IEAI ?AAIOU
1. Aaaaeaiea. Iiiyoea Eioeyoeee
2. I?e/eiu Eioeyoeee
3. Aeaeu eioeyoeee
4. Yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua iineaaenoaey eioeyoeee.
5. E?eaay Oeeeeina.
6. Aioeeioeyoeeiiiay iieeoeea.
7. “Aioeeioeyoeey” ii-?inneenee.
8. Oeaio?aeueiue aaie.
9. Oa?aaoe?iaaiea.
10. I?aiaeieaiea e?ecena.
11. Iiaeaaaeaiea eoiaia.
Yienney – iieoi aeey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
I. A. Nieieueieeia
1. Iiiyoea eioeyoeee
Eae yeiiiie/aneia yaeaiea eioeyoeey nouanoaoao oaea aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy.
N/eoaaony, /oi aa iiyaeaiea naycaii /ooue ee ia n aicieeiiaaieai aeaiaa,
n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai eioi?uo iia ia?ac?uaii naycaia.
Oa?iei eioeyoeey (io eaoeineiai inflatio – acaeooea) aia?aua noae
oiio?aaeyoueny a Naaa?iie Aia?eea a ia?eiae a?aaeaeaineie aieiu
1861-1865 aa. e iaicia/ae i?ioeann ?acaooaiey aoiaaeii-aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey. A XIX aaea yoio oa?iei oiio?aaeyeny oaeaea a Aiaeee e ai
O?aioeee. Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a yeiiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iiiyoea
eioeyoeey iieo/eei a OO aaea n?aco iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu. A
niaaoneie yeiiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iiiyoea aicieeei eeoue a na?aaeeia
20o aiaeia.
Iaeaieaa eaeiie/iia ii?aaeaeaiea eioeyoeee – iiauoaiea iauaai o?iaiy
oeai, iaeaieaa iauaa – ia?aiieiaiea eaiaeia ia?auaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu
naa?o iio?aaiinoae oiaa?iiai?ioa, /oi aucuaaao iaanoeaiaiea aeaiaaeiie
aaeeieoeu e niioaaonoaaiii ?ino oiaa?iuo oeai.
Iaeiaei o?aeoiaeo eioeyoeee eae ia?aiieiaiea eaiaeia aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey iaanoeaieaathueieny aoiaaeiuie aeaiueaaie iaeuecy n/eoaoue
iieiie. Eioeyoeey, oioue iia i?iyaeyaony oieueei a ?inoa oiaa?iuo oeai
ia yaeyaony noaoai aeaiaaeiui oaiiiaiii. Eioeyoeey anoue oiieia
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia yaeaiea, ii?iaeaeaaiia aeeni?iii?oeeyie
aini?iecaiaenoaa a ?acee/iuo noa?ao ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa. Iaeiia?aiaiii,
eioeyoeey – iaeia ec iaeaieaa ino?uo i?iaeai nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey
yeiiiieee i?aeoe/anee ai anao no?aiao ie?a.
2. I?e/eiu eioeyoeee.
Nooue eioeyoeee caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iaoeeiiaeueiay aaethoa
iaanoeaieaaaony ii ioiioaieth e oiaa?ai, oneoaai e eiino?aiiui aaethoai,
nio?aiythuei noaaeeueiinoue naiae iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe. Iaeioi?ua
?inneeneea o/aiua aeiaaaeytho e yoiio ia?a/ith aua e cieioi, i?eaeaaay
aio ii-i?aaeiaio ?ieue anaiauaai yeaeaaeaioa, ia?yaeo n aeaiueaaie.
?ino oeai iiaeao auoue naycai n i?aauoaieai ni?ina iaae i?aaeeiaeaieai
oiaa?ia, iaeiaei oaeay aeeni?iii?oeey iaaeaeo ni?inii e i?aaeeiaeaieai
ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ia yaeyaony eioeyoeeae. I?eia? – yia?aaoe/aneee e?ecen
70o a NOA, eiaaea iaooaaeiauaathuea no?aiu iiaeiyee oeaiu ia iaooue a
aeanyoee ?ac, a ia ae?oaea oiaa?u e oneoae a oi a?aiy oeaiu aic?inee ia
7-9%.
Iacaaeneii io ninoiyiey aeaiaaeiie noa?u, oiaa?iua oeaiu iiaoo
eciaiyoueny aneaaenoaea ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, oeeeee/aneeo
e naciiiuo eieaaaiee, no?oeoo?iuo naeaeaia a nenoaia aini?iecaiaenoaa,
iiiiiieecaoeee ?uiea, ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee,
aaaaeaiey iiauo noaaie iaeiaia, aeaaaeueaaoeee e ?aaaeueaaoeee
aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu, eciaiaiey eiiuthieoo?u ?uiea, aicaeaenoaey
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae, noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee, e o.i. I/aaeaeii, /oi
ia anyeee ?ino oeai – eioeyoeey e iiyoiio iniaaiii aaaeii auaeaeeoue
aeaenoaeoaeueii eioeyoeeiiiua.
Oae, ?ino oeai, nayciue n oeeeee/aneeie eieaaaieyie eiiuthieoo?u,iaeuecy
n/eoaoue eioeyoeeiiiui. Ii ia?a iioiaeaeaiey oac oeeeea – iniaaiii i?e
eiiaaea eiathuae ianoi eo “ianoaiaea?oiie” ?anoyiooinoe caiaoii aoaeao
iaiyoueny e aeeiaieea oeai. Oeaiu aoaeoo iiauoaoueny a oacao aoia e
iaaeaoue a oacao e?ecena, a caoai niiaa aic?anoaoue a iineaaeothueo
oacao auoiaea ec e?ecena.
Iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea i?e i?i/eo ?aaiuo oneiaeyo
i?eaiaeeo e nieaeaieth oeai. Iaeiaei aiciiaeiu neo/ae, eiaaea iiauoaiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea i?eaiaeeo e iiauoaieth ca?aaioiie ieaou. A
yoii neo/aa – o.i. eioeyoeee ecaea?aeae iiauoaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou a
eaeie-oi io?anee aeaenoaeoaeueii nii?iaiaeaeaaony iiauoaieai iauaai
o?iaiy oeai.
Noeoeeiua aaaenoaey iaeuecy n/eoaoue i?e/eiie eioeyoeee. Iai?eia?, a
?acoeueoaoa noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey ia oa??eoi?ee eaeie-oi oa??eoi?ee
?ac?ooaiu aeiia. I/aaeaeii, /oi aic?anoaao ni?in ia no?ieiaoa?eaeu,
oneoae no?ieoaeae, o?ainii?o e o.ae. Aieueoie ni?in ia oneoae e
i?iiuoeaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth aoaeao noeioee?iaaoue i?iecaiaeeoaeae e
oaaee/aieth iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa e ii ia?a ianuuaiey ?uiea oeaiu aoaeoo
iioneaoueny.
Eoae, e aaaeiaeoei eioeyoeeiiiui i?e/eiai ?inoa oeai iiaeii ioianoe
neaaeothuea:
1. Aeeni?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoue – ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo
?anoiaeia e aeioiaeia – o.i. aeaoeoeeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa.
*anoi yoio aeaoeoeeo iie?uaaaony ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey “ia/aoiiai
noaiea” /oi i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth aeaiaaeiie iannu e eae neaaenoaea –
eioeyoeee.
2. Eioeyoeeiiii iianiua eiaanoeoeee – i?aeiouanoaaiii ieeeoa?ecaoeey
yeiiiieee. Aiaiiua anneaiiaaiey aaaeoo e nicaeaieth aeiiieieoaeueiiai
ieaoaaeaniiniaiiai ni?ina, a eae neaaenoaea – oaaee/aieth aeaiaaeiie
iannu. *?acia?iua aiaiiua anneaiiaaiey iau/ii yaeythony aeaaiie i?e/eiie
o?iie/aneiai aeaoeoeeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa a oaeaea oaaee/aiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa aeey iie?uoey eioi?iai auioneathony
aeiiieieoaeueiua aoiaaeiua aeaiueae.
3. Ionoonoaea /enoiai naiaiaeiiai ?uiea e niaa?oaiiie eiieo?aioeee eae
aai /anoe. Nia?aiaiiue ?uiie a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ieeaiiieenoe/ai.
Iineieueeo ieeaiiieeno caeioa?aniaai a nie?auaiee i?iecaiaenoaa e
i?aaeeiaeaiey oiaa?ia nicaeaaony aeaoeoeeo eniieuecoaiue ei aeey
iiaeaea?aeaiey eee iiaeiyoey oeaiu ia oiaa?.
4. Eiii?oe?oaiay eioeyoeey, ?ieue eioi?ie aic?anoaao n ?inoii ioe?uoinoe
yeiiiieee e aiaea/aiey aa a ie?ioicyenoaaiiua nayce oie eee eiie no?aiu.
Aiciiaeiinoe aeey ai?ueau o ainoaea?noaa aeiaieueii-oaee ia?aie/aiu.
Iaoiae ?aaaeueaaoeee nianoaaiiie aaethou, eiiaaea i?eiaiyaiue a oaeeo
neo/ayo, aeaeaao eiii?o aieaa auaiaeiui, iaeiia?aiaiii cao?oaeiyy
yenii?o.
5. Eioeyoeeiiiua iaeeaeaiey – aicieeiiaaiey o eioeyoeee
naiiiiaeaea?aeeaathuaainy oa?aeoa?a. Ianaeaiea e oicyenoaaiiua noauaeou
i?eaueatho e iinoiyiiiio iiauoaieth o?iaiy oeai. Ianaeaiea o?aaoao
iiauoaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou e caianaaony oiaa?aie ai?ie iaeeaeay eo
nei?ia iiaei?iaeaiea. I?iecaiaeeoaee aea iianathony iiauoaiey oeai ni
noi?iiu naieo iinoaaueeia, iaeiia?aiaiii caeeaaeuaay a oeaio naieo
oiaa?ia i?iaiice?oaiue eie ?ino oeai ia eiiieaeoothuea e ?anea/eaatho
oai naiui iaoiaee eioeyoeee. AEeaie i?eia? oaeeo eioeyoeeiiiuo
iaeeaeaiee iu iiaeai iaaethaeaoue a naiae iianaaeiaaiie aeecie.
A oai?eyo, ?ac?aaaouaaaiuo caiaaeiuie yeiiiienoaie, auaeaeythony a
ea/anoaa aeueoa?iaoeaiuo eiioeaioeee eioeyoeee ni?ina e eioeyoeee
ecaea?aeae. Yoe eiioeaioeee ?anniao?eaatho ?acee/iua i?e/eiu eioeyoeee.
Eioeyoeey ni?ina – ia?ooaiea ?aaiiaaney iaaeaeo ni?inii e i?aaeeiaeaieai
ni noi?iiu ni?ina. Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie caeanue iiaoo auoue oaaee/aiea
ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeacia (iai?eia?, aiaiiuo), oaaee/aiea ni?ina ia
n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa a oneiaeyo iieiie caiyoinoe e ii/oe iieiie
caa?ocee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae a oaeaea ?ino iieoiaoaeueiie
niiniaiinoe o?oaeyueony(?ino ca?aaioiie ieaou) a ?acoeueoaoa, iai?eia?,
niaeaniaaiiuo aeaenoaee i?ionithcia. Aneaaenoaea yoiai aicieeaao ecauoie
aeaiaa ii ioiioaieth e eiee/anoao oiaa?ia, iiauoathony oeaiu. Oaeei
ia?acii ecauoie ieaoaaeiuo n?aaenoa a ia?auaiee nicaeaao aeaoeoeeo
i?aaeeiaeaiey, eiaaea i?iecaiaeeoaee ia iiaoo ?aaae?iaaoue ia ?ino
ni?ina.
Eioeyoeey ecaea?aeae – ?ino oeai aneaaenoaea oaaee/aiey ecaea?aeae
i?iecaiaenoaa. I?e/eiaie oaaee/aiey ecaea?aeae iiaoo auoue
aaiiieenoe/aneay iieeoeea oeaiiia?aciaaiey, yeiiiie/aneay e oeiainiaay
iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa, ?ino oeai ia nu?uea, aeaenoaey i?ionithcia,
o?aaothueo iiauoaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou, e ae?.
Ia i?aeoeea iaeaaei ioee/eoue iaeei oei eioeyoeee io ae?oaiai, ana iie
oanii naycaiu e iinoiyiii acaeiiaeaenoaotho e ,iai?eia?, ?ino ca?ieaou
iiaeao auaeyaeaoue e eae eioeyoeey ni?ina e eae eioeyoeey ecaea?aeae.
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi ie a iaeiie yeiiiie/anee
?acaeoie no?aia ia iaaethaeaeinue ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OO aaea iieiay
caiyoinoue, naiaiaeiue ?uiie eee aea noaaeeueiinoue oeai. Oeaiu ii ?yaeo
i?e/ei a yoi a?aiy ?inee iinoiyiii e aeaaea a ia?eiaea canoiy
i?iecaiaenoaa. Oaeia yaeaiea iacuaaaony noaaoeyoeeae – eioeyoeeiiiui
?inoii oeai a oneiaeyo noaaiaoeee – canoiy i?iecaiaenoaa, yeiiiie/aneiai
e?ecena.
3. Aeaeu eioeyoeee.
?aiaa eioeyoeey aicieeaea, eae i?aaeei, a /?acau/aeiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao. Oae, ai a?aiy aiei ainoaea?noaa /anoi auioneaee
aieueoea eiee/anoaa iaiaania/aiiuo aoiaaeiuo aeaiaa aeey iie?uoey
aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia. A iineaaeiea aeaaaeoeaoue – o?eaeoeaoue eao eioeyoeey
noaea o?iie/aneei caaieaaaieai yeiiiiee iiiaeo no?ai ie?a.
Eioeyoeey iiaeao i?ioaeaoue oia?aiii – auoue iieco/ae, a oneiaeyo
eioi?ie oeaiu aic?anoatho ia aieaa /ai ia 10 % a aiae. Iiiaea
nia?aiaiiua yeiiiienou, a oii /enea nia?aiaiiua iineaaeiaaoaee
yeiiiie/aneiai o/aiey Eaeina n/eoatho oaeoth eioeyoeeth iaiaoiaeeiie
aeey yooaeoeaiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Oaeay eioeyoeey iicaieyao
yooaeoeaii ei??aeoe?iaaoue oeaiu i?eiaieoaeueii e eciaiythueiny oneiaeyi
i?iecaiaenoaa e ni?ina.
Aaeiie?othuay eioeyoeey, i?e eioi?ie oa?aeoa?ai ?ino oeai io 20% aei
200% a aiae yaeyaony oaea na?ueaciui iai?yaeaieai aeey yeiiiieee, oioy
?ino oeai aua ia neiaeii i?aaeneacaoue e aeeth/eoue a ia?aiao?u naeaeie
e eiio?aeoia.
Iaeaieaa aoaeoaeueia aeey yeiiiieee aeia?eioeyoeey, i?aaenoaaeythuay
niaie ano?iiiie/aneee ?ino eiee/anoaa aeaiaa a ia?auaiee e eae
neaaenoaea eaoano?ioe/aneee ?ino oiaa?iuo oeai. ?ieue naieo aeaiaa a
oaeeo neo/ayo neeueii oiaiueoaaony e ianaeaiea, aea e i?iiuoeaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey i?aeiouanoaaiii ia?aoiaeyo ia ae?oaea, ai?acaei iaiaa
yooaeoeaioth oi?iu ?an/aoa, iai?eia? – aa?oa?. A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo
iiyaeythony ia?aeeaeueiua aaethou, neeueii aic?anoaao ?ieue eiino?aiiuo
aaetho. Aeia?eioeyoeey iaiineo neeueiaeoee oaea? aeaaea ii iaeaieaa
ninoiyoaeueiui neiyi iauanoaa. Aieueoeinoai yeiiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?u
i?eaiaeeo a ea/anoaa i?eia?ia Ieea?aaoa ia?eiaea a?aaeaeaineie aieiu
(33000% – n?aaeiaaiaeiaie i?e?ino oeai) eee aea iineaaiaiioth Aaia?eth,
iaeiaei iiaaeoee i?eia? n Na?aeae iieacae, /oi yoi aua aeaeaei ia
i?aaeae. A ?acoeueoaoa yeiiiie/aneiai yiaa?ai ie?iaiai niiauanoaa i?ioea
yoie auaoae nithciie ?anioaeeee THaineaaee aiaeiaie ?ino oeai ninoaaeyao
3,000,000,000%, a, e i?eia?o, n?aaeiyy ca?aaioiay ieaoa ninoaaeyao noiio
?aaioth 1 DM i?e oii, /oi oeaiu au?inee aua cia/eoaeueiaa, a iiiaea
i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u i?inoi en/acee ec i?aaeeiaeaiey. Aieaa auno?ia
aic?anoaiea oeai ii ioiioaieth e o?iaith eioeyoeee iiaeii eaaei
iauynieoue i?e iiiiue oi?ioeu MV=PQ. Ianiio?y ia ?aaainoai M e V
iaeuecy caauaaoue i?i iieacaoaeue nei?inoe iai?ioa aeaiaa V. Aneaaenoaea
oo?aou o oicyenoaaiiuo noauaeoia aeiaa?ey e iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethoa
iai?io aeaiaa /?acau/aeii oaaee/eaaaony, /oi a aeaiiii neo/aa
?aaiineeueii oaaee/aieth eo eiee/anoaa. Niioaaonoaaiii oeaia
oaaee/eaaaony ai?acaei aieueoa, /ai eiee/anoai iaee/iuo aeaiaa a
iai?ioa. A ?ane?o/eaaiee nie?aee aeia?eioeyoeee /?acau/aeioth ?ieue
oaeaea ea?atho eioeyoeeiiiua iaeeaeaiey.
Ana yoe aeaeu eioeyoeee nouanoaotho oieueei i?e ioe?uoii aa ninoiyiee –
o.a. i?e ioiineoaeueii naiaiaeiii ?uiea. I?e iiaeaaeaiiie aea eioeyoeee
?ino oeai ia oiaa?u e oneoae iiaeao e ia iaaethaeaaony, a iaanoeaiaiea
aeaiaa iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a aeaoeoeeoa i?aaeeiaeaiey.
A 50-60 aiaeu eioeyoeey i?ioaeaea a aieueoeinoaa no?ai oia?aiiuie
oaiiaie. A nayce n iaooyiui e?ecenii ia/aea 70o aiaeia eioeyoeey noaea
auoiaeeoue ec-iiae eiio?iey ainoaea?noaa, aeaci?aaiecoy ii?iaeueiue
yeiiiie/aneee i?ioeann. N?aaeiaaiaeiaie o?iaaiue i?e?inoa ?icie/iuo oeai
ca a?aiy n 73 ii 80 aa. iiaenei/ee a n?aaeiai ia 9%.
Oaaeeoea 1.
N?aaeiaaiaeiaua iieacaoaee oaiia ?inoa ?icie/iuo oeai a
iaeioi?uo no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.
1966-1974 1975-1980 1980-1987
NOA 1.7% 5.1% 9.3%
Aiaeey 3.1% 7.1% 15.8%
Eoaeey 3.4% 6.0% 17.9%
O?aioeey 5.0% 5.9% 10.9%
A eiioea 80o aiaeia oaiiu ?inoa oeai iiieceeenue aei (a n?aaeiai) 4% a
aiae, /oi niioaaonoaoao iiaeaee oia?aiiie eioeyoeee. Yoiio iiaeii
i?eaanoe ianeieueei i?e/ei. A eo /enea – iaaeaiea ie?iauo oeai ia
iaooue, oneeaiea eiieo?aioeee, i?aaeaea anaai a ie?iaii ianooaaa,
iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea aianoa n niaeaniaaiiuie
aeaenoaeyie i?aaeoaeuenoa e i?ionithcia ii oaea?aeaieth o?iaiae
ca?aaioiie ieaou ia i?aaeiai o?iaia.
Oaeaea ?acaeaeytho aeaa oeia eioeyoeee – naaeaine?iaaiioth e
ianaaeaine?iaaiioth. I?e naaeaine?iaaiiie eioeyoeee oeaiu iiaeieiathony
ioiineoaeueii oia?aiii e iaeiia?aiaiii ia aieueoeinoai oiaa?ia e oneoa.
A yoii neo/aa ii ?acoeueoaoai n?aaeiaaiaeiaiai ?inoa oeai iiaeieiaaony
i?ioeaioiay noaaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea e oaeei ia?acii neooaoeey
noaiiaeony ?aaiineeueiie neooaoeee ni noaaeeueiuie oeaiaie.
A neo/aa aea ianaaeaine?iaaiiie eioeyoeee oeaiu ia ?acee/iua oiaa?u e
oneoae iiauoathony ?aciia?aiaiii e ia ii-?aciiio i eaaeaeue oei oiaa?a.
Nouanoaotho e ae?oaea aeaeu eeanneoeeaoeee eioeyoeee, iai?eia?, ia
iaeeaeaaioth e iaiaeeaeaaioth.
Iaeeaeaaioth eioeyoeeth iiaeii ni?iaiice?iaaoue ia eaeie-eeai ia?eiae
a?aiaie e iia ca/anooth yaeyaony i?yiui ?acoeueoaoii aeaenoaee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe eeaa?aeecaoeeth oeai
a ?innee 92ai aiaea e niioaaonoaothuee i?iaiic ?inoa oeai,
iiaeaioiaeaiiue i?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O iaeaioia – a aeaeaa?a 91ai aiaea.
Iaiaeeaeaaiay eioeyoeey oa?aeoa?ecoaony aiacaiiui nea/eii oeai, /oi
iaaaoeaii neacuaaaony ia nenoaia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey. A neo/aa iaee/ey o ianaeaiey eioeyoeeiiiuo iaeeaeaiee oaeay
neooaoeey auciaao ?aceia oaaee/aiea ni?ina, /oi naii ii naaa nicaeaao
o?oaeiinoe a yeiiiieea e eneaaeaao ?aaeueioth ea?oeio iauanoaaiiiai
ni?ina, /oi aaaeao e naith a i?iaiice?iaaieth oaiaeaioeee a yeiiiieea e
i?e iaeioi?ie ia?aoeoaeueiinoe i?aaeoaeuenoaa aua neeueiaa oaaee/eaaao
eioeyoeeiiiua iaeeaeaiey, eioi?ua aoaeoo iiaenoaaeaaoue ?ino oeai.
Iaeiaei a neo/aa, eiaaea aiacaiiue nea/ie oeai i?ienoiaeeo a yeiiiieea
ia ca?aaeaiiie eioeyoeeiiiuie iaeeaeaieyie, oi aicieeaao oae iacuaaaiue
“yooaeo Ieao” – ?aceia iaaeaiea ni?ina o ianaeaiey a iaaeaaeaea ia
nei?ia nieaeaiea oeai. Aneaaenoaea nieaeaiey ni?ina i?iecaiaeeoaeue
noaiiaeony auioaeaeai nieaeaoue oeaio e ana aica?auaaony a ninoiyiea
?aaiiaaney.
4. Yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua iineaaenoaey eioeyoeee.
Yoe iineaaenoaey neiaeiu e ?aciiia?aciu. Iaaieueoea oaiiu eioeyoeee
niaeaenoaotho a?aiaiiiio iaeeaeaieth eiiuthieoo?u iin?aaenoaii ?inoo
oeai e ii?iu i?eauee. Ii ia?a oaaee/aiey oaiiia eioeyoeee iia
i?aa?auaaony a ?aaeueiia i?aiyonoaea aeey i?iecaiaenoaa e iaino?yao
yeiiiie/aneoth e nioeeaeueioth iai?yaeaiiinoue a iauanoaa. Aaeiie?othuay
eioeyoeey aeaci?aaiecoao i?iecaiaenoai, iaiineo na?ueaciue yeiiiie/aneee
oua?a, cao?oaeiyao i?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee. Oaeaea
ia?aaiiia?iue ?ino oeai oneeeaaao aeeni?iii?oeee iaaeaeo io?aneyie
yeiiiieee, eneaaeaao nenoaio iio?aaeoaeueneiai ni?ina e iaino?yao
i?iaeaio ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia ia aioo?aiiai ?uiea. Aaeiie?othuay
eioeyoeey aeoeaece?oao ni?in aei o?iaiy, ia eioi?ii ii ia iiaeao auoue
ianuuai i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, a oiaa?iue aeaoeoeeo, a naith i/a?aaeue,
iiae?uaaao noeioeu e aeaiaaeiiio iaeiieaieth. Naa?aaeaiey ianaeaiey
iaanoeaieaathony, iioa?e ianoo aaiee e ae?oaea e?aaeeoothuea
o/?aaeaeaiey. Eioeyoeey yaeyaony eae au naa?oiaeiaii ia ianaeaiea, a eae
neaaenoaea – ionoaaaiea aeioiaeia ianaeaiey io aani?a?uaii ?anooueo
oeai.
5. E?eaay Oeeeeina.
Eioeyoeey ieacuaaao neeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia caiyoinoue. A 1958 aiaeo
aiaeeeneee yeiiiieno A. Oeeeein i?aaeeiaeee a?aoe/aneoth iiaeaeue
eioeyoeee ni?ina, au?aaeathuoth oaeia aicaeaenoaea. Eniieuecoy a naiae
?aaioa aeaiiua aiaeeeneie noaoenoeee ca 1861-aa. ii iino?iee e?eaoth,
iaaeyaeii iieacuaathuoth ia?aoioth caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo eciaiaieai
noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou e o?iaiai aac?aaioeoeu. Ii e?eaie A. Oeeeein
onoaiiaee, /oi oaaee/aiea aac?aaioeoeu a Aiaeee naa?o 2.5-3% i?eaiaeeei
e ?aceiio caiaaeeaieth ?inoa oeai e ca?aaioiie ieaou. Oeeeein naeaeae
auaiae, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoai iiaeao eniieueciaaoue oaaee/aiea eioeyoeee
aeey ai?ueau n aac?aaioeoeae. Iicaeiaa yoio auaiae oai?aoe/anee
a?aoiaioe?iaae yeiiiieno ?. Eeine.
E?eaay Oeeeeina iieacuaaao ia?aoioth acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo oaiiaie
eioeyoeee e ii?iie aac?aaioeoeu. *ai auoa oaii eioeyoeee, oai ieaea
o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu.
Oaeaea auea nicaeaia iiaeeoeeaoeey e?eaie Oeeeeina aeey ?ac?aaioie
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee. Yoo ?aaioo i?iaeaeaee aia?eeaineea yeiiiienou ?.
Nieio e ecaanoiue aieueoeinoao nooaeaioia ii iaeiiio ec o/aaieeia I.
Naioyeuenii. Iie caiaieee a yoie e?eaie noaaee ca?aaioiie ieaou ia oaii
?inoa oiaa?iuo oeai, eee eioeyoeeth. I?e iiiiue yoie e?eaie noaei
aiciiaeiui ?ann/eouaaoue ?aaiiaanea iaaeaeo aeinoaoi/ii aunieeie
o?iaiyie caiyoinoe e i?iecaiaenoaa e ii?aaeaeaiiie noaaeeueiinoueth
oeai.
Anee i?aaeoaeuenoai ?anniao?eaaao o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu u1 (aio
niioaaonoaoao oaii ?inoa oeai P1) a no?aia eae /?acau/aeii aunieee, oi
aeey aai iiieaeaiey i?iaiaeyony athaeaeaoiua e aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiua
ia?ii?eyoey noeioee?othuea ni?in. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e ?anoe?aieth
i?iecaiaenoaa e nicaeaieth iiauo ?aai/eo iano. Ii?ia aac?aaioeoeu
nieaeaaony aei o?iaiy u2, ii iaeiia?aiaiii oaiiu eioeyoeee aic?anoatho
aei P2. Oaeea iaieioeyoeee iiaoo aucaaoue “ia?aa?aa” yeiiiieee e eae
neaaenoaea e?eceniua yaeaiey. Oaeay neooaoeey auioaeaeaao i?aaeoaeuenoai
aaanoe e?aaeeoiua ia?aie/aiey, nie?aoeoue ?anoiaeu ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa e o.ae. A ?acoeueoaoa yoeo aica?aoiuo aeaenoaee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa o?iaaiue oeai nieceony aei o?iaiy P3 a aac?aaioeoea
aic?anoao e aa ii?ia ninoaaeo u3.
Iaiaeiie?aoiay i?aeoeea yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iieacaea, /oi yoio
iaoiae iiaeao auoue i?eiaiai oieueei ia ei?ioeea ia?eiaeu , iineieueeo a
aeieain?i/iii ieaia (5-eao) ianiio?y ia aunieee o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu
eioeyoeey i?iaeieaeaao ia?anoaoue, /oi iauyniyaony oeaeui ?yaeii
ianoiyoaeuenoa. N?aaee yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoa iaiaoiaeeii auaeaeeoue
iieeoeeo niaieoiiiai ni?ina. No?aieaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa oeaiie eioeyoeee
“eoieoue” aieaa ieceee o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu oniaoiu oieueei oiaaea,
eiaaea o oicyenoaothueo aaaioia oaeaaony nicaeaoue oae iacuaaaiua
“eiaeiua iaeeaeaiey”: a iii?inoo – iaiaiooue. Oae, ?aaioathuea ii iaeio,
iaaethaeay ?ino noaaie iiieiaeueiie ca?aaioiie ieaou oaaee/eaatho
i?aaeeiaeaiea o?oaea. E oiaaea noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou ii eiioeaioeee
Oeeeeina oaaee/eaatho i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea. Iaeiaei ni a?aiaiai
?aaioieee ?aniiciatho, /oi ia ana aic?anoathuoth ca?aaioioth ieaoo
iiaeii i?eia?anoe ana iaiueoa oiaa?ia e oneoa. Eeethceyi i?eoiaeeo
eiiaoe – ?aaioathuea ii iaeio ia iaia?aaathony aieaa oaaee/eaaoue
i?aaeeiaeaiea aneaae ca oaaee/aieai ca?aaioiie ieaou. Iniaia aieiaiea ia
yoe acaeiinayce ia?aoee aua a 60a aa. aia?eeaineee yeiiiieno I.
O?eaeiai, eioi?ue iiae/a?eeaae iayooaeoeaiinoue ai?ueau n aac?aaioeoeae
iooai “iaea/eaaiey” niaieoiiiai ni?ina eioeyoeeiiiuie ia?ii?eyoeyie.
Aaaeue a iiiaio, eiaaea ianaeaiea i?aiaeieaaaao naie eiaeiua iaeeaeaiey,
o?acai ioeaieaaao, /oi iiauoaiea iiieiaeueiuo noaaie ia aaeaeaaoii
iiauoaieth iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe eo ca?aaioiie ieaou, oiaaea
eioeyoeey aoaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny ia ?inoii i?aaeeiaeaiey o?oaea, a
iaiai?io – aai nie?auaieai – o.a. ?anoouae aac?aaioeoeae.
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi e?eaay Oeeeeina iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia aeey ai?ueau
n aac?aaioeoeae eeoue a oneiaeyo oia?aiiie eioeyoeee n iinoiyiiui
oaiiii. E?eaay ia ?aaioaao i?e iaiaeeaeaiiuo iio?ynaieyo – oaii
eioeyoeee aic?anoaao oaeaea iaiaeeaeaiii e iiaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny
?inoii aac?aaioeoeu. Eiuie neiaaie, niioiioaiea, onoaiiaeaiiia e?eaie
Oeeeeina ia aeaenoaeoaeueii aeey aeeeoaeueiuo ia?eiaeia a?aiaie.
Ia?aeeaaiea aac?aaioeoeu a eioeyoeeth ii yoiio iaoiaeo iianii aeey
yeiiiieee c-ca iai?aaeneacoaiuo iineaaenoaee. aneaaenoaea yoie
iaaaoeaiie /a?ou ‘eiii?iiena iaaeaeo eioeyoeeae e aac?aaioeoeae’
i?aaeoaeuenoaa aieueoeinoaa caiaaeiuo no?ai, a oii /enea NOA e Aiaeee
ia?aoee e oai?ee anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy aac?aaioeoeu, eioi?ay
eniieuecoaony ii nae aeaiue.
Nooue oai?ee ninoieo a oii, /oi a aeieain?i/iii ieaia i?eaieaiue
o?iaaiue eioeyoeee aiciiaeai oieueei i?e anoanoaaiiii o?iaia
aac?aaioeoeu. Anoanoaaiiue o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu aeieaeai ii?aaeaeyoueny
no?oeoo?ie ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu n o/aoii eioi?iaoeee i iio?aaiinoyo a
?acee/iuo io?aneyo. Iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi e yoa iieeoeea, o.a.
iaania/aiea anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy aac?aaioeoeu e nieaeaiea o?iaiy
eioeyoeee aei oia?aiiuo e noaaeeueiuo ia anaaaea aeinoeaaao naieo
oeaeae. I?e anao iieiaeeoaeueiuo oaeoi?ao yoiai iaoiaea o iaai
nouanoaoao aeiaieueii-oaee aaaeiue iaaeinoaoie : i?e aeinoeaeaiee
anoanoaaiiiai o?iaiy aac?aaioeoeu eioeyoeey i?iaeieaeaao iaeioi?ia a?aiy
eae-au ii eia?oeee oneeeaaoueny – aa oaiiu ia iiaoo auno?i nie?aoeoueny.
Oaeaea iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi anoanoaaiiue o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu ia
anaaaea yaeyaony nioeeaeueii i?eaieaiui.
6. Aioeeioeyoeeiiiay iieeoeea.
Iiuo ai?ueau n eioeyoeeae a ?innee iieacuaaao, /oi aieueoay /anoue
ia?ii?eyoee iniiauaaaony a iniiaiii ia “eieaeiuo” i?eia?ao, oiaaea eae
oniao a ai?ueaa n yoei ceii aiciiaeai oieueei eeoue i?e o/aoa oiieeo
iniaaiiinoae neooaoeee. Oae, e i?eia?o, naeaoea aeaiaaeiie iannu – oio
naiue i?aneiaooue iiiaoa?eci a ?aciuo no?aiao i?eaiaeeo e aeeaiao?aeueii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiui ?acoeueoaoai. A iaeieo no?aiao oiaiueoaiea iaee/iuo
aeaiaa a iai?ioa nieaeaao eioeyoeeth, a ae?oaeo – iiauoaao. Oiieinoue
ai?ueau n eioeyoeee caeeth/aaony eiaiii a oii, /oiau i?aaeeueii oeiaeoue
e eniieueciaaoue eiaiii oa, iaoneiaeaiiua ianoii e a?aiaiai yaeaiey.
Ianiio?y ia “oaao”, onoaiiaeaiiia ?inneeneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii ia
i?eciaiea oaeoa aeia?eioeyoeee iia ?aaeueii nouanoaoao. ?inney, ianiio?y
ia anth aa iai?aeeia?iinoue e oieeaeueiinoue nouanoaoao ai aiieia
eiie?aoiii ie?a, yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu eioi?iai iienaiu nioie e ouny/e
?ac. O/aaieee ii economics iacuaatho oeeo?o aeia?eioeyoeee ia o?iaia
50-200% a aiae. A ?innee oaiiu eioeyoeee a ia?aii iieoaiaeee ninoaaeee
17-20% a ianyoe eee ieiei 800% a aiae. Yoi-aeia?eioeyoeey, ana i?eciaee
niaiaaeatho. Iiiuoee i?aaeoaeuenoaa aiiaee?iaaoue e “noaaeeueiiio” eo?no
aeieea?a iiaoo iaiaiooue eeoue iauaaoaey.
Eae ecaanoii, /aoei auaeaeeoue eaeie ec aeaeia eioeyoeee eiaao ianoi
iaaiciiaeii oae eae iie neeueii ia?aieaoaiu iaaeaeo niaith. A neo/aa
eioeyoeee ecaea?aeae oeaiu ?anooo ii i?e/eia aeaeaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeae
i?iaeaoue naith i?iaeoeoeeth ii aieaa aunieei oeaiai, a i?e eioeyoeee
ni?ina iieoiaoaeue i?iaeoeoeee no?aieony iio?aoeoue aeaiueae eae iiaeii
nei?aa. I/aaeaeii, /oi iaa yoe neo/ay eiatho ianoi a iaoae
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Aieueoeinoai yeiiiienoia n/eoatho, /oi eniieuecoy
eeoue iaeei ?u/aa – ?aaoeyoi? aeaiaaeiie iannu io eioeyoeee ecaaaeoueny
iaaiciiaeii.
Iaoiaeu ai?ueau n eioeyoeeae iiaoo auoue i?yiua e einaaiiua. *aua anaai
i?iyaeyaony neaaeothuay caeiiiia?iinoue – /ai e?eceniaa neooaoeey, oai
ianouiaa i?yiua iaoiaeu aicaeaenoaey i?aaeoaeuenoaa e oeaio?aeueiiai
aaiea ia yeiiiieeo e aeaiaaeioth ianno, eae aa ninoaaeythuoth.
Einaaiiua iaoiaeu aeeth/atho:
u ?aaoee?iaaiea iauae iannu aeaiaa /a?ac oi?aaeaiea “ia/aoiui noaieii”.
u ?aaoee?iaaiea i?ioeaioiuo noaaie eiiia?/aneeo aaieia /a?ac
oi?aaeaiea eie oeaio?iaaieii.
u iaycaoaeueiua aeaiaaeiua ?aca?au eiiia?/aneeo aaieia.
u iia?aoeee oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea ia ioe?uoii ?uiea oeaiiuo aoiaa.
Einaaiiua iaoiaeu ia iiaoo ?aaioaoue a iaoae yeiiiieea ia iieioth
iiuiinoue ii i?e/eia aa iaaeinoaoi/iie “?uii/iinoe”. Iieiioeaiiue ?uiie
oeaiiuo aoiaa, a oii /enea ?uiie ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa o ian
ionoonoaoao, a niioaaonoaaiii oeaio?aeueiue aaie ia iiaeao
aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia aeaiaaeioth ianno /a?ac eoieth-i?iaeaaeo oeaiiuo
aoiaa.
I?yiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu
aeeth/aao a naay oaeea iaoiaeu, eae:
u i?yiia e iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e?aaeeoia e eo ?ani?aaeaeaiey
ainoaea?noaii.
u ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oeai.
u ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaeaeia ca?aaioiie ieaou.
u ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiae oi?aiaee e iia?aoeee n
eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii.
u ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aaethoiiai eo?na.
I?aeoeea i?yiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaia
ia caiaaea. NOA iaiaeiie?aoii a 60o – 70o aiaeao iaiaeiie?aoii
caii?aaeeaaee oeaiu ia iiiaea oiaa?u. Iieoi?a aeanyoeeaoey iinea aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu iiiaaeiaeeinue no?aiai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu aeey ia/aea
eeaa?aeecaoeee oeai, aea e oi iaiieiie. O?aioeey iieiinoueth
eeaa?aeeciaaea oeaiu ia aioo?aiiai ?uiea eeoue a 1986 aiaeo. O.
?ocaaeueo auaiaeee NOA ec aeoai/aeoaai e?ecena 30o iooai aeanoi/aeoaai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee. A aieueoeinoaa no?ai
nouanoaiaaee niaoeeaeueiua caeiiu, ia?aie/eaathuea aeioiaeu io oi?aiaiai
iin?aaeie/anoaa.
Ii?iaeecaoeey aaethoiiai eo?na yaeyaony aaniethoii iaiaoiaeeiui aeey
i?ae?auaiey anaaiciiaeiuo iayeaeaaeaioiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aiauo
iia?aoeee.?aaeueii ioeaieaay aiciiaeiinoe ?aaoee?iaaiey aaethoiiai eo?na
ca n/ao eioa?aaioeee oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi
iaaeaaeae ia oniao oaeie iieeoeee i?aeoe/anee ia nouanoaoao. I/aaeaeii,
/oi eo?n aeieea?a ?anoao nea/eiia?acii – a iaeioi?ue iiiaio oeaio?iaaie
ia eiaao aiciiaeiinoae naea?aeeaaoue eo?n e aai eae au “i?i?uaaao”.
Iineaaeiaa a?aiy Oeaio?iaaie iao/eeny eniieueciaaoue e?eceniua
iieeoe/aneea iiiaiou aeey oaeeo nea/eia. Aei oao ii?, iiea eiino?aiiay
aaethoa ia aoaeao eniieueciaaoueny eeoue aeey oaeiaieaoai?aiey eiii?oa e
ae?oaeo oaeoueo ieaoaaeae iieeoeea “ea?u ia iiieaeaiea” ia?a/aia ia
ii?aaeaiea.
A oeaeii, iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi ?aaeueii a iaoai naaiaeiyoiai
iieiaeaiee ii ianoiyuaio yooaeoeaiu oieueei i?yiua iaoiaeu ai?ueau n
eioeyoeeae – ?aaoee?iaaiea e?aaeeoia, oeai e ca?aaioiie ieaou,
?aaoee?iaaiea aaethoiiai eo?na e aiaoiae oi?aiaee. Iaeiaei iiaeiaiua
aeaenoaey yoiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia i?aaenoaaeythony aiciiaeiuie, iie aua
aieaa iioaoioee au iieiaeaiea e oae iioa?iaaooth ii?aaeaiea ia auai?ao
“i?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth” ia?oeth. Aeaenoaey i?aaeoaeuenoaa ca iineaaeiea
iieoi?a aiaea canoaaeytho aai oaia?ue iaoaoueny iaaeaeo naea?aeeaaieai
aeaiaaeiie yiennee e ?acaea/ae e?aaeeoia iinea i/a?aaeiiai aunooieaiey
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
7. “Aioeeioeyoeey” ii-?inneenee.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi eiiaeiaoeey ?acee/iuo niiniaia iiaeaaeaiey
eioeyoeee caaeneo io eiie?aoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee oie eee eiie
no?aiu. Noaiiaeaiea ?uiea a iaoae no?aia, a /anoiinoe, a cia/eoaeueiie
ia?a caaeneo io eioaineaiinoe eioeyoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia. Ai?ueaa aea n
yoei yaeaieai iaoiaeaie oioaeueiiai eee cia/eoaeueiiai
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai eiio?iey iaae oeaiaie e aeioiaeaie, eae yoi
i?aeoeeiaaeinue ?aiueoa, aac ono?aiaiey eo i?e/ei, iaaaoeaii neacuaaaony
ia ?acaeoee ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee e noaaeeueiinoe yeiiiieee. I?aaeeiaeaiey
ii aaaaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeaca, iaeeueiiio eiaanoe?iaaieth
i?iiuoeaiiinoe (ca n/ao athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa), onoaiiaeaieth
aeanoeiai eo?na aaethou e aiiaua oaa?aeuo oeai ia ana oiaa?u – aucuaatho
niiiaiey a ii?iaeueiinoe eo aaoi?ia. No?aiii, ii/aio iiaeiaiua
ia?ii?eyoey i?aeoeeothony nae/an ia Oe?aeia. A ethaii neo/aa, yoi
iaaeyaeiue i?eia? anai no?aiai NIA.
Iaiaoiaeeiu na?ueaciua e eiiieaeniua aioeeioeyoeeiiiua ia?ii?eyoey.
Neiaeiinoue neooaoeee ninoieo a oii, /oi aioeeioeyoeeiiioth iieeoeeo a
?innee nae/an iaeuecy ana-oaee naanoe e oieueei einaaiiui yeiiiie/aneei
?u/aaai. Aeaei a oii, /oi a ?innee, ia?yaeo n iaueie caeiiiia?iinoyie,
aaaeiaeoae i?e/eiie eioeyoeee iiaeii n/eoaoue oieeaeueioth
aeeni?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoue a yeiiiieea, aicieeooth eae neaaenoaea
eiiaiaeii-
aaeieieno?aoeaiie nenoaiu. Niaaoneie yeiiiieea auee i?enoue aeeeoaeueiia
?acaeoea a ?aaeeia aiaiiiai a?aiaie, e, eae neaaenoaea, /?acia?iay aeiey
aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia a AII, auni/aeoay noaiaiue iiiiiieecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu e ae?oaea
iniaaiiinoe.
I/aaeaeii, /oi ia?ooaiea ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo i?iii?oeee
iaaiciiaeii ono?aieoue aac ii?aaeaeaiiie no?oeoo?iie iieeoeee
ainoaea?noaa, inouanoaeyaiie aeaaea i?yiuie aaeieieno?aoeaiuie ia?aie, a
/anoiinoe, nie?auaieai aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e ?anoiaeia, a oaeaea
?aoeeiiaeecaoeeae i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, iaeeueiui
oeiaine?iaaieai ca n/ao aeoeeiia?iuo e /anoiuo eaieoaeia, oe?ieei
i?eaea/aieai eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee e nie?auaieai athaeaeaoiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii neiiaoue iiiiiieenoe/aneoth no?oeoo?o
niaaoneie yeiiiieee.
Ana yoi aaaeii aeiiieiyoue ia?aie, eioi?ua ia?aie/ao aeaiaaeioth
ianno, ono?aiyo aeaoeoeeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa, noaaeeece?otho
niioiioaiea
aaetho, a oaeaea nicaeaieai oneiaee aeey caei?iaie eiieo?aioeee. A oaeii
neo/aa oniao aoaeao aeinoeaioo.
8. Oeaio?aeueiue aaie.
A oneiaeyo nenoaiu iaoaeee/aneiai ia?auaiey i?ienoiaeeei
noeoeeii-?uii/iia naii?aaoee?iaaiey eiee/anoaa aeaiaa a ia?auaiee. Naia
i?e?iaea iaoaeee/aneeo aeaiaa (cieiouo e na?aa?yiuo – iiiuoee oaaee/eoue
yienneth /aeaieie iaaeiuo aeaiaa ii oeaia na?aa?yiuo, eiia/ii,
i?aaei?eieiaeenue) eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue oaaee/aiey aeaiaaeiie iannu
aeey iie?uoey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia ca n/ao athaeaeaoiiai
aeaoeoeeoa. Eeeaeaeaoeey naiaiaeiiai ?aciaia aaieiio ia cieioi ii
iiieiaeo a oneiaeyo ?aceiai ?acaeoey aaieianei-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu
i?eaaee e oiio, /oi /enoi ?uii/iue iaoaieci ia?anoaao ?aaoee?iaaoue
iauai aeaiaaeiie iannu.
Aeaiueae – aaaeiaeoee yeaiaio ?uii/iie nenoaiu oicyenoaa, e
noaaeeueiinoue aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu ainoaea?noaa – iai?aiaiiia oneiaea
ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey anae iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee.
?anno?ienoai aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey aucuaaao cia/eoaeueiua oaiiu
eioeyoeee, iiae?ua ?uii/iuo iaoaieciia, yeiiiieee a oeaeii. Iiyoiio
aicieeea iauaeoeaiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue a nicaeaiee iiaiai iaoaiecia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?iey ca eiee/anoaii aeaiaa.
Cia/eoaeueiia ianoi a ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey i?eiaaeeaaeeo oeaio?aeueiiio aaieo a neeo aai eeth/aaiai
iieiaeaiey a iaoeeiiaeueiie nenoaia e?aaeeoii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee. Aai
aiciiaeiinoe ii eiio?ieth ca i?e?inoii aeaiaaeiie iannu cia/eoaeueiu:
einaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia aeaiaaeioth aaco (noiio iaee/iuo aeaiaa,
inoaoee ia ?aca?aiuo n/aoao eiiia?/aneeo aaieia a oeaio?aeueiii aaiea)
/a?ac i?aaeinoaaeaiea naieo ?ano?nia, eciaiaiea ii?iu i?ioeaioa,
i?iaaaeaiea iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea, ?aoeiaine?iaaiea, eciaiaiea
o?iaiy aaieianeie eeeaeaeiinoe – iaiin?aaenoaaiiue iooue e aeinoeaeaieth
aeaeaaiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Aiceiaeaiioth ia iaai ooieoeeth eiio?iey ca
aeaiaaeiui ia?auaieai oeaio?aeueiue aaie iiaeao inouanoaeyoue a
ianeieueeeo oi?iao.
Ai-ia?auo, oieueei aio iiae/eiaia aeaiaaeiay yienney. Caeanue iaaei
caiaoeoue, /oi aeey yooaeoeaiiai auiieiaiey oeaio?aeueiui aaieii naieo
caaea/ iaiaoiaeeii eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue ethaiai aeaaeaiey ni
noi?iiu i?aaeoaeuenoaa eeai ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo? aeey
inouanoaeaiey naiae iieeoeee eee aaaeaiey ae?oaeo iia?aoeee, oae eae
iiaeiaiia aiaoaoaeuenoai iiaeao aucaaoue aaneiio?ieueiia oaaee/aiea
eeeaeaeiinoe aaieianeie nenoaiu. A iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa no?ai
anoue niaoeeaeueiue caeii i Oeaio?aeueiii (Iaoeeiiaeueiii, Oaaea?aeueiii
?aca?aiii, ae?. – io iacaaiey ia iaiyaony nouiinoue) aaiea,
onoaiaaeeaathuee aai iacaaeneiinoue io i?aaeoaeuenoaa, aeaau
ainoaea?noaa e ia?eaiaioa. Ii, anoanoaaiii, ia?ii?eyoey oeaio?iaaiea
i?iaiaeyony ii niaeaniaaieth n i?aaeoaeuenoaii e a ?aieao iauae
iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeee. Ai-aoi?uo, oeaio?aeueiue aaie inouanoaeyao
einaaiiue eiio?ieue iaae aeaiaaeiie iannie /a?ac aicaeaenoaea ia
i?ioeaioioth noaaeo – ii?io ieieiaeueiuo iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia ia
n/aoao a oeaio?aeueiii aaiea aeey eiiia?/aneeo aaieia, eioi?ue
inouanoaeyaony caeiiiaeaoaeueii, n aeeooa?aioeeaoeeae ii aeaeai
aeaiiceoia e e?aaeeoiuo einoeoooia.
Aeey iiieiaiey yoie iia?aoeee iaiaoiaeeii inoaiiaeoueny iiae?iaiaa
ia oaeii oa?ieia, eae aaieianeay eeeaeaeiinoue, oi anoue niiniaiinoue
i?aa?auaoueny a iaee/iua aeaiueae. Niaieoiiay eeeaeaeiinoue aaieianeie
nenoaiu iaania/eaaaony oeaio?aeueiui aaieii iooai iaiaia ieaoaaeiuo
eneia e iaio naiiio ia aeieain?i/iua aeoeau eiiia?/aneeo aaieia (a
?aaeueiie i?aeoeea a ea/anoaa caeiaa). Oaeei ia?acii oeaio?aeueiue aaie
aunooiaao a ?iee “iineaaeiaai e?aaeeoi?a a e?eoe/aneie neooaoeee”. Yoa
iia?aoeey iicaieyao eiiia?/aneei aaieai-aea?aeaoaeyi iaeeeaeaeia
oaeiaeaoai?youe o?aaiaaiey aeeaae/eeia ia oiiaeu.
Aunieee o?iaaiue eeeaeaeiinoe i?e ieceie ii?ia i?ioeaioa i?aaeaea
anaai ?anoe?yao ni?in ia e?aaeeou e ainoaea?noaaiiua oeaiiua aoiaae ni
noi?iiu /anoiiai naeoi?a, a oaeaea noeioee?oao ?ino ?anoiaeia /anoiuo
eeoe ia oiaa?u e oneoae, aucuaaao iiauoaiea o?iaiy yeiiiie/aneie
aeoeaiinoe, oi anoue ieacuaaao aeaaeaiea ia ?ino oeai, o?iaaiue oeaiiaie
eioeyoeee. Iiyoiio oaaee/aiea ii?iu ieieiaeueiuo iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia
– iooue e oiaiueoaieth eeeaeaeiinoe aaieianeie nenoaiu, ia?aie/aieth
e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee e, eae eiia/iue ?acoeueoao, aucuaaao nie?auaiea
oaiiia ?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu.
Aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey niaieoiiie eeeaeaeiinoe oeaio?aeueiue aaie a
niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeee, e?iia eciaiaiey ii?iu
i?ioeaioiie noaaee, i?eaaaaao e ?yaeo ae?oaeo iaoiaeia, inouanoaeyy
i?yiia oeiaine?iaaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, iieoiay oeaiiua
aoiaae, aaaey iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea.
Iaaei, iaeiaei, caiaoeoue, /oi ?aaeoeey ia iiaeiaiua ia?u aoaeao
aa?uee?iaaoueny a caaeneiinoe io niioiioaiey i?aaeeiaeaiey e ni?ina ia
e?aaeeoiua ?ano?nu ia iiiaio eo ?aaeecaoeee. Ii?ia i?ioeaioiie noaaee
oaeaea ai iiiaii caaeneo io iauaai ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa,
eiiuthieoo?iiai eieaaaiey oeai, aeaoeoeeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa
e aeaaea io iiiaeo aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ia. Iiyoiio iiaeiaiua ia?u
einaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey aeatho iuooeiua ?acoeueoaou eeoue a
aeieain?i/iii ieaia.
A-o?aoueeo, yoi – nie?auaiea e?aaeeoa, iaecaaaeiia a oneiaeyo
aunieiai o?iaiy i?eoiea eaieoaea ec-ca a?aieoeu. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue,
/oi aeieain?i/iua naa?aaaoaeueiua aeoeau iaaaieianeeo no?oeoo? oiaea
iiaoo eieaaaoueny. Iiyoiio e?aaeeoiay yeniainey oieueei /anoe/ii
oaaee/eaaao eiee/anoai aeaiaaeiie iannu, a nie?auaiea iauaiia
i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo e?aaeeoia eeoue /anoe/ii aa oiaiueoaao.
A oeaeii iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeeyiea oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea
cia/eoaeueii, ii ioithaeue ia eiaao ii?aaeaeythuaai cia/aiey. I?iaiaey
iieeoeeo ii iaocaeaieth eioeyoeee a ianooaaao oeaeiai ainoaea?noaa,
iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue, /oi aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey ia ioi?aaiu io ae?oaeo
noa? yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueiie aeecie no?aiu. Aeoeaiua aeaenoaey,
i?iaiaeeiua eneeth/eoaeueii a ?aieao aiciiaeiinoae oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea,
aac ae?oaeo eiiieaeniuo ia? iiaoo ia aicuiaoue aeieaeiiai aeaenoaey, e
aeaaea aucaaoue ia?aoiue yooaeo. Ia?aie/aiea yiennee, iiauoaiea
ieieiaeueiuo
iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia e oiaiueoaiea ni?ina ia e?aaeeou, iniaaiii a
oneiaeyo ieeaiiieenoe/ianeie no?oeoo?u ?uiea, iiaeao i?eaanoe e
nie?auaieth eiaanoeoeee e iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Oai ia iaiaa, iiauoaiea ?aaoee?othuae ?iee oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea –
aaaeiay i?aaeiinueea oniaoa. Iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeinoaaeoue aio
iaiaoiaeeioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a inouanoaeaiee aeaiaaeiie iieeoeee,
caeiiiaeaoaeueii cae?aieaiioth aiciiaeiinoue eiio?iee?iaaoue eaiaeu, ii
eioi?ui aicieeaao
iaaiaoaiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey a no?aia, a oi aea a?aiy iaania/ea
niaeaniaaiiinoue aai ia?ii?eyoee n iauae iieeoeeie, i?iaiaeeiie
i?aaeoaeuenoaii.
A oneiaeyo yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena, ia?acaeoinoe ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee,
neaainoe aeaiaaeiie e e?aaeeoii-oeiainiaie nenoaiu oeaio?aeueiue aaie
iaecaaaeii aoaeao iieueciaaoueny aeanoeeie aaeieieno?aoeaiuie iaoiaeaie
?aaoee?iaaiey, e oieueei a ia?niaeoeaa – ia?aoiae e einaaiiiio
?aaoee?iaaieth, a oii /enea /a?ac onoaiiaeaiea oeaeaauo i?eaioe?ia, ia
/ai, enoaoe, iaaei inoaiiaeoueny iiae?iaiaa.
9. Oa?aaoe?iaaiea.
Oa?aaoe?iaaiea – onoaiiaeaiea oeaio?aeueiui aaieii oeaeaauo i?eaioe?ia
i?e?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu. O?eaeiai, iaeei ec aiinoieia nia?aiaiiiai
iiiaoa?ecia, iai?eia?, i?eieiae aaee/eio oaiia ?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu a
4% a aiae ca iioeiaeueioth, oae eae i?e oaeii ?inoa, ii aai iiaieth,
iaeiia?aiaiii nio?aiyaony noaaeeueiinoue iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe
aeaiaa e iaania/eaaaony yeiiiie/aneee ?ino i?e aunieii o?iaia caiyoinoe.
Aia?aua iiuo oa?aaoe?iaaiey i?eia?ae Aoiaeanaaie – oeaio?aeueiue
aaie Aa?iaiee – a 1974 aiaeo, e n oao ii? ii aaaeao aeoeaiua ia?ii?eyoey
a yoie iaeanoe. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie iiaeiaiay i?aeoeea
?ani?ino?aieeanue ia aieueoeinoai yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?ai.
A iaeieo neo/ayo oa?aaoe?iaaiea naiaeeony e /enoie oi?iaeueiinoe,
ioeoeeaeueiiio i?iaiico aiciiaeiiai ?acaeoey neooaoeee. A ae?oaeo
neo/ayo eeai onoaiaaeeaaaony oaa?aeay eiio?ieueiay oeeo?a aeiionoeiiai
?inoa ii iaeiiio eee ianeieueeei aeaiaaeiui aa?aaaoai ia ii?aaeaeaiiue
ia?eiae a?aiaie, eeai i?eiaiyaony oae iacuaaaiay “aeeea” –
onoaiaaeeaathony aa?oiee e ieaeiee aeiionoeiue i?aaeae.
Eniieueciaaiea “aeeee” iauyniyaony ?yaeii iauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei, a oii
/enea e?aoein?i/iui eciaiaieai eiiuthieoo?u, aiaoiayeiiiie/aneei
aicaeaenoaeai, o?oaeiinoyie, naycaiiuie ni noaoenoe/aneei ecia?aieai
aeaiaaeiie iannu. Oe?ieay “aeeea” a 3% (eioi?oth i?eiaiye, iai?eia?, oio
aea Aoiaeanaaie a 1979-1983 e 1986-1988 aiaeao) aiai?eo ia oaaee/aiee
noaiaie iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe e nieaeaiee yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaoee?iaaiey
aeaiaaeiie iannu.
Aianoa n oai, onoaiaaeeaay cia/eoaeueioth ?acieoeo iaaeaeo aa?oiei
e ieaeiei i?aaeaeaie oaiia ?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu, oeaio?aeueiue aaie
niciaoaeueii nicaeaao aieueoea aiciiaeiinoe ?aaae?iaaiey ia
aicieeiiaaiea aeeni?iii?oeee, ia iiae?uaay aeiaa?ey e naiae iieeoeea
oi?aaeaiey aeaiaaeiui ia?auaieai.
Iaaei, enoaoe, neacaoue, /oi noi?iiieee iiiaoa?ecia a yeiiiie/aneie
oai?ee ooaa?aeaeaee, /oi oeaio?aeueiue aaie ia aeieaeai ie a eaeii
neo/aa ionooiaoue io iaia/aiiuo i?eaioe?ia, ia?auaoue aieiaiea ia
e?aoein?i/iua eieaaaiey eiiuthieoo?u oeai, aaethoiuo eo?nia, ni?ina ia
aeaiueae. Ii ?aoeaiou noaaeeecaoeee yeiiiieee, i?aaeeaaaaiua oai?aoeeaie
iiiaoa?ecia, ieaaea ia auee aini?eiyou aoeaaeueii. Neaaeoy a iauai a
?onea yoiai yeiiiie/aneiai o/aiey, oeaio?aeueiua aaiee ia i?aeoeea
i?iaiaeeee ia?u, io iaai ioeeiiythueany eee aeaaea i?inoi aio ia?aoiua,
eai aeaaiie oeaeueth naiae aeayoaeueiinoe aeaeaee ia aeieacaoaeuenoai
aa?iinoe eee eiaeiinoe oie eee eiie oai?ee, a oaeiaeaoai?aiea
iaoeeiiaeueiuo eioa?ania e aeaaininoiyiea naiae no?aiu.
Iiyoiio, ianiio?y ia ?aoeaiou iiiaoa?enoia, oeaio?aeueiua aaiee i?e
onoaiiaeaiee oeaeaauo i?eaioe?ia o/eouaaee e?aoein?i/iua eieaaaiey
eiiuthieoo?u oeai, aaethoiuo eo?nia, ni?ina ia aeaiueae. A oa/aiea aiaea
aaie iauyaeye, eaeie eiaiii ec a?aieoe “aeeee” ii aoaeao
i?eaea?aeeaaoueny. Ioaa/ay ia aeaa iniiaiuo a?aoiaioa i?ioeaieeia
oa?aaoe?iaaiey, ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi eioeyoeeiiiua i?ioeannu iaeaaeatho
ia?iiiie eia?oiinoueth. I/aaeaeii iiyoiio, /oi, eiay a noa?oiaie
iiceoeee cia/eoaeueiua oaiiu iaanoeaiaiey aeaiaa, oeaio?aeueiua aaiee ia
iiaoo i?e onoaiiaeaiee oeaeaauo i?eaioe?ia ia o/eouaaoue “iaecaaaeiiai”
oaiia eioeyoeee. Yoi, iaeiaei, aiana ia aiai?eo i iayooaeoeaiinoe
oa?aaoe?iaaiey.
E aua: iaonoie/eaia iauayeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea,
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea oaeoi?u, oaniia eioaa?e?iaaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie
nenoaiu oicyenoaa a ie?iaoth yeiiiieeo e iiiaia ae?oaia – aio oa
i?e/eiu, aeaaiaea?y eioi?ui i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?acaeouo ainoaea?noa ia iiaoo
i?iaiaeeoue iieiinoueth aaoiiiiioth aeaiaaeioth iieeoeeo.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ia?aeea eaieoaea, ?acee/ey a ii?iao i?ioeaioiuo noaaie
ii no?aiai e eieaaaiey eo?nia aaetho canoaaeytho eiiaaea oeaio?aeueiua
aaiee ionooiaoue io iaia/aiiuo oeaeae. Oae, a 1978 aiaeo oeaio?aeueiue
aaie Aa?iaiee – Aoiaeanaaie – iioae ia iacaieaie?iaaiiia iiieaeaiea
ii?iu i?ioeaioa, /oi
aucaaei cia/eoaeueiia oaaee/aiea aeaiaaeiie iannu a iai?ioa. A aeaiiii
neo/aa aaie ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny oaie niia?aaeaieyie, /oi a oneiaeyo
cia/eoaeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, iiauoaiey eo?na ia?ee e ae?oaei
oaa?aeui aaethoai e eioaineaiie aa?iaineie yeiiiie/aneie yeniainee
iiaeiaiua ia?u auee au iieiinoueth ii?aaaeaiu.
Iiaeaiaey i?iiaaeooi/iua eoiae, y iiao neacaoue, /oi cia/aiea
oa?aaoe?iaaiey n?aaee anao iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey
oeaio?aeueiui aaieii o?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue. Onoaiiaeaiea oeaeaauo
i?eaioe?ia e iaaethaeaiea ca ?aaeueiie aeeiaieeie oeai iicaieyao
naiaa?aiaiii i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey i iaiaoiaeeiuo ?aaoee?othueo
ia?ii?eyoeyo. Oa?aaoe?iaaiea, oaeei ia?acii, auiieiyao ooieoeeth
eiaeeeaoi?a, oeacuaathuaai ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey oao eee eiuo
eciaiaiee.
E?iia oiai, ii?aaeaeaiea oeaeaauo i?eaioe?ia aeeyao ia
eioeyoeeiiiua iaeeaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo noauaeoia, /oi naii ii naaa
yaeyaony aaaeiui naiinoiyoaeueiui oaeoi?ii noaiaie iaanoeaieaaiey aeaiaa
e niinianoaoao nieaeaieth eioeyoeee. Aaconeiaii, yoio oaeoi? aicuiaao
aeaenoaea oieueei i?e cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie aeiaa?ey ianaeaiey iieeoeea
oeaio?iaaiea e i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Onoaiiaeaiea ca?aiaa iaauiieieiuo oeaeae
– iooue e onoaoaeaieth anao aicieeoeo i?iaeai.
10. I?aiaeieaiea e?ecena.
I?eioeeieaeueii ?acee/athony aeaa iiaeoiaea e niiniaai i?aiaeieaiey
e?ecena: ?uii/iue e eiiioienoe/aneee. ss oaaaeaeai a oii, /oi niaae aeey
yeiiiieee ia?eiaea ?aoi?i – aeaei aaniethoii ii?iaeueiia, ia yoi
oeacuaaao e aanue ie?iaie iiuo, e iao nianoaaiiue a?aiai 1920-o aiaeia.
Oae aea i/aaeaeii aeey iaiy, /oi yoe ?aoi?iu auee iaiaoiaeeiu.
Aica?auaiea e eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiie nenoaia (eeai e iieeoeea
aeiieie?iaaiey aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia aaaeaiey oicyenoaa) i?inoi
iaaiciiaeii.
Iiyoiio i?aiaeieaiea niaaea ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae aauue
naia ii naaa. Aaaeii – e /aio iu i?eaeai, /oi aoaeao iinea. Aeey iaiy
“iino?iaiea” ?uii/iiai, ii?iaeueiiai, naiaiaeiiai ainoaea?noaa – aeaaiay
oeaeue, e ii ioiioaieth e iae y noaeo nia?aiaiiuo iieeoeeia e eo
i?ia?aiiu.
Aeey aeinoeaeaiey yoie oeaee aaconeiaiue i?ei?eoao eiaao, eiia/ii,
oeiainiaay noaaeeecaoeey, e eeoue a oneiaeyo naaeaine?iaaiiuo oeiainia,
oia?aiiie eioeyoeee e iieiaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie iiaeii
?aaaeeeoe?iaaoue iaeiieaiey e noi?ie?iaaoue eiaanoeoeeiiiue eaieoae. *oi
aea eanaaony “aicaeooiuo” oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, oi anoue
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee, i?iaiaeeiuo ca n/ao oaaee/aiey
athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa, oi yoi eeoue onoaoaeo i?iaeaiu: aeeoue iaaei
ii n?aaenoaai.
A ioeaiea nia?aiaiiiai ninoiyiey iaoae yeiiiieee nouanoaotho aeaa
?acee/iuo iiaiey: ia?aia, /oi niaae a i?iecaiaenoaa iauyniyaony
eneeth/eoaeueii no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieeie yeiiiieee, e aoi?ia, /oi yoio
niaae i?eia?ae oaea oioaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Ieeoi ia nii?eo n oai
ianoiyoaeuenoaii, /oi a i?aaeia?ano?ia/iue ia?eiae ieeaeiai niaaea ia
iaaethaeaeinue, e a oi aea a?aiy cia/eoaeueiay /anoue i?iecaaaeaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee i?inoi ia aino?aaiaaeanue, oi anoue i?iecaiaeeeanue c?y.
Iaeiaei, anee ia?aoeoueny e iiuoo caiaaeiuo no?ai, oi iiaeii
oaaaeeoueny, /oi oai no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey auee i?eaioe?iaaiu i?aaeaea
anaai ia iiaea?iecaoeeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A ?innee aea ia?yaeo ni
naa?ouaaieai ?yaea
“e??aoeeiiaeueiuo” io?aneae (aieueoa anaai, eiia/ii, aiaiiia
i?iecaiaenoai) ia iaaethaeaaony ieeaeeo iaaeaaeae ia ia/aei i?ioeanna
iaiiaeaiey iniiaiiai eaieoaea i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
I?e/eiu ia yoi iiyoue-oaee aeaa: ai-ia?auo, o ainoaea?noaa aeey
yoiai iao n?aaenoa, a /anoiua e aeoeeiia?iua eaieoaeu ioioaeaathony
ia?aioaaaeueiinoueth eiaanoeoeee e eioeyoeeae. Anee ia?aoeoueny e
ie?iaiio iiuoo e e nianoaaiiie enoi?ee a?aiai IYIa, oi n enoi/ieeii
aeaiaa oai ana a?iaea au ynii.
Iineaaiaiiay Caiaaeiay Aa?iia iieo/aea iiiiuue ia ainnoaiiaeaiea
eiaeono?ee io Aia?eee ii ieaio Ia?oaeea, naia Aia?eea i?iaiaeeea
eiaeono?eaeecaoeeth ia aeaiueae, au?o/aiiua io ?ac?aaioee
ianoi?iaeaeaiee oaoanneie iaooe e eeiiaeaeeneiai cieioa (ia aoaeo/e i?e
yoii ioyaiuaiiie
a?ocii o?aaothueo iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoa, eae nia?aiaiiay ?inney).
Iyiianeee ia?eii A?eai?ee Nieieueieeia i?aaeaeueii /aoei aeaeae enoi/iee
oeiaine?iaaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee: ii, niaa?oaiii ia
noaniyynue, eniieueciaae iiaeieoeu oeai ia i?iiuoeaiioth e
naeueneioicyenoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeee e yoei i?eaeiaeueiui niiniaii
ioea/eaae n?aaenoaa ec naea. E?iia oiai, Nieieueieeia aanueia
ecae?aoaeueii iiaeoiaeee e naiae nianoaaiiie oeiainiaie noaaeeecaoeee:
oaa?aeui /a?aiioeai oiaaea ?aniea/eaaeenue ioithaeue ia ni anaie, aaaeue
ia?aeeaeueii n /a?aiioeai eaeia-oi a?aiy oe?iei yieoe?iaaee e noa?ua
aeaiciaee. Yoi cia/eo, /oi e athaeaeaoiue aeaoeoeeo yenieoaoe?iaaeny aac
eceeoiae aeaeeeaoiinoe.
Aoi?ay i?e/eia – aeaaea anee i?aaeoaeuenoao oaeanony aeiaeoueny
oeiainiaie noaaeeecaoeee, ia iaycaoaeueii yoi i?eaaaeao e iiaea?iecaoeee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oae eae i?e iuiaoiai o?iaia niaaea a iaoeiino?iaiee,
eioi?ia e yaeyaony aa enoi/ieeii, iu iiaeai a iaaeaeaeii aoaeouai
ieacaoueny ni noaaeeueiuie oeiainaie, ii aac iaoei. E a oi aea a?aiy i?e
iuiaoiai ninoiyiee yeiiiieee i?ioaeoeeiieci i?eiaieoaeueii e aioo?aiiei
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyi aaniethoii aaniieacai – a ii ioiioaieth e
iio?aaeoaeth i?inoi iianai. Caueoa aioo?aiiaai ?uiea oi?ioa oiaaea,
eiaaea a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa no?aiu ?acaa?ouaathony eaeea-oi
eiaanoeoeeiiiua i?iaeou, iaia/aaony ?ino i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoiai ie/aai ia
iaaethaeaaony, e i?e ianoiyuai niaaea oaaee/aiea eiii?oiuo oa?eoia
i?eaaaeao eeoue e ineoaeaieth e aac oiai iaaiaaoiai ?uiea e oe?aieo
iiiiiieeth iiiaeo ioa/anoaaiiuo iaeiieo?aioiiniiniaiuo, a iiae/an e
i?inoi ia?aioaaaeueiuo (iaaie?ioeaoeony) i?aaei?eyoee. Eoae, ia ana
oae /oaeanii. ss inoaiiaethnue ia e?eoeea, oae eae nai ia iiao
i?aaeeiaeeoue aeinoieiiai ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu. Inoaaony iaaeayoueny, /oi
auoiae aoaeao iaeaeai e /oi iiaia iieieaiea iieeoeeia aoaeao
aeaenoaeoaeueii iiaui ii ioiioaieth e yoei i?iaeaiai.
11. Iiaeaaaeaiea eoiaia.
Eioeyoeey eniieuecoaony ainoaea?noaii aeey iie?uoey
iai?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia e oeiaine?iaaiey cao?ao
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae a oeaeyo noeioee?iaaiey aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe. Iia
iaino?yao nioeeaeueii-eeanniaua i?ioeai?a/ey, a i?e aunieii o?iaia aa
?acaeoey i?eaiaeeo a ?anno?ienoai aanue i?ioeann eaieoaeenoe/aneiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai noaiiaeony iaiaoiaeeiui i?iaaaeaiea
aeaiaaeiie ?aoi?iu e noaaeeecaoeey aaethou. A ?innee oaea nicaeaia
iaoeeiiaeueiay aaethoa. Anee i?aaeoaeuenoai aoaeao iieueciaaoueny
aiaaoui oai?aoe/aneei e i?aeoe/aneei aaaaaeii ciaiee ii oeiainiaie
noaaeeecaoeee, a anoue iniiaaiey i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi iii aoaeao, oi
oaeiaay noaaeeecaoeey aoaeao aeinoeaiooa.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1) Aieueoay niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey
2) sscue ?uiea – neiaa?ue. I.:?inn,1992
3) Neiaa?ue aaieianei-ae?aeaaie eaeneee. I.:IaenI?,1992
4) “?inneeneee yeiiiie/aneee aeo?iae” ?11/1992a.
5) “I?iaeaiu ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiaaeiie iannu (ia i?eia?a
Aa?iaiee)” E?ueia A.N.
6) “Aeaiueae e e?aaeeo” ?5/1993a.
7) “Iiene no?aoaaee iaania/aiey oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe”
Eo/oeiaa I.N.
8) “?inneeneee yeiiiie/aneee aeo?iae” ?11/1992a.
9) “Aii?inu yeiiiieee” 12/1991a.
10) “Eiiia?/aneea aaiee e oeaio?aeueiue aaie a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea”
11) “Eo?n yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee” Ee?ia-1993a.
12) ” Yeiiiieen-i?eioeeiu, i?iaeaiu, iieeoeea” ?.
Iaeeiiae,
N.E. A?th
13) ” Yeiiiieen” ?aoa?ao-aeaeaeano o/aaieea ?. Iaeeiiae, N.E. A?th
14) ” Yeiiiieea” I. Naioyeuenii
15) “Eo?n yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee IAEII IEAe ?O” Eieeaeoea Aaoi?ia
16) ” Yeiiiieea” N.Oeoa? ?.Aei?iaoo ?. Oiaeaice
“Eioeyoeey: oi?iu, i?e/eiu, aioeeioeyoeeiiiua ia?u”
Eo?niaay ?aaioa
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