Anooi
Inoi?e/ii neeaeiny oae, ui iaeia c iiaeo e, o aeayeiio aiaeiioaiii,
iaeaaaeeeaioa ooieoeiy o?yaeo iieyaan a oiio, uia noaaieicoaaoe
aeiiiiieo, oiaoi aeiiiiaaaoe ie caaania/oaaoe iiaio caeiyoinoue
?ano?nia i noaaieueiee ?iaaiue oeii. Ia?aae a/aieie-aeiiiiinoaie noiioue
caaaeaiiy aeeaiei e eiie?aoii aea/aoe yaeua i oaiaeaioeii o ?icaeoeo
naioiaii aeiiiiiee. Iaeii c ia?oeo iinoeue iiniaean aiaeic iioeyoeii oa
oaeoi?ia, ui ii iaoiiaeththoue.
O i?ioeani ?icaeoeo no/aniii ciioaiii aeiiiiiee nooiiiue aea?aeaaiiai
ao?o/aiiy, a o ?aieao inoaiiueiai-aeai? aaeaeaaoiii iae?iaeiiiii/iii
iieioeee, ui aeicaieyn caiiaiaoe c?inoaiith iioeyoeii oa aac?iaiooy,
iathoue iniaeeaa cia/aiiy.
Iae?iaeiiiii/ia oai?iy aean aeinoaoiuei /ioei ?aeiiaiaeaoeii aiaeiinii
oiia e ianeiaeeia iiaeiaieo ?ioaiue.
AEiaeia c aiaeiieo ieii ?eieiaeo aeiiiii/ieo nenoai ia ooieoeiiion
noeoieii. Ani aiie yaeythoueny ia’neoaie aea?aeaaiiai ?aaoethaaiiy. I?e
oeueiio iai?yiie e oi?ie aea?aeaaiiai ao?o/aiiy ciiiththoueny
aiaeiiaiaeii aei neooaoeii, ui neeaeany o aeiiiii/iie nenoaii.
Iaiiioethaaiiy iiaeaoeaie e ?icii?aie aeaeaoeia athaeaeaoo ,
eiio?ieue ca oeiiaie n iaeieie c aieiaieo iino?oiaioia, ca aeiiiiiaith
yeeo o?yae iiaea ni?eyoe iiaeieaiith aac?iaiooy oa iioeyoeii.
A aeaiie ?iaioi ?icaeyaeathoueny aeayei ieoaiiy, iia’ycaii ic
no?eioaaiiyi iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania a aeiiiiioei, a naia: ieoaiiy
aea?aeaaiiai ?aaoethaaiiy e eiio?ieth ca oeiiaie oa aioeiioeyoeieiiai
iiaeoiaeo aei iiiaeaoeoaaiiy. Ca naiii ciinoii ?iaioa ?icaeieaia ia oaei
/anoeie: o ia?oiio oa ae?oaiio ioieoao aiaeic cina?aaeaeaiee ia
iaoaiicii iioeyoeii oa ia ii ianeiaeeao ye o nioeiaeueiie, oae i a
aeiiiii/iie noa?ao; o?aoie ioieo ieaio i?enay/aii ?icaeyaeo iaoiaeia
aea?aeaaiiai ?aaoethaaiiy oeii oa no?eioaaiiy iioeyoeii ca aeiiiiiaith
iiaeaoeiaii nenoaie e?aiie; a inoaiiueiio-/aoaa?oiio ioieoi aeaia
oa?aeoa?enoeea ?aaeicaoeii aioeiioeyoeieiii iieioeee a Oe?aiii.
1. Nooue iioeyoeii oa ii i?e/eie
Iioeyoeiy aeanoeaa aieueoinoi aeiiiii/ii ?icaeiooeo e?aii naioo i n
iniiaiith i?iaeaiith a oeo e?aiiao, ui ?icaeaathoueny. Aeaii /ioea
aecia/aiiy oeueiio aeiiiii/iiio i?ioeano.
Iiae iioeyoeinth, ye i?aaeei, ?icoiithoue aoaeue-yea ciaoeiiaiiy
a?ioiaii iaeeieoei, oiaoi nenoaiaoe/ia c?inoaiiy oeii iacaeaaeii aiae
oiai, yeeie i?e/eiaie oeae i?ioean aeeeeeanoueny. Oea, cae/aeii, ia
icia/an, ui iiaeaeuothoueny iaia’yceiai ani oeiie. Iaaioue o ia?iiaee
aeineoue oaeaeeiai c?inoaiiy iioeyoeii aeayei oeiie iiaeooue caeeoaoeny
aiaeiinii noaaieueieie, a iioi iaaioue cieaeoaaoeny.
Aieueo aocueea iiiyooy iioeyoeii-nenoaiaoe/ia c?inoaiiy oeii, ui
aeeeeeanoueny oieueee a?ioiaei oaeoi?ii (iaaeeeoeii a?ioae a iaa?iaiii),
n iaaeinoaoiii, ineieueee a ?aaeueiiio aeeooi a?ioiai i iaa?ioiai
oaeoi?e c?inoaiiy oeii aeoaea oinii iia’ycaii i aieeaathoue iaeei ia
iaeiiai.
Iioeyoeiy aeieean a ?aci, yeui noniieuenoai iaiaaaoeiaoueny aeo?a/aoe
aieueoa, iiae aeicaieythoue ae?iaie/i iiooaeiinoi aeiiiiiee. Eiee
noeoiii aeo?aoe ia?aaeuothoue ianya i?iaeoeoo i?e iiaiie caeiyoinoi,
aiaeaoaanoueny iiaeaeuaiiy ?iaiy oeii. Ioaea, iaaeii?iee ianya noeoiieo
aeo?ao iineoue iioeyoeieiee oa?aeoa?. O oeueiio ?aci o?yae ciaia’ycaiee
eieaiaeoaaoe iaaeeeoeiai aeo?aoe. Aii iiaea oeueiai aeinyaiooe aieiaiei
/eiii /a?ac nei?i/aiiy aeanieo aeaeaoeia, a oaeiae iiaeaeuaiiyi
iiaeaoeia c iaoith nei?i/aiiy aeioiaeia i?eaaoiiai naeoi?o.
?iaaiue iioeyoeii aeii?thnoueny /a?ac iiaeaen oeii:
(1.1)
aea I – iiaeaen oeii o t-io ia?iiaei.
C?inoaiiy iiaeaeno oeii aecia/an ?iaaiue iioeyoeii, a ciaioaiiy eiai-
?iaaiue aeaoeyoeii.
Ca iioith oi?ioeith ?ic?aoiaonoueny oaii iioeyoeii:
(1.2)
Oaii iioeyoeii n oaiiii ciiie caaaeueiiai ?iaiy oeii i iieacon
nooiiiue ciaoeiiaiiy a?ioae.
I?ioean ciaioaiiy oaiiia iioeyoeii io?eiaa iacao aeaciioeyoeiy.
I?ioeeaaeiei aei iioeyoeii iiiyooyi n aeaoeyoeiy, yea ian iinoea
oiaei, eiee caaaeueiee ?iaaiue oeii iaaean. Aeaoeyoeiy o?aieyeany ae?ae
?iaeei a eiioei OO no. Iiaeo?eioaaia aeaoeyoeiy, eiee oeiie iinoieii
iaaeathoue i?ioyaii aeaeieueeio ?ieia, ye i?aaeei, anioeithnoueny c
ia?iiaeaie aeeaieii aeai?anii.
A aeiiiii/iie iaooei ?ic?iciythoue iioeyoeith iiieoo e iioeyoeith
aeo?ao. O ia?oiio aeiaaeeo iioeyoeith aeeeeean iaaeeeoie a?ioae,
aeioiaeia e iiieoo, a ae?oaiio-c?inoaiiy aeo?ao ia ae?iaieoeoai oiaa?ia
oa iineoa.
Iioeyoeiy iiieoo niinoa?iaanoueny, eiee noeoiiee iiieo c?inoan
oaeaeoa ca ae?iaie/ee iioaioeiae aeiiiiiee, iiaeiiny/e oeiie, uia
c?iaiiaaaeeoe i?iiiceoeith i iiieo. Iieoioei eiieo?othoue ca iaiaaeaio
i?iiiceoeith oiaa?ia, ui i?ecaiaeeoue aei c?inoaiiy oeii.
Aeey c’ynoaaiiy i?ioeano ia?iuoaaiiy iioeyoeii iiieoo ?icaeyiaii
e?eao noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii, ui ian o?e aiae?icee (iae.1.):
P iae.1
AS
3
2
1 AD’
AD
0 Q
Ia ia?oiio aiae?iceo noeoiii aeo?aoe iaaeinoaoii i ianya aaeiaiai
iaoeiiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoo (noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii) cia/ii aiaenoan aiae
naiai iioaioeieiiai ?iaiy ca oiiae iiaiii caeiyoinoi. O ?aci caieueoaiiy
noeoiiiai iiieoo ?iaaiue oeii ia ciiieoueny, ai aoaea aiaeiiaiaeii
c?inoaoe e ianya ae?iaieoeoaa, oiaoi iioeyoeiy iiee ui aoaea aiaenooiy.
Oea iiynithnoueny oei, ui inion aaeeea eieueeinoue iacaeo/aieo o
ae?iaieoeoai o?oaeiaeo i iaoa?iaeueieo ?ano?nia, yei ua iiaeia caeo/eoe
ca inioth/eo ia ieo oeii.
Iinooiiai c?inoaiiy iiieoo iiaeooiaoon ?icaeoie noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii
aei ae?oaiai aiae?iceo, cia?aaeaiiiai ia iae.1. Aeey oeueiai noaio
aeiiiiiee i?eoaiaiia iiaiioa aeei?enoaiiy ?ano?nia, a oiio io caiane
iinooiiai nei?i/othoueny i aiie noathoue aei?iae/eie. Ii/eianoueny
c?inoaiiy oeii, oiaoi iioeyoeiy. Iioeyoeith, ui aeieean ia ae?oaiio
aiae?iceo e?eaii noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii, iaceaathoue ia?aae/aniith, oiio
ui aiia ii/eianoueny aei iiyae iiaiii caeiyoinoi i iiaiiai aeei?enoaiiy
ae?iaie/eo iiooaeiinoae o e?aiii.
Iiaeaeueoa c?inoaiiy noeoiiiai iiieoo iiaeooiaoon noeoiio
i?iiiceoeith aei iioaioeieii iiaeeeaiai ianyao ae?iaieoeoaa,
cia?aaeaiiai ia iae.1 o?aoii aiae?iceii. Ia oeueiio aiae?iceo ?aaeueiee
aaeiaee iaoeiiiaeueiee i?iaeoeo aeinyaan naiai iaeneioio, i oiio
iiaeaeueoa caieueoaiiy noeoiiiai iiieoo coiiaethn iioeyoeith, yeo
iaceaathoue aaea “/enoith” ia aiaeiiio aiae ia?aae/aniii.
Neiae cacia/eoe, ui iie?eooy aeaoioeeoo aea?aeaaiiai athaeaeaoo ca
?aooiie e?aaeeoii-a?ioiaii aiinii n iaeiei c iaeaaaeeeaioeo /eiieeia
iioeyoeii iiieoo, ineieueee c?inoaiiy i?iiiceoeii a?ioae caieueoon
noeoiiee iiieo ia oiaa?e oa iineoae, yeee, o naith /a?ao, iiaeaeuon
?iaaiue oeii.
Iioeyoeiy aeo?ao, aai iioeyoeiy i?iiiceoeii, niinoa?iaanoueny a oiio
aeiaaeeo, eiee caieueoothoueny aeo?aoe ia iaeeieoeth i?iaeoeoeii, oiaoi
na?aaeii aeo?aoe ca aeaiiiai ianyao ae?iaieoeoaa. Caieueoaiiy aeo?ao ia
iaeeieoeth i?iaeoeoeii a aeiiiiioei nei?i/on i?eaooee e ianya
i?iaeoeoeii, yeee iiaea aooe cai?iiiiiaaiee ca inioth/iai ?iaiy oeii.
Aianeiaeie oeueiai ciaioonoueny noeoiia i?iiiceoeiy oiaa?ia oa iineoa,
ui, a naith /a?ao, iiaeaeuon ?iaaiue oeii.
Oaeei /eiii, aeo?aoe, a ia iiieo caieueoothoue oeiie. C?inoaiiy
niaiaa?oinoi, ui i?ecaiaeeoue aei iioeyoeii aeo?ao, iiaea aooe aeeeeeaii
?icieie i?e/eiaie, iai?eeeaae, iaaeinoa/ath aai iiaei?iae/aiiyi
ne?iaeie, iaoa?iaeia, iaeeaa, i?aoei.
Iaeiei ic aeaea?ae iioeyoeii aeo?ao c ?icei ii?ooaiiy (“oiee”)
i?iiiceoeii. Iiae ?iceei ii?ooaiiyi (“oieii”) i?iiiceoeii ?icoiinoueny
iiaeiy, ciaiioiy ii aiaeiioaiith aei ooieoeiiioaaiiy aio/eciyiii
aeiiiii/iii nenoaie (neaaeiii, iiaeaeuaiiy oeii ia iiii?o aai
iani?eyoeeai iiaiaeii oiiae), ui caieueoon i/ieoaaiee oi?iaie na?aaeiie
?iaaiue oeii ia oaeoi?e ae?iaieoeoaa.
A?aoi/ii i?ioean iioeyoeii aeo?ao i?aaenoaaeaii ia iae.2:
P AS’ iae.2
AS
P
AD
0 Q’ Q Q
Aianeiaeie aeuaiacaaieo ianoaaei e?eaa noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii
cnoiaoueny aai?o-eiai?o/ aei AS’. Ianeiaeeii oeueiai aoaea iiaeaeuaiiy
oeii (aiae P aei P’).
Iioeyoeiy ian ?icii nooiaii oyaeeinoi. Caiaeii c oeei aeiiiii/ia
iaoea aeaeieyn oaei o?e ii aeaee: iiii?ia iioeyoeiy, aaeiioth/a
iioeyoeiy i aiia?iioeyoeiy.
Iiii?ia iioeyoeiy. Iiii?ia iioeyoeiy oa?aeoa?econoueny iiaieueiei
c?inoaiiyi oeii. I?e oeueiio ui?i/iee oaii iioeyoeii aeii?thnoueny ye
i?aaeei iaeiicia/iei /eneii. Iiii?ia iioeyoeiy n oeiiaith nueiaiaeii
aeey aieueoinoi aeiiiii/ii ?icaeiooeo e?aii.
Aaeiioth/a iioeyoeiy. Iioeyoeiy, ui aeii?thnoueny aeaicia/ieie /e
o?ecia/ieie /eneaie-20, 100 /e 200% ca ?ie.
Aiia?iioeyoeiy. Oeae ?iciiaeae iioeyoeii ian iinoea, eiee oeiie
c?inoathoue ia oeny/o, iieueeii /e iieuey?ae i?ioeaioia ca ?ie. Aiaeic
aeyaeyn aeaeieueea oa?aea?ieo ?en aiia?iioeyoeii. Ii-ia?oa, ?aaeueiee
iiieo ia a?ioi, aeii?thaaiee ye aiaeiioaiiy caiano a?ioae aei ?iaiy
oeii, iaaean aeoaea ?icei. Ii-ae?oaa, aiaeiinii oeiie noathoue aeoaea
ianoaaieueieie. Ca ii?iaeueieo oiia ca?ieaoa ?iaioieea iaeaea ia
ciiithnoueny (iaio iiae ia 1% a iinyoeue). A oiiaao aiia?iioeyoeii
?aaeueia ca?iaioia ieaoa iiaea cieaeoaaoenue a na?aaeiueiio ia o?aoeio
i?ioyaii iaeiiai iinyoey. Aeoaea aiae/ooiei n aieea aiia?iioeyoeii ia
?iciiaeie aaaaonoaa. Ciaoeiiaiiy a?ioae ?oeion caiuaaeaeaiiy ianaeaiiy,
iiae?eaath/e aeiiiii/io naiaiaeo noniieuenoaa. Oei iioaineaii eieeaaiiy
o aiaeiinieo oeiiao i ?aaeueiie ca?ieaoi, caiaeiaiiy ianaeaiiy
iethno?othoue aieiaio ao?aoo aiae iioeyoeii. Ia uanoy, aiia?iioeyoeiy
o?aieynoueny aeineoue ?iaeei. Aiia ian iinoea ia?aaaaeii iiae /an aiei
/e a ia?iiaee, ui eaeooue ca aieiaie i ?aaiethoeiyie. Aiia?iioeyoeiy
no/aniiai ia?iiaeo oa?aeoa?ia aeey e?aii, ui caeienithaaee
?aaiethoeieiee ia?aoiae aiae nioeiaeicio aei ?eieiaii aeiiiiiee; a
Iieueoi oeiie c?inoaee aieueo ye ia 1000% ui?ieo a 1989-1990 ??.
Aeniainiiiinonueea oineaeueia iieioeea aea?aeaae aeineoue /anoi noan
aaia?aoi?ii iioeyoeii. I?eionoeii, ui aeiiiii/ia nenoaia ciaoiaeeoueny o
noaii ?iaiiaaae e aenia?oe ?ic?aoiaothoue ia oaeo noaaieueiinoue o
iaeaooiueiio.
Aea, aeoiaey/e ic iieioe/ieo ii?eoaaiue, iai?eeeaae, a ca’yceo c
iaaeeaeaiiyi i?aceaeaionueeeo aeai?ia, o?yae, uia aeiaiaeeoe aeai?oeyi,
ae?ioon caieueoeoe aeieaoe c aea?aeaaiiai athaeaeaoo, cieceoe iiaeaoee e
iaaaeii ?icii/aoe ?aaeicaoeith i?iaeoia aeey noai?aiiy iiaeo ?iai/eo
iinoeue. C?icoiiei, ui c?inoaiiy ?aaeueiiai ianyao ae?iaieoeoaa e
nei?i/aiiy aac?iaiooy, aeinyaiooa aaeiiiion?aoeinth i?aceaeaioa,
c?iaeoue iaaaeyeee aieea ia ?acoeueoaoe aeai?ia. Ioaea, neeaaeanoueny
i?iaeo ia?aaeueii ?icoe?aiiai aea?aeaaiiai athaeaeaoo ia ?ie aeai?ia.
sse oieueee oei ieaie ii/iooue ?aaeiciaoaaoenue, aeiiiii/ia nenoaia
aeeaea ic noaio ?iaiiaaae. Aeienii, nii/aoeo ?aaeueiee ianya
ae?iaieoeoaa c?inoa, aac?iaiooy nei?ioeoueny, a iiaeaeuaiiy ?iaiy oeii
i?e oeueiio aoaea iacia/ia.
Aea, aaea o ianooiiiio ?ioei ca?ieaoa, oeiie ia ?ano?ne e oaeoi?e
ae?iaieoeoaa ii/iooue iioaineaii c?inoaoe. Ii ii?i oiai, ye oi?ie
aoaeooue i?enoiniaoaaoe naii i/ieoaaiiy aei iiaeo oiia, c?inoooue ia
oieueee oeiie ia oiaa?e oa iineoae, aea e aiaeaoaeaoueny nei?i/aiiy
ianyaia ae?iaieoeoaa, noi?iaiaeaeoaaia c?inoaiiyi aac?iaiooy.
Iaeei c iiaeeeaeo aa?iaioia ?aaeoeii o?yaeo ia iioaineaia iiaeaeuaiiy
oeii iieyaan o i?eieiaiii noeioethaaiiy aeiiiii/iiai c?inoaiiy. Oiaei
iioeyoeiy aoaea i?eieiaia, aea ianya ae?iaieoeoaa ciiao ciaioeoueny aei
i?e?iaeiueiai ?iaiy, a ii?ia aac?iaiooy c?inoa aei naiai i?e?iaeiiai
cia/aiiy. Iioa aeueoa?iaoeaa iieyaan o i?iaeiaaeaiii aeniainiiiinonueeii
iiaeaoeiai-athaeaeaoiii iieioeee. A oaeiio ?aci i?ioyaii aeayeiai /ano
aoaea iiaeeeai iiaeo?eioaaoe ?aaeueiee ianya ae?iaieoeoaa aeuei, a ii?io
aac?iaiooy-iaioith ca io i?e?iaei ?iaii. Iaeiae aeai? oeueiai aa?iaioo
aoaea icia/aoe i?iaeiaaeaiiy ?icaeoeo iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania. Iiaeeeai,
ui aeayeee noaeee c ?ieo a ?ie oaii iioeyoeii aeyaeoueny iaaeinoaoiii
aeey oiai, uia ao?eiaoe aac?iaiooy ia ?iaii ieae/iio ca i?e?iaeiee. Aeey
o?eaaeiai oo?eiaiiy aac?iaiooy ia oaeiio ?iaii c eiaeiei ?ieii
i?eeaeaony iaaioue i?enei?thaaoe oaiie iioeyoeii.
*ei ae ia aoea ni?iaieiaaia iioeyoeiy, aiia ciaoeiithn aeioiaee
athaeaeaoo e noi?iaiaeaeonoueny eiai aeaoioeeoii.
E?ii athaeaeaoiiai aeaoioeeoo iioeyoeiy iaia’yceiai
noi?iaiaeaeonoueny ia?iaiiii?iei c?inoaiiyi oeii e, caiaene, ii?ooaiiyi
ainiiaea?/eo ca’yceia, aiieith oeii iiae ie?aieie aaeocyie aeiiiiiee e
oaeeueiiiaeiaiei iioe?aiiyi c?inoaiiy oeii ii ?aeiiao aea?aeaae e
aaeocyi.
O noaii iioeyoeieiii ianoaaieueiinoi i?inioaoeiy eeoa ia
?aaoethaaiiy c aieo niiaaiaeiioaiiy “iiieo-i?iiiceoeiy” iiaea i?ecaanoe
aei caoyaeieo e?ec c iiaieueiei ia?iiaeii noaaieicaoeii i icaei?iaeaiiy
aeiiiiiee. I?i oea naiae/eoue aeinaiae ?icaeoeo eaiioaeinoe/ieo e?aii
/ania aieueiii eiieo?aioeii.
sse aa/eii, iioeyoeiy n aeoaea iaaacia/iith aeey aeiiiiiee,
ii?oooth/e iae?iaeiiiii/io noaaieueiinoue. Oiio aioeiioeyoeieia
aea?aeaaia iieioeea caeian iaeia c aieiaieo iinoeue na?aae caniaia
aea?aeaaiiai ?aaoethaaiiy aeiiiiiee. I?ioa eeth/iaee iiiaio no/aniii
iioeyoeii iieyaan a oiio, ui aiia ?icaeaanoueny ye iia?oeieia, i
coieieoe ii iaaecae/aeii aaaeei. Oiaoi iioeyoeiy ian aeanoeainoue
caeeoaoeny noaaieueiith, iiee aeiiiii/ia neooaoeiy ia cioneoue ii
iiaeaeueoenue aai aianoe.
?icaeyiaii iae.2:
P Q iae.3
AS’
P’=1,14P AS
P’
P AD’
AD
0 Q
I?eionoeii, ui, ?ic?aoiaoth/e ia c?inoaiiy ?iaiy oeii a iaeaooiueiio
ia 14% ui?ieo, iiaei?eninoaa i?inioothoueny ia aiaeiiaiaeia caieueoaiiy
na?aaeiio aeo?ao, i ia?aaeaa/eeai iiaeieiathoue oeiie ia aeanio
i?iaeoeoeith. Oea ciiuon e?eao noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii aiae AD aei AD’ ia
14% ui?ieo. sseui o?yae i?iaeiaaeoaaoeia caieueooaaoe a?ioiao iano, oi
e?eaa noeoiiiai iiieoo aoaea ?ooaoenue aai?o oaeei naiei oaiiii aei AS’.
Iae?iaeiiiii/ia ?iaiiaaaa ia?aiiuoaaoeiaoueny c oi/ee A a A’. Oeiie
aoaeooue c?inoaoe, a ?aaeueiee ianya ae?iaieoeoaa caeeoeoueny ia oiio ae
?iaii. Ioaea ia?aoei e?eaeo AD i AS eiaeiiai ?ieo aoaea ia 14% aeua ca
iiia?aaeiie. Oeiie c?inoaoeiooue ia 14% c ?ieo a ?ie: iia?oeieia
iioeyoeiy noaiiaeoeia 14% ia ?ie.
Iia?oeiy a i/ieoaaiii iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania n aieiaiith i?e/eiith
iioeyoeii, ui noi?iaiaeaeonoueny niaaeii ae?iaieoeoaa. Aiia i?iaeiaaeon
“oyaiooe” aai?o e?eao noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii iaaioue iiney iaiaaeoth/eo
caoiaeia c aieo o?yaeo. A oiiaao, yeui caiiaeaii ae?iaieeaie aieueo
aeniei oeiie ia i?iaeoeoeith ia noi?iaiaeaeothoueny aiaeiiaiaeieie
caoiaeaie o?yaeo ii caieueoaiith a?ioiaii iane, caaino?thnoueny i?ioean
noaaoeyoeii*. E?ii oiai, c?inoaiiy oeii ciaioon iayaio ?aaeueio a?ioiao
iano, ui aaaea aei nei?i/aiiy noeoiiiai iiieoo. I?ioa iiaei?eninoaa, ye
i ?aiioa, i/ieoth/e iiaeaeuaiiy oeii, iiaeiiiooue noeoiio i?iiiceoeith
aiae AS aei AS’.Ia?aeaeueii c c?inoaiiyi oeii aoaea eoe niaae
ae?iaieoeoaa.
* Noaaoeyoeiy-iiiyooy, ui cai?iaaaeaeaia a iaia ia ii/aoeo 70-o
?ieia. Aiii iienon oaeo aeiiiii/io neooaoeith, a yeie aeniea ii?ia
aac?iaiooy a oiiaao noaaiaoeii iinaeionoueny c aenieei noaeei oaiiii
iioeyoeii. ssaeua noaaoeyoeii ieii iiyniththoue aieiaiei /eiii
iia?oeieiith i?e?iaeith iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania.
2.Nioeiaeueii-aeiiiii/ii ianeiaeee iioeyoeii
Aieiaieie nioeiaeueii-aeiiiii/ieie ianeiaeeaie iioeyoeii n:
ia?a?iciiaeie aeioiaeia, i?eoiaaia aea?aeaaia eiioineaoeiy a?ioae o
ianaeaiiy /a?ac iiaeaoee, i?enei?aia iaoa?iaeicaoeiy a?ioae, iaaeiiiy
?aaeueiii i?ioeaioiii noaaee ia eaiioae.
Iniiaiee ?iciiaeieue/ee aieea iioeyoeii aeieean /a?ac aiaeiiiiinoi o
aeoeaao i ianeaao, yeeie aieiaeithoue ethaee. Aeey iiaeeaiaea, ui
io?eiaa iiceeo i ian aiineoe ii iie ui?i/iee (aai uiiiny/iee) ieaoiae
caiaeii ci noaaeith i?ioeaioo, iioeyoeiy oaeoe/ii n iiiaioii iiceoeaiei.
Iai?eeeaae, iice/aii 100000 aeiee. aeey eoiiaei aoaeeieo i ui?i/ii
ieaoaaei ii caeeaaeiie noaiiaeyoue 10000 aeiee. O ?aci iiaeaeuaiiy oeii
o 2 ?ace, oiaoi iayaiinoi iioeyoeii, ieaoaaei ii caeeaaeiie iiye ia
ciiiyoueny i aoaeooue noaiiaeoe oi ae naii 10000 aeiee. ca ?ie, oi/a
eieueeinoue aeaa, ui iiaeia i?eaeaaoe ia oeth noio ciaioeoueny aaeai/i.*
Ai?aeiee i?e oeueiio oieueee aea?an, ineieueee ?aaeueiee i?ioeaio ca
aeei?enoaiiy eaiioaeo ciaioeany iaiieiaeio.
A oeieiio iaia?aaeaa/aia iioeyoeiy ia?a?iciiaeieyn aaaaonoai aiae
e?aaeeoi?ia aei ai?aeieeia, a iaia?aaeaa/aia cieaeaiiy oaiiia iioeyoeii
aean i?ioeeaaeiee aoaeo.
Iioeyoeiy c aieiaiei /eiieeii, ui aieeaan ia aiaenioeiai noaaee,
ineieueee iiae ii aeinth ciiithnoueny eoiiaaeueia ni?iiiaeiinoue
a?ioiaeo iaeeieoeue i ciaioonoueny ?aaeueia i?eaooeiainoue iiaanoeoeie.
Ie?ii ia?a?iciiaeieo aeioiaeia iioeyoeiy aieeaan ia aeiiiiieo /a?ac
caaaeueiee ianya ae?iaieoeoaa. Oaeee aieea ni?aeynoueny ia ?iaaiue
ianyao ae?iaieoeoaa a oeieiio. Ooo neiae caoaaaeeoe, ui
aaciina?aaeiueiai ca’yceo iiae oeiiaie i ianyaii ae?iaieoeoaa iaian.
Caieueoaiiy noeoiiiai iiieoo caieueoon i oeiie, i ianya ae?iaieoeoaa.
I?ioa iio?yniiiy a i?iiiceoeii, ia?aiiuoth/e aai?o e?eao noeoiiii
i?iiiceoeii, iiaeaeuaoue oeiie i ciaioaoue ianya ae?iaieoeoaa.
* sseui iioeyoeiy o?eaan aeineoue aeiaai, oi o ?eieiaeo i?ioeaioieo
noaaeao iinooiiai ia?aaeaa/anoueny iii?aaea ia iioeyoeith. Neaaeiii,
ii/aoeiai a aeiiiiioei aoea 3%-ia noaaea oa noaaieueii oeiie, i
ia?aaeaa/anoueny c?inoaiiy oeii ia 9% ca ?ie. Oiaei ca caeeaaeii
ieaoeoeiooue 12%, a ia 3%. Iiiiiaeueia noaaea 12% aiaeaeaan ?aaeueio
i?ioeaioio noaaeo 3% iethn iioeyoeieio iaaeaaaeo 9%. Ia?a?iciiaeieo
aeioiaeo oa aaaaonoaa iaian, eiee i?ioeaioii noaaee aiae?aaoeueiaaii.
Iioeyoeiy oaeiae ii?iaeaeon aaaaoi iioeo niioai?aiue a aeiiiiioei.
*anoi o?yaee ia ciiiththoue ?aaeueiii aa?oinoi naiio i?ia?ai, ui
oaeoe/ii nei?i/onoueny, eiee oeiie c?inoathoue. Oea aiaeaoaanoueny
/anoeiai oiio, ui aieueoinoue o?ainoa?oieo i?ia?ai ia iiaeaeniaaii a
caeaaeiinoi aiae c?inoaiiy ?iaiy oeii. Aeayei aeaee aea?aeaaieo caeoiie
iiaeooue “i?ioiaeeoe” ii noaooyo athaeaeaoo o iiiiiaeueiiio ?icii?i.
Oaeee noai ?a/ae i?ecaiaeeoue aei oiai, ui iiiiiaeueii aeo?aoe aoaeooue
iaioi ca iaiaoiaeii i?e c?inoaiii ?iaiy oeii, oae ui ?aaeueii aeo?aoe
aoaeooue ciaiooaaoenue.
Iioi ianeiaeee: c?inoathoue oeiie ia oiaa?e oa iineoae, ui eoion
aea?aeaaa o ?aieao nioeiaeueieo i?ia?ai. Oiaei, iai?eeeaae, o?yaeiai
aeo?aoe ia iaaeeoeeio iiaeooue ciaiooaaoenue o ?aaeueiiio ae?aaeaiii,
yeui o?yae n iani?iiiaeiei caieueooaaoe athaeaeao aiaeiiaiaeii aei
c?inoaiiy aeo?ao ia iaaee/ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy.
O ?aaoeueiaaieo aea?aeaaith aaeocyo iieiee aeyaeynoueny, ui i?ioaiiy
oi?i i?i caieueoaiiy oeii iiaiinoth ia caaeiaieueiythoueny aai
aiaeeeaeathoueny a iioeyoeieii ?iee.
Na?eicii caa?ice aeey iaoeiiiaeueiii aeiiiiiee, ui noai?thn
iioeyoeiy, iathoue ye aioo?ioiie, oae i ciaiioiie i?iya. O ?aci
iioeyoeii aeo?ao, e?aiie, aeiiiiiea yeeo caeaaeeoue aiae ciaiioiueii
oi?aiaei ia?o ca ana i?iieneiaeie, eaaeicaiiithaaieie oiaa?aie, iiaeooue
ao?aoeoe aenii?oii ?eiee, yeui oeiie oa aeo?aoe a oeio e?aiiao
c?inoathoue oaeaeoa, iiae a iioeo e?aiiao. Oaeei /eiii, i?iaeaia
noaaieicaoeii oeii oinii iia’ycaia c ieoaiiyie caa?aaeaiiy
eiieo?aioiini?iiiaeiinoi aea?aeaae ia ciaiioieo ?eieao.
Cae/aeii, iaaaoeaiee aieea iioeyoeii ia aeiiiii/io nenoaio oeei ia
iaiaaeonoueny, iioi, ia iaio aaaeeeai, ianeiaeee iioeyoeii aoaea
?icaeyiooi o ianooiieo ieoaiiyo.
3. Aioeiioeyoeieia iieioeea aea?aeaae
Naioiaee aeinaiae ae?iaea aeai aieiaii eiioeaioeii aioeiioeyoeieieo
caoiaeia, ui nie?athoueny ia e?aaeeoii-a?ioiao i oineaeueio iieioeeo.
Oea-caoiaee aai aaceiii?iiiniii ai?ioueae c iioeyoeinth, aai
aaeaioaoeii, i?enoinoaaiiy aei aeeooy a oiiaao iioeyoeieiii
ianoaaieueiinoi. Ia?oee iaoiae ?aaeiconoueny oeyoii ciii o nenoaii
iiiaeaoeoaaiiy ( ye i?aaeei iiaeaeuaiiy iiaeaoeia) oa aaaaeaiiyi
aei?noeiai aea?aeaaiiai eiio?ieth oeii oa ca?ieaoe. Ae?oaee-oea
iiaeaenaoeiy aeioiaeia, canoinoaaiiy iaoaiicio ei?aaoaaiiy i?ioeaioieo
noaaie aiaeiiaiaeii aei oaiiia iioeyoeii oa ii. Aei oiai ae iaiaoiaeiith
n iiaia aaeaioaoeiy onio aeiiiii/ieo iinoeoooeie aei ooieoeiiioaaiiy a
oiiaao iioeyoeii. Aaeaioaoeieia iieioeea ian naii iaaeieiee: eiooe ia
eiiiainaoeieii iaaeaaaee ianaeaiith o?aaa a?aoe c aea?aeaaiiai
athaeaeaoo, oiaoi a?aooi-?aoo /a?ac iiaeaoee, aai ?iaeoe a?ioiao
aiinith, ui ciiao i?ecaaaea aei c?inoaiiy iioeyoeii.
sse i?aaeei, a oiiaao ai?ioueae c iioeyoeinth oei iaoiaee
aeei?enoiaothoueny eiiieaenii, ui aean aieueo ae?aaeaiee aoaeo, i
aeicaieyn iii’yeoeoe o?oaeiiui, i?eiaaeath/i ia aeieth aeiiiiiee e?aiie.
a) Iaoiaee aioeiioeyoeieiiai iiiaeaoeoaaiiy
A i?ioeani no?eioaaiiy iioeyoeii iiaeaoee aiaeia?athoue aeaiinoo
?ieue. Nei?i/oth/e aeioiaee, ui aenooiathoue ye aeaea?aea aeo?ao aeey
niiaeeaa/ia, aeniei iiaeaoee iinyoue aioeiioeyoeieiee oa?aeoa?. Iaeiae,
iiaeaoee iiaeooue oaeiae caieueooaaoe aeo?aoe ae?iaieoeoaa, iiaeaeuoth/e
/a?ac oea ?iaaiue oeii ia oiaa?e.
?icaeyiaii oi niioai?aiiy a iiiaeaoeoaaiii, yei aeeee/a iai/ieoaaia
iioeyoeiy, oiaoi aeiaaeie, eiee oeae aeaiaio aeiiiii/iii nenoaie e?aiie
aei aeie a oiiaao iioeyoeii ia i?enoiniaaiee.
O ?aci, yeui iiaeaoeiaa nenoaia e?aiie ian o?oaeiiui c aaeaioaoeinth
aei iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania, aeieeathoue oaei neeaaeii i?iaeaie:
Ii-ia?oa, ic c?inoaiiyi ?iaiy oeii /anoea iiaeaoeiaeo aeieao o
caaaeueiiio ianyci ?aaeueieo aeioiaeia caieueoonoueny, ii?iaeaeoth/e,
oaeei /eiii, aoaeo i?ia?aneaiiai c?inoaiiy iiaeaoeia. sseui a iiaeaoee
ciaoiaeeeeny o iinoieiie i?iii?oeii aei iiiiiaeueieo aeioiaeia
iacaeaaeii aiae ?icii?o inoaiiio, o oeueiio ia aoei a iiyeii i?iaeaie,
ineieueee a oaeiio ?aci ethaee niea/oaaee a iaeiaeiaee, ia caeaaeiee
aiae ?iaiy oeii aiaenioie naiio aeioiaeia o aeaeyaei iiaeaoeia. Aea,
ineieueee, ii?ia iiiaeaoeoaaiiy i?e aeei?enoaiii eiai i?ia?aneaiii oi?ie
ian oaiaeaioeith c?inoaoe ?acii c ?iaiai iiiiiaeueieo aeioiaeia, oi
iioeyoeiy, i?ecaiaey/e aei caieueoaiiy iiiiiaeueieo aeioiaeia, oei naiei
caieueoon e /anoeo iiaeaoeia o neeaaei ?aaeueieo aeioiaeia.
Ae?oaa i?iaeaia iia’ycaia c iiiaeaoeoaaiiyi eaiioaeo. Oey i?iaeaia
aeoaea neeaaeia i?iaeaia, ineieueee c?inoaiiy eaiioaeo, iia’ycaia c
i?e?inoii ?eieiaii aa?oinoi aeoeaia, ?aaaon ia iioeyoeith aieueo
iia?aoeaii, iiae ?aaeueii i?eaooee ia oeae eaiioae. AEiaeiie e?aiii ia
aaeaeiny aeinyaoe nooonaiai oniioo o iaeo?aeicaoeii ianeiaeeia aieeao
iioeyoeii ia iiiaeaoeoaaiiy eaiioaeo. Aeayei oaoiaoei o noa?i iiaeaoeia
iaaioue aaaaeathoue, ui iaeaieueoa oeiaea aiae iioeyoeii iieyaan naia o
oiio, ui aiia caieueoon oaeoe/ia iiiaeaoeoaaiiy eaiioaeo.
Iiaeiaia i?iaeaia iiiaeaoeoaaiiy aeieean e ii aiaeiioaiith aei
aeioiaeia o aeaaeyaei aionioeia ia eaiioae. Aicueiaii i?inoee i?eeeaae.
I?eionoeii, ui iioeyoeiy caieueoonoueny c 5 aei 10% e aionioeiai noaaee
c?inoathoue ?acii c iioeyoeinth a i?iii?oeii iaeei aei iaeiiai,ye oea e
i?eioneanoueny caeaaeiinoth Oioa?a. Ic caieueoaiiyi iiiiiaeueiii
aionioeiaii noaaee ia 5 ioieoia ?aaeueia aionioeiaa noaaea aei nieaoe
iiaeaoeia ia ciiithnoueny. Aea, yeui iiiiiaeueiee aeioiae ia aionioee
iiiaeaoeiaonoueny a ?icii?i, neaaeiii, 28%, oi o?yae caae?an o aeaeyaei
iiaeaoeo 1,4 aionioeiaiai ioieoo(0,28 5%) c noeoiieo i’yoe ioieoia
iioeyoeieiii iaaeaaaee, nei?i/oth/e, oaeei /eiii, ?aaeueio noio
aeioiaeia ii i?ioeaioao iiney nieaoe iiaeaoeia, ui io?eiothoue
e?aaeeoi?e. O oeueiio ?aci e?aaeeoi? oaeoe/ii iana caeoee a ianeiaeie
aeii iioeyoeii, oiaei ye o?yae ian cene. Oaei oiiae aeanoeioeththoue
e?aaeeoi?ia, ui e n iaeiei c iaaaoeaieo aoaeoia iioeyoeii.
Neiae aiaeiioeoe, ui oai?aoe/ii iiaeeeaei n aieueo oaeaeea c?inoaiiy
aiaenioeiaii noaaee aei nieaoe iiaeaoeia iiae caieueoaiiy iioeyoeii, ui
caa?iaan ?aaeueio aiaenioeiao noaaeo iinoieiith.
sse aa/eii, iaaioue i/ieoaaia iioeyoeiy aeeeeean ao?aoe a
aeiiiiioei, yeui iinoeoooe aeaaee aaeaioiaaii aei iai ia iiaiinoth.
Iiaeiaii ao?aoe noathoue iniaeeai inoioieie a oiiaao eiio?ieth noaaee
aaieianueeiai i?ioeaioo, iaaaeaeaaoiiai iiiaeaoeoaaiiy aeioiaeia e
i?ia?aneaiiai c?inoaiiy iiaeaoeiaeo noaaie, ui caieueoothoue iiaeaoeiai
ieaoaaei. Iiae aaeaeaaoiei iiiaeaoeoaaiiyi a oiiaao iioeyoeii
ianoueny ia oaaci oaeee iaoiae coyaoaaiiy iiaeaoeia, ca yeiai ia
iiiaeaoeiaonoueny iioeyoeieiee eiiiiiaio i?e?inoo aeoeaia. ?icaeyiooee
aeua iaaaoeaiee aieea iioeyoeii ia iiaeaoeiao nenoaio, cionea aaaaoi
e?aii “iiaeaenoaaoe” iiaeaoeiai caeiie, uia caiiaiaoe caieueoaiith
iiaeaoeia, yea ni?e/eiynoueny iioeyoeinth. Oae aoei i?iiiaeaeniaaii o
80-o ?ieao /anoeio iiaeaoeiaiai eiaeaeno NOA.
Aeei?enoaiiy “no?eioth/ii” iiaeaoeiai-athaeaeaoiii iieioeee n iaeiei
ic oeyoia onoiaiiy caa?ice iioeyoeii. Aea?aeaaiee athaeaeao ia ianooiiee
?ie iiaea aooe neeaaeaiee oaeei /eiii, uia nei?i/aiiy ianyao aea?aeaaieo
caeoiie e caiiaeaiue iinaeioaaeiny ic caieueoaiiyi /enoeo iiaeaoeia,
eiiiainoth/e i/ieoaaia iiaeaaaeaiiy noeoiiiai iiieoo o i?eaaoiiio
naeoi?i aeiiiiiee. I?aaeeueia ianaeiaiiy nei?i/aiiy ianyao aea?aeaaieo
caiiaeaiue, o?ainoa?oieo aeieao oa iiaeaeuaiiy iiaeaoeia ao?eian e?eao
noeoiiiai iiieoo o aaaeaiiio iieiaeaiii AD, a aeiiiii/io nenoaio-a noaii
noaaieueiinoi.
Iieioeea iiaeaoeiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy aeioiaeia (TIP) i?inioiaaia ia
aeei?enoaiiy iiaeaoeia i noai?aiiy o oi?i oa ?iaioieeia noeioeia ia
iiaeiiiaoe oeiie e ca?ieaoo.
TIP-oea nenoaia, i?e yeie ca aeiiiiiaith iiaeaoeiaii nenoaie oi?ie e
caeiyoi ia ieo ?iaioieee caioi/othoueny aai iaeacothoueny a caeaaeiinoi
aiae c?inoaiiy ?iaiy oeii e ca?ieaoe.
?icaeyiaii oeiiiaee ?iciiaeae TIP.Oi?iai iiaiaeiieynoueny,
ui ?iaaiue niea/oaaieo iie iiaeaoeia caeaaeeoue aiae c?inoaiiy oeii ia
io i?iaeoeoeith. Iai?eeeaae, iiaeaeuaiiy oeii aei 5% ia aeeeeean iiyeeo
oo?aoieo naieoeie, ca eiaeiee ianooiiee aiaenioeiaee ioieo o?yae
caieueoon noaaeo iiiaeaoeoaaiiy. Iiaeaoeiaa noaaea iiaea
caieueooaaoenue, neaaeiii ia 2 ioieoe (c 25 aei 27%) ca eiaeiee
aiaenioie i?e?inoo oeii ia i?iaeoeoeith oi?ie.
Ca oiia ?aaeicaoeii oaeii iieioeee iiaeaeuaiiy oeii eioooaaoeia
oi?iai iaaeoi aei?iai. Ioaea, a ieo c’yaeynoueny noeioe ia aeiioneaoe
cia/iiai caieueoaiiy oeii. C?inoaiiy oeii ii anio oi?iao, oaeei /eiii,
aoaea iaioei, e oaiie iioeyoeii nei?ioyoueny. Iiaeiaiee iaoaiici iiaea
aooe ?aaeiciaaiee e o aiaeiioaiii ca?ieaoe.
Caiaeii c aeuaneacaiei, oaoiaoeyie i?iiiionoueny aaanoe aei noaie
?ic?aooieo iniiaiiai iiaeaoeo aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio. Eiai
i?ecia/aiiy-caaania/eoe caoeieaaeaiinoue oiaa?iae?iaieea o
aiaeiiaiaeiinoi oaiiia c?inoaiiy oiaa?iii i a?ioiaii ian, cieaeaiii
inioth/eo oaiiia iioeyoeii ia aioo?ioiueiio ?eieo.
O caaaeueiiio aeiaaeeo aeey eiie?aoiiai iiaei?eniieoeoaa, ui
niaoeiaeiconoueny ia ae?iaieoeoai i ?aaeicaoeii iaeiiai aeaeo oiaa?ia,
aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio aeey t-ai ia?iiaeo iaoeia aeaeyae:
(1)
aea , -iiaeaene ciiie, aiaeiiaiaeii, oeiie i ianyao i?iaeaaeia o
iaoo?aeueiiio aeii?thaaiii a t-io ia?iiaei ii?iaiyii c iiia?aaeiii
(t-1)-ei ia?iiaeii; -iiaeaen iioeyoeii o (t-1)-io ia?iiaei a onie
aeiiiii/iie nenoaii
( , aea -oaiie iioeyoeii a (t-1)-io ia?iiaei (o
/anoeao iaeeieoei).
Ineieueee oeiie a ie?aieo ia?iiaeao oaeiae iiaeooue ciiithaaoeny, oi
aeey oeieae ieaioaaiiy, iaeieo i eiio?ieth ae?iaie/i-iiaei?eniieoeueeii
aeiyeueiinoi c?o/iioa aanoe ?ic?aooiie ca ianyaaie ?aaeicaoeii
i?iaeoeoeii o aa?oiniiio ae?aaeaiii (ae?o/eith). Oiaei iiaeaen oeiie
iiaeia ae?aceoe oi?ioeith:
aea – iiaeaen c?inoaiiy ae?o/ee aiae ?aaeicaoeii i?iaeoeoeii o t-io
ia?iiaei
Aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio, aiaeiiaiaeii, iaoeia aeaeyae:
(2)
Aeey aieueo aeieiaiai i i?aaeiaoiiai oi?aaeiiiy i?ioeanii oiaa?iiai
iane/aiiy ?eieo aeioeieueii ioeiithaaoe ia oieueee caaaeueio iioeyoeith,
a e iioeyoeith ii ie?aieo oiaa?ieo a?oiao. O ?aci ae iiiioiii ii
aiaeiiiiinoi ii ?aaiiiao n aeioeieueiith i ?aaiiiaeueia aeeoa?aioeiaoeiy
oeueiai iieacieea. Iiaeaen c?inoaiiy iioeyoeii ?ic?aoiaonoueny a oeieiio
ii ia?iaeiiio ainiiaea?noao aeey ie?aiii oiaa?iii a?oie ca oi?ioeith:
aea , -iiaeaene caaaeueiiai ianyao i?iaeaaeia aiaeiiaiaeii, o
aa?oiniiio i iaoo?aeueiiio ae?aaeaiii ii aeaiie oiaa?iie a?oii a
ia?iaeiiio ainiiaea?noai o (t-1)-io ia?iiaei; -iiaeaen c?inoaiiy
yeinoi i?iaeoeoeii a aeaiie a?oii oiaa?ia aeey oeo naieo oiia (
a?aoiaonoueny i?e iiiioiie ciiii yeinoi a no?oeoo?i oiaa?iii a?oie).
O caaaeueiiio aeiaaeeo aeey iiaei?eninoa, yei ?aaeicothoue eieueea
aeaeia i?iaeoeoeii, aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio iaoeia aeaeyae:
aea m-eieueeinoue aeaeia i?iaeoeoeii, ui ?aaeicothoueny iiaei?eninoaii o
t-io ia?iiaei aac o?aooaaiiy iiaii i?iaeoeoeii, ia aeaioiaethaaiii o
(t-1)-io ia?iiaei.
Noio iiaeaoeo ,o t-io ia?iiaei i?iiiionoueny aecia/aoe
aaciina?aaeiuei caeaaeii aiae eiaoioeinioa ca oi?ioeith:
aea ? -iieaciee, ia yeee ia?aoiaonoueny iiaeaoie (?ic?aooieiaee
i?eaooie); n-anoaiiaeaia aaee/eia iiaeaoeo (o /anoeao iaeeieoei).
?icaeyiaii i?eeeaae aecia/aiiy aioeiioeyoeieiiai eiaoioeicioo
eiie?aoiiai iiaei?eniieoeoaa, ui ?aaeicon aeaa aeaee i?iaeoeoeii i?e
?icieo aa?iaioao eiai ae?iaie/i-iiaei?eniieoeueeii aeiyeueiinoi
ii?iaiyii c iiia?aaeiii (t-1)-ei ia?iiaeii (aeea. oaae.1). Caaaeueiee
iiaeaen iioeyoeii o (t-1)-io ia?iiaei noaiiaea 1,18.
Oaaeeoey1.
iieacieee iic- iaeeieoei (t-1)-e t-e
ia?iiaeia ia/aiiy aeii?o 1 aa?. 2 aa?.
1. (t-1)-e
ae?o/ea aeiee.
ianya i?iaeaae oo.
oeiia aeiee./oo.
2. t-e
ae?o/ea aeiee.
ianya i?iaeaae oo.
oeiia aeiee./oo.
iiaeaen ianyao
i?iaeaaeia /ano.iae.
iiaeaen oeii –
aioeiio.eiao. –
Aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio, ciaeaeaiee ca oi?ioeith ( ),
aei?iaithaaoeia:
oiaoi o aeaiiio ?aci iiaeaoie, noyaoaaiee c iiaei?eninoaa,
caieueoonoueny ii?iaiyii c anoaiiaeaiei i?ioeaioii ia %. Oea
nain?iaeia ieaoa iiaei?eninoaa ca ia?aaeuaiiy oaiiia iiaeaeuaiiy oeii ia
ii i?iaeoeoeith iaae oaiiaie c?inoaiiy iioeyoeii. I?eionoeii oaia?, ui
iiaei?eninoai aeiaeeiny c?inoaiiy ianyao i?iaeaaeia o iaoo?aeueiiio
ae?aaeaiii e iiaeaeueei oeiie eeoa a iaaeao c?inoaiiy iioeyoeii. Oiaei
aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio o t-io ia?iiaei, ?ic?aoiaaiee ca ointh
naiith oi?ioeith, noaiiaeoeia:
Oaeei /eiii, o aeaieo oiiaao iiaeaoie aiaeiiaiaean anoaiiaeaiiio
i?ioeaioo.
Ioaea, aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio aeeiioc ooieoeii noaaieicaoeii
aeiiiiiee. I?e/iio ia aiaeiiio aiae oaeiai noeoieiiai ?aaoeyoi?a, ye
niiaaiaeiioaiiy “iiieo-i?iiiceoeiy”, yeee ?aaaon i ia aieea aeiaaeeiaeo
/e oyaieo oaeoi?ia, aioeiioeyoeieiee eiaoioeicio caaania/on aieueo
o?eaaeee i noaeee oa?aeoa? ?aaoethaaiiy aeiyeueiinoi oiaa?iae?iaieeia.
Oea coiiaeaii iayaiinoth o no?oeoo?i oeueiai eiaoioeicioa oaeiai
iieacieea, ye iiaeaen iioeyoeii, ui oa?aeoa?econ noai aeiiiii/iii
nenoaie a oeieiio.
Ioaea, iiaeia c?iaeoe aeniiaie, ui ia i?aeoeoei inion aeoaea oiniee
acaniica’ycie iiae iiiaeaoeoaaiiyi oa eiio?ieai oeii i oeei
ei?enoothoueny o?yaee, eiee noaaeyoue niai ca iaoo iinoaaeoe o
iaaeaiaeia noaiiaeua oeo ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’neoia, yei iaaeoi
iioaineaii iiaeiiiathoue oeiie ia oiaa?e oa iineoae. Oaea ei?aaoaaiiy
oeii aea?aeaaith ca aeiiiiiaith iiaeaoeiaii nenoaie aiaeiineoueny aei
iai?yieo iaoiaeia eiio?ieth ca oeiiaie. I?yii iaoiaee ?aaoethaaiiy oeii,
oiaoi anoaiiaeaiiy iaeneioiia oeii, aoaea ?icaeyiooi o 3-io ieoaiii.
Nei?i/aiiy iiaeaoeia o naioi “eiioeaioeii i?iiiceoeii”.
sse aiaeiii, aoaeue-yea ao?o/aiiy a ooieoeiiioaaiiy aeiiiiiee, ui
cao?eion ia?anoaaiiy e?eaii noeoiiiai iiieoo aai?o aai ciooon ii
cnoaaoeny aiec aiaeiinii e?eaii noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii aoaea no?eioaaoe
oaiie iioeyoeii. Aiaeiai/iiai aoaeoo iiaeia aoei a aeinyaoe, yeui a
aoei iiaeeeai aieeiooe ia noeoiio i?iiiceoeith. Oaeee iiaeoiae aei
aeiiiii/iii i?aeoeee noaa aiaeiiei ye “eiioeaioeiy i?iiiceoeii”.
Iaethiie 4 iethno?on, yeei /eiii aeiiiii/ia iieioeea “eiioeaioeii
i?iiiceoeii” iaea a ni?eyoe onoiaiith iioeyoeii. Aeiiiii/ia nenoaia
nii/aoeo ciaoiaeeoueny o noaii ?iaiiaaae ia aeiaaino?ieiaiio iioa?aaei a
oi/oei E . sseui ia aiaeaoaanoueny iiyeeo ciii c aieo nee, oi?ioth/eo
i?iiiceoeith a aeiiiii/iie nenoaii, oi ia?anoaaiiy e?eaii noeoiiiai
iiieoo c AD aei AD’ ia?aaaei a aeiiiii/io nenoaio a oi/eo A -a iiaee
noai ?iaiiaaae ia ei?ioeino?ieiaiio iioa?aaei. A aeiiiii/iie nenoaii
aeieeea a iioeyoeiy.
Iaeiae i?eionoeii, ui a oie iiiaio, eiee ia?anoaanoueny e?eaa
noeoiiiai iiieoo, aeiiiii/ia iieioeea o ?aieao “eiioeaioeii i?iiiceoeii”
aeinyaan iaoe iiaeaeuaiiy i?e?iaeiiai ?iaiy ?aaeueiiai ianyao
ae?iaieoeoaa aei Q’. Oea aiaeiiaiaeaei a ia?aiiuaiith e?eaii noeoiiii
i?iiiceoeii ia aeiaaino?ieiaiio iioa?aaei ic iieiaeaiiy n o iieiaeaiiy
n’. sseui ia aiaeaoaanoueny iiyeeo ciii a i/ieoaaiiio ?iaii oeii ia
oaeoi?e ae?iaieoeoaa, oi ?acii c iath cnoiaoueny i?aai?o/ aei AS’ e
e?eaa noeoiiii i?iiiceoeii ia ei?ioeino?ieiaiio iioa?aaei. I?e oiiai
aeacaieo ia?anoaaiue e?eaii i?iiiceoeii, aeiiiii/ia nenoaia aeinyaia
iiaii ?iaiiaaae a oi/oei A , caiiaiaoe i?e oeueiio aoaeue-yeiio
iiaeaeuaiith oeii.
P n n’ iae.4
AS’
AS AD AD’
0 Q Q Q
Iniiaia ieoaiiy iieyaan a oiio, yeei /eiii caeienieoe aaaeaia
caieueoaiiy i?e?iaeiiai ?iaiy ?aaeueiiai ianyao ae?iaieoeoaa. I?eai/ieee
“eiioeaioeii i?iiiceoeii” ye iaeei ic niiniaia aeinyaiaiiy oeueiai
?acoeueoaoo ?icaeyaeathoue ciiiaiiy o iiaeaoeiaie iieioeoei. Aiie
caa?ioee oaaao ia oa, ui ia i?ioyci 70-o ?ieia aiaeaoeiny i?eieiaiiy
c?inoaiiy i?e?iaeiiai ?iaiy ?aaeueiiai ianyao ae?iaieoeoaa o NOA.
Aieiaiith i?e/eiith oaeiai noaio ?a/ae, ia aeoieo i?eoeeueieeia
“eiioeaioeii i?iiiceoeii”, noaea aeith/a a NOA iiaeaoeiaa nenoaia. Aiia
iiyeei /eiii ia ni?eyea ?icaeoeo i?ioeania iaeiie/aiiy oa iiaanooaaiiy,
a oaeiae caoeieaaeaiinoi o aenieii?iaeoeoeaiie i?aoei. Iioeyoeiy ua
aieueo iineeeea i?iaeaio. Ia oieueee ei?ii?aoeii i aeoaea caiiaeii
ethaee no?aaeaeaee aiae aenieeo iiaeaoeia. Iinaeiaia aeiy iioeyoeii,
i?ia?aneaiiai iiaeaoeo ia aeioiae aaiaeeea cae/aeieo ?iaioieeia, ui
io?eiothoue ca?ieaoo, a a?oie, ui iiiaeaoeiaothoueny ca aieueo aenieith
noaaeith. Iniiaith aeiiiii/iii i?ia?aie i?eai/ieeia “eiioeaioeii
i?iiiceoeii” noaea aeaoaeueii iaii?eiaaia iineiaeiaiinoue aeie ii
ciaioaiith noaaie iiiaeaoeoaaiiy. Ii-ia?oa, iaa aooe cieaeaiee iiaeaoie
ia aeioiae a?iiaaeyi, ui iineeeei a o?oaeiao iioeaaoeith ?iaioieeia.
Ii-ae?oaa, ieaioaaeiny ?aoi?ioaaoe nenoaio iiaeaoeia ia aeioiaee aiae
i?e?inoo eaiioaeo oa aaanoe ?iciiiaiioii iiaeaoeiai noeioee (iieueae
aeey iiaei?eninoa, ui caieueoothoue ianyae ae?iaieoeoaa)-oea
noeioethaaei a iaeiie/aiiy oa iiaanoeoeii. Ii-o?aon, i?aeoeea
iiaeaenaoeii iaea ?iciianthaeeoenue ia anth iiaeaoeiao nenoaio aeey
oiai, uia noaaee iiaeaoeia ia iiaeooiaooaaeenue iioeyoeinth.
a) ?aaoethaaiiy oeii a oiiaao iioeyoeieiii ianoaaieueiinoi
Iaaecae/aeii aaaeeeao ?ieue a?an aea?aeaaiee eiio?ieue iaae oeiiaie,
iniaeeai a oiiaao e?eceno aeiiiiiee i aeoiaeo c iueiai.
Iiae eiio?ieai iaae oeiiaie ?icoiithoue aoaeue-yeo iineiaeiaiinoue
oeieiai ?yaeo caoiaeia – aiae iiii?ieo iaiaaeaiue aei i?eioniaiai
anoaiiaeaiiy aa?oiio a?aieoeue c?inoaiiy oeii, ui i?iaiaeyoueny o ?aieao
aeiiiii/iii iieioeee.
Iaeiei c iiaeoiaeia n ia?aai?aiee o naioiaie i?aeoeoei iaoiae
oei/aniaiai caii?iaeoaaiiy oeii e iaaeaei io /anoeiaiai ia?aaeyaeo. Aii
iieyaan o caai?iiaiii iiaeaeuoaaoe oeiie aeua aecia/aiiai ?iaiy, aac
niaoeiaeueiiai ia oa aeicaieo. Ca a?aie/iee ?iaaiue oeii iiaea aooe
i?eeiyoee oie, ui inioaaa ia i?ioyci aaciaiai ia?iiaeo ia?aae
“caii?iaeoaaiiyi”. I?e oeueiio iiaeaeuaiiy oeii aaaaeanoueny
aeiionoeiei, yeui, iai?eeeaae, aiii aoei iia’ycaii c ?inoii oeii ia
iiii?oii ae?iae ( oiaoi eiee caieueoaiiy aeo?ao iaiiaeeeai
eiio?iethaaoe); iaaeiionoeiei-yeui eiai i?e/eiith noaei iaaei?aaaeaia
iiaeaeuaiiy ca?ieaoe, ui noeioethaaei iiaei?enioeia naiei iaiaaeoaaoe
c?inoaiiy ca?iaioiii ieaoe.
Caii?iaeoaaiiy oeii aeicaieyn aeieaoe iioeyoeieii i/ieoaaiiy
ianaeaiiy, ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’neoia, e?aaeeoiii cenoaie, aianoe aeayea
caniieiniiy a aeiiiiieo.
A ?iei aeueoa?iaoeae i?yiiio aea?aeaaiiio ?aaoethaaiith oeii iiiaei
?icaeyaeathoueny ea?oaeueii caiaee i?i oeiie, yei iiaeooue cia?aoe
iiceoeaio ?ieue, yeui iaeiinth c noi?ii, ui aa?ooue a ieo o/anoue aoaea
O?yae, ui caaania/on caaaeueio ocaiaeaeaiinoue oeii.
IAENEIAEUeIEE ?IAAIUe OeIIE yaeyn niaith caeiiiaeaa/i anoaiiaeaio
iaeneiaeueio oeiio, yeo i?iaeaaoeth aeicaieynony cai?iooaaoe ca naie
oiaa? aai iineoao.
A oe?ieeo iaooaaao iaeneiaeueii ?iaii oeii, aai caaaeueiee eiio?ieue
ca oeiiaie, canoiniaothoueny aeey iaiaaeaiiy iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania a
aeiiiiioei.
Ia i?eeeaae, aeiiiii/ia i?ioeaioaiiy iaoiiaethn ia?anoaaiiy e?eaii
iiieoo ia aeaiee aeae oiaa?o i?aai?o/, oae ui, ye iieacaii ia ?en.1,
?iaiiaaaeia, aai ?eieiaa oeiia aei?iaithn ?. C iaeiiai aieo oaeaeea
c?inoaiiy oeii ia oiaa?e ni?eyn ?icaeoeo iioeyoeii, c iioiai-aeeeth/an c
/enea iieoioeia oiaa?o oeo niiaeeaa/ia, /ei a?ioiai aeioiaee ia
anoeaathoue ca oaeaeeei c?inoaiiyi oeii.
Oiio, uia i?ioenoiyoe iioeyoeii e aeicaieeoe iaeicaaania/aiei
a?iiaaeyiai eoioaaoe iaiaoiaeii ii oiaa?e,
o?yae iiaea anoaiiaeoe iaeneiaeueiee ?iaaiue oeii.
I?e/iio, anoaiiaeaiiy iaiaaeaiiy oeiie ian nain oieueee i?e oiiai, ui
iiaa oeiia aoaea ieae/ith ca ?iaiiaaaeio.
ssei ae aoaeooue ianeiaeee aaaaeaiiy oeueiai iaiaaeaiiy?
Ni?iiiaeiinoue aieueiiai ?eieo ii?ioaaoe niiaeeaaiiy aoaea ia?aeiciaaia.
Inioaaiiy iaiaaeaiiy oeii noai?thn noieeee aeaoioeeo aeaieo oiaa?ia.
Oae, i?e oeiii ?’ ianya iiieoo ia oiaa? aoaea aei?iaithaaoe Q , a ianya
i?iiiceoeii oieueee Q . Ioaea, aeieean noieeee aeaoioeeo, ui aei?iaithn
?icieoei iiae Q i Q.
P iae.5
S
D
?
?’
0 Q Q Q Q
Ineieueee aaaaeaiiy oeiiiaiai iaiaaeaiiy i?ecaiaeeoue aei aeieeiaiiy
noieeiai aeaoioeeoo aeaiii i?iaeoeoeii, ?icii? yeiai aecia/anoueny
aiae?iceii Q(s)Q(d), o?yaeo i?eoiaeeoueny i?eeiaoe ia naaa iieeoaaiiy
i?i ii?ioaaiiy ii aeey niiaeeaa/ia a iioa?anao aeinyaiaiiy aieueo
ni?aaaaeeeaiai ?iciiaeieo.
Oea caeienithnoueny, iai?eeeaae, oeyoii aaaaeaiiy ea?oeiaii nenoaie.
Iaeiae aeei?enoaiiy ea?oeiaii nenoaie ia ae?ioon iioii i?iaeaie.
Aeienii, e?eaa iiieoo ia ?en.1 naiae/eoue i?i iayaiinoue aaeeeii
eieueeinoi iieoioeia, ui i?aaiooue eoieoe oiaa? ii oeiii, ui ia?aaeuon
anoaiiaeaiee iaeneioi.
I, cae/aeii, aeey i?iaeaaoeia aeaiaeiioa ?aaeicoaaoe eiai ii aieueo
aenieie oeiii. Oiio, ia aeeaey/enue ia cia/ia iineeaiiy ath?ie?aoe/iiai
aia?aoo, ui noi?iaiaeaeon, ye i?aaeei, aaaaeaiiy eiio?ieth ca oeiiaie,
iaeaaaeueii “/i?ii ?eiee”-?eiee, ia yeeo oiaa?e eoiothoueny e
i?iaeathoueny ii oeiiao, aeueo ca anoaiiaeaii iaaei-io?eiothoue oe?iea
iioe?aiiy.
I?iaeaie o ?aaeicaoeii iieioeee eiio?ieth ca oeiiaie iiaeia oaeiae
iiynieoe cia/ieie aaeiiiico?aoeaieie neeaaeiiuaie ii i?iaaaeaiiy. Aei
i?aaiia eiio?ieth iinoieii i?aae’yaeythoueny aeiiae c?iaeoe aeeeth/aiiy
aeey oeo /e iioeo aeaeia oiaa?ia aai yeee-iaaoaeue aaeoci. Iinooiiai, ii
iipi iiaeaeueoiai aiaeoeeaiiy oeii aiae noaio ?iaiiaaae e iineeaiiy
aeaoioeeoo, oene ia eiio?iethth/e i?aaie c aeiiaaie iaaeaoe iieueae
c?inoan, e, a eiioei-eiioeia, oea iaaecae/aeii oneeaaeithn eiio?ieue.
Iioa i?iaeaia iieyaan o oiio, ui o?yae iiaea ni?iaoaaoe caa?aaoe
oeiiiaee eiio?ieue a neei aaea iiney caaa?oaiiy i?iiiaeiiai ia?iiaeo e
ii/aoeo iiaiai iiaeeiio. A oeae ia?iiae eiio?ieue oaeiai ?iaeo iiaea
aeyaeoenue iaei?eniei e eeoa iiai?oeoe neooaoeith.
Oi/a iieioeea aea?aeaaiiai ?aaoethaaiiy oeii iana cia/iee iiceoeaiee
aoaeo i ian iniaeeaa cia/aiiy a e?eciai ia?iiaee, ii ?aaeicaoeiy iiaea
i?ecaanoe aei aeoaea iaaaaeaieo ianeiaeeia.
O ei?ioeino?ieiaiio ieaii i?yia ?aaoethaaiiy oeii ni?eyoeia
noaaieicaoeii iaoeiiiaeueiii aeiiiiiee. Oae, o aea?aeaai iiaeooue cia/ii
cieceoenue oaiie c?inoaiiy iioiaeo e ?icae?iaieo oeii i oea i?ecaaaea
aei aaeueioaaiiy iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania. Aea aaea o iaeaeeae/i ?iee
aeyaeyoueny iaaaoeaii ianeiaeee oeaio?aeiciaaiii iiaeaei ?aaoethaaiiy.
“Caii?iaeoaaiiy” oeii i ca?iaioiii ieaoe iaiaaeeoue iiaeaaeocaaee
ia?aeea eaiioaeia, aoaea aaeueioaaoe iiaanoeoeieio iieioeeo, cieceoue
?iaaiue aeieiaii aeoeaiinoi, no?eioaaoeia c?inoaiiy aeioiaeia.
sse i?eeeaae iiaeia iaaanoe ni?iae o?yaeo NOA aaanoe i?yia
?aaoethaaiiy aioo?ioiueiaia?eeainueeeo oeii ia aia?aiiinii, yei,
aiaeaeaath/e c?inoaiiy iiii?oieo oeii ia iaooo, iaooii?iaeoeoe oa
i?e?iaeiee aac, c?inoaee o 1974-1981 ?ieao aeoaea aenieeie oaiiaie,
noeioethth/e ?ice?o/oaaiiy iioeyoeieiii nii?aei a e?aiii.
“Caii?iaeoaaiiy” aioo?ioiio iioiaeo oeii ia iaooo, iaooii?iaeoeoe e
i?e?iaeiee aac, no?eioth/e ia ia?oee iiaeyae ?icaeoie iioeyoeieieo
oaiaeaioeie, i?ecaaei aei ?yaeo iaaaoeaieo ianeiaeeia a aia?eeainueeie
aeiiiiioei. Ianoa/a iiaanoeoeie a aia?aaoe/ia ainiiaea?noai,
aiaenooiinoue caoeieaaeaiinoi o aeaeiaoaieo ei?ii?aoeie uiaei ?ic?iaee
iiaeo ?iaeiaeu iaooe e i?e?iaeiiai aaco /a?ac eiio?ieue iaae ?iaiai
aioo?ioiio oeii i?ecaaee aei oiai, ui /enoee iiii?o iaooe aei NOA,
iacaaaeath/e ia c?inoaiiy naioiaeo oeii, i?iaeiaaeoaaa aae aei 1981 ?ieo
caieueooaaoeny aenieeie oaiiaie.
?.?aeaai, yeiai iiaeo?eioaaa aaeeeee aician, noaaoe i?aceaeaioii,
aiae?aco ae aiaeiiiea eiio?ieue iaae aioo?ioiiie oeiiaie ia iaooo e
iaooii?iaeoeoe (o ni/ii 1981 ?.). “Eiio?ieue iaae oeiiaie no?eioaaa
ae?iaieoeoai, noeioethaaa niiaeeaaiiy, i?eaii/oaaa oaoiieiai/ii
aeinyaiaiiy e ?iaea NOA aieueo caeaaeieie aiae aia?aaoe/iiai
iiii?oo”,-oae eiiaiooaaa ?.?aeaai nain ?ioaiiy. Ca ioeiieaie
niaoeiaeinoia, oieueee a ?acoeueoaoi aiaeiiie eiio?ieth iaae oeiiaie
/enoee iiii?o iaooe o NOA a 1983 ?. nei?ioeany ia 54% ii?iaiyii c 1980
?.
4. Aioeiioeyoeieia iieioeea Oe?aiie o 1992-1996 ??.
Iaeaieueo inoioiei iaaaoeaiei yaeuai a aeiiiiioei Oe?aiie ia aoaii ii
?eieiaiai ?aoi?ioaaiiy aeyaeeany iioeyoeiy.
Ia?iiae 1992-1994 ??. oa?aeoa?aconoueny iaaecae/aeii aenieei ?iaiai
iioeyoeii, iaaaeueiei c?inoaiiyi oeii, iineaaeaiiyi eiio?ieth ca
oiiainiai-ainiiaea?nueeith aeiyeueiinoth iiaei?eninoa.
Ca aeaieie Naioiaiai aaieo, ?iaaiue iioeyoeii a Oe?aiii a ae?oaie
iieiaeii 1993 ?. aoa iaeaeuei o naioi. sseui a
1992 ?. ii ?iaaiue c?in o 21 ?ac, oi ca 1993 ?. – o 103 ?ace. I oi/a a
1994 ?. ?iaaiue iioeyoeii aeaui cieceany, iaeiae noaeiny oea ia a
?acoeueoaoi i?iaaaeaiiy eiiieaenieo ?aoi?i i yeinieo ciii o nenoaii
aea?aeaaieo oiiainia oa cai?iaaaeaeaiiy oeiiiaii eiaa?aeicaoeii, a /a?ac
aiaeno?i/aiiy athaeaeaoieo aeieao i iaaoaaea c?inoaiiy caai?aiaaiinoi
athaeaeaoo.
Aei /enea iioeyoeieieo oaeoi?ia, ui iaee iinoea i?ioyaii inoaiiio
?ieia, iaeaaeaoue:
a) iaaeaeniea iiaeiyooy oeii ia aia?aiiinii oa iniiaii aeaee ne?iaeie
e iaoa?iaeia;
a) caieueoaiiy iayaiii a?ioiaii iane ca ?aooiie aeiaeaoeiaii iiinii
a?ioae;
a) c?inoaiiy aacaioiaeiaiai iaiao ye ianeiaeie e?aaeeooaaiiy
iecueei?aioaaaeueieo oa caeoeiaeo iiaei?eninoa;
ae) iiiiiieueia oeiiiooai?aiiy a oiiaao iiiiiieicaoeii aieueoinoi
aeaeia i?iieneiaiai ae?iaieoeoaa, ui aaaea aei aeeeoaoiiai iiaeaeuaiiy
oeii ae?iaieeaie, ineieueee niiaeeaa/i iicaaaeaii aeai?o i aiaenooiie
no?eioth/ee eiio?ieue ca oeiiaie.
Nii/aoeo iaoie aeiiiiioei aoea aeanoeaa iioeyoeiy aeo?ao, ineieueee
aeia?aaeaeath/eie oaiiaie c?inoaee oeiie aia?aiiiniia e ia?aeiiii
ne?iaeie, e eiaeia ianooiia oaeey iiaeaeuaiiy oeii ii/eiaeany c iaeeaa
oa ne?iaeie. Ia?iiaee/ia aeia?aaeaeath/a iiaeaeuaiiy oeii ia aia?aiiinii
aoei iiioeuenii aeey caaaeueiiai c?inoaiiy oeii e iioeyoeii.
Iiaeaeuaiiy iiaei?eninoaaie oeii ia aeanio i?iaeoeoeith, c iaoith
iie?eooy c?inoath/eo aeo?ao, aeaei iiooiao aei iiaeaeueoiai ?icaeoeo
iioeyoeieieo i?ioeania. I?e oeueiio oeii iioeyoeii c?inoaiiy a?ioiaii
iane n ianeiaeeii iiaeaeuaiiy oeii. Iacaaaeath/e ia aeaaeaei c?inoath/o
a?ioiao aiinith, aeieeea ianoa/a iai?ioieo caniaia iiaei?eninoa aeey
?ic?aooieia c naiiie iinoa/aeueieeaie (e?eca iaieaoaaeia) i aeey aeaea/i
ca?ieaoe. A ?acoeueoaoi neeaeany oeiiaa iioeyoeieia nii?aeue: c?inoaiiy
oeii aaaea aei caieueoaiiy aeo?ao (i a oiio /enei-ca?ieaoe), yea aeiaaan
caieueoaiiy a?ioiaii iane, a inoaiin, a naith /a?ao, aaaea aei iiaiai
aeoea c?inoaiiy oeii. Oaeei /eiii iioeyoeiy a Oe?aiii yaeyn niaith
iinaeiaiiy iioeyoeii iiieoo oa iioeyoeii aeo?ao, ui cia/ii oneeaaeithn
caeieniaiiy aioeiioeyoeieiii iieioeee.
Aei eenoiiaaea 1995 ?ieo ?iaaiue oeii ii?iaiyii c a?oaeiai 1990 ?ieo
c?in a Oe?aiii o 37 oeny/ ?acia. Aiaeii/an c c?inoaiiyi oeii
aiaeaoaaeiny iaaeiiiy aaethoiiai(aeieea?iaiai) eo?no oe?aiinueeiai
ea?aiaaioey.
Aeeiaiiea iioeyoeii o 1993-1996 ??.
( eaa?oae aei eaa?oaeo, %)
90
60
30
0
2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11
1993 1994 1995 1996
Aeaii a?aoiea naiae/aoue i?i oa, ye iinyoeue o iinyoeue ?icaeaaany
iioeyoeieiee i?ioean, i, aiaeiiaiaeii, c?inoaee na?aaeii iioiai oa
?icae?iaii oeiie. Oea yaeua ia?aoai?eeiny ia iiaooiie eaoaeicaoi? niaaeo
ae?iaieoeoaa, caaaeueiiai c?inoaiiy ae?iaie/eo aeo?ao i niaiaa?oinoi
oiaa?iii i?iaeoeoeii, ui, a naith /a?ao, iiaeooiaooaaei ae?iaieeia aei
/a?aiaiai iiaeaeuaiiy oeii. Iioiai oeiie iniaeeai oaeaeei c?inoaee o
iaeeaiie i oiii/iie i?iieneiainoi, aeaeo?iaia?aaoeoei, /i?iie iaoaeo?aii
oa iaoeiiaoaeoaaiii, a c ?icae?iaieo oeei oa?aeoa?ecoaaeeny oeiie ia
i?iaeoeoe oa?/oaaiiy, yei i?ioyaii aaaaoueio aeanyoe?i/ aoee ooo/ii
caieaeaii e aeiooaaeeny c aea?aeathaeaeaoo. Acaaaei ?aiioa ?icae?iaii
oeiie a Oe?aiii iieiee ia c?inoaee oaeeie oaiiaie, i oea aeeeeeaei
ni?aaaeiie oie o iniiaiii iane ianaeaiiy.
Aeia?aaeaeath/a c?inoaiiy iioiaeo oeii ?oeion aaciina?aaeiuei
ae?iaie/o noa?o, aaeueioth/e aai iaaioue i?eieiyth/e iiaanoeoeieii
i?ioeane. Aiaeii/an, oi/a e iiaieueiioi, aea oaae aeineoue ao?oeeai
oaiie c?inoaiiy ?icae?iaieo oeii ?oeiothoue nioeiaeueio noa?o,
i?eaii/othoue aeiiiii/ii iioa?ane ethaeae aei aeoeaiii
iiaei?eniieoeueeii oa o?oaeiaii aeiyeueiinoi, oiaoi aeithoue o oiio ae
naiiio iaaaoeaiiio iai?yii.
Ana oea aeeeeeaei oaea yaeua, ye iaieaoini?iiiaeiinoue aieueoinoi
th?eaee/ieo oa oice/ieo inia, iacaaaeath/e ia aacia?a?aia iaea/oaaiiy
a?ioiaiai iaiao aeaaeaei aieueoith ianith iaia?iaeo a?ioae. Ca ioeiieith
NA??, ca 1992 ?. iaieaoaaei a Oe?aiii noaiiaeee 40% onueiai ii AAI.O
1993 ?. ianyae iaieaoaaeia i?iaeiaaeoaaee c?inoaoe, aeeeeeath/e ?icea
nei?i/aiiy i iaaioue i?eieiaiiy oiaa?iiai ae?iaieoeoaa ia aaaaoueio
iiaei?eninoaao.
A oeeo oiiaao iiiaoa?ia iieioeea IAO ia?aoai?eeany ia iiooaeiee
iioeyoeieiee oaeoi?. Aea?aeaaa ii/aea iaaaeii iie?eaaoe c?inoath/ee
a?ioiaee aeaoioeeo iaei?inoioei oeyoii-aiininth aiaeiiaiaeiii iane
a?ioae. Aiie aoee iai?aaeaii ia iie?eooy aioiaeiaiai iiieoo, athaeaeaoii
aeioaoeii, e?aaeeooaaiiy ae?iaieeia i niiaeeaa/ia (aeeth/ath/e i yaieo
aaie?ooia). Oieueee o ia?oiio eaa?oaei 1993 ?. aeey iiaeo?eiee AIE aoei
iaaeaii iaeaea 1 o?ei. e?a. iieueaiaeo e?aaeeoia e aiey 3 o?ei. e?a.
oiiainiaii aeiiiiiae. Aaee/aciii e?aaeeoiii aeiiiiiae iio?aaoaaee e iioi
aaeoci ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa-a aa?acii oiai ae ?ieo ii aoei iaaeaii
e?aaeeo o 606 ie?ae. e?a. aeey i?iaaaeaiiy caeieo acaniieo ai?aia.
Caaaeueia noia aiinii aioiaee ca ni/aiue-eaioaiue 1993 ?. aeinyaea 598,3
ie?ae. e?a., ui o 10 ?acia ia?aaeuoaaei aiinith ca oaeee aea ia?iiae
1992 ?. Ia i?ioyci 1993 ?ieo iiiaoa?ia iana caieueoeeany c 26 aei 47,2
o?eeiiia ea?aiaaioeia, oiaoi o 1,8 ?aca, iiae aiia noaiiaeea o
iiia?aaeiueiio ?ioei. A?ioiaa aiiniy, ye i oeiie oaeaeei aeeoea c-iiae
iaeaaeiiai aea?aeaaiiai eiio?ieth.
A?ioiai ciaee (eoiiii-ea?aiaaioei), aeiouaii a Oe?aiii ia ii/aoeo
1992 ?. caiinoue ?inienueeiai ?oaey ii/aee eaoano?ioi/ii
ciaoeiithaaoeny. Ao?oeeaa ciaoeiiaiiy a?ioae iiaei?aaei aeeiiaiiy ieie
aeanoeaeo ii ?eieiaeo ooieoeie, i ia?o ca ana-noeioethth/ii. C’iaeath/e
oiiaee iaa?iiaaeaeaiiy i niiaeeaaiiy, aiia?iioeyoeiy caaaeueioaaea
iiaei?eniieoeueeo i o?oaeiao aeoeaiinoue a e?aiii.
Ao?aoeaoe eiio?ieue ca aiininth a?ioae, ca ?ooii aeaeaoeia oa oeii,
a?ioiaiai iaiao i e?aaeeoieo ?ano?nia, oe?aiinueeee o?yae oiaei oae i ia
ciaeoia iaaeieieo ?aaoethth/eo iaoaieciia aeey aeoeaiiai aieeao ia
iioeyoeieii i?ioeane oa iiaaoaiiy io iaaaoeaiiai aieeao ia aeiiiii/ia i
nioeiaeueia noaiiaeua a e?aiii.
Oeiiiaa oa iioeyoeieia nii?aeue, yea noaea ?ice?o/oaaoeny c ii/aoeo
1993 ?., o ae?oaiio iia?i//i ciiao iioea aai?o. Aei eiioey 1993 ?., eiee
iioeyoeieia nii?aeue ?ice?ooeeany aei iaeaeuii oace, aaiee ciooaii aoee
aeiaeaoeiai aeionoeoe a iaia aaee/acio iano a?ioae. Oea aaoiiaoe/ii
aeeeeeaei /a?aiaee no?eaie oeii. Aeaaaeueaaoeiy ea?aiaaioey iaaoea
eaoano?ioi/iiai oa?aeoa?o. A eenoiiaaei o?yae aaeiiiino?aoeaii
cai?iaaaeea eiai oieniaaiee eo?n, ui iiaeoeueinioei aeoeaiinoue
oiiueiaiai aaethoiiai ?eieo.
Ioaea, o 1992-1994 ??. a Oe?aiii i?iaiaeeeany iiieeeiaa aeiiiii/ia
iieioeea, ui oaeoe/ii iaea ia aioeiioeyoeieiee, a i?iiioeyoeieiee aieea
ia aeiiiii/io nenoaio e?aiie.
I?e oeueiio o?yae canoiniaoaaa a iniiaiiio aeaa aioeiioeyoeieieo
caoiaee-iaiaaeaiiy oiiaeia niiaeeaaiiy iiaei?eninoa i ?aaoethaaiiy oeii.
Aaeiiiino?aoeaiee eiio?ieue oeii aoei aaaaeaii Oeacii i?aceaeaioa “I?i
caoiaee uiaei no?eioaaiiy oaiiia c?inoaiiy oeii”. Caiaeii c iei
iiaei?eninoaa anio oi?i aeaniinoi iiaee iiaeaeuoaaoe iioiai oeiie ia
i?iaeoeoeith oieueee o ?aci c?inoaiiy aeo?ao ia ae?iaieoeoai, yea ia
caeaaeeoue aiae ioiueii ainiiaea?nueeii aeiyeueiinoi. Oeei aea Oeacii
aaiaeeeiny iaiaaeaiiy ?icii?o iaaeaaaee aeey oi?aiaaeueieo i
iinoa/aeueieoeueei-caooiaeo iiaei?eninoa o ?icii?i ia aieueoa 55% aiae
oeiie ae?iaieea. Aea, ye naiae/aoue ianeiaeee, oei caoiaee ni?aoethaaee
iaaeinoaoiuei aoaeoeaii. Ianaiia?aae, oeiie oiaei aaea aeineoue iaaeieii
aeeoee c-iiae aea?aeaaiiai eiio?ieth, i ciiao iiaeii?yaeeoaaoe io
nenoaii aei?noeiai aea?aeaaiiai eiio?ieth aoei aeoaea aaaeei. Uiaei
iaiaaeaiiy oiiaeia niiaeeaaiiy, oi oea iaei a nain oiaei, eiee aoei a ui
iaiaaeoaaoe.
Na?aae iaeaieueo iaaaoeaieo ianeiaeeia oiai ia?iiaeo neiae
aiaeiioeoe:
-na?eicia ii?ooaiiy ae?iaie/ii oa oiiainiaii nenoai ooieoeiiioaaiiy
aeiiiiiee;
-iiaei?aaiiy noeeueiinoi aei caiuaaeaeaiiy i?aeoe/ii o anio
aeiiiii/ieo aaaioia;
-?oeioaaiiy ia oeie iniiai nenoaie caaania/aiiy aiaeoai?thth/eo
i?ioeania a aeiiiiioei;
-iaaeii?io aeeoa?aioeiaoeith ianaeaiiy, ie?aieo aaeocae e ?aaiiiia ca
?iaiai aeioiaeia.
Iiae aieeaii iioeyoeii ianyae iiiiiaeueieo a?ioiaeo aeioiaeia
ianaeaiiy c?inoaee, a eiai ?aaeueii aeioiaee, o ca’yceo c
aeia?aaeaeath/ei iiaeaeuaiiyi ?icae?iaieo oeii ia oiaa?e oa iineoae,
iaaiaee ciaiooaaeeny. Iaoiaee iiaeaenaoeii aeioiaeia ia caaania/oaaee
eiiiainaoeii ao?ao aiae aiia?iioeyoeii. Oieueee o 1993 ?. i?e c?inoaiii
oeii ia ?ie aieueo iiae o 100 ?acia ?aaeueia ca?ieaoa ciaioeeany ia 52%.
Aoaeo aiae cai?iaaaeaeaiiy o?yaeii iieuea ia iiiaeaoeoaaiiy aeioiaeia
a?iiaaeyi noiniaii iieicaaania/aieo, aaaaoiaeioieo, /i?iiaeeueoeia,
aaoa?aiia oa ii. oaae aoa iiiiiaeueiei, ineieueee naii iiiaeaoeiaoaaii
aeioiaee ianaeaiiy aoee iica?ii i ia anoeaaee ca c?inoaiiyi oeii.
Aeeeaia, ui iinoaea ia?aae oe?aiinueeei o?yaeii, iieyaaea a oiio,
yeei /eiii, nei?i/oth/e oaiie iioeyoeii, ia iineeeoe noaaiaoeii
ae?iaieoeoaa. Aea aiia ia aoea ae?ioaia iaeaaeiei /eiii. Aiaeiiaeoe
aeiiiiieo ca oiia iaaeii?ieo iiaeaoeia, yei i?eaii/othoue ae?iaieoeoai,
caoaeothoue aaco iiiaeaoeoaaiiy i i?eiooothoue ieaoieeia i?eoiaoaaoe
naii aeioiaee, iaiiaeeeai. Neiae aiaeiioeoe oi/a a oaeee oaeo: aei
aaaaeaiiy iiaeaoeo ia i?eaooie iiaei?eninoa c 1993 ?ieo, noyaaany
iiaeaoie ia aeioiae iiaei?eninoa. I?e oeueiio iiaei?eninoaa, ca
inioaaiiy niaoeiaeueiiai iiaeaoeo ia oiiae ca?ieaoe, aoee ciooaii
oaeoe/ii aeai/i niea/oaaoe eiai, ineieueee oiiae ca?ieaoe n neeaaeiaith
/anoeiith aeioiaeo.
Iieioeea iineeaiiy aea?aeaaiiai eiio?ieth e ?aaoethaaiiy (no?eioaaiiy
oeii, caaeuaiiee iaiiiiee eo?n, aeoaea aeniei iiaeaoee) i?ecaaea aei
oi?ioaaiiy iiooaeiiai oiiueiaiai naeoi?o aeiiiiiee a Oe?aiii. Ca
aiaenooiinoi aoaeoeaiiai eiio?ieth ca oi?ioaaiiyi aeioiaeia, aieueoinoue
coneeue aea?aeaae aoee neiioeaio?iaaii ia nei?i/oaaiiio aea?aeaaiiio
naeoi?i. A ?acoeueoaoi ia oiii ao?aoe aea?aeaaith cia/iii /anoeie
aeioiaeia, yei iiaeia aoei a io?eiaoe oeyoii i?iaaaeaiiy iiaeaoeiaii
?icoiiii iieioeee, iniiaiee oyaa? iaaeioiiainoaaiiy eyaea ia naeoi?,
yeee iiee-ui aoa iniiaith inioaaiiy naiii aea?aeaae.
*a?ac iaaeineiiaeinoue iaoii iiaeaoeiaii nenoaie niaae aaeiaiai
i?iaeoeoo a Oe?aiii e ca 1996 ?ie neeaa aiey 10%, a o aaeocyo
iaoeiiaoaeoaaiiy e eaaeii i?iieneiainoi aeinyaan 20%.
Ioaea, caaaeaiiy iiaeaeueoiai ?aoi?ioaaiiy aeiiiiiee, ui noiyoue
ia?aae Oe?aiiith, iiaeooue aooe ae?ioaii oieueee ca oiia ?aaeicaoeii
iineiaeiaiii iieioeee oiiainiaii noaaieicaoeii, oa aiaeiiaeaiiy
iaeiie/aiue ianaeaiiy. Aac oeueiai caaania/eoe noieea aeiiiii/ia
c?inoaiiy ia aaci aiae?iaeaeaiiy iiaanoeoeieiii aeoeaiinoi e iinooiiaee
iiaeeii aeeoonaiai ?iaiy n iaiiaeeeaei. No/aniee ia?iiae n
iaeaaaeeeaioith oacith ?aoi?i. Inoaiiii /anii o oeueiio iai?yii c?iaeaii
?yae e?ieia i iaeaaaeeeaioei c ieo n aaaaeaiiy o aa?anii oeueiai ?ieo
iaoeiiiaeueiii aaethoe-a?eaii. Oea aeaei ciiao a cia/iie ii?i
noaaieicoaaoe a?ioiaee iaia a e?aiii.
sse ii?a, ui ian caiiaiaoe iaiaoiiaeaiiio c?inoaiith ca?iaioiii ieaoe
ia iiaei?eninoaao, Eaaiiaoii Iiiino?ia o 1995 ?ioei aoei i?eeiyoi
iinoaiiao i?i ii?yaeie aecia/aiiy noi, ui aiinyoueny aei athaeaeaoo a
ca’yceo c ia?aaeuaiiyi oiiaeo niiaeeaaiiy. Oiaoi c?inoaiiy ca?ieaoe
iiaea aiaeaoaaoeny oieueee o iaaeao iiaeaena iiny/iii iioeyoeii. Oaeiae
ieaionoueny inoioii ciaioeoe ?icii? iiaeaoeia oa acaaaei neanoaaoe
aiae?aooaaiiy aei aeayeeo oeieueiaeo oiiaeia o neeaaei athaeaeaoo ia
1996 ?.
*an iieaaea, yei ianeiaeee aeey aeiiiiiee Oe?aiie i?eianooue iiai
aioeiioeyoeieii caoiaee.
Aeniiaee
Iioeyoeiy aeanoeaa aieueoinoi aeiiiii/ii ?icaeiooeo e?aii naioo i n
iniiaiith i?iaeaiith a oeo e?aiiao, ui ?icaeaathoueny.
*ei ae ia aoea ni?iaieiaaia iioeyoeiy, aiia ciaoeiithn aeioiaee
athaeaeaoo e noi?iaiaeaeonoueny eiai aeaoioeeoii.
E?ii athaeaeaoiiai aeaoioeeoo iioeyoeiy iaia’yceiai
noi?iaiaeaeonoueny ia?iaiiii?iei c?inoaiiyi oeii e, caiaene, ii?ooaiiyi
ainiiaea?/eo ca’yceia, aiieith oeii iiae ie?aieie aaeocyie aeiiiiiee e
oaeeueiiiaeiaiei iioe?aiiyi c?inoaiiy oeii ii ?aeiiao aea?aeaae e
aaeocyi.
O noaii iioeyoeieiii ianoaaieueiinoi i?inioaoeiy eeoa ia
?aaoethaaiiy c aieo niiaaiaeiioaiiy “iiieo-i?iiiceoeiy” iiaea i?ecaanoe
aei caoyaeieo e?ec c iiaieueiei ia?iiaeii noaaieicaoeii i icaei?iaeaiiy
aeiiiiiee. Iacaaaeath/e ia aeith ?eieiaeo caeiiia, aea?aeaaa ia
aiaeiiaeynoueny aiae aieeao ia oeiie, noooaai iineethth/e eiai a e?eciai
aeey iaoeiiiaeueiii aeiiiiiee ia?iiaee.
Aeoiae c e?eciaiai noaio aeey aeiiiiiee aoaeue-yeii e?aiie iinoeoue
aeaa iniiaieo aeaiaioe. Ii-ia?oa, i?eai?eaiiy iioeyoeii oa, ii-ae?oaa,
i?eieiaiiy iaaeiiiy ae?iaieoeoaa. Iaeiae eeth/iaei iiiaioii n naia
ae?ioaiiy ieoaiiy iioeyoeii, ineieueee oea-iaoeaaaeeeaioa oiiaa aeey
iiiiaeaiiy iiaanoeoeieiii aeoeaiinoi, ui, a naith /a?ao, ian caaania/eoe
aiae?iaeaeaiiy ae?iaieoeoaa.
Iiae iiiaeaoeoaaiiyi oa anoaiiaeaiiyi aea?aeaaiiai eiio?ieth ca
oeiiaie inion ooieoeiiiaeueiee acaniica’ycie i oeei ei?enoothoueny
o?yaee, eiee noaaeyoue niai ca iaoo i?eieieoe c?inoaiiy aioo?ioiio oeii
oa iinoaaeoe o iaaeaiaeia noaiiaeua oeo ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’neoia, yei
ieaiothoue iiaeiyoe oeiio ia i?iaeoeoeith. Aaeaea aea?aeaaiee eiio?ieue
iaae oeiiaie a?an iaaecae/aeii aaaeeeao ?ieue, iniaeeai a oiiaao e?eceno
aeiiiiiee i aeoiaeo c iueiai.
Iai?eeiioei neiae aeiaeaoe, ui iioeyoeiy-oea ia eeoa naiaeionoai
neaaeinoi aeiiiiiee, a e naiaeionoai neaaeinoi aea?aeaaiii aeaaee aai
neaaeinoi iieioe/iii ioae?inoi.
Nienie aeei?enoaiii eioa?aoo?e:
Iae?iaeiiiiiea: iiae?o/iee/ ca ?aae. Naa/aiea A.A., Ioooanae/ A.I. oa
ii., Eeia, 1995.
Ieicaiue A. Iae?iyeiiiie/aneay noaaeeecaoeey a Oe?aeia: eoiae e
i?iaeaiu ia?aiai aiaea. Aii?inu yeiiiieee, 1996, ?2, n.88-97.
Eeea?eiiia A. Oeiainiaay noaaeeecaoeey a ?anioaeeeao auaoaai NNN?.
Aii?inu yeiiiieee, 1996, ?2, n.88-97.
Ieicaiue A. Oe?aeia: ieou e ?aaeueiinoue iae?iyeiiiie/an-
eie noaaeeecaoeee. Aao ia?oia?, 1994, ?47, n.18.
*oaeeei A.Ae., Aeieo?eaaa A.A. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e
eiio?ieue oeai a eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao. Iineaa., “Oeiainu e
noaoenoeea”, 1991.
Aeaauaeia A.TH. Eioeyoeey a yeiiiieea: ie?iaie iiuo e iaoe i?iaeaiu.
Iineaa., “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey”, 1991.
Oeiionna A. Aei ieoaiiy aioeiioeyoeieiiai iiiaeaoeoaaiiy i
?aaoethaaiiy oeii a oiiaao ?eieiaeo aiaeiinei. Aeiiiiiea Oe?aiie, 1993,
?1, n.37-45.
Aiaeiy Ae., Aieeinueeee O. Ieoaiiy iae?iaeiiiii/iii noaaieicaoeii a
Oe?aiii. Aeiiiiiea Oe?aiie, 1996, ?2, n.4-13.
Naithaenii I., Ii?aeaaoc A. Iae?iaeiiiiiea. Eeia., “Iniiae”, 1995.
Aeieai Y. Iae?iyeiiiieea. Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, “Eeoa?a iethn”, 1994.
Iaeeiiaee ?.E., A?th E.N. Yeiiiieen: i?eioeeiu, i?iaeaiu, iieeoeea.
Iineaa, “?anioaeeea”, 1995.
Oeoa? N., Aei?iaoo ?., Oiaeaice ?. Yeiiiieea. Iineaa, “Aeaei”, 1993.
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