??‘??‚‘??‰ ??‘“„?˜‘’‚…˜˜›‰ ?˜‘’?’“’ ?…†„“˜?˜?„˜›• ?’˜??…˜?‰
? aeY¤a i?®®¬?cYa?®© aYa??
˜…”…˜?’?
?˜”‹?–??.
?˜’??˜”‹?–??˜˜?? ˜?‹?’??? ??‘“„?˜‘’‚?.
˜®«i –Yaa «i®F® ! ?
‘aa¤Ya I ?? Faa??e 4-12
‘ «i??®c.?.?
??‘?‚? 1993 F.
‘?„…˜†?˜?…
‚aaa?«Y?Y……………………………………..aaa. 3
1. —a® a ?®Y ?ae«iae?i?……………………………..aaa. 3
2. ˜a?c?e ?ae«iae??………………………………..aaa. 5
3. ?a??«iae?® i ?®«?a?? …………………………aaa. 7
4. “?a??ae«iae?i” ?®-a®aa?©a??………………………aaa. 9
5. –Yaa «ie© ! ?………………………………..aaa.10
6. ’ aFYa?a®c ?Y………………………………….aaa.14
7. ? ? a? aa? ®aYcYaac®?……………………………aaa.18
8. ‚¬Yaa® § ?«icY?i……………………………….aaa.20
* * *
‚ eY caY¬i, ? ¦Yaai, Y«i§i ?a®¦?ai ? ¤i, Y aa«ee c ia®F®
?®c a®F® ? ?aa?FaieYF® a«®c . ? Y© F®c®aia, a Y© !®aiaai, YY
!®iaai. —a® ¦Y a ?®Y – ?ae«iae?i?
?¬Y® ?®a®¬a, ca® aY¬ ia aa®«i ?®?a«ia c e? ¤?, i
®aa ®c?«ai Y© ? ? ?aY¤¬YaY ac®YF® a?a®¬®F® ?aa«Y¤®c ?i. ?
a®aY« !e aia?ai aY!Y, ca® ia® § aeY®¬Y; ? ?®ce YF® ?®a?; aa®«i «?
® ®? aY ¤«i i?®®¬???, ? ? ia® F®c®aia, ? Ya«? ¤ , a® ?®cY¬a; ? ? ?
a ?¬ !®aYaai F®aa¤ aaac®. ? a®aY« !e ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® ¬®? aaaY¬«Y?i
!e«? ?a c«Ye a®, ca®!e aaa ®c?ai, ? ? caY ia® !ec Ya ®!ec®.
˜®ia®¬a i aa a «ai ?® c®§¬®¦®aa? ¬YieY – c ? cYaacY «?a?cYa??a
®aaaa?«Y?© ? «i!®?eaea ?««iaaa ae?© – ?a?®«i§®c ai ®?ea eY©
¬®F®aaa ¤ «i®© a®¤?e, aa®«i ?a?«ic?aY«i®Y ¬Yaa® § ?¬ ieY© c
?Yaaa®© a®«?Y ¤aaF?a ae?©.
˜®«YY ?®¤a®!® ¬Yi § ?aYaYa®c «® c«?i?Y aeYaa «i®F® ! ?
aYFa«?a®c ?Y ¤YY¦®© ?®«?a??? F®aa¤ aaac , YF® c®§¬®¦®aa? ?®
®Fa ?cY?i aY¬?®c ?ae«iae??.
1.—’? ’???… ?˜”‹?–??? ˜aY¦¤Y cY¬ F®c®a?ai ® ¬®F®c?a«Yea
?a®a?c®i¤?ia, Y®!a®¤?¬® ceia?ai, ca® ¦Y ia® § i¤, ca® § a¦ a®Y
ic«Y?Y, a ?®a®ae¬ a ? aaYa¤® ¬®F?Y F®¤e !®aiaai ¬a¦YaacYeY
?a c?aY«iaac . ?!a a?¬ai ? ˜®«ie®© a®cYaa?®© iae??«®?Y¤??. “?ae«iae?i
(®a « a. inflatio – c§¤ac ?Y), ?YaY?®«Y?Y ? «®c ®!a eY?i
?§!ea®ce¬? !a¬ ¦e¬? ¤YiF ¬?, ce§ec ieYY ?a ®!YaaeYY?Y.(…) ‚
aY§a«ia aY ?ae«iae?? !a¬ ¦eY ¤YiF? ®!YaaeY?c iYai ?® ®a®eY?i ?
¤YY¦®¬a a®c aa – §®«®aa, a ?¦Y ?® ®a®eY?i ?® caY© ¬ aaY ai¤®cea
a®c a®c ? ? ?®aaa ®© c «iaY, a®aa iieY© ?aY¦ii aY «iai aeY®aai
?«? ®!YaaeY?ceY©ai c ¬YieY© aaY?Y?,”1) – F« a?a iae??«®?Y¤?i.
‘«®c ai “?§e? ae? ” ¤ Ya a«Y¤aieYY ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y: “?ae«iae?i –
?a®aeYaa ?YaY?®«Y?i ? «®c ¤YY¦®F® ®!a eY?i, cea ¦Ye© c
®!YaaeYY?? ¤YYF, a®aaY aeY a®c ae ? aa«aF? ? a?¦Y?? aY «i®F®
¦?§Y®F® aa®ci aaa¤ie?aai.”2) ‘«®c ai ! ?®ca?®-!?a¦Yc®© «Y?a???
®?aY¤Y«iYa ?ae«iae?i ? ? “caY§¬Yaai i?a? a?i ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae,
a®?a®c®¦¤ Y¬ai a®aa®¬ aeY ? a®?a eY?Y¬ a?a®a .”3)
“?ae«iae?i – caY§¬Ya®Y acY«?cY?Y ?®«?cYaac ®!a e ie?aai c
aaa Y !a¬ ¦ea ¤YYF, ce§ec ieYY ?a ®!YaaeYY?Y,”- a ? ®??aec Ya ia®a
aYa¬? a®«?®c aY«i aaaa?®F® i§e? ‘.?. ?¦YF®c.
‘a¬¬?aai caY ia?, c ®!eY¬-a® ?¤Ya?ceY, ®?aY¤Y«Y?i, ¬®¦®
a? § ai, ca® ?ae«iae?i – ia® ¤YY¦e© aeY®¬Y, cea ¦Ye© c aaa®©c?c®¬
? Y?aYaec®¬ a®aaY aeY, ce§c ®¬ ?§!ea?®¬ ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae c
®!a eY??. ?e¬? a«®c ¬?, ia ?a®!«Y¬ c®§?? Ya c a?aa ae??, ?®F¤
? aa®c i «?c®aai ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y© ? ?®aaY!?aY«Y© (?aY¤«®¦Y?Y
¤YYF) ?aYcee Ya aY «iai ?®aaY!®aai (a?a®a ¤YiF?). ?cYc?¤®, ca®
c a ?®¬ a«ac Y aa!eY?ae a®§i©aacYea ®a®eY?© ?®aa a iaai ?®
c®§¬®¦®aa? ?§! c?aiai ®a c®§??e?a ?§!ea?®c ¤YYF, acY«?c?c i ac®?
a aa®¤e ? a¬Yie i ¤YY¦eY a!YaY¦Y?i. ˜a® ce§ecYa a ae?aY?Y a?a®a ,
?®ceeY?Y aeY ? a?¦Y?Y ?®?a? aY«i®© a?®a®!®aa? ¤YYF –
®aa?ae aY«ieY ?®a«Y¤aac?i YcYa®© ¤YY¦®© ?®«?a??? F®aa¤ aaac ,
caYc aeY § c?aY«ie¬? i?®®¬?cYa??¬? ? a®ae? «ie¬? ?®aaiaY?i¬?.
‚®®!eY, ?®a? a ?®F® ic«Y?i, ? ? ?ae«iae?i, caYF¤ ?a®iaai c
®e?!? a ?a®c®¤?¬®© F®aa¤ aaacY®© ?®«?a???. ˜a?c? ¬? ¬®Faa ?®a«a¦?ai
cYa®¬e© ¤Yae?ae?a !i¤¦Ya , YcYaeY ¬Ya®?a?ia?i ?® ¤YY¦®© i¬?aa?? ?
¬®F®Y ¤aaF®Y ?® ®a¤Y«i®aa? ? c a®c®?a?®aa?.
?¤ ?®, ?ae«iae?i, a®ai ? ?a®ic«iYaai c a®aaY a®c aea aeY, Y
¬®¦Ya !eai acY¤Y «?ei ? c?aa® ¤YY¦®¬a aeY®¬Ya. ˜a® a«®¦®Y
a®ae? «i®-i?®®¬?cYa?®Y ic«Y?Y, ?®a®¦¤ Y¬®Y ¤?a?a®?®aae?i¬?
c®a?a®?§c®¤aac c a §«?cea aaeYa a ae®c®F® a®§i©aac . ?ae«iae?i, ?¬Yi
¤«?aY«iai ? !®F aai ?aa®a?i, ? aY©c a ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© ®¤a ?§
?!®«YY ®aaaea ?a®!«Y¬ a®caY¬Y®F® a §c?a?i i?®®¬??? c® ¬®F?a
aaa a ¬?a .
? ? i?®®¬?cYa?®Y ic«Y?Y ?ae«iae?i aaeYaacaYa a¦Y ¤ c®.
‚®§¬®¦®, ® ?®ic?« ai caai «? Y ®¤®caY¬Y® a c®§??®cY?Y¬
¤YYF, a aea?ae?®?a®c ?Y¬ ?®a®aea Ya §aec® aci§ . ‚ i?®®¬?cYa?®©
a?Y ia®a aYa¬? aa « a?®aaY!«iaiai c? i a XIX cY? , ?®a«Y
¬ aa®c®F® ccY¤Y?i ?a c?aY«iaac ¬? ¬®F?a F®aa¤ aaac c ®!a eY?Y
!a¬ ¦ea ¤YYF, ? ®a®!Y® e?a®?®Y a?®aaY!«Y?Y ?®«ac?« c XX cY?Y
?®a«Y 1 ¬?a®c®© c®©e.
‘®caY¬Y i ?ae«iae?i ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© a«®¦e© ¬®F®?a®ae?«ie©
?a®aeYaa, c a®© ?«? ?®© ¬YaY ®ac a?ce?© caY aaa e. ‚ea®??Y aY¬?e
?ae«iae?? ®aia aYaiY§e© aeYa! i?®®¬?cYa?®¬a a §c?a?i aaa e, YY
aY«Y?i. ?¤Y «ie© c a? a §¤®a®c®© i?®®¬??? – ®aaaaaac?Y ?ae«iae??,
a®ai, ? ? ? cai??© ?¤Y «, ® aaa¤®¤®aa?¦?¬.
2.˜˜?—?˜› ?˜”‹?–?? ?a a?® ® ?a?c? a, ce§ec ie?a ?ae«iae?i. ‚®-
?Yacea, ia® ¤?a?a®?®aae?® «i®aai F®aa¤ aaacYea a aa®¤®c ? ¤®a®¤®c,
cea ¦ ie iai c ¤Yae?ae?aY F®a!i¤¦Ya , ae? a?aaY¬®¬ § acYa § ©¬®c c
aeYaa «i®¬ i¬?aa?®®¬ ! ?Y aaa e (¤ «ieY – aeYaa «i®¬ ! ?Y). ‚®-
ca®aea, ?ae«iae?®e© a®aa aeY ¬®¦Ya ?a®?aa®¤?ai, Ya«? ae? a?a®c ?Y
?cYaa?ae?© ?a®?aa®¤?a «®F?ce¬? ¬Ya®¤ ¬?, a® Yaai § acYa
!i¤¦Ya®F® ¤Yae?ae?a . ?a®!Y® ?ae«iae?®® ®? ae¬? ic«iiaai
?cYaa?ae??, aci§ eY a ¬?«?a a § ae?Y© i?®®¬??? – a ? ? ? a®§¤ ia
¤®?®«?aY«ie© ?« aY¦Ya?®a®!e© a?a®a, ca® cY¤Ya ? a®aaa ¤YY¦®©
¬ aae !Y§ a®®acYaaacaieYF® a®c a®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i. ‚-aaYai?a, ®!eYY
?®ceeY?Y aa®ci aeY aciec Yaai a ?§¬YY?i¬? c aaaaaY ae? c XX
cY?Y, ?a?®!aYaY?Y ?¬ ®«?F®?®«?aa?cYa?®F® a a ?aYa . ˜a®?§c®¤?aY«?-
®«?F®?®«?aae ¤«?aY«i®Y caY¬i ?®¤¤Ya¦?c ia Ya®®acYaaac?Y a®c®?a?®F®
a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i c aeY«ia ®!Ya?YcY?i ac®YF® ?®aa®«i ¤
aeY®®!a §®c ?Y¬. ‚-cYacYaaea, aaeYaacaYa a ?®© aeY®¬Y, ? ?
“?¬?®aa?aaY¬ i ?ae«iae?i”, aci§ e© a a®aa®¬ ®a?aea®aa? ae?® «iea
i?®®¬?? ? acY«?cY?Y¬ c§ ?¬®§ c?a?¬®aa? ¬Y¦¤a ?¬?. ?a?§?ae,
aa?a?©eY !Y¤aac?i, c®©e, a?«ieY ?ae«iae?®eY ?a®aeYaae c ®¤?a
aaa a ¬®Faa ce§c ai aY§??© a? c®? aeY ? ??Y-a® ?¬?®aa?aaY¬eY
a®c ae, ? ?® aYa®«®F?cYa?®© aeY?®c?Y – ?ae«iae?i c ¬ aea ! a caY©
aaa e. ?, ?®Yae, ?ia i ?a?c? – ?ae«iae?®eY ®¦?¤ ?i, cea ¦YeY
c a a?aac?c ?i aY¬?®c a®aa ®!eYF® aa®ci aeY ?® a??a «? § a?« a –
aeYe ? aeaiY(iYaF®®a?aY«?)-a®c ae.
‚ aY®a?ia, a §a ! aec Y¬ea § ? ¤e¬? i?®®¬?aa ¬?, aa«®c®
ce¤Y«iiaai “?ae«iae?i a?a®a ” ? “?ae«iae?i ?§¤Ya¦Y?.” ‚ ?Yac®¬ a«ac Y
a aa¬ aa?c Yaai aaeY?Y a c®cYa?i ¬Y¦¤a a?a®a®¬ ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y? a®
aa®a®e a?a®a . ‚ aa«®c?ia ?®ca? ?®«®© § ia®aa? ? ?®ca? 100%
§ Faa§?? ?a®?§c®¤aacYea ¬®e®aaY© ?a? cea®?®¬ aa®cY ?®?a? aY«i®©
a?®a®!®a? aaa¤ie?aai c ®!a eY?? c®§?? Ya ?§!ea®? ¤YYF ?® ®a®eY?i
? ?®«?cYaaca a®c a®c, ?®cee iaai aeYe. ?a®ce¬? ?a?c? ¬? §¤Yai ¬®Faa
!eai a ae?aY?Y F®aa¤ aaacYea § ? §®c, c®Yea ? a®ae? «iea. ‚®
ca®a®¬ a«ac Y !«i¤ Yaai a®aa aeY ca«Y¤aac?Y acY«?cY?i ?§¤Ya¦Y?
?a®?§c®¤aac . ” ?a®a ¬?, c«?iie?¬? ia? i?®®¬?cYa??Y ?a®aeYaae,
¬®Faa !eai ®«?F®?®«?aa?cYa? i ?a ?a?? aeY®®!a §®c ?i, i?®®¬?cYa? i
? ae? a®c i ?®«?a?? F®aa¤ aaac , a®aa aeY aeaiY, ¤Y©aac?i
?a®aea®i§®c, ?a c«YeY ?®ceeY?Y § a !®a®© ?« ae, ? ¤aaF®Y.
3.?˜’??˜”‹?–??˜˜?? ˜?‹?’??? ˜YF a?ceY a®ae? «ieY ? i?®®¬?cYa??Y
?®a«Y¤aac?i ?ae«iae?? cea¦¤ ia ?a c?aY«iaac a §ea aaa ?a®c®¤?ai
®?aY¤Y«Yai i?®®¬?cYa?ai ?®«?a??a. ‡ c?aY«i®Y c?¬ ?Y caYF¤
a¤Y«i«®ai F®aa¤ aac®¬ aYFa«?a®c ?i ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae. ?a??ae«iae?® i
?®«?a?? ac?aec Ya !®F ae© aa®aa?¬Ya a ¬ea a §ea ¤YY¦®-
?aY¤?aea, !i¤¦Yaea ¬Ya, «®F®cea ¬Ya®?a?ia?©, ?a®Fa ¬¬ aa !?«?§ ae??
? ¤Y©aac?© ?® aYFa«?a®c ?i ? a a?aY¤Y«Y?i ¤®a®¤®c.
?aeY?c i a a ?aYa a?ae«iae?®®© ?®«?a???, ¬®¦® ce¤Y«?ai c Y©
aa? ®!e?a ?®¤a®¤ . ‚ a ¬? a ?Yac®F® (?aY¤« F Y¬®F® aa®a®?? ¬?
a®caY¬Y®F® ?Y©a? aac ) ?aY¤aaa aa?c Yaai ?a?c i !i¤¦Ya i
?®«?a?? – ¬ Yca?a®c ?Y F®aa¤ aaacYe¬? a aa®¤ ¬? ? «®F ¬? c
aeY«ia c®§¤Y©aac?i ?« aY¦Ya?®a®!e© a?a®a: F®aa¤ aaac® ®Fa ?c?c Ya
ac®? a aa®¤e ? ?®cee Ya «®F?. ‚ aY§a«ia aY a®?a e Yaai a?a®a,
a?¦ iaai aY¬?e ?ae«iae??. ?¤ ?®, ®¤®caY¬Y® ¬®¦Ya ?a®?§®©a? a? ¤
?cYaa?ae?© ? ?a®?§c®¤aac , ca® ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? § aa®i ? ¤i¦Y ?
ic«Y?i¬, ®!a ae¬ ?Yac® c «i® ?®aa c«Ye¬ aeY«i¬, a §c?aiai
!Y§a !®a?ae .
˜i¤¦Ya i ?®«?a?? ?a®c®¤?aai ? ¤«i a ae?aY?i a?a®a c aa«®c?ia
a? ¤ . ˜a? Y¤®aa a®c®¬ a?a®aY ®aaeYaac«iiaai ?a®Fa ¬¬e
F®aa¤ aaacYea ? ??a «®c«®¦Y?© ? ¤aaF?a a aa®¤®c (¤ ¦Y c aa«®c?ia
§ c?aY«i®F® !i¤¦Ya®F® ¤Yae?ae?a ), ?®?¦ iaai «®F?. ‘c?a Yaai, ca®
a ??¬ ®!a §®¬ a ae?aiYaai a?a®a ?®aaY!?aY«ia??Y a®c ae ? aa«aF?.
?¤ ?® aa?¬a«?a®c ?Y a?a®a !i¤¦Yae¬? aaY¤aac ¬?, ? ? ?®? § « ®?ea
¬®F?a aaa c 60-70Y F®¤e, ¬®¦Ya aa?«?c ai ?ae«iae?i. ? a®¬a ¦Y
!®«ie?Y !i¤¦YaeY ¤Yae?ae?ae ®Fa ?c?c ia ?a c?aY«iaacYeY c®§¬®¦®aa?
¬ Yca?a®c ai «®F ¬? ? a aa®¤ ¬?.
‚a®a®© ?®¤a®¤ aY?®¬Y¤aYaai ca®a ¬?-aa®a®?? ¬? ¬®Ya a?§¬ c
i?®®¬?cYa?®© aY®a??. ˜ ?Yace© ?« ce¤c?F Yaai ¤YY¦®-?aY¤?a®Y
aYFa«?a®c ?Y, ?®acY® ? F?!?® c®§¤Y©aacaieYY i?®®¬?cYa?ai
a?aa ae?i. ˜a®a c?¤ aYFa«?a®c ?i ?a®c®¤?aai Y?®¤?®aa®«ie¬
?a c?aY«iaaca aeYaa «ie¬ ! ?®¬, ?®a®ae© ®?aY¤Y«iYa i¬?aa?i, ?§¬YiYa
?®«?cYaac® ¤YYF c ®!a eY?? ? aa c?? aaa¤®F® ?a®aeYa . ‘a®a®???
ia®F® ?®¤a®¤ ac?a ia, ca® F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦® ?a®c®¤?ai ¤Yae«iae?®eY
¬Ya®?a?ia?i ¤«i ®Fa ?cY?i ?« aY¦Ya?®a®!®F® a?a®a , ?®a?®«i?a
aa?¬a«?a®c ?Y i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa ? ?a?aaacY®Y ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?Y
§ ia®aa? ?aaY¬ a?¦Y?i YaaYaacY®F® aa®ci !Y§a !®a?aee cY¤Ya ?
?®aYaY ?®aa®«i ¤ ?ae«iae?Y©.
˜ea iai ®!a§¤ ai ceeY¤eai ?§-?®¤ ?®aa®«i ?ae«iae?i, ?a c?aY«iaac
¬®F?a aaa , c? i a 60-a F®¤®c, ?a®c®¤?«? a ? §ec Y¬ai ?®«?a??a
aeY ? ¤®a®¤®c, F« c i § ¤ c ?®a®a®© ?® aaeYaaca ac®¤?aai ?
®Fa ?cY?i § a !®a®© ?« ae – aaYa?© ¬Ya®¤. ˜®a?®«i?a ia ?®«?a??
®§ c Ya ¤¬??aaa a?cai, Y ae®cai aaa aYF?i !®ai!e a ?ae«iae?Y©,
® Y caYF¤ ¤®aa?F Ya ®!eic«Y®© aeY«?.
4.”?˜’??˜”‹?–??” ˜?-˜?‘‘?‰‘?? ˜Y®!a®¤?¬® ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® ?®¬!? ae?i
a §«?cea a?®a®!®c ?®¤ c«Y?i ?ae«iae?? § c?a?a ®a ?®?aYaea
i?®®¬?cYa??a aa«®c?© a®© ?«? ?®© aaa e. ‘a ®c«Y?Y ae? c eY©
aaa Y, c c aa®aa?, c § c?aY«i®© ¬YaY § c?a?a ®a ?aYa?c®aa?
?ae«iae?®ea ?a®aeYaa®c. ˜®ai! ¦Y a ia?¬ ic«Y?Y¬ ¬Ya®¤ ¬? a®a «i®F®
?«? § c?aY«i®F® ¤¬??aaa a?c®F® ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬? ? ¤®a®¤ ¬?,
? ? ia® ?a ?a??®c «®ai a ieY, !Y§ aaaa Y?i ?a ?a?c?, YF a?c®
a? §ec Yaai a §c?a?? ae®cea ®a®eY?© ? aa !?«i®aa? i?®®¬???.
˜aY¤«®¦Y?i ?® ccY¤Y?i F®aa¤ aaacY®F® § ? § , ®!?«i®¬a
?cYaa?a®c ?i ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? (§ acYa !i¤¦Ya®F® ¤Yae?ae?a ),
aaa ®c«Y?i ¦Yaa?®F® ?aaa c «iae ? c®®!eY acYa¤ea aeY caY a®c ae
– ce§ec ia a®¬Y?i c ®a¬ «i®aa? ?a ca®a®c. ‘aa ®, ?®cY¬a
?®¤®!eY ¬Ya®?a?ia?i ?a ?a??aiaai aY©c a “?a ?Y. ‚ «i!®¬ a«ac Y,
ia® F«i¤e© ?a?¬Ya caY¬ aaa ¬ ‘˜?.
˜Y®!a®¤?¬e aYaiY§eY ? ?®¬?«Y?aeY a??ae«iae?®eY ¬Ya®?a?ia?i.
‘«®¦®aai a?aa ae?? a®aa®?a c a®¬, ca® a??ae«iae?®ai ?®«?a??a c
˜®aa?? aY©c a Y«i§i caY-a ?? acYaa? ? a®«i?® ?®acYe¬ i?®®¬?cYa??¬
aec F ¬. „Y«® c a®¬, ca® c ˜®aa??, ai¤a a ®!e?¬? § ?®®¬Ya®aai¬?,
c ¦Y©eY© ?a?c?®© ?ae«iae?? ¬®¦® ac?a ai a?? «iai
¤?a?a®?®aae?® «i®aai c i?®®¬??Y, c®§??eai ? ? a«Y¤aac?Y ?®¬ ¤®-
¤¬??aaa a?c®© a?aaY¬e. ‘®cYaa?®© i?®®¬??Y !e«? ?a?aae? ¤«?aY«i®Y
a §c?a?Y c aY¦?¬Y c®Y®F® caY¬Y?, ?, ? ? a«Y¤aac?Y, caY§¬Ya i ¤®«i
c®Yea a aa®¤®c c ‚˜˜, cea®c ©e i aaY?Yi ¬®®?®«?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ,
a a?aY¤Y«Y?i ? ¤YY¦®-?aY¤?a®© a?aaY¬e ? ¤aaF?Y ®a®!Y®aa?.
?cYc?¤®, ca® aaeY?Y a®¤®a®§i©aacYea ?a®?®aae?© Yc®§¬®¦®
aaaa ?ai !Y§ ®?aY¤Y«Y®© aaaa?aaa®© ?®«?a??? F®aa¤ aaac ,
®aaeYaac«iY¬®© ¤ ¦Y ?ai¬e¬? ¤¬??aaa a?ce¬? ¬Ya ¬?, c c aa®aa?,
a®?a eY?Y¬ c®Y®F® ?a®?§c®¤aac ? a aa®¤®c, a ?¦Y a ae?® «?§ ae?Y©
?a®?§c®¤aacYea ? ??a «®c«®¦Y?©, ®!?«ie¬ ae? a?a®c ?Y¬ § acYa
?ae?®Yaea ? c aaea ? ??a «®c, e?a®??¬ ?a?c«YcY?Y¬ ?®aaa ea
?cYaa?ae?© ? a®?a eY?Y¬ !i¤¦Ya®F® ae? a?a®c ?i. ˜Y®!a®¤?¬® a«®¬ ai
¬®®?®«?aa?cYa?ai aaaa?aaaa a®cYaa?®© i?®®¬???.
‚aY ia® c ¦® ¤®?®«iai ¬Ya ¬?, ?®a®aeY ®Fa ?c a ¤YY¦ai ¬ aaa,
aaaa ia ¤Yae?ae?a F®aa¤ aaacY®F® !i¤¦Ya , aa !?«?§?aaia a®®a®eY?Y
c «ia, a ?¦Y a®§¤ ?Y¬ aa«®c?© ¤«i §¤®a®c®© ?®?aaYae??. ‚ a ?®¬
a«ac Y aa?Ya !a¤Ya ¤®aa?Faa.
5.–…˜’˜?‹?˜›‰ ˜?˜? ‚ aa®c?ia a?aaY¬e ¬Ya ««?cYa?®F® ®!a eY?i
?a®?aa®¤?«® aa?a?©®-ae®c®Y a ¬®aYFa«?a®c ?i ?®«?cYaac ¤YYF c
®!a eY??. ‘ ¬ ?a?a®¤ ¬Ya ««?cYa??a ¤YYF (§®«®aea ? aYaY!aiea –
?®?ea?? acY«?c?ai i¬?aa?i cY? ?®© ¬Y¤ea ¤YYF ?® aeYY aYaY!aiea,
?®Yc®, ?aY¤?a??¬ «?ai) ?a?«ic Ya c®§¬®¦®aai acY«?cY?i ¤YY¦®©
¬ aae ¤«i ?®?aea?i F®aa¤ aaacYea a aa®¤®c § acYa !i¤¦Ya®F®
¤Yae?ae?a . ‹??c?¤ ae?i ac®!®¤®F® a §¬Y ! ?®a §®«®a® ?® ®¬? «a
c aa«®c?ia aY§?®F® a §c?a?i ! ?®ca?®-?aY¤?a®© a?aaY¬e ?a?cY«? ?
a®¬a, ca® c?aa® ae®ce© ¬Ya ?§¬ ?YaYaa Ya aYFa«?a®c ai ®!eY¬
¤YY¦®© ¬ aae.
„YiF? – c ¦Y©e?© i«Y¬Ya ae®c®© a?aaY¬e a®§i©aac , ?
aa !?«i®aai ¤YY¦®© a?aaY¬e F®aa¤ aaac – Y?aY¬Y®Y aa«®c?Y
®a¬ «i®F® aea?ae?®?a®c ?i caY© ae?® «i®© i?®®¬???. ˜ aaaa®©aac®
¤YY¦®F® ®!a eY?i ce§ec Ya § c?aY«ieY aY¬?e ?ae«iae??, ?®¤aec
ae®cea ¬Ya ?§¬®c, i?®®¬??? c aeY«®¬. ˜®ia®¬a c®§??« ®!eY?a?c i
Y®!a®¤?¬®aai c a®§¤ ?? ®c®F® ¬Ya ?§¬ F®aa¤ aaacY®F® ?®aa®«i §
?®«?cYaac®¬ ¤YYF.
‡ c?aY«i®Y ¬Yaa® c F®aa¤ aaacY®¬ aYFa«?a®c ?? ¤YY¦®F®
®!a eY?i ?a? ¤«Y¦?a aeYaa «i®¬a ! ?a c a?«a YF® ?«icYc®F®
?®«®¦Y?i c ae?® «i®© a?aaY¬Y ?aY¤?a®-¤YY¦ea ®a®eY?©. …F®
c®§¬®¦®aa? ?® ?®aa®«i § ?a?a®aa®¬ ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae § c?aY«ie:
?®acY®Y c®§¤Y©aac?Y ¤YY¦ai ! §a (aa¬¬a «?cea ¤YYF, ®aa a??
aY§Yacea acYa a ?®¬¬YacYa??a ! ?®c c aeYaa «i®¬ ! ?Y) cYaY§
?aY¤®aa c«Y?Y ac®?a aYaaaa®c, ?§¬YY?Y ®a¬e ?a®aeYa , ?a®cY¤Y?Y
®?Ya ae?© ®a?aea®¬ ae?Y, aYae? a?a®c ?Y, ?§¬YY?Y aa®ci
! ?®ca?®© «??c?¤®aa? – Y?®aaY¤aacYe© ?aai ? ¤®aa?¦Y?i ¦Y« Y¬ea
aY§a«ia a®c. ‚®§«®¦Yai YF® aea?ae?i ?®aa®«i § ¤YY¦e¬
®!a eY?Y¬ aeYaa «ie© ! ? ¬®¦Ya ®aaeYaac«iai c Ya?®«i??a ae®a¬ a.
‚®-?Yacea, a®«i?® Y¬a ?®¤c?Y ¤YY¦ i i¬?aa?i. ‡¤Yai ¤®
§ ¬Ya?ai, ca® ¤«i iaeaeY?a?c®F® ce?®«Y?i aeYaa «ie¬ ! ?®¬ ac®?a
§ ¤ c Y®!a®¤?¬® ?a?«ic?ai c®§¬®¦®aai «i!®F® ¤ c«Y?i a® aa®a®e
?a c?aY«iaac «?!® ¤aaF?a F®aa¤ aaacYea aaaa?aaa ¤«i ®aaeYaac«Y?i
ac®Y© ?®«?a??? ?«? cY¤Y?i ¤aaF?a ®?Ya ae?©, a ? ? ? ?®¤®!®Y
c¬Ye aY«iaac® ¬®¦Ya ce§c ai !Ya?®aa®«i®Y acY«?cY?Y «??c?¤®aa?
! ?®ca?®© a?aaY¬e. ‚ ?®¤ c«iieY¬ !®«ie?aacY aaa Yaai a?Yae? «ie©
§ ?® ® –Yaa «i®¬ (˜ ae?® «i®¬, ”Y¤Ya «i®¬ aY§Yac®¬, ¤a. – ®a
§c ?i Y ¬YiYaai aae®aai) ! ?Y, aaa c«?c ie?© YF®
Y§ c?a?¬®aai ®a ?a c?aY«iaac , F« ce F®aa¤ aaac ? ? a« ¬Ya . ˜®,
YaaYaacY®, ¬Ya®?a?ia?i aeYaa®! ? ?a®c®¤iaai ?® a®F« a®c ?i a
?a c?aY«iaac®¬ ? c a ¬? a ®!eY© ae?® «i®© ?®«?a???.
‚®-ca®aea, aeYaa «ie© ! ? ®aaeYaac«iYa ?®acYe© ?®aa®«i ¤
¤YY¦®© ¬ aa®© cYaY§ c®§¤Y©aac?Y ?a®aeYaai aa c?a – ®a¬a
¬??¬ «iea ®!i§ aY«iea aY§Yac®c acYa a c aeYaa «i®¬ ! ?Y ¤«i
?®¬¬YacYa??a ! ?®c, ?®a®ae© ®aaeYaac«iYaai § ?®®¤ aY«i®, a
¤?aeaeYaYae? ae?Y© ?® c?¤ ¬ ¤Y?®§?a®c ? ?aY¤?aea ?aa?aaa®c.
„«i ?®?¬ ?i ia®© ®?Ya ae?? Y®!a®¤?¬® ®aa ®c?aiai ?®¤a®!YY
a ?®¬ aYa¬?Y, ? ? ! ?®ca? i «??c?¤®aai, a® Yaai a?®a®!®aai
?aYca e aiai c «?ceY ¤YiF?. ‘®c®?a? i «??c?¤®aai ! ?®ca?®©
a?aaY¬e ®!Ya?Yc?c Yaai aeYaa «ie¬ ! ?®¬ ?aaY¬ ®!¬Y ?« aY¦ea ?a?®c
? Y¬a a ¬®¬a ¤®«F®aa®ceY ?a?ce ?®¬¬YacYa??a ! ?®c (c aY «i®©
?a ?a??Y c ? cYaacY § «®F ). ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ aeYaa «ie© ! ? ceaaa? Ya
c a®«? “?®a«Y¤YF® ?aY¤?a®a c ?a?a?cYa?®© a?aa ae??”. ˜a ®?Yaae?i
?®§c®«iYa ?®¬¬YacYa??¬ ! ? ¬-¤Ya¦ aY«i¬ Y«??c?¤®c a¤®c«Yac®aiai
aaY!®c ?i c?« ¤c??®c ae®¤e.
‚ea®??© aa®cYi «??c?¤®aa? ?a? ?§?®© ®a¬Y ?a®aeYa ?aY¦¤Y
caYF® a ae?aiYa a?a®a ?aY¤?ae ? F®aa¤ aaacYeY aeYeY !a¬ F? a®
aa®a®e c aa®F® aY?a®a , a ?¦Y aa?¬a«?aaYa a®aa a aa®¤®c c aaea
«?ae a®c ae ? aa«aF?, ce§ec Ya ?®ceeY?Y aa®ci i?®®¬?cYa?®©
?a?c®aa?, a® Yaai ®? §ec Ya ¤ c«Y?Y a®aa aeY, aa®cYi aeY®c®©
?ae«iae??. ˜®ia®¬a acY«?cY?Y ®a¬e ¬??¬ «iea ®!i§ aY«iea aY§Yac®c –
?aai ? a¬YieY?i «??c?¤®aa? ! ?®ca?®© a?aaY¬e, ®Fa ?cY?i
?aY¤?aea ®?Ya ae?© ?, ? ? ?®Yce© aY§a«ia a, ce§ec Ya a®?a eY?Y
aY¬?®c a®aa ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae.
„«i aYFa«?a®c ?i a®c®?a?®© «??c?¤®aa? aeYaa «ie© ! ? c
a®®acYaac?? a aeY«i¬? ae?® «i®© ?®«?a???, ?a®¬Y ?§¬YY?i ®a¬e
?a®aeYa®© aa c??, ?a?!YF Ya ? ai¤a ¤aaF?a ¬Ya®¤®c, ®aaeYaac«ii ?ai¬®Y
ae? a?a®c ?Y ?a c?aY«iaacYea a aa®¤®c, ?®?a? i aeYeY !a¬ F?, cY¤i
®?Ya ae?? ®a?aea®¬ ae?Y.
˜ ¤®, ®¤ ?®, § ¬Ya?ai, ca® aY ?ae?i ?®¤®!eY ¬Yae !a¤Ya
c ai?a®c aiai c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a a®®a®eY?i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a
?aY¤?aeY aYaaaae ¬®¬Ya ?a aY «?§ ae??. ˜®a¬ ?a®aeYa®© aa c??
a ?¦Y c® ¬®F®¬ § c?a?a ®a ®!eYF® a §c?a?i ?a®?§c®¤aac , ?®ii?aaa®F®
?®«Y! ?i aeY, ¤Yae?ae?a F®aa¤ aaacY®F® !i¤¦Ya ? ¤ ¦Y ®a ¬®F?a
cYeYi?®®¬?cYa??a ae ?a®a®c. ˜®ia®¬a ?®¤®!eY ¬Yae ?®acY®F®
c®§¤Y©aac?i ¤ ia ®eaa?¬eY aY§a«ia ae «?ei c ¤®«F®aa®c®¬ ?« Y.
‚-aaYai?a, ia® – a®?a eY?Y ?aY¤?a , Y?§!Y¦®Y c aa«®c?ia
cea®?®F® aa®ci ?a?a®? ? ??a « ?§-§ Fa ?aee. ˜Y®!a®¤?¬® ®a¬Ya?ai,
ca® ¤®«F®aa®ceY a!YaYF aY«ieY ?a?ce Y! ?®ca??a aaaa?aaa a®¦Y
¬®Faa ?®«Y! aiai. ˜®ia®¬a ?aY¤?a i i?a? a?i a®«i?® c aa?c®
acY«?c?c Ya ?®«?cYaac® ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae, a®?a eY?Y ®!eY¬®c
?aY¤®aa c«iY¬ea ?aY¤?a®c «?ei c aa?c® YY a¬Yie Ya.
‚ aeY«®¬ ¬®¦® a? § ai, ca® c«?i?Y aeYaa «i®F® ! ?
§ c?aY«i®, ® ®ai¤i Y ?¬YYa ®?aY¤Y«iieYF® § cY?i. ˜a®c®¤i
?®«?a??a ?® ®!a§¤ ?i ?ae«iae?? c ¬ aea ! a aeY«®F® F®aa¤ aaac ,
Y®!a®¤?¬® ?®¬?ai, ca® ¤YY¦eY ®a®eY?i Y ®a®ac e ®a ¤aaF?a aaeYa
i?®®¬?cYa?®© ? a®ae? «i®© ¦?§? aaa e. ??a?ceY ¤Y©aac?i, ?a®c®¤?¬eY
?a?«ic?aY«i® c a ¬? a c®§¬®¦®aaY© aeYaa «i®F® ! ? , !Y§ ¤aaF?a
?®¬?«Y?aea ¬Ya ¬®Faa Y c®§e¬Yai ¤®«¦®F® ¤Y©aac?i, ? ¤ ¦Y ce§c ai
®!a ae© iaeaeY?a. ?Fa ?cY?Y i¬?aa??, ?®ceeY?Y ¬??¬ «iea
®!i§ aY«iea aY§Yac®c ? a¬YieY?Y a?a®a ?aY¤?ae, ®a®!Y® c
aa«®c?ia ®«?F®?®«?aa?cYa?®© aaaa?aaae ae? , ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ?
a®?a eY?i ?cYaa?ae?© ? ®!eY¬®c ?a®?§c®¤aac .
’Y¬ Y ¬YYY, ?®ceeY?Y aYFa«?aaieY© a®«? aeYaa «i®F® ! ? –
c ¦ i ?aY¤?®ae«? aa?Ya . ˜Y®!a®¤?¬® ?aY¤®aa c?ai Y¬a Y®!a®¤?¬ai
a ¬®a®iaY«i®aai c ®aaeYaac«Y?? ¤YY¦®© ?®«?a???, § ?®®¤ aY«i®
§ ?aY?«Yai c®§¬®¦®aai ?®aa®«?a®c ai ? «e, ?® ?®a®ae¬ c®§?? Ya
FYa ?Y ¤YY¦®F® ®!a eY?i c aaa Y, c a® ¦Y caY¬i ®!Ya?Yc?c
a®F« a®c ®aai YF® ¬Ya®?a?ia?© a ®!eY© ?®«?a??®©, ?a®c®¤?¬®©
?a c?aY«iaac®¬.
‚ aa«®c?ia i?®®¬?cYa?®F® ?a?§?a , Ya §c?a®aa? ae®cea
®a®eY?©, a« !®aa? ¤YY¦®© ? ?aY¤?a®-ae? a®c®© a?aaY¬e aeYaa «ie©
! ? Y?§!Y¦® !a¤Ya ?®«i§®c aiai ¦Yaa??¬? ¤¬??aaa a?ce¬? ¬Ya®¤ ¬?
aYFa«?a®c ?i, ? a®«i?® c ?Yaa?Y?a?cY – ?YaYa®¤ ? ?®acY®¬a
aYFa«?a®c ?i, c a®¬ c?a«Y cYaY§ aaa ®c«Y?Y aeY«Ycea ®a?Ya?a®c,
cY¬, ?aa a?, ¤® ®aa ®c?aiai ?®¤a®!YY.
6.”’?˜?…’?˜?‚?˜?…” – aaa ®c«Y?Y aeYaa «ie¬ ! ?®¬ aeY«Ycea
®a?Ya?a®c ?a?a®aa ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae. ”a?¤¬Y, ®¤? ?§ ?®aa®«®c
a®caY¬Y®F® ¬®Ya a?§¬ , ?a?¬Ya, ?a??¬ « cY«?c?a aY¬? a®aa
¤YY¦®© ¬ aae c 4% c F®¤ § ®?a?¬ «iai, a ? ? ? ?a? a ?®¬ a®aaY, ?®
YF® ¬Y?i, ®¤®caY¬Y® a®aa iYaai aa !?«i®aai ?®?a? aY«i®©
a?®a®!®aa? ¤YYF ? ®!Ya?Yc?c Yaai i?®®¬?cYa??© a®aa ?a? cea®?®¬
aa®cY § ia®aa?.
‚?YaceY ®?ea a aFYa?a®c ?i ?a?®!aY« ˜a¤Ya! ? – aeYaa «ie©
! ? ?Ya¬ ?? – c 1974 F®¤a, ? a aYa ?®a ® cY¤Ya ?a?ceY ¬Ya®?a?ia?i
c ia®© ®!« aa?. ? aa®ieY¬a caY¬Y? ?®¤®! i ?a ?a??
a a?a®aaa ?« ai !®«ie?aac® i?®®¬?cYa?? a §c?aea aaa .
‚ ®¤?a a«ac ia a aFYa?a®c ?Y ac®¤?aai ? c?aa®© ae®a¬ «i®aa?,
®ae?ae? «i®¬a ?a®F®§a c®§¬®¦®F® a §c?a?i a?aa ae??. ‚ ¤aaF?a a«ac ia
«?!® aaa c«?c Yaai acYa¤ i ?®aa®«i i ae?aea ¤®?aaa?¬®F® a®aa ?®
®¤®¬a ?«? Ya?®«i??¬ ¤YY¦e¬ FaYF a ¬ ®?aY¤Y«Ye© ?Ya?®¤
caY¬Y?, «?!® ?a?¬YiYaai a ? §ec Y¬ i “c?«? ” – aaa c«?c iaai
cYaa?© ? ?¦?© ¤®?aaa?¬e© ?aY¤Y«.
?a?®«i§®c ?Y “c?«??” ®!eiaiYaai ai¤®¬ ®!eY?a?cea ?a?c?, c a®¬
c?a«Y ?a a?®aa®ce¬ ?§¬YY?Y¬ ?®ii?aaae, cYeYi?®®¬?cYa??¬
c®§¤Y©aac?Y¬, aaa¤®aai¬?, aci§ e¬? a® aa a?aa?cYa??¬ ?§¬YaY?Y¬
¤YY¦®© ¬ aae. ??a®? i “c?«? ” c 3% (?®a®aai ?a?¬Yi«, ?a?¬Ya,
a®a¦Y ˜a¤Ya! ? c 1979-1983 ? 1986-1988 F®¤ a)4) F®c®a?a ®!
acY«?cY?? aaY?Y? Y®?aY¤Y«Y®aa? ? a?¦Y?? iaeaeY?a?c®aa?
aYFa«?a®c ?i ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae.
‚¬YaaY a aY¬, aaa c«?c i § c?aY«iai a §?aea ¬Y¦¤a cYaa?¬ ?
?¦?¬ ?aY¤Y« ¬? aY¬? a®aa ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae, aeYaa «ie© ! ?
a®§ aY«i® a®§¤ Ya !®«ie?Y c®§¬®¦®aa? aY F?a®c ?i c®§??®cY?Y
¤?a?a®?®aae?©, Y ?®¤aec i ¤®cYa?i ? ac®Y© ?®«?a??Y a?a c«Y?i ¤YY¦e¬
®!a eY?Y¬.
˜ ¤®, ?aa a?, a? § ai, ca® aa®a®??? ¬®Ya a?§¬ c i?®®¬?cYa?®©
aY®a?? aacYa¦¤ «?, ca® aeYaa «ie© ! ? Y ¤®«¦Y ? c ? ?®¬ a«ac Y
®aaaa? ai ®a ¬YcYea ®a?Ya?a®c, ®!a e ai c?¬ ?Y ?a a?®aa®ceY
?®«Y! ?i ?®ii?aaae aeY, c «iaea ?aaa®c, a?a®a ¤YiF?. ˜®
aYaeY?ae aa !?«?§ ae?? i?®®¬???, ?aY¤« F Y¬eY aY®aYa?? ¬? ¬®Ya a?§¬ ,
?F¤Y Y !e«? c®a?a?iae !a?c «i®. ‘«Y¤ai c ®!eY¬ c aaa«Y ia®F®
i?®®¬?cYa?®F® acY?i, aeYaa «ieY ! ?? ?a ?a??Y ?a®c®¤?«? ¬Yae,
®a YF® ®a?«®iie?Yai ?«? ¤ ¦Y ?a®aa® Y¬a ®!a aeY, ?!® F« c®© aeY«ii
ac®Y© ¤YiaY«i®aa? c?¤Y«? Y ¤®? § aY«iaac® cYa®aa? ?«? «®¦®aa? a®©
?«? ?®© aY®a??, a¤®c«Yac®aY?Y ae?® «iea ?aYaYa®c ?
!« F®a®aa®i?Y ac®Y© aaa e.
˜®ia®¬a, Ya¬®aai aYaeY?ae ¬®Ya a?aa®c, aeYaa «ieY ! ?? ?a?
aaa ®c«Y?? aeY«Ycea ®a?Ya?a®c ac?aec «? ?a a?®aa®ceY ?®«Y! ?i
?®ii?aaae aeY, c «iaea ?aaa®c, a?a®a ¤YiF?. ‚ aYcY?Y F®¤ ! ?
®!eic«i«, ? ?®© ?¬Y® ?§ Fa ?ae “c?«??” ® !a¤Ya ?a?¤Ya¦?c aiai.
?acYc i ¤c ®a®cea aFa¬Ya ?a®a?c??®c a aFYa?a®c ?i,
a¦® ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® ?ae«iae?®eY ?a®aeYaae ®!« ¤ ia ®Fa®¬®©
iYaa®aaii. ?cYc?¤® ?®ia®¬a, ca®, ?¬Yi c aa aa®c®© ?®§?ae??
§ c?aY«ieY aY¬?e ®!YaaeYY?i ¤YYF, aeYaa «ieY ! ?? Y ¬®Faa ?a?
aaa ®c«Y?? aeY«Ycea ®a?Ya?a®c Y ac?aec ai “Y?§!Y¦®F®” aY¬?
?ae«iae??. ˜a®, ®¤ ?®, c®caY Y F®c®a?a ® YiaeaeY?a?c®aa?
a aFYa?a®c ?i.
? YeY: Yaaa®©c?c®Y ®!eYi?®®¬?cYa?®Y ?®«®¦Y?Y,
cYeYi?®®¬?cYa??Y ae ?a®ae, aYa®Y ?aYFa?a®c ?Y ae?® «i®©
a?aaY¬e a®§i©aac c ¬?a®cai i?®®¬??a ? ¬®F®Y ¤aaF®Y – c®a aY
?a?c?e, !« F®¤®ai ?®a®ae¬ ?a c?aY«iaac a §c?aea F®aa¤ aaac Y ¬®Faa
?a®c®¤?ai ?®«®aaii ca®®¬ai ¤YY¦ai ?®«?a??a. ?Y¦¤a a®¤e©
?YaY«?c ? ??a « , a §«?c?i c ®a¬ a ?a®aeYaea aa c®? ?® aaa ¬ ?
?®«Y! ?i ?aaa®c c «ia § aa c«iia ?®F¤ aeYaa «ieY ! ?? ®aaaa? ai
®a ¬YcYea aeY«Y©. ’ ?, c 1978 F®¤a aeYaa «ie© ! ? ?Ya¬ ?? –
˜a¤Ya! ? – ?®eY« Y§ ?« ?a®c ®Y ?®?¦Y?Y ®a¬e ?a®aeYa , ca®
ce§c «® § c?aY«i®Y acY«?cY?Y ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae c ®!®a®aY. ‚ ¤ ®¬
a«ac Y ! ? aa?®c®¤aac®c «ai aY¬? a®®!a ¦Y?i¬?, ca® c aa«®c?ia
§ c?aY«i®F® i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa , ?®ceeY?i ?aaa ¬ a?? ? ¤aaF?¬
acYa¤e¬ c «ia ¬ ? ?aYa?c®© FYa¬ a?®© i?®®¬?cYa?®© i?a? a??
?®¤®!eY ¬Yae !e«? !e ?®«®aaii ®?a c¤ e.
˜®¤c®¤i ?a®¬Y¦aa®ceY ?a®F?, i ¬®Fa a? § ai, ca® § cY?Y
a aFYa?a®c ?i aaY¤? caYa ¬Ya®¤®c aYFa«?a®c ?i ¤YY¦®F® ®!a eY?i
aeYaa «ie¬ ! ?®¬ aaa¤® ?YaY®aeY?ai. “aa ®c«Y?Y aeY«Ycea ®a?Ya?a®c
? !«i¤Y?Y § aY «i®© ¤? ¬??®© aeY ?®§c®«iYa ac®YcaY¬Y®
?a??¬ ai aYeY?i ® Y®!a®¤?¬ea aYFa«?aaie?a ¬Ya®?a?ia?ia.
’ aFYa?a®c ?Y, a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ce?®«iYa aea?ae?i ?¤?? a®a ,
a? §ec ieYF® Y®!a®¤?¬®aai ?a®cY¤Y?i aYa ?«? ?ea ?§¬YY?©.
?a®¬Y a®F®, ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y aeY«Ycea ®a?Ya?a®c c«?iYa ?ae«iae?®eY
®¦?¤ ?i a®§i©aacYea aa!eY?a®c, ca® a ¬® ?® aY!Y ic«iYaai c ¦e¬
a ¬®aa®iaY«ie¬ ae ?a®a®¬ aaY?Y? ®!YaaeY?c ?i ¤YYF ? a?®a®!aacaYa
a?¦Y?i ?ae«iae??. ˜Y§aa«®c®, ia®a ae ?a®a c®§e¬YYa ¤Y©aac?Y a®«i?®
?a? § c?aY«i®© aaY?Y? ¤®cYa?i aY«Y?i ?®«???Y aeYaa®! ? ?
?a c?aY«iaac . “aa ®c«Y?Y § a YY Yce?®«?¬ea aeY«Y© – ?aai ?
aaaFa!«Y?i caYa c®§??e?a ?a®!«Y¬. ‚®®!eY, !Y§ cYae ¦?ai aaa¤®…
7.??? ‘˜?‘’? ?’…—…‘’‚?? ˜a?ae??? «i® a §«?c iaai ¤c ?®¤a®¤ ?
a?®a®! ¬ ?aY®¤®«Y?i ?a?§?a : ae®ce© ? ?®¬¬a?aa?cYa??©. ? a!Y¦¤Y c
a®¬, ca® a? ¤ ¤«i i?®®¬??? ?Ya?®¤ aYae®a¬ – ¤Y«® !a®«ia®
®a¬ «i®Y, ia® a? §ec Ya ? cYai ¬?a®c®© ®?ea, ? e a®!aacYe©
caY¬Y 1920-a F®¤®c. ’ ? ¦Y ®cYc?¤® ¤«i ¬Yi, ca® ia? aYae®a¬e !e«?
Y®!a®¤?¬e. ‚®§ca eY?Y ? ?®¬ ¤®- ¤¬??aaa a?c®© a?aaY¬Y («?!® ?
?®«?a??Y ¤®¬??a®c ?i ¤¬??aaa a?cea ¬Ya®¤®c cY¤Y?i a®§i©aac )
?a®aa® Yc®§¬®¦®.
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?® aY!Y. ‚ ¦® – ? cY¬a ¬e ?a?¤Y¬, ca® !a¤Ya ?®a«Y. „«i ¬Yi
“?®aaa®Y?Y” ae®c®F®, ®a¬ «i®F®, ac®!®¤®F® F®aa¤ aaac – F« c i
aeY«i, ? ?® ®a®eY?i ? Y© i aa¦a a®caY¬Yea ?®«?a??®c ? ?a
?a®Fa ¬¬e.
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ae? a®c i aa !?«?§ ae?i, ? «?ei c aa«®c?ia a! « a?a®c ea ae? a®c,
a¬YaY®© ?ae«iae?? ? ?®«®¦?aY«iea ?a®aeYaea aa c®? ¬®¦®
aY !?«?a?a®c ai ?®?«Y?i ? aae®a¬?a®c ai ?cYaa?ae?®e© ? ??a «. —a®
¦Y ? a Yaai “c®§¤aeea” aeYaa «?§®c ea ? ??a «®c«®¦Y?©, a® Yaai
F®aa¤ aaacYea ?cYaa?ae?©, ?a®c®¤?¬ea § acYa acY«?cY?i !i¤¦Ya®F®
¤Yae?ae?a , a® ia® «?ei aaaFa!?a ?a®!«Y¬e: ¦?ai ¤® ?® aaY¤aac ¬.
‚ ®aeY?Y a®caY¬Y®F® a®aa®i?i eY© i?®®¬??? aaeYaacaia ¤c
a §«?cea ¬Y?i: ?Yac®Y, ca® a? ¤ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ®!eiaiYaai
?a?«ic?aY«i® aaaa?aaa®© ?YaYaaa®©?®© i?®®¬???, ? ca®a®Y, ca® ia®a
a? ¤ ?a?®!aY« a¦Y a®a «ie© a a ?aYa. ˜??a® Y a?®a?a a aY¬
®!aa®iaY«iaac®¬, ca® c ?aY¤?YaYaaa®Yce© ?Ya?®¤ ?? ?®F® a? ¤ Y
!«i¤ «®ai, ? c a® ¦Y caY¬i § c?aY«i i c aai ?a®?§cY¤Y®©
?a®¤a?ae?? ?a®aa® Y c®aaaY!®c « ai, a® Yaai ?a®?§c®¤?« ai §ai. ?¤ ?®,
Ya«? ®!a a?aiai ? ®?eaa § ? ¤ea aaa , a® ¬®¦® a!Y¤?aiai, ca® a ¬
aaaa?aaaeY ?§¬YY?i !e«? ®a?Ya?a®c e ?aY¦¤Y caYF® ¬®¤Ya?§ ae?i
?a®¬ee«Y®aa?. ‚ ˜®aa?? ¦Y ai¤a a® acYaaec ?Y¬ ai¤
“?aa ae?® «iea” ®aa a«Y© (!®«ieY caYF®, ?®Yc®, c®Y®Y
?a®?§c®¤aac®) Y !«i¤ Yaai ?? ??a ¤Y¦¤ c «® ?a®aeYaa
®!®c«Y?i ®a®c®F® ? ??a?« ?a®¬eeY®aa?.
˜a?c?e ia® ®?iai-a ?? ¤cY: c®-?Yacea, a F®aa¤ aaac ¤«i ia®F®
Ya aaY¤aac, c aaeY ? ?ae?®YaeY ? ??a «e ®a?aF?c iaai
YaYa !Y«i®aaii ?cYaa?ae?© ? ?ae«iae?Y©. …a«? ®!a a?aiai ? ¬?a®c®¬a
®?eaa ? ? a®!aacY®© ?aa®a?? caY¬Y ˜˜˜ , a® a ?aa®c??®¬ ¤YYF a ¬
caY ca®¤Y !e ia®.
˜®a«Yc®Y i ‡ ? ¤ i …ca®? ?®«ac « ?®¬®ei c®aaa ®c«Y?Y
?¤aaaa?? ®a ?¬Ya??? ?® ?« a ? ae «« , a ¬ ?¬Ya?? ?a®c®¤?«
?¤aaaa? «?§ ae?i ¤YiF?, ceaacYeY ®a a §a !®a?? ¬Yaa®a®¦¤Y?©
aYa aa?®© Yaea? ? ?«®¤ ©?a?®F® §®«®a (Y !a¤ac? ?a? ia®¬ ®aiF®eY®©
Faa§®¬ aaY!aie?a ¬®¤Ya?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac, ? ? a®caY¬Y i ˜®aa?i).
˜i?®ca??© a?®¬ ?a?F®a?© ‘®?®«i??®c ?aY¤Y«i® cYa?® c?¤Y« ?aa®c??
ae? a?a®c ?i a®ae? «?aa?cYa?®© ?¤aaaa? «?§ ae??: ®, a®cYaeY® Y
aaYaiiai, ?a?®«i§®c « ®¦?aee aeY ?a®¬eeY«Yai ?
aY«ia?®a®§i©aacYai ?a®¤a?ae?? ? ia?¬ ®a?F? «ie¬ a?®a®!®¬ ®a? c?c «
aaY¤aac ?§ aY« . ?a®¬Y a®F®, ‘®?®«i??®c cYai¬ ?§!?a aY«i® ?®¤a®¤?«
? ac®Y© a®!aacY®© ae? a®c®© aa !?«?§ ae??: acYa¤e¬ cYac®aeY¬ a®F¤
a a?« c?c «?ai ®ai¤i Y a® caY¬?, cY¤i ? a ««Y«i® a cYac®aeY¬ ? ?®Y-
a® caY¬i e?a®?® i¬?a?a®c «? ? aa aeY ¤Y§ ??. ˜a® § c?a, ca® ?
!i¤¦Yae© ¤Yae?ae?a i?a?«a a?a®c «ai !Y§ ?§«?eY© ¤Y«?? a®aa?.
‚a®a i ?a?c? – ¤ ¦Y Ya«? ?a c?aY«iaaca a¤ aaai ¤®!?aiai
ae? a®c®© aa !?«?§ ae??, Y ®!i§ aY«i® ia® ?a?cY¤Ya ? ¬®¤Ya?§ ae??
?a®¬ee«Y®aa?, a ? ? ? ?a? eYeY¬ aa®cY a? ¤ c ¬ e?®aaa®Y??,
?®a®a®Y ? ic«iYaai YY ?aa®c??®¬, ¬e ¬®¦Y¬ c Y¤ «Y?®¬ !a¤aeY¬
®? § aiai a® aa !?«ie¬? ae? a ¬?, ® !Y§ ¬ e?. ? c a® ¦Y caY¬i ?a?
eYeY¬ a®aa®i?? i?®®¬??? ?a®aY?ae?®?§¬ ?a?¬Y?aY«i® ? caaaY?¬
a®c a®?a®?§c®¤?aY«i¬ !a®«ia® !Ya?®«Y§Y – ?® ®a®eY?i ?
?®aaY!?aY«i ?a®aa® ®? aY. ‡ e?a caaaYYF® ae? a®a®e a®F¤ ,
?®F¤ c a®¤®¬ a®§i©aacY aaa e a §cYaaec iaai ? ??Y-a®
?cYaa?ae?®eY ?a®Y?ae, ¬Yc Yaai a®aa ?a®?§c®¤aac . ˜a®F® ?cYF® Y
!«i¤ Yaai, ? ?a? aa®ieY¬ a? ¤Y acY«?cY?Y ?¬?®aaea a a?ae®c
?a?cY¤Ya «?ei ? ®a?a¤Y?i ? !Y§ a®F® Y!®F a®F® ae? ? a?aY??a
¬®®?®«?i ¬®F?a ®aYcYaacYea Y?®?aaYa®a?®a®!ea, ?®¤c a ?
?a®aa® YaYa !Y«iea (®! ?a®a?ce?aai) ?aY¤?a?ia?©.
?a ?, Y caY a ? ca¤Ya®. ? ®aa ®c«iai ?a?a??Y, a ? ? ? a ¬
Y ¬®Fa ?aY¤«®¦?ai ¤®aa®©®F® aYeY?i ?a®!«Y¬e. ?aa Yaai ¤Yiaiai,
ca® cea®¤ !a¤Ya ©¤Y ? ca® ®c®Y ?®?®«Y?Y ?®«?a??®c !a¤Ya
¤Y©aac?aY«i® ®ce¬ ?® ®a®eY?i ? ia?¬ ?a®!«Y¬ ¬.
8.‚?…‘’? ‡??‹?—…˜?? ?ae«iae?i ?a?®«i§aYaai F®aa¤ aaac®¬ ¤«i
?®?aea?i Y?a®?§c®¤?aY«iea F®aa¤ aaacYea a aa®¤®c ? ae? a?a®c ?i
§ aa a ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y© c aeY«ia aa?¬a«?a®c ?i ¤Y«®c®© ?a?c®aa?. ?
®!®aaaiYa a®ae? «i®-?« aa®ceY ?a®a?c®aYc?i, ?a? cea®?®¬ aa®cY YY
a §c?a?i ?a?c®¤?a c a aaaa®©aac® cYai ?a®aeYaa ? ??a?«?aa?cYa?®F®
?a®?§c®¤aac , c aY§a«ia aY cYF® aa ®c?aai Y®!a®¤?¬e¬ ?a®cY¤Y?Y
¤YY¦®© aYae®a¬e ? aa !?«?§ ae?i c «iae. ‚ ˜®aa?? a¦Y a®§¤
ae?® «i i c «ia . …a«? ?a c?aY«iaac® !a¤Ya ?®«i§®c aiai !®F ae¬
aY®aYa?cYa??¬ ? ?a ?a?cYa??¬ ! F ¦®¬ § ?© ?® ae? a®c®©
aa !?«?§ ae??, Yaai ®a®c ?i ?aY¤?®« F ai, ca® ®® !a¤Ya, a® a ?®c i
aa !?«?§ ae?i !a¤Ya ¤®aa?Faa , ? caY ¬e § ¦?cY¬ ac aa«?c®.
˜˜??…—?˜??
1) ˜®«ie i a®cYaa? i iae??«®?Y¤?i
2) ?§e? ae? – a«®c ai. ?.:˜®aa,1992
3) ‘«®c ai ! ?®ca?®-!?a¦Yc®© «Y?a???. ?.:? ?a?˜,1992
4) –?a. ?® “˜®aa?©a??© i?®®¬?cYa??© ¦aa «” ue11/1992F.
?ae«®c ‚. “˜a®!«Y¬e aYFa«?a®c ?i ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae ( ?a?¬YaY
?Ya¬ ??)”
‘˜?‘?? ?‘˜?‹?‡?‚?˜˜?‰ ‹?’…˜?’“˜›
1. “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a” ue5/1993F.
?aca?®c ˜.‘. “˜®?a? aaa aYF?? ®!Ya?YcY?i ae? a®c®©
“aa !?«i®aa?”
2. “˜®aa?©a??© i?®®¬?cYa??© ¦aa «” ue11/1992F.
?ae«®c ‚. “˜a®!«Y¬e aYFa«?a®c ?i ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae ( ?a?¬YaY
?Ya¬ ??)”
3. “‚®?a®ae i?®®¬???” 12/1991F.
“?®¬¬YacYa??Y ! ?? ? aeYaa «ie© ! ? c ae®c®© i?®®¬??Y”
4. “?aaa i?®®¬?cYa?®© aY®a??” ??a®c-1993F.
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