuo /a?o eae iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa,
iniiauaathuaainy ia yenieoaoaoeee ee/ii caaeneiuo e?anoueyi, iaaeaeaiiuo
n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa e aaaeoeo naia oicyenoai ia iaaeaeueiie caiea.
2. Ai?iae e ?aianei a XII-XIII aaeao.
A ?acoeueoaoa aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea,
i?iaeieaeaaoaainy ioaeaeaiey ?aianea io caieaaeaeey e ?inoa
oi?aiai-?uii/iuo naycae auno?i ?anoao /enei ai?iaeia e oe?aieaiiuo
iinaeaiee, eioi?uo e na?aaeeia XIII a. ii eaoiieniui naaaeaieyi
ian/eouaaeinue aei 300. Ec aea?aaaineiai ?aianea, iineaoaai iiaeniaiue
naciiiue oa?aeoa? auaeaeeeenue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ?aianeaiiua
niaoeeaeueiinoe, oaoiieiaey e neiaeiua i?oaeey o?oaea eioi?uo o?aaiaaee
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ianoa?noaa e cia/eoaeueiie cao?aou a?aiaie, a
ecaeaeey iiaee auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey oiaa?iiaiaia. E?anoueyia,
iaeaaeaaoea neiaeiuie ?aianeaiiuie niaoeeaeueiinoyie, iiaee nei?aa e
eaa/a au?aaoueny ec oaiaeaeueiie caaeneiinoe ooiaeii (eee aaanoaii) a
ai?iaea, oae eae caieaaeaeea ia yaeyeinue aeey ieo aaeeinoaaiiui
enoi/ieeii nouanoaiaaiey.
a) Neeaaeuaaiea ?uii/iuo naycae.
?acaeoea ?onneiai ?aianea iaeaoia oaoa?iiiiaieueneiai iaoanoaey
yaeyeinue iniiaie neeaaeuaaiey ?uii/uo naycae, nicaeaiey ianoiuo
?uii/iuo oeaio?ia, naycuaaaoeo ai?iae n naeueneie ie?oaie.
Nin?aaeioi/aiea a ai?iaeao ?aianeaiieeia – i?ioanneiiaeia niinianoaiaaei
aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A XII-XIII aa. oaea
ian/eouaaeinue aei 60 ?aianeaiiuo niaoeeaeueiinoae. Aunieiai
niaa?oainoaa aeinoeaee ?onneea ianoa?a a oaoiieiaee ia?aaioee iaoaeeia,
a naa?ea, iaeea e eiaea, a ecaioiaeaiee aunieiooaeiaeanoaaiiuo;
oii/aeoaai eeouey e /aeaiee ecaeaeee. Iniiaiay ianna ai?iaeneeo ?a
ianeaiieeia ?aaioaea ia caeac, ii /anoue eo i?iaeoeoeee iinooiaea ia
ai?iaeneie ?uiie, n ei oi?ui auee naycaiu aeeceaaeauea naeueneea ie
?oae. Iaeaieaa eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ianoa?a e?oiiaeoeo ?aianeaiiuo
oeaio?ia ia?yaeo n ?aaioie ia caeac ?aaioaee oaea e ia ?uiie, noaiiaynue
iaeeeie oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie, ecaeaeey eioi?uo iieueciaaeenue ni?inii
ia ?one e aiaoieo ?uieao: a Aecaioee, Iieueoa, Aieaa?ee,*aoee, Aa?iaiee,
I?eaaeoeea, N?aaeiae Acee, Naaa?iii Eaaeaca, a iieiaaoeeeo noaiyo. A
?yaea ai?iaeia yoeo no?ai eiaeenue iniaua aeai?u e oeeoeu ?onneeo
eoioeia, i?iaeaaaaoeo e iaiaieaaaoeo ecaeaeey ?onneeo ?aianeaiieeia (
ia/e, aeiniaoe, thaaee?iua ec aeaeey, ciaiaieoua “?onneea caiee” e
ae?.). A naith i/a?aaeue a ?onneeo ai?iaeao iiyaeythony “aeai?u”
eiicaiiuo eoioeia. ?anoe?aiea aiaoieo oi?aiauo naycae iaoiaeeei
io?aaeaiea a caeeth/aiee e?oiiaeoeie ?onneeie oi?aai – i?iioeaiiuie
oeaio?aie ( Iiaai?iae, Niieaine, Iieioee e ae?.) n aa?iaineeie e
i?eaaeoeeneeie ai?iaeaie oi?aiauo aeiaiai?ia, iaania/eaaaoeo
acaeiiauaiaeiua oneiaey aeey oi?aiaee.
a) Ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea.
I?eoie a ai?iaea aea?aaaineeo ?aianeaiieeia, aaaeuo e?anoueyi e oieiiia,
ia?aciaaiea a ieo iiae noaiaie “aeaoeioeaa” oiaiai – ?aianeaiiuo
iinaaeia ea/anoaaiii eciaieee nioeeaeueioth no?oeoo?o e iaeee ?onneeo
ai?iaeia. ?onneee ai?iae a XII-XIII aa. aue oaea neiaeiui nioeeaeueiui
i?aaieciii, a eioi?ii auee i?aaenoaaeaiu ana neie oaiaeaeueiiai
iauanoaa. Iniiaioth ianno ianaeaiey ai?iaeia ninoaaeyee “/a?iua”,
“iaiueoea” ethaee – iaeeea oi?aiaoeu, ?aianeaiieee, iiaeianoa?uey,
eaaaeueiua “iaeieou” e ia eiaaoea ii?aaeaeaiiuo caiyoee
aeaeeanne?iaaiiua yeaiaiou (“oaiaea ethaee”) – n?aaeiaaaeiaue
ethiiai-i?ieaoa?eao. Cia/eoaeueioth a?oiio ninoaaeyea /aeyaeue, aeeaoay
ai aeai?ao oaiaeaeia. Ai?iaeneie ieaan a ?aciie oi?ia iiaeaa?aaeny
oaiaeaeueiie yenieoaoaoeee (iin?aaenoaii ?inoiaue/aneiai caeaaaeaiey,
i?yiuo e einaaiiuo iaeiaia).
a) Eoia/aneea iauaaeeiaiey.
A e?oiiuo oi?aiai – ?aianeaiiuo ai?iaeao nicaeathony ?aianeaiiua e
eoia/aneea iauaaeeiaiey n auai?iuie noa?inoaie ai aeaaa, ni naiae
“eaciie” e naieie iao?iiaeueiuie oea?eaaie (“oeeoeu”, “?yaeu”, “nioie”,
“a?ao/eiu”, “ia/eiu”). ?aianeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey nicaeaaaeenue ii
oa??eoi?eaeueii – i?ioanneiiaeueiiio i?eciaeo, i?aaenoaaeyy e caueuay
eioa?anu ?aianeaiiiai iinaaea a yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie aeecie
ai?iaea. Eoia/aneea iauaaeeiaiey neeaaeuaaeenue ii oeio caiaaeii –
aa?iiaeneeo eoia/aneeo aeeueaeee. Oae a Eeaaa auei iauaaeeiaiea eoioeia
– “a?a/ieeia”, aaaeoeo oi?-aiaeth a Aecaioee, a Iiaai?iaea
aeeyoaeueiaeoei eoia/aneei iauaaeaiaieai auei ciaiaieoia “ Eaaiianeia
noi” eoioeia – aiuieeia, eiaaoaa naie onoaa, eacio e iao?iiaeueioth
oea?eiaue Eaaia I?aaeoa/e ia Iiieao.
a) Oi?aiai – ?aianeaiiay ciaoue.
A nineiaiii ioiioaiee oi?aiai – ?aianeaiiay aa?oooea noiyea cia/eoaeueii
ieaea ai?iaeneie oai aeaeueiie ciaoe, aea?aeaaoae a naieo ?oeao ai?iae
neia oi?aaeaiea, noae, ?oeiaiaenoai ai?iaeneei iiie/aieai, iioouaaaoee
ai?iaeneie ieaan ?inoiaue/aneeie eaaaeaie, aceiaaoee n ?aianeaiiiai
ethaea e iaeeeo oi?aiaoeaa oaiaeaeueioth ?aioo ca iieueciaaiea eie
aeai?aie e o/anoeaie a iaoe?iuo aiy?neeo onaaeueaao. Nioeeaeueiua
i?ioeai?a/ey a ai?iaeao aueeaaeenue a /anoua ainnoaiey ai?iaeneie
aaaeiiou, a?aoe/aneea aeaeaeaiey, iaeanoi/aiiua noaaoee ia aa/aauo
nia?aieyo.
ae) Aa/aaua nia?aiey.
?anoeaao aa/aauo nia?aiee a XII-XIII aa. naycai n aic?inoae ?ieueth
ai?iaeia e ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey a iieeoe/aneie aeecie eiyaeanoa. Aiaoia
aa/aaua nia?aiey i?aaenoaaeyee niaie naiaia?acioth oi?io oaiaeaeueiie
“aeaiie?aoee”, eneeth/aaoae, iaeiaei, ?aoathuaa o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee
ai?iaeneiai ieaana. Eaoiieniua ecaanoey iieacuaatho, /oi aa/aaua
nia?aiey auee i?aaeaea anaai nia?aieyie ai?iaeneie oaiaeaeueiie ciaoe e
iinaaeneie aa?oooee, eniieueciaaaoeo eo aeaiie?aoe/aneoth oi?io aeey
i?eaea/aiey ia naith noi?iio ai?iaeneiai ieaana a ai?ueaa ca ai?iaeneea
aieueiinoe (i?aaeaea anaai ca i?aaa e i?eaaeaaee aiy? e oi?aiaie
aa?oooee) e ca ?aoathuoth ?ieue a iieeoe/aneie aeecie naiaai ai?iaea e
eiyaeanoaa. Ianoi e ?ieue aa/aauo nia?aiee a aeecie eaaeaeiai ai?iaea,
ninoaa eo o/anoieeia caaenaee io ino?iou nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee a
ai?iaeao, io ?annoa iiaee eeanniauo e aioo?eeeanniauo nee a ieo,io
?acaeoinoe e iieeoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe oi?aiai-?aianeaiiiai ianaeaiey. A
e?oiiuo ai?iaeao (Eeaa, Ineia, Iieioee, e ae?.) aa/aaua nia?aiey
ia?aaeei i?aa?auaeenue a a?aio iaeanoi/aiiuo nioeeaeueiuo noaaoie,
caeai/eaaaoeony ?ani?aaie n iaeaieaa iaiaaenoiuie aeey ai?iaeai
?inoiaueeaie, aiy?aie, eeoeaie ec ai?iaeneie e eiyaeaneie
aaeieieno?aoee. Ai a?aiy ainnoaiee aa/aaui nia?aieyi ciaoe eiiaaea
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyeenue noeoeeii niae?aaoeany aa/aaua nia?aiey ai?iaeneiai
ethaea. Iiea a ai?ueaa ianoiie ciaoe n eiyaeaneie aeanoueth ie iaeia ec
noi?ii ia acyea ?aoeoaeueiiai ia?aaana, aei oao ii? e aiy?a e eiycuey
auioaeaeaiu auee ia?auaoueny ca iiaeaea?aeeie e ai?iaeneiio ieaano,
aeiioneaoue aiciiaeiinoue aeey iineaaeiaai ieacuaaoue /a?ac aa/aaua
nia?aiey naia aeeyiea ia iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue naiaai ai?iaea e
eiyaeanoaa. N iiaaaeie iaeiie ec yoeo ai?thueony noi?ii cia/aiea aa/aauo
nia?aiee ?acei nie?auaaony (eae,iai?eia?, a Iiaai?iaea a ia/aea XV a.),
eee aea iie eeeaeaee?othony nianai (eae ai Aeaaeeie?a – Nocaeaeueneii
eiyaeanoaa n eiioea XII a.).
a) Eoia.
A iieeoe/aneie aeecie ?one ia?eiaea oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe
ai?iaea ea?aee aeaienoaaiioth ?ieue. N iaeiie noi?iiu, ai?iaea, eae
eieaeueiua iieeoe/anea e yeiiiie/aneea oeaio?u, yaeyeenue iieioii
iaeanoiiai naia?aoecia, aeaoeaio?aeecaoi?neeo ono?aieaiee ni noi?iu
oaeaeueiuo eiycae e caineie aiy?neie ciaoe. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
ea/anoaaiiua naeaeae, i?ienoiaeeaoea a yeiiiieea no?aiu a ?acoeueoaoa
?acaeoey ai?iaeia e ai?iaeneiai ?aianea e oi?aiaee (ia?aua oaae ii iooe
i?aa?auaiey ?aianea a iaeeioiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai, ?acaeoea oiaa?ii –
aeaiaaeiuo ioioaiee eonoaiiaeaiea ?uii/iuo naycae, auoiaeeaoeo ca
i?aaeaeu neaaaaoeony ianoiuo ?uieia), auee eaeaioe/iu naeaeaai,
i?ienoiaeeaoei a caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo ai?iaeao iaeaioia yiioe
ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa ia ?one, eae ia Caiaaea, a
eeoea /eneaiii ?anoouaai e yeiiiie/anee e?aiiouaai oi?aiai –
?aianeaiiiai ianaeaiey neeaaeuaaeanue iieeoe/aneay neea, eioi?ay
oyaioaea e neeueiie aaeeeieiyaeaneie aeanoe, a ai?ueaa eioi?ie n
oaeaeueiuie eiycueyie e aiy?neie ciaoueth i?iaeaaeanue oaiaeaioeey e
i?aiaeieaieth ainoaea?noaaiii – iieeoe/aneie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe no?aiu.
Eeoa?aoo?a.
1.Aa?iaaeneee A.I. “Iiaai?iae e iiaai?iaeneay caiey a XV aaea.”
2. Ianiiia A.I.”?onneay caiey e ia?aciaaiea oa??eoi?ee
ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa.”
3. ?uaaeia A.A. “Enoi?ey NNN? n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai aei XVIII-noieaoey.”
4. ?. Aonaeiia Enoi?ey Yeiiiieee ?innee./ 1999a. 348no?.
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