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c « ia®F® F®¤ ¤YY¦ i ?ae«iae?i c®§a®a« c ¤c a § ? a®aa c?« ? 30
aYai!ai 1994 F. 200% ? a®ai, ?® ¤ e¬ ??aaa¤ , Y¦Y¬YaiceY ¤YY¦eY ¤®a®¤e
aY«Y?i acY«?c?c iaai 7,9%, ?®ca? ? ¦¤e© aaYa?© a®aa?i? a®¤?aai §
cYaa®© ?a®¦?a®c®F® ¬??¬a¬ . ? ?® ?a®F®§a ??i?®®¬??? c 1995 F®¤a
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® a acYa ¬ ? !?Ya ¬??aaa®c, a®aa aeY ? ?®aea F®¤ Y ?aYcea?a 50%, c
!a¤aeY¬ F®¤a a®aa c?a ?a?!«?§?aY«i® 25%. ‚ ?a®e«®¬ F®¤a ?ae«iae?i
a®aa c?« 188,7%.
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i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa a®aa c?«? 3% ‹?ei Ya?®«i?® a § § ?®a«Y¤?Y 50 «Ya
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?YaY¤ cY«®cYcYaac®¬. ?¤ ?®,?®?¬ i, ca® ?ae«iae?i ?ai¬ai aci§ a
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aYeY?Y cYc®© ?a®!«Y¬e ! « a?a®c ?i !i¤¦Yaea ¤®a®¤®c a ?®aa®i®
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§ Y¬ ¤YYF caaa? aaa e ?«? § aa!Y¦®¬.
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!i¤¦Ya®c: ce?aa? c ®!a eY?Y ¤®?®«?aY«i®F® ?®«?cYaac ¤YYF.
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aeaicY«Ya?ia ¤® .i., ® c?YaceY aa «? cY? ?aiai c ‹?¤?? c VII-VI cY? a ¤®
eY© iae. —Y? ? ¬®Ya ?§ ¤a F®aeYea ¬Ya ««®c, c ?®a«Y¤aac?? ?§ ¬Y¤? ?
¦Y«Y§ aa « c ¦Y©eY© F®aa¤ aaacY®© ¬®®?®«?Y©
?¬Y aaeYaac®c «? ?ae«iae?®eY ?a®aeYaae, ®a®!Y® aY§??© c§«Ya aeY
!«i¤ «ai ?a? ?¬?Ya a®aY ??a ? ««Y ? ?®§¤YY ?® a aa ieY©.
aaa (520-527FF.) aYeY® !e«® ?®«®aaii ?aY?a a?ai a®¦¤Y?Y ¬Y¤®© ¬®Yae ?
®a«?c ai a®«i?® ¦Y«Y§ai ¬®Yaa. ?® caY¬Y? ?a c«Y?i „ aa (535-545FF) ?
?®§¤YY ?®cai¤ Fa®¬®§¤?«?ai F®ae ¦Y«Y§ea ¬®Ya, aeYe a®c a®c aY§?®
?®¤a?®c?«?. ’®aF®caee c®§?«? ¬®Yae, Faa§i ?a aY«YF?, ?, Y !a¤ac? c
a®aa®i?? a®ac?a ai ?a, cY«? acYa «?ei aci§?? ¬®Ya (? aYa? «e ?®
i?®®¬?cYa?®© ?aa®a?? ??a i c a YY aaY¤YcY?®ciY. ?. 1980 F. a.116).
Ya?®¤e ?aa?®¬ aea !®F® ?®ceeY?i aeY, c aa® a®c? ¤ ce?Y a® caY¬YY¬
¤«?aY«iea c®© ? a®ae? «iea ?®aaiaY?©, a¬Yi«?ai ?Ya?®¤ ¬? aa !?«?§ ae??
?«? a?¦Y?i (?ae«iae?®eY c®«e). ‚ ¤®«F®aa®c®¬ ¦Y ?« Y ¤c?¦Y?Y aeY
®a«?c «®ai ¤®c®«i® cea®?®© aa !?«i®aaii.
2. ‘ae®aai ?ae«iae?? c a §ea i?®®¬?cYa??a e?®« a.
a?cY¤a Y?®a®aeY ?§ ?a.
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?a®?§c®¤aac , ¤?a?a®?®aae?Y© ¬Y¦¤a aY «ie¬ ®!eY¬®¬ ®!eYaacY®F® ?a®¤a?a
? YF® aa®?¬®aae¬ cea ¦Y?Y¬. ? ?a?®«i§aYaai F®a?®¤aacaie?¬?
i?a?«a a a®aa??¬? ?« aa ¬? ¤«i ?YaYa a?aY¤Y«Y?i ae?® «i®F® ¤®a®¤ ?
ae?® «i®F® !®F aaac c ac®i ?®«i§a § acYa a?¦Y?i aY «iea ¤®a®¤®c
aaa¤ie?aai. ? Y?®aaY¤aacYe¬ YY ?a?c? ¬ ¬ a?a?aaa? i e?®« ®a®a?«
®!eY?a?c® ?a®?aa®¤ie?Y ?§¬YY?i c ®!eY¬Y ? aaaa?aaaY ®!eYaacY®F®
?a®?§c®¤aac , ?®«?a??a ¬®®?®«?© ? ?¬?Ya? «?aa?cYa??a F®aa¤ aaac, F« ce¬
?§ ?®a®a®F® ac?a « ¤Yae?ae?a !i¤¦Ya .
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«?aYa aaaY, F¤Y ?a?c? i § c?a?¬®aai ¬Y¦¤a ?§¬YY?Y¬ ?®«?cYaac ¤YYF ?
aa®ci aeY a aa¬ aa?c Yaai ? ? ®a®c i i?®®¬?cYa? i § ?®®¬Ya®aai.
?®Ya a?aae c ¦Y©eY© ? ?a ?a?cYa?? Y¤?aacY®© ?a?c?®© ?ae«iae?®®F®
?a®aeYaa ac?a ia !®«YY !eaaae© a®aa ae?® «i®© ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae ?® aa cY?i
a a®aa®¬ ?a®¤a?a . ‘«Y¤ai ?a aY®a??, c ¤®«F®caY¬Y®© ?Yaa?Y?a?cY ¤YiF?
?®«®aaii Y©aa «ie ? iaeaeY?a ¤YY¦ea ?¬?a«ia®c (aa?®aY?i ?«? § ¬Y¤«Y?i
aY¬?®c a®aa ¤YYF) ®aa ¦ Yaai «?ei ¤? ¬??Y ®!eYF® aa®ci aeY, Y
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§ ia®aa? a !®cY© a?«e ? a.¤. ?¤ ?® c aYcY?? !®«YY ?a a??a ?Ya?®¤®c (®¤?
i?®®¬?cYa??© ae??«) ?§¬YY?Y ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae ¬®Faa ®? § ai Y?®a®a®Y c«?i?Y
a®aa®i?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac ? § ia®aa?, ® iaeaeY?a !a¤Ya Y¤®«F?¬: cYaY§
®?aY¤Y«Y®Y caY¬i aY¬? a®aa aY «iea ?®? § aY«Y© ?a®?§c®¤aac cYaYaai ?
?aa®¤®¬a aa®ci. ’Y¬ a ¬e¬ ®acYaF Yaai ?Y©a? a? i ?¤Yi ® c®§¬®¦®aa?
?®aa®i® ?®¤¤Ya¦?c ai aY¬?e i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa ¦Yaacai ®?aY¤Y«Ye¬
?®ceeY?Y¬ aY¬?®c ?ae«iae??. ‚ ¦ i a®«i c ¬®Ya a?aaa?®© ¬®¤Y«? ?a? ¤«Y¦?a
? ?ae«iae?®e¬ ®¦?¤ ?i¬, ?®a®aeY ae®a¬?aaiaai a acYa®¬ ®e?!®? c ?a®e«ea
?aY¤a? § ?ia aeY.
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?a®aeYaae aYa?Y© e®?®c ?aY¤«®¦Y?i, ?«? aeY®cea e®?®c, a¤c?ace?a ?a?cai
”?«??a c?a c® ccYaa.
Ya¬®aai a ?ai ¤®a !®a?a, ?a?cY¤eai aY®a?i c a®®acYaaac?Y a ae ?a ¬?,
®¤®caY¬Ye© a®aa ?ae«iae?? ? !Y§a !®a?aee c aYcY?Y Ya?®«i??a «Ya
i?®®¬?cYa?®F® ?®¤1Y¬ 1983-1988 F®¤®c § aa c?« ¬®F?a § ¤a¬ aiai ®
aaeYaac®c ?Y¬ ¬Y¦¤a ?ae«iae?Y© ? !Y§a !®a?aeY© ic®© ®!a a®© aci§?. —a®
®!eiaiYa Y?®a®a®Y ?®ceeY®Y c?¬ ?Y ? aY®a?? YaaYaacY®F® aa®ci, ?aY¤«®¦Y®©
c ? cYaacY «iaYa a?c®© ¬®Ya a?aaa?®© ? Y®?« aa?cYa?®© e?®« ¬?.‚ ia®¬
a«ac Y ¤«i «®F?cYa?®F® ®!®a®c ?i ?ae«iae?? ?a?®«i§aiaai ¤cY aY®a??:
¤ ?a?cea ? a ae?® «iea ®¦?¤ ?©. ?!Y ®? ?®aaa®Ye ®a®cY YaaYaacY®F®
aa®ci !Y§a !®a?aee, ?®¤ ?®a®ae¬ ?®?¬ Yaai a ?®Y ?®«?cYaac® a !®cY© a?«e
ae?Y aaa¤ , ?a? ?®a®a®¬ Y !a¤Ya ®eae aiai ? YY Yac a??, ? ?§!ea? .
? cY F®c®ai, ia®a aa®cYi !Y§a !®a?aee, ?®a®ae© aaeYaacaYa ?a?
ae??«?cYa?®© !Y§a !®a?aeY, a c®© a«i.
aa¬®aa?¬ aY®a?i ¤ ?a?cea ®¦?¤ ?©, ?aY¤«®¦Yai ¬®Ya a?aa ¬?. ?
a §¤Y«iYa ?a?cai ”?«??a ?a a?®aa®cai ? ¤®«F®aa®cai. ?¤Y ?Yac i ?®ca?
a®c? ¤ Ya a ?Y©a? a?®©, ? ?YaY¬YeY?Y ?® Y© ®!eiaiYaa© ®a®cY a«Y¤aieYF®
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aa®cYi !Y§a !®a?aee a? ¤Ya, ? ®!®a®a. „®«F®aa®c i ¦Y ?a?c i ”?«??a
?¬YYa c?¤ cYaa?? «i®© ?ai¬®© a ®a¤? a®© c a®c?Y YaaYaacY®F® aa®ci
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ae®a¬?aaia ac®? ®¦?¤ ?i ?® ?®c®¤a § aa a ®a®cY ?a®aa®© i?aaa ?®«iae??
(?a®¤®«¦Y?i) aY¤Yae?© ?§¬YY?i ?ae«iae?? ? aci§ ea a Y© ?a®aeYaa®c c
?a®e«®¬ !a¤aeYY. ‚ aY§a«ia aY ¬®?a a?aae ?a?a®¤ia ? cec®¤a, ca® «i!®©
¤ e© aa®cYi ?ae«iae?? a®cYa Yaai a YaaYaacYe¬ aa®cY¬ !Y§a !®a?aee.
aY¤aa c?aY«? ia®F® ?a c«Y?i ac?a ia, ca® «i¤? ¤Y©aacaia ®a®cY caY©
?¬YieY©ai ?ae®a¬ ae??, a.Y. Y a®«i?® a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ i?aaa ?®«iae??, ® ?
«?§?aai !a¤ae?Y a®!ea?i a acYa®¬ aaeYaacaie?a ?aY¤?®ae«®? ? ceic«Y?Y¬
aY¤Yae?© ?a®e«®F® ? aa®ieYF®.
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‚§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?Y aa®«i a §«?cea a®cY? §aY?i (Y®?« aa?cYa?®© ? ?Y©a? a?®©)
aYF®¤i ?a?cY«® ? ae®a¬?a®c ?i aeYaa?aaa?®© ?®§?ae??: a®§i©aacYeY FYae
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¤Yae?ae?a ?ae®a¬ ae??. ‘a®a®??? ia®F® i«Y?a?cYa?®F® ?®¤a®¤ ac?a ia
?a a?®aa®ceY ?a®aeYaae ®¬ «?i¬?, c®§?? ie?¬? ca«Y¤aac?? § ¤Ya¦?? ,
?®a®aai c?¤ia ?¬¬ Ya®© ? ®!i§ aY«i®© , § c?aieY© ?® ?a®¤®«¦?aY«i®aa? ®a
®acY¤®¬«Y®aa? a®§i©aacYea FYa®c.
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?a c?«i®© ? ?®¤acYa¦¤Y®© caY¬? ae ?a ¬? aY®a?? ?ae«iae?®ea ?a®aeYaa®c,
?®a®a®© ®¤®© ¬®¦® aa?®c®¤aac®c aiai, ®aeY?c i ?ae«iae?i, YY ?a?c?e ?
?®a«Y¤aac?i. ? ¦¤ i ?§ ?YaYc?a«Yea aY®a?© ?¬YYa ? ? ac®? a?«ieY, a ? ?
a« !eY aa®a®e.
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a? ¤ ?a®?§c®¤aac !®«ieY, cY¬ aa¬¬ ?aY¤c®aa?e Y¬®F® ce?Fa e ®a a?¦Y?i
aY¬?®c ?ae«iae??, ca® § aa c«iYa a®¬Yc aiai c ?a c?«i®aa? ¬®Ya a?aaa??a
cec®¤®c.
‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, ¬ a?a?aaa? i aY®a?i ?a? ¬®F?a cYaea aYeY?ia aaa ¤ Ya
¤®aa a®c®© aa!eY?a?c®aaii, ca® ®Fa ?c?c Ya ?®?¬ ?Y ?ae«iae?®ea
?a®aeYaa®c «?ei ? ? ?®a®¦¤Y?© Ya®cYaeY®© !a¬ ¦® – ¤YY¦®© a?aaY¬e.
‘®®acYaaacY®, ia ?®§?ae?i Y ¤ Ya ?aY¤aa c?ai ?ae«iae?i ? ? cYaii
a«®¦e© ? ¬®F®?®«iae© aeY®¬Y.
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a«?e?®¬ ?¤Y «?§?aaia a®¤ FYa®c, Y ac?aec i ae ?a®a § ¤Ya¦?? c ?a?ia??
aYeY?©, ca®aeY aaa c«?c ia cYaYacaa ¦Yaa?ai aci§i ¬Y¦¤a ?ae«iae?Y© ?
!Y§a !®a?aeY©, ?®a®a i Y ?¬YYa ¬Yaa c aY «i®© ¦?§?.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, «i! i a®caY¬Y i e?®« Y ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© Y¤?®F®
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?®a®aeY ®aaa ?c ia ac®Y ?®?¬ ?Y ®a®cea ?®«®¦Y?© ¤®?aa? ? ce¤c?F ia
®a®!eY c a? ae ?a ?a?cYa??a ¬Ya®?a?ia?©. ?¤®caY¬Y® ?a®?aa®¤?a ?a®aeYaa
a!«?¦Y?i, a?aY§ , a §¬ec ie?© cYa??Y Fa ?aee ¬Y¦¤a ¤®?aa? ¬?. ‚aY ia?
®a®!Y®aa? « F ia ac®© ®a?Yc a®? ?®«Y¬??a ?® ?a®!«Y¬ ¬ ?ae«iae??. ‚aY
aY®a?? ? ?®aeY?ae?? aa ®ciaai c§ ?¬®aci§ e¬?, ®¤ ¤®?®«iYa, ?a®¤®«¦ Ya
¤aaFai ?«? ic«iYaai «iaYa a?c®© Y©, ®!Ya?Yc?c i c®§¬®¦®aai e?a®?®F®
ce!®a ¬Ya®¤®c ®!eiaY?i, ?®?¬ ?i ? ?aa«Y¤®c ?i ?ae«iae?®ea ?a®aeYaa®c.
?§¬YaY?Y ? ?a?c?e ?ae«iae??.
„«i ?a c?«i®F® ?« ?a®c ?i a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? c aa«®c?ia ?ae«iae??
«i¤? ¤®«¦e ac?aec ai a?«a ?ae«iae?®ea ?a®aeYaa®c. ‘aeYaacaYa aa? a?®a®!
?a ?§¬YaY?i.
Yace© – ?§¬YaY?Y a ?®¬®eii ?¤Y?a aeY. ?a?®«i§aYaai ?¤Y?a aeY c «®c®F® ?
? ? ?a®¤a?a , ?¤?c?¤a «iea ?®aaY!?aY«ia??a aeY ? ?¤?c?¤a «iea
®?a®cea aeY. „«i cec?a«Y?i ?¤Y?a !Yaaa a®®a®eY?Y ¬Y¦¤a a®c®?a?®© aeY®©
®?aY¤Y«Y®F® !®a a®c a®c ? aa«aF (“ae®c®© ?®a§?®©”) cea ¦ Yaai c
?a®aeYa a.
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?ae«iae?? § F®¤, ® ¬®¦® a aa¬ aa?c ai ? !®«YY ?®a®a??Y ?Ya?®¤e (¬Yaiaee
?«? ?c aa «e) ?«? !®«YY ¤«?eY (¤Yaia?«Ya?i).
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F®¤ ?§ ?¤Y?a aeY ia®F® F®¤ , a §¤Y«?ai iaa a §?aea ?¤Y?a ?a®eY¤eYF®
F®¤ , § aY¬ a¬®¦?ai 100%. …a«? aY¬? ?ae«iae?? ?®«ac?aiai
®aa?ae aY«ie¬, § c?a !«i¤ « ai ¤Yae«iae?i (? ¤Y?Y aeY).
a?c?, ce§ec ie?a ¤?a! « a ¬®F®. ?a a®«i ? ¦¤®© ?§ ?a § c?a?a ®a ?®?aYa®©
a?aa ae??.
aa¬®aa?¬ aa? ?a?¬Ya .
?®®¬?? aaa e aa « Ya?a c«iY¬®©, ?a?c? ¬? ¦Y a ?®© ?« cYc®© a?aa ae??
aa «? a«Y¤aie?Y ae ?a®ae:
1. ???Ya?ae«iae?i c®§??« c aa«®c?ia a §c?a?i caaaYYF® c®®aa¦Y®F®
?®ae«??a ? cYeYF® i?®®¬?cYa?®F® i¬! aF®.
§aaeY?i, ce§c eY aa F ®¬ “„¦® “, ?a?a¤?«? ?a c?aY«iaac® ? ®c®© i¬?aa?
¤YYF.
§¬Ya ?®?aea?i F®aa¤ aaacY®F® !i¤¦Ya i¬?aa?Y© ?®aa®i® c®§a®aa «: c 1985
F. ® a®aa c?« 2/3, a¦Y c 1989 3/4.
?? a Fa a??¬ ?a c?aY«iaac®¬ ?ae«iae?i ?a?®«i§®c « ai ? ? ®!e?© «®F ¤«i
ae? a?a®c ?i ®!®a®e, ?a®Y?a®c F®aa¤ aaacY®F® ?cYaa?a®c ?i ? a®ae? «iea
?a®Fa ¬¬.
?? a Fa a?®¬ ®!eYaacY, ?®a®a®Y ?a®ai¦Y?Y ai¤ «Ya aaeYaac®c «® c
aa«®c?ia F??Ya?ae«iae??, aae®a¬?a®c « ai aaa®©c?c i ?ae«iae?® i
?a?a®«®F?i¤i¤Y©, ?a®a?c®aa®ie?¬ «i!e¬ a??ae«iae?®e¬ ¬Ya®¤ ¬ !®ai!e,
?®a®aai ?a®c®¤?«® ?a c?aY«iaac®.
?a ?, ®a®ce¬ ae ?a®a®¬, Y?®aaY¤aacY® c«?iie?¬ a®aa ?ae«iae??, c ¤ ®¬
a«ac Y aa « ¤YY¦ i i¬?aa?i.
®«ia??© ®?ea ?aY¤aa c«iYa ¤«i a Ya®¬Ye© ?aYaYa, ?®a?®«i?a ?a®aeYaae,
?a®?aa®¤ie?Y c i?®®¬??Y ia®© aaa e, ?¬Yia ¬®F® ®!e?a cYaa a aY¬, ca®
!«i¤ Yaai a a, ?a? ia®¬ aYae®a¬?a®c ?Y ?®«ia?®© i?®®¬???
®aaeYaac«iYaai a Y?®a®ae¬ ®?YaY¦Y?Y¬, ca® ?®§c®«iYa c ? ?®©-a® ¬YaY
?§!Y¦ ai ca¦?a ®e?!®?.
‚e¤Y«?¬ ?a?c?e F??Ya?ae«iae??, ?a®ic?ceY©ai a® ca®a®© ?®«®c?e 1989 F.
1. ‹?!Ya «?§ ae?i a®§?cea aeY ?a®¤a?ae ??a ?i, ®aaeYaac«Y i !Y§
¤Y¬®®?®«?§ ae?? aaeYae a !¦Y?i aY«ia?®a®§i©aacY®F® ?a®?§c®¤aac ?
®!®a®a aY«ia?®a®§i©aacY®© ?a®¤a?ae??.
2. ‚cY¤Y?Y caY®!eY© ?¤Y?a ae?? ¤®a®¤®c. ?!Y ?a?c?e ?a?cY«? ? a®¬a, ca® c
¤Y? !aY 1989 F. a®§?ceY aeYe ?a®¤a?ae ??a ?i ?®cea?«?ai ?® aa cY?i a
¤Y? !aY¬ 1988 F. 887%, aeYe a®c a®c ? aa«aF ?®¤i«?ai 640%.
®aa??. ?a ¬®¦® ©a? Ya?®«i?®:
1. ?a?aa? aeY c aa«®c?ia ®aaaaaac?i ae? ? ?®?aaYae??, ?®F¤
¬®®?®«?aa?cYa??Y aaaa?aaae aa¬Y«? ®c« ¤Yai ?a®aeYaa®¬ aY «?§ ae??
a®c a®c ? ¤??a®c ai aeYe.
.
ai¦Y«®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ? ¤a. ®aa a«Y© I Faa??e, ?a?cY¤e?Y ? aaaa?aaa®¬a
a¤c?Fa, a¬YieYceY¬a ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ?®aaY!?aY«ia??a a®c a®c.
4. ??«?a a?§ ae?i, aa ce i aY§a«ia a®¬ a®«®¤®© “a®«®¤®© c®©e”.
5. ‘? ¤ ?a®?§c®¤aac ? a §aec a®§i©aacYea aci§Y©.
, ?®ia®¬a ?a c?aY«iaac ® ¬®F«® ®aaeYaac«iai «i!eY ¤Y©aac?i (Y®Fa ?cY®Y
a??aec ?Y F?F aa??a ?aY¤?aea § ¤®«¦Y®aaY©).
7. ‚cY¤Y?Y «®F ¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai, c«?iieYF® ?®ceeY?Y aeY, a.?.
? ¦¤®© aa ¤?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ? ?a®¤c?¦Y?i a®c a®c ® c?«ic Yaai c
aY!Yaa®?¬®aai.
a?aaY¬e !Y§ «?cea a acYa®c.
®¬?¬® F®aa¤ aaacYea a aa®¤®c (®!®a® ? ®aa caaaYYF® ?®ai¤? ) !eceYY
a®cYaa?®Y ?a c?aY«iaac® c§i«® aY!i cY¤Y?Y caYF® a®§i©aac aaa e, ca®
ic?«®ai Y?®a?«i®© § ¤ cY©.
II. ‚?¤e ?ae«iae?? ? ?a ?a?aYa??.
1. ‘! « a?a®c ®aai
Ya! « a?a®c i ?ae«iae?i caaaYc Yaai F®a §¤® c eY ? ?aY¤aa c«iYa !®«ieai
!Y¤a ¤«i i?®®¬???, a.?. a ®a a a®aa®¬ aeY § aaa¤iYa ®a?Ya?a®c?a ? ®aeY?a
i?®®¬?cYa?®© a?aa ae?? ¤«i Fa ¦¤ , ?aY¤?a?ia?© ? ?cYaa®a®c.
aY¤a? §aY¬®aai.
Y®¦?¤ i ?ae«iae?i ¤Y§®aF ?§aYa i?®®¬??a, ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? ? ??Y,
®a?aF?c Ya ?®aaa ea ?cYaa®a®c Yaa !?«i®aaii, ?®ia®¬a YY ¤®?aeY?Y
ac?a Yaai ?aa?e¬ ?a®acYa®¬ ?a c?aY«iaac .
3. ‘c®!®¤ aeY.
® i?®®¬?? ?®F¤ aa®?a ? Yae®cea ®a®c ?ia, ?®F¤ ?ae«iae?i
a®?a®c®¦¤ Yaai a®a «ie¬ F®aa¤ aaacYe¬ ?« ?a®c ?Y¬ aeY, ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?Y¬ ?a
YYaaYaacY®© aa !?«i®aa?.
?aa®a?i a®cYaa?®© i?®®¬??? ?®? §ec Ya, ca® ?ae«iae?i c?®«Y ¬®¦Ya
a®cYa aiai a® aa !?«ie¬? ? ¤ ¦Y a® a?¦ ie?¬?ai aeY ¬?, ?a®¤®«¦ i
®? §ec ai ac®Y ®aa?ae aY«i®Y ¤ c«Y?Y !« F®a®aa®i?Y «i¤Y©, Fa!?aY«i®Y
c®§¤Y©aac?Y ?cYaa?ae?? ? ?a®?§c®¤aac®.
a? ®a?aea®© ?ae«iae?? ¤YiaY«i®aai ae®c®F® ¬Ya ?§¬ a®ai ? § aaa¤Y , ®
a®aa iYaai, ?®ia®¬a ?ae«iae?®eY ?a®aeYaae §¤Yai ?a®aY? ia c ?a
YaaYaacY®© ae®a¬Y. ?? !a¤aa a aa¬®aaYe c ¤aaF?a F« c a.
?a?¬Ya, ccY¤Y?Y ?¬ caY¬Y®F® § ¬®a ¦?c ?i ¤®a®¤®c ? aeY, aaa ®c«Y?Y
cYaa?a ?aY¤Y«®c ?a a®aa ; aaaY¬«Y?Y a¤Ya¦ ai ¤? ¬??a § a !®a ®© ?« ae
aa®cY, Y ?aYcee ieY¬ aY¬?e a®aa ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? aaa¤ ; ?«? ¤ ¦Y
a®a «ie© ¤¬??aaa a?ce© ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬? ? ¤®a®¤ ¬?.
a c?aY«iaac a aYYce¬ !?§Ya®¬ ? ? cY¬a Y ?a?c®¤?a, a.?. ?a?c? YF®
c®§??®cY?i «Y¦ a c a ¬®© i?®®¬?cYa?®© a?aaY¬Y.
®a?®«i?a § c?a?¬®aai aeY ®a a?a®a ?acY§ Ya, ?cYaa®ae aYaiia
®a?Ya?a®c?a, ®aa a«Yc®Y a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y ae? a®cea, ¬ aYa? «iea ?
cY«®cYcYa??a aYaaaa®c aa ®c?aiai § cY¤®¬® Y®?a?¬ «ie¬. ?aY¤?aeY aea?ae??
! ?®c aa ®ciaai cYai¬ aaa e¬?: ¤ c i c ¤®«F ¤YiF? a!ea®ce¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?i¬
®? a¦Y § a YY § ia, ca® ?aY¤?ae ®aa aaiai Yc®§ca eYe¬?; ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¦Y
acYaYe, ca® !a¤ac? ¬®®?®«?aa ¬?, ¤®!iiaai ®a ?a c?aY«iaac a«?a®c ?i
ia?a ?aY¤?a®c. ’ ?®Y ?®«®¦Y?Y c Y¤ cY¬ ?a®e«®¬ !e«® aY «?Y© eY©
i?®®¬???, Yai c aY!Y caY ®aa?ae aY«ieY ?®a«Y¤aac?i ia®F® ?a®aeYaa , c
a®¬ c?a«Y ? a e?c ?Y aY¬?®c ?ae«iae?? ?§-§ c®§a®aa ?i ?§¤Ya¦Y?
?a®?§c®¤aac ? acY«?cY?i ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae.
®aa??, ic«iYaai, Ya®¬Y®, ?®«®¦?aY«ie¬ ¬®¬Ya®¬. ?¤ ?®, a«Y¤aYa acYaai ?
c ¦®aai ?®ia ?®F® ?®¤ia?i aeY®c®© ?« ?? ( ?a?¬Ya, ?®a«Y¤®c aY«i®Y
®a?aa? ?Y aeY iYaF®aYaaaae) a a®F« a®c ?Y¬ ia®F® ?a®aeYaa a ¤aaF?¬?
aYae®a¬ ¬?, ? cY ac®!®¤eY aeYe Y aa aa aa?¬a«?a®c ai ae®ceY ?a®aeYaae,
ce§®caa ®a?aeaai F??Ya?ae«iae?i.
4. ’Y¬? a®aa aeY.
® aY¬? ¬ a®aa aeY ?ae«iae?i a §¤Y«iia aa? a?? :
1. “¬YaY i.
2. ? «®??aaie i.
3. ???Ya?ae«iae?i.
a aa ie i ?ae«iae?i ?§¬YiYaai, a«Y¤ai § i?®®¬?cYa??¬ ae??«®¬. ?
acY«?c?c Yaai c® caY¬i ?®¤eY¬ ? a¬Yie Yaai c ?Ya?®¤ a? ¤ . ?¤ ?® §¤Yai
ceic«Y ?aYaYa i § ?®®¬Ya®aai: a? ¤ a?¦ Ya aY¬?e ?ae«iae?? ¬Yieai
cY«?c?a, cY¬ acY«?c?c Ya ?a a«Y¤aie?© § ?¬ ?®¤eY¬.
?a®¬Y a®F®, c® caY¬i a? ¤ ?a®aeYaa ?®¤ c«Y?i ?ae«iae??? ?¤Ya cYai¬
¬Y¤«Y®, a®F¤ ? ? ?®¤eY¬ c®aaa c«?c Ya ?aY¦?© aa®cYi ?ae«iae?? §
¤®c®«i® ?®a®a??© aa®?, ¤ «ieY ?aYc®aa®¤?a YF®. ???a i a?aa ae?i
§ aa c?« ¬®F?a i?®®¬?aa®c § ¤a¬ aiai ¤ aeY«Ya®®!a §®aaii a ae?aY?i
?a®?§c®¤aac , ¦Yaacai Y?®a®ae¬? aY¬? ¬? ?ae«iae??, a ?¦Y c®§¬®¦®aaii
?YaYa aa ?i aaa®©c?c®© ?ae«iae?? c F «®??aaieai. ‡ ia? ac®©aac a¬YaY i
?ae«iae?i ?®«ac?« YeY ¤c §c ?i – ?®«§ac i ? a aa ie i.
a® ®!eiaiYaai aY¬, ca® ?a®¤®«¦ ieYYai ?®ceeY?Y aeY ?YaYaa Ya
aa?¬a«?a®c ai ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ¤ «iY©eY¬a a®aaa, a.?. aeYe aYaaaae a¦Y
aa?Y«? ?®¤iaiai, ?®cea?c ?§¤Ya¦??.
a aa?®aiie iai ?ae«iae?i , Ya §aec® aci§ i a F «®??aaieY©
®aa?i aY©c a, ? a®¦ «Y?i, a®¤?aiai ?®a«Y¤?a aa ¤?ia F «®??aaieY©
?ae«iae??, ?®ia®¬a c i?®®¬??Y aaa e ¬®¦® ce¤Y«?ai ai¤ a a ?aYaea
a ¬®a §c?c ie?aai a??a «Y©:
1. ?« aa?cYa? i ?ae«iae?® i a??a «i, F¤Y a®aa aeY ce§ec Ya a®aa ®?« ae
aaa¤ , a®aa ®?« ae aaa¤ – a®aa aeY.
® cY¬ !®«ieY F®aa¤ aaac® !a «® a aeaiYcea ®aa a«Y©, aY¬ ¤®a®¦Y
aa ®c?«®ai aeaiY. —Y¬ ¤®a®¦Y aeaiY, aY¬ !®«ieY F®aa¤ aaac® cea¦¤Y®
aa a?ai ?®?aea?Y a §?aee c aeY a ®!a ! aec ie?¬ ®aa a«i¬ ? a.¤.
3. ‘a « aY§a«ia a®¬ ac®Y®!a §®F® ?®¤a®¤ a®cYaa?®F® ?a c?aY«iaac ?
?Ya?®®¬a ®!Ya?YcY?i: ?a?®«i§®c ?Y aaY¤aac a®ae? «i®F® aaa a®c ?i ¤«i
ce?« ae ?Ya?© . ?ac?a«Y?i ¦Y a®ae? «i®Y aaa a®c ?Y ic«iiaai ?®acYe¬
«®F®¬, acY«?cY?Y ?®a®a®F® (cY¤i ?Ya?? ?a? ?ae«iae?? a¦® ?¤Y?a?a®c ai)
cY¤Ya ? a®aaa aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ? aeY ?a®¤a?ae?i.
®aa aeY c ac®i ®cYaY¤i a®c ?®cee Ya F®aa¤ aaacYeY a aa®¤e.
‚ aY§a«ia aY ¬e c?¤?¬ aa?«Y?Y c aaa Y ?a®aeYaa®c F «®??aaieY© ?ae«iae??,
?a®a?c®aa®i?Y ?®a®ae¬ § aaa¤Y®. ?a®c i ®? a®aai a ?®F® ?®c®a®a a®!ea?©,
?a®¬Y caYa ¤aaF?a §®«, – c®§¬®¦®aai ?YaYa®¤ c § cYae ieai
F??Ya?ae«iae?®ai aa ¤?i.
’aYa?© a?? – F??Ya?ae«iae?i. ? ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© ?Ya?®¤ caY¬Y?,
?a®ai¦Y?? ?®a®a®F® Yaa !?«i®aai aeY aa ®c?aai aa®«i § c?¬®©, ca® c? Ya
¤®¬??a®c ai c ?®caY¤Yc®© ¦?§?, ?a?c®¤i ? ¤Y§®aF ?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ?
ae? , a ?¦Y ?YaYa a?aY¤Y«ii ¤®a®¤e ? !®F aaac® c ®!eYaacY.
???Ya?ae«iae?Y© ac?a Yaai a ?®Y ?®«®¦Y?Y, c aa«®c?ia ?®a®a®F® F®¤®c i
®a¬ ?ae«iae?? ?aYc®aa®¤?a aa®cYi 1000%. ? ¬®¦Ya ?a®ic«iaiai c a §«?cea
ae®a¬ a: c ? a aaa®ae?cYa?? cea®?®¬ a®aaY aeY, ?®F¤ i?®®¬?? ! §?aaYaai
ae®cea ?a?ae?? a, ?«? c ?®¤ c«Y®© ac®Y© ae®a¬Y, ?®a®a i
a a ?aYa?§aYaai aaa ee¬ ¤?ae?ae?a®¬ a®c a®c. ‘a c?aY«i® Y¤ c® eY© aaa Y
Fa®§?« c®§¬®¦®aai ?®a«Y¤Y©, aY?Yai ¦Y – ?Yac®©.
®¤®!eY a?aa ae?? caY¬i ®a caY¬Y? c®§?? ia ? aYF®¤i, ®¤ ?® ?!®«YY
?aYaYae¬ ?a?¬Ya®¬ ic«iYaai § ¬Y?a i, a §c?ce iai aaa®®¬?cYa??¬? aY¬? ¬?
F??Ya?ae«iae?? 20-a F®¤®c c ?Ya¬ ??, ?®a®a i ?®¬®F« ?a?©a? ? c« aa?
ae?aaa?®¬a ?a c?aY«iaaca.
?Ya¬ ?i ?a®?Fa « ?Yacai ¬?a®cai c®©a, ?®aYai« c aai ac®?a aYaa?a®a?©,
¤®«¦ !e« ce?« a?ai § c?aY«iai ?®aa?!aae?i. “a®cYi F®aa¤ aaacYea
a aa®¤®c !e« ®Fa®¬Y, «®F®ceY ¦Y ?®aaa?«Y?i a®¤?«?ai ?§?®¬ aa®cY.
?Fa®¬e© ¤Yae?ae?a F®aa¤ aaacY®F® !i¤¦Ya c®a?®«i«ai ?a? ?®¬®e? ?Yc a®F®
aa ? .
® ?a c?aY«iaac® ?a®¤®«¦ «® ?Yc a i ¤YiF?, a ? ? ? a YF® Y !e«® ¤aaF®F®
a?®a®! ?« a?ai ?® acYa ¬. –Ye a®a«? !eaaaYY ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae. ?ae«iae?®eY
?a®aeYaae !e«? Yaa !?«ie: ?a?¬Ya, c ic aY ®a¬ ?ae«iae?? a®aa c?«
189%, c ¬ Y ¦Y a? « ¤® 12%, ?®a?®«i?a «i¤? c aYcY?Y Y?®a®a®F® caY¬Y?
ac?a «?, ca® F®aa¤ aaac® a®!?a Yaai ®aa ®c?ai ?ae«iae?i.
ae?® «i®Y ®!eiaY?Y a ?®© § c?a?¬®aa? ¤ ® c ¤®? § aY«iaacY ?Y©F? ,
a®F« a® ?®a®a®¬a ?ae«iae?i aa !?«?§?aaYa a ¬ aY!i, cY¤i !a¤aie?© aY¬?
?ae«iae?? ®¦?¤ Yaai a ce¬ aY¬?a ?ae«iae?? aY©c a, ?«ia a §?ae ¬Y¦¤a
aa®ie?¬ aa®cY¬ ?ae«iae??, ®¦?¤ Y¬®© c ?a®e«®¬ ?Ya?®¤Y.
‚ ac®i ®cYaY¤i aY «ieY ? aa®ceY ®aa a??, a¬Yie iai, a ?¦Y ae? a?aaia
a®aa aeY, a.?. ic«iiaai cY«?c?®© ®!a a®© a?®a®aa? ®!a eY?i.
‚ec®¤: a®F« a® a®caY¬Y®© ?®«?cYaacY®© aY®a?? F??Ya?ae«iae?i, a §
c ce?ai, ¬®¦Ya ¤ «YY a §c?c aiai, Y ?®«ac i ?? ??a ®cea aa?¬a«®c ?§cY.
„aaF®© c ¦e© a?Y?a ?ae«iae??, ?®«ac?ce?© ?!®«YY ia?®Y cea ¦Y?Y c
?Ya?®¤ F??Ya?ae«iae?? (acYaa?ae«iae?i),- ?ae«iae?®e© «®F.
a®¤ ¬Ya®¤ cYai¬ iaeaeY?a?cY ?§-§ § aaa¤Y®aa? aa®¤ ?§-?®¤ «®F , a®ai
¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? ?a aa i?®®¬??? aaa e.
‚ aY§a«ia aY c«?i?Y F??Ya?ae«iae?? ®!eYaac® cea ¦ Yaai c ?®aYaY «i¤i¬?
caYa a!YaY¦Y?©. ‚e?Faec ia ¦Y ®a ?YaYa a?aY¤Y«Y?i aaY¤aac ¤®«¦???,
F« ce¬ ?§ ?®a®aea ic«iYaai F®aa¤ aaac®, § acYa ?aY¤?a®a®c ? ?®«ac aY«Y©
ae? a?a®c ea ¤®a®¤®c. ‚ a«ac Y ?Ya¬ ?? aaY¤?© ?« aa !e« ?®«®aaii a §®aY,
ca® ?a?cY«® ? a®aaa ?®¤¤Ya¦?? a®a «?a aea aY¦?¬®c, ?® ¬Y?i ®!ec aY«Y©,
a?®a®!ea ®!Ya?Yc?ai § ?®®aai ? ?®ai¤®?. ‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, ¤®aa?¦Y?Y
?ae«iae?Y© 200-500% ? ceeY a®®!e Ya ®!eYaaca ® Ya?®a®!®aa? ?a c?aY«iaac
a?a c«iai ¤Y« ¬? ?®aaY¤aac®¬ ?a?cecea i?®®¬?cYa??a aec F®c.
a?c?e ?a?cY¤e?Y ? ?ae«iae??.
?ae«iae?i ¬®¦® a §¤Y«?ai ¤c c?¤ : a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i.
®ceeYe© ?§!ea®ce© a?a®a ?a?c®¤?a ? § ceeYe¬ aeY ¬ ?®aa®ie© aY «ie©
®!eY¬ ?a®¤a?ae?? ? ce§ec Ya ?ae«iae?i a?a®a . ?!a a?¬ai ? ®¤®¬a
????????????§ ®a®cea a cYaac ¬ ?a®i?®®¬???: MSaV=PaQ
§c?a?Y ia®© a®aa c«iieY© § ¬Y¤«Y®, ?®ia®¬a a®aa MS ?®¬?Ya?aaYaai
?®¤eY¬®¬ aa®ci aeY (P), ca® ? ce§ec Ya ?ae«iae?i a?a®a .
a® ®!eiaiYaai aY¬, ca® Yaai ®Fa®¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® !Y§¤Y©aacaie?a aaa¤®cea ?
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, ?®a®aeY ¬®¦® ccYaa? c ¤Y©aac?Y ?a? aaeYaacaie?a
?a aeY a.
® ¬YaY ?a?!«?¦Y?i ? ?®«®© § ia®aa? (ca®a i aaa?Yi) ?a? ¤ «iY©eY¬
acY«?cY?? a?a®a aa®cYi aeY c? Ya ®eaa?¬® ?®cee aiai, ca® aci§ ® a
?acY§®cY?Y¬ c Y?®a®aea ®aa a«ia ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aacYea ¬®e®aaY© ?
Yc®§¬®¦®aa? ¤ «iY©eYF® acY«?cY?i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i acY«?cY?Y a?a®a .
Y «ie© ®!eY¬ ae?® «i®F® ?a®¤a?a ¤®aa?F Ya ac®YF® ¬ ?a?¬a¬ , ?
¤ «iY©eYY acY«?cY?Y a?a®a ?®«®aaii cY¤Ya ? ?ae«iae??. ‡¤Yai ?ae«iae?i
a?a®a ¤®aa?F Ya ?!®«ieY© a?«e: a®aa a aa®¤®c aY«Y?i, ?aY¤?a?ia?© ?
F®aa¤ aaac ?®aaY!«Y?Y a¬Ye Ya ?a?cai a®c®?a?®F® a?a®a caY ceeY
ccYaa, a aaaa aeYe, ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ¦Y ®aa Yaai ?®aa®ie¬.
?aa Yaai ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® ?ae«iae?i a?a®a ?§cYaa a¦Y ¤ c®, ?a?c?e ?
¬Ya ?§¬ YY ¤®aa a®c® ?a®aae, ?®ia®¬a ?a? ac®YcaY¬Y®¬ ?a?ia??
a??ae«iae?®ea ¬Ya !®ai! Y a®aa c«iYa !®«ie®F® aaa¤ .
…?. ‚ aY§a«ia aY ?ae«iae?i ?§¤Ya¦Y? a®?a e Ya ?a?!e«? ? ®!eY¬
?a®¤a?ae??, ?®a®aeY ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¬YaYe ?aY¤«®¦?ai ?a? aaeYaacaieY¬ aa®cY
aeY, ? a¬Ye Ya ?a?cai ?aY¤«®¦Y?i c«Yc®. ‚ ?a®FY, cYaY§ ®?aY¤Y«Y®Y caY¬i
! « a a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ®?iai c®aaa c«?c Yaai, ® a¦Y ?a? !®«YY
cea®?®© aeYY. ? ?®ceeY?Y aeYe ¬®¦Ya ce§c ai ?ae«iae?®ai a??a «i “aeYe-
§ a?« a “.
?ae«iae?i ?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y© F®a §¤® a«®¦YY ?ae«iae?? a?a®a , a.?.
?a c?aY«iaac® c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y caa Ya ?YaY¤ ¤?«Y¬®©: «?!® acY«?c?ai a?a®a
¤«i aa?¬a«?a®c ?i ?a®?§c®¤aac , ca® caYc a® YeY !®«ie?¬ ®!®aaaY?Y¬
?ae«iae?? ? a? c?®¬ aeY; «?!® !Y§¤Y©aac®c ai, ca® ?a?cY¤Ya ? F«a!®?®¬a
a? ¤a, ?®a®ae© ¬®¦Ya cYaaai ? ?aYa¦Y¬a aa®ci, ® ia® ®!iYaYaai ¤«i
i?®®¬??? § c?aY«i®© ?®aYaY© aY «i®F® ce?aa? .
!«i¤ Yaai ?a®aeYaa ®¤®caY¬Y®F® a®aa aeY (?§-§ ?ae«iae?? a?a®a ) ?
? ¤Y?Y ®!eY¬®c ?a®?§c®¤aac .
®aa?? ?¤Ya ?a®aeYaa aa Fae«iae??, ?®a®¦¤Ye© aaaa?aaa®© ¤?a?a®?®aae?Y©,
®aaaaaac?Y¬ ?a®c ae?©, ?a?§?a®¬ ®aa a«Y© ?a®?§c®¤aacY®© aaeYae,
a«®¦?ceY©ai ae®a¬®© a?a c«Y?i, a?Yae?ae?cYa??¬? c?¤ ¬? ¬®Ya a®© ?
ae? a®c®© ?®«?a???, ? c ce?©ai F «®??aaieY© ?ae«iae?? ? ? a«Y¤aac?Y
?®a«Y ?®?ea?? ?a c?aY«iaac ae??a?a®c ai ¤YY¦ai ¬ aaa. ’®F¤ a®?a eY?Y
a?a®a ?a? ?ae«iae?®ea ®¦?¤ ?ia ? ?Yaae?® «i®¬ a®aaY aeY aeaiY ?a?cY«?
? a? ¤a ?a®?§c®¤aac ? ?®ceeY?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??.
®ai! a Y© Y ¬®¦Ya !eai a aac?a ? ?®©-«?!® ?®?aYae© aa®? ?
a®aa c«iai i?®®¬?cYa?ai ?a®Fa ¬¬a ®c®F® «?¤Ya , ® ic«iYaai ?®aa®i®©,
?®caY¤Yc®© ®!i§ ®aaii ?a c?aY«iaac .
®a«Y¤aac?i ?ae«iae??.
®a«Y¤aac?i YY § c?aia ®a ®a®!Y®aaY© ? ¦¤®© ?®?aYa®© aaa e, ?a F«a!?
¬®¦Ya aaeYaacY® c ai?a®c aiai, c? i ®a Y§ c?aY«i®F® ?®ceeY?i aeY
? ?®©-«?!® ?aY¤¬Ya a®a?®e? ¤® c®ae aY?i aaa e®F® a ®a c aaa Y ? ?®«®F®
a §c « i?®®¬???.
®aa?? ?ae«iae?i ?a®ic«iYaai c a«Y¤aie?a ae®a¬ a:
1. “a?®aY?Y a? ¤ ?a®?§c®¤aac ?a? caY a aa ieY© aFa®§Y ¬ aa®c®©
!Y§a !®a?aee.
®¤a «??c ?Y ? ae? a®c®¬a ?a aa ¬®F?a ¦?§Y® c ¦ea ?aY¤?a?ia?©.
3. ‡ ¬Ya®Y aa«®¦Y?Y ce?®«Y?i ¤®a®¤ea ? a aa®¤ea aa aY© !i¤¦Ya .
Ya?®¤?cYa?®Y c®§??®cY?Y ¤Yae?ae?a ¤YY¦®© «?c®aa?.
5. ‘aec ccY¤Y?i caaaYY© ?®cYaa?aaY¬®aa? aa!«i,
Ya?«?c ? ??a « ?§ aaeYae ?a®?§c®¤aac c aaeYaa ®!a eY?i.
¤Y?Y ?aYaYa ? ¤®«F®aa®ce¬ aeY«i¬.
8. ‘®?a eY?Y aY «i®© aeY®aa? «?cea a!YaY¦Y?©.
9. ?§¬YY?Y ?a?a®«®F?? «i¤Y©, ce§ec ieYY a!eaaaYai ¬ aYa? «?§ ae?i ¤YY¦ea
aaY¤aac.
a®!«Y¬ ?®aaa ea ?cYaa?ae?© c i?®®¬??a ?§-§ YY Yaa !?«i®aa?.
?a?¬Ya, c a §c?aea ? ??a «?aa?cYa??a aaa a ? ?®«§acY© ?ae«iae??
®a®aiaai ¤®c®«i® a?®?®©®, ac?a i YY a«Y¤aac?Y¬ ®a¬ «i®F® aea?ae?®?a®c ?i
ae®c®F® ¬Ya ?§¬ . ‚ea®? i ¦Y ?ae«iae?i (F «®??aaie i ? F??Ya?ae«iae?i)
aa ?aaYaai ? ? cYai¬ aYaiY§ i i?®®¬?cYa? i ®? a®aai, aaY!aie i ?a?ia?i
caYa c®§¬®¦ea ¬Ya ¤«i !®ai!e a Y©.
‡ ?«icY?Y.
®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? Y®!a®¤?¬® ac?aec ai a?? «ieY ®a®!Y®aa? i?®®¬???
F®aa¤ aaac :
1. ?®®?®«ie© YY a a ?aYa.
§c « ?aY¦Y© ?aY¤?a®-¤YY¦®© ? ae? a®c®© a?aaY¬e aaa e ? a«®¦®aa? a
ae®a¬?a®c ?Y¬ ®c®©, ¤Y?c a®© a®aa?©a??¬ aa«®c?i¬.
Y?®cYaa?aaY¬®aai aa!«i ? ceaYaY?Y YF® caaaYY¬ ae?Y aaa e !e«? a?«ie¬?
c «ia ¬?.
«?c?Y ¬®e®© aYYc®© i?®®¬???, a §c?ceY©ai c® caY¬i ?®¤ c«Y®© ?ae«iae??.
5. ‘« !®aai a??a «? “§ a?« a – aeYe” ? ®Fa®¬ i a®«i a??a «? “aeYe aeaii
– ®!e?© aa®cYi aeY”.
?aYa?ce© ?ae«iae?®e© ?aYaa caYF¤ a®?a®c®¦¤ Ya ?aY®!a §®c ?Y
¤¬??aaa a?c®-?®¬¬YacYa?®© a?aaY¬e c ae®cai. ?®a? YF® a®¤iaai c
aaaa?aaa®-a?aaY¬ea ¤?a?a®?®aae?ia a §c?c ieYF®ai a®§i©aac , ?®ia®¬a
aY©c a ¬ Y®!a®¤?¬ ¬®e i ? ¦Yaa? i ?®«?a?? , c?«ic ie i c aY!i e?a®??©
a?Y?aa ?aY¤?a®-¤YY¦ea ? !i¤¦Ya®-ae? a®cea ¬Ya, a¦® aiai caY ! aiYae
?aa? ¤Y©aac?i ae®cea ¬Ya ?§¬®c, ca®!e ?aY®¤®«Yai caY aaaa?aaaeY,
a?a c«YcYa??Y ? ¬®Ya aeY F«a!?eY ?a?c?e ?ae«iae??.
®aa?i ?¬YYa caY c®§¬®¦®aa? ¤«i cea®¤ ?§ ?ae«iae?®®F® aa??? , a.?.,
Ya¬®aai caY aaa¤®aa?, ® !Y§ cai?®F® a®¬Y?i ®aa Yaai acYaa¤Ya¦ c®©,
®!« ¤ ieY© Fa®¬ ¤e¬? aYaaaa ¬? ? c § c?aY«i®© aaY?Y? ®?aY¤Y«iieY©
®!aa ®c?a c® caY¬ ¬?aY.
‘??a®? ?a?®«i§®c ®© «?aYa aaae.
ae??«®?Y¤?i ?. 1972 F. a.10, a.347.
?®®¬?i. ?. 1975F.
a.2, a.51.
FY«ia ”. ‘®c. a.4, a.166.
• aa?a ‹. „YY¦ i aY®a?i ?. 1990 F.
.„¦. „YiF? , ! ?®ca?®Y ¤Y«® ? ¤YY¦®-?aY¤?a i
?®«?a?? . a-? 1994 F.
?®®¬?? ? !?§Ya. ?.1993 F., a.259-268, 337-338.
?a 1992 F. a.1,F«.10,19.
‹?ce?ae ?.?. ‚cY¤Y?Y c ae®cai i?®®¬??a ?. 1991 F.
?®®¬?? ?. 1992 F. a.1, F«.15, 19; a.2,
F«.36,39.
?®®¬?? ?. 1993 F.
F«. 33, 34.
. ‘®caY¬YeY i?®®¬?cYa??Y aY®a?? – !aa¦a §eY
?®aeY?ae?? ?. 1987 F. c.3, F«.11, 12.
„ ce¤®c ?.?. ?ae«iae?i c i?®®¬??Y: ¬?a®c®© ®?ea ? e?
?a®!«Y¬e. ?. 1991 F.
?Yie??®c ‘.?. ?ae«iae?i ? ?a?§?a aYFa«?a®c ?i i?®®¬??? ?.
1979F.
‘®caY¬Y i ?ae«iae?i: ?aa®??, ?a?c?e, ?a®a?c®aYc?i. ?. 1980F
“a®a?? ‚.?. “„YY¦e© ¬?a” ??«a® ”a?¤¬Y . ?. 1989 F.
?§Ya ? ! ??.
1993 F. 33, a.5.
Y«iYc ?. ‘ ¬e© Ya?a cY¤«?ce© «®F. “„Y«®c®© ¬?a” 1992 F.
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®F®¬®«®c ?. ???Ya?ae«iae?i. ?a® ?®aa c?a ¤? F®§.
Y§ c?a?¬ i F §Ya ” 1993 F., 13 ?aY«i, a.4.
®aa?©a?®© i?®®¬??Y ? a®«i
! ?®ca?®© a?aaY¬e. “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a” 1993 F., 10-11.
?Ya eY?® ‚.‘. ? ?aaia ?aY®¤®«Y?i ?ae«iae??. “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a”
1993 F., 8.
®aa?©a??Y cYaa?” 1993 F., 2 ¬ aa .
?ae«iae?i c ‹?acY aa !?«i . “”? a®ceY ?§cYaa?i” 1994 F.
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?ae«iae?i: ?a?c?e ? § ?®®¬Ya®aa?.” ‚®?a®ae i?®®¬???”. 1992 F.
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®aa?©a??Y cYaa?” 1994 F. 30 aYai!ai.
?®®¬??
? ¦?§i” 1991 F. 6.
?ae«iae?i. ‘¤c?F? c a?a®aY ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?? ¤YYF. “?!eYaac®
? i?®®¬?? . 1993 F. 5, a.18-24.
a?a a? i i?®®¬?? c®ci ?®¤eY¬Y.
“”? a®ceY ?§cYaa?i” 1994 F. 18 ®?ai!ai.
‹?ce?ae ?. ?ae«iae?i: ?a a??© a?Yae?aaa.
®aa?©a??© i?®®¬?cYa??© ¦aa «. 1992 F. 4 ? 5.
? a«? ?.?. ?a®!Y®aa? ?ae«iae?®ea ?a®aeYaa®c ?a? ?YaYa®¤Y
®aa??. “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a. 1993 F.
. ‚® ca® ®!®©¤Yaai ?®!Y¤
¤ ?ae«iae?Y©. “?§cYaa?i” 1993 F. 15 ®?ai!ai, a. 4.
???a? ‘.?. ?ae«iae?i ? !®ai! a Y©: § aa!Y¦e© ®?ea
®aa?i. “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a” 1993 F. 5.
???a? ‘.?., ‘Y¬Y®c ….?. ???Ya?ae«iae?i, « a?® ¬Ya?? a??©
®aa?i. “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a”. 1993 F. 8.
?a a®c ?. ‘a Fae«iae?i aa « ae ?a®¬.
®aa?©a??© i?®®¬?cYa??© ¦aa «” 1992 F. 3, a716-24.
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. ‘a !?«i®aai c ®!eYaacY a¤Ya¦?c Ya
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®ia?Y, ?a?c?e,
?aYa?c®aai, ?®a«Y¤aac?i. ?!eYaac® ? i?®®¬?? . 1993 F.
1, a.111-124.
. —a®!e ®aa ®c?ai ?a®aeYaa ?ae«iae??, a¦®
®aa ®c?ai ? ¤Y?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac . “„YiF? ? ?aY¤?a” 1993 F
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. ?ae«iae?i c ?®aaY!?aY«ia?®© aaeYaY
? a®ae? «i i ?ai¦Y®aai. “‚®?a®ae i?®®¬???” 1990 F.
1, a.36-45.
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