I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie
Ee?anueeee Iaoe?iiaeueiee Aeiiii?/iee Oi?aa?neoao
Eaoaae?a “ Aaie?anueea ni?aaa ”
?aoa?ao
ia oaio :
“ A?io? oa a?ioia? ?aoi?ie ?in?? a ia??iae 1895 – 1924 ?ieo “
Nooaeaioa 7 a?oie
4 eo?no O?iainiai-aeiiii?/iiai oaeoeueoaoo
niaoe?aeueiino? 0104
Aa?oaeaoeueeiai Ae.A.
EE?A –1998
A?ioiaa ?aoi?ia 1895 – 1897 aoea ?aoaeueii i?aeaioiaeaia ?
cae?enithaaeanue iinooiiai ia i?ioyc? 3 ?ie?a. Aeey ia? aoei noai?aii
iaai? ia?aaeoiiae. Iniiaiith c ieo aoei iaeiie/aiiy a ?in?? cia/ieo
caian?a cieioa . Oea iiynith?oueny oei , ui ?in?y i?enooieea aei
?ic?iaie cieioeo ?iaeiaeu ?ai?oa a?eueoino? i?ia?aeieo e?a?i ( ia 35
?ie?a ?ai?oa i?ae I?ai?/ia Aia?eea , ia 37 ?ie?a i?ae Aano?ae?y oa ia
50 ?ie?a i?ae I?aaeaiia Ao?eea ) . Ui??/iee aeiaooie neeaaeaa 34 – 42
oiie . Ia ii/aoie ?aoi?ie ca ?aooiie aioo??oi?o aeaea?ae oa ciai?oi?o
iia?aoe?e Aea?aeaaiee aaie noi?ioaaa cieioee oiiae o ?ici??? 475,2 iei.
e?a. , a ia e?iaoeue ?aoi?ie – 1095,5 iei. e?a..
Ia i?ioyc? 1896 ?ieo i?iaiaeea ?iaioo o?iainiaee eii?oao i?ae i?iaiaeii
?iia?aoi?a. 2 n?/iy 1897 ?ieo aoei i?eeiyoi ??oaiiy i?i cai?iaaaeaeaiiy
cieioiai iiiiiaoae?cio.
Anoaiiaeaiiy cieioiai noaiaea?oo oa a?eueiee iai?i iaia?iaeo a?ioae ia
cieioi ni?eya iiaeaeueoiio oe??ieaiith ?oaey , oa caiia?aaiith eieeaaiue
oiaa?ieo oe?i a e?a?i?. I?ney ?aoi?ie Aea?aeaaie i?iaeiaaeea eo?n ia
ca?eueoaiiy cieioiai caiano ? aei ii/aoeo 1914 ?ieo a?i neeaa 1688 iei.
e?a.. Ii e?eueeino? aei?iaioe?iiiai iaoaeo ?in?y caeiaea oiae? ia?oa
i?noea o na?o?. Oaea iie?oeea i?ecaaea aei oiai , ui iinooiiai aei 1912
?ieo iie?eooy aaieiio cieioii aoei aeiaaaeaii aei 108,3% Ioaea iaa?oue
yeui an? aaieiioe aoei a i?aae’yaeaii a aaiee aeey iai?io ia cieioi oi
oea aoei a c?iaeaii aac i?iaeai aeey aaieo.
Iai?i iaia?iaeo a?ioae ia cieioo iiiaoo i?iaiaeeany aac aeiaeieo
iaiaaeaiue. Aea?aeaaie caioi/oaaa ?iciianthaeaeaiiy cieioeo iiiao ,
iaiaaath/enue ianeoeoe ?ie a?ioiaee ?eiie . Ia?o? ?iee i?ney ?aoi?ie an?
ieaoaae? i?iaiaeeeeny aaieii aeeeth/ii a cieio?e iiiao? , uia i?ea/eoe
aei ia? ianaeaiiy ; e?aaeeoi? a?eaoe aeaeaaaeeny eeoa o aeeeth/ieo
aeiaaeeao. Cieioi iaae?eii oa?eoei a ainiiaea?nueeee ia?a . Cieioee
noaiaea?o noaa ?aaeueiei oa ae?eiaei oaeoi?ii . Iaeiae noaa?euei?noue
a?ioiai? nenoaie iaea ?ua iaeei aniaeo – ni?aa?aeiioaiiy c aaethoaie
?ioeo e?a?i. Aaethoiee ia?eoao ( oiaoi ni?aa?aeiioaiiy a?ioiaeo
iaeeieoeue ie?aieo e?a?i ) anoaiiaethaaany ia iniia? ai?noo a ieo
cieioa.
Ia ia?aaeiaei? ae?oai? na?oiai? a?eie eiooaaiiy ?in?enueeiai ea?aiaaioey
aoee ianooiieie :
1 ai. Aeiea? = 1,943 e?a ( cai?ioi?e eo?n 0,514 )
1 i?iaoeueea ia?ea = 0,642 e?a ( cai?ioi?e eo?n 2,16 )
1 O?. O?aie = 0,374 ( cai?ioi?e eo?n 2,66 )
Aea o?aaa cacia/eoe , ui aaethoiee ia?eoao a a?eueoino? aeiaaee?a
a?ae??ciyany a?ae aaethoiiai eo?no ( yeee iaceaaee oaeiae aaenaeueiei ,
oiio ui caniaii i?aeia?iaeieo ?ic?aooie?a neoaoaaa a a?eueoino?
aeiaaee?a ia?aeaciee aaenaeue ) . Aaethoiee eo?n eieeaaany iaaeiei
ia?eoaoo o iaaeao oae caaieo cieioeo oi/ie , ui iicia/aee oaea
a?aeoeeaiiy a?ae ia?eoaoo i?e yeiio cai?noue aaenaey aea?aei?oa
ia?aneaoe ?aaeueia cieioi . Ioaea a?aenoaiue a?ae ia?eoaoo aei cieioi?
oi/ee aecia/aeany aeaeaoeaie ia ia?aneeeo cieioa. Aea a e?eciaeo
aeiaaeeao eo?n ?ieiee ae?eaaany ca aeacai? iaae?.
sse aea a ae?eniino? neeaaeaany eo?n ea?aiaaioey a ia??iae c a?ioiai?
?aoi?ie A?ooa aei ia?oi? na?oiai? a?eie .
A e?ioe? 19 ia ii/aoeo 20 no. ?in?enueeee ea?aiaaiaoeue eiooaaany
a?aeiinii o?aiea, ia?ee ? ooioa noa?e?ia?a . Aeiea? oiae? ia aaaaeaany
na?oiaith aaethoith . Ia ii/aoie ?aoi?ie ea?aiaaiaoeue io?oe?aeueii
i?e??aithaaany aei 4 o?aie?a aea a ae?eniino? aei??aithaaa 2,5 o?aie?a
oea ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aoei ae??oaii cae??ieoe – ea?aiaaiaoeue aoa
aeaaaeueaiaaiee ? i?e??aiyiee aei 2 oe?eeo aeaio o?ao?o o??aieo. Oeae
ia?eoao a?aeiia?aeaa cieioiio ai?noo ? eoi?aaeuei?e oe?iiino? aeaio
aaetho. Oaeoe/ii oea aeaei ciiao caeeoeoe oe?ie ia aioo??oiueiio ?eieo
iaci?iieie ? iieaaoeoe i?ioiaeaeaiiy ?aoi?ie. Anoaiiaeaiee eo?n aaeaeiny
aeo?eiaoe . Aei 1913 ?ieo a?i eieeaaany o iaaeao 2.57 – 2.69 o?aieo ca
ea?aiaaiaoeue. ?in?enueeee ea?aiaaiaoeue eiooaaany ia an?o a??aeao
na?oo .
Iaea?eueoa aei?iaiaoaaiiy iaaeaaiiyi ?aoi?ie iaei i?noea a ia??iae
?in?enueei-yiiinueei? a?eie oa ?aaiethoe?eieo caai?ooaiue 1905 ?ieo:
aoei ??cei ca?eueoaii aeione e?aaeeoieo a?eao?a ( ia 13 % ) , ii/aeeny
iania? aeeo/aiiy aeeaae?a ianaeaiiy , aeey caiia?aaiiy e?aoo Aea?aeaaie
aeiooaiee aoa iaaeaoe aaieai e?aaeeo . Oea ana a?aeaeeiny ia eo?n?
ea?aiaaioey a?i ??cei oiaa aei c 2.16 aei 2.12 ia?ie . Caaaeath/e ia
aeuaneacaia Aea?aeaaie i?eeiya aeoaea aoaeoeaiee cao?ae , yeee ca?ac
iaceaa?oueny aaethoiith ?ioa?aaioe??th : a?i i?iaeaa o 1906 ?ioe?
?iicaiii? aaethoe ia 324,4 iei. e?a ( ca ianooii? 5 ?ie?a aoei i?iaeaii
eeoa 120 iei. e?a.)
Aaea /a?ac i?nyoeue oea i?ecaaei aei ae??aithaaiiy eo?no ea?aiaaioey , a
/a?ac i?a?ieo iaa?oue aei c?inoaiiy . Oea i?ae?eiaei aaoi?eoao ?in??,
aea oaeiae ? i?ae?eiaei aa?o?noue ?in?enueeiai aenii?oo , oiio
Aea?aeaaie ii/aa i?iaiaeeoe iie?oeeo ia oo?eiaiiy ?inoo eo?no
ea?aiaaioey iinooiiai neoiiaoth/e ?ici?iaeaio aaethoo. Oae aea?aeaaie
iaiaa?oaaa /a?aoth/e iieoiee oa i?iaeaaeo ?iicaiii? aaethoe o
a?aeiia?aeiino? c neooaoe??th , ui oi?ioaaeany ia a?ioiaiio ?eieo.
Ea?aiaaiaoeue oae ci?oei?a , ui aaea aoei iaiao?aeii no?eioaaoe eiai
c?inoaiiy ( ca 1 e?a aeaaaee 2.177 ia?ee cai?noue 2.16 ca ia?eoaoii .)
Ca 1906 – 1911 ?iee i?iaeaaeo ea?aiaaioey neeaee 1180 iei. e?a , ui
i?aaeneei i?iaeaae? a 9 ?ac?a . Oaeei /eiii Aea?aeaaie iiiiaithaaa
aaethoi? ?aca?ae ia i?ae?eaath/e oe?ii?noue aeanii? aaethoe. Neeueiee
ea?aiaaiaoeue iaaeaa ciiao cieceoe iae?eiao noaaeo aei 4.5 % .
Aea o?aaa cacia/eoe , ui oe??ieaiiy ea?aiaaioey , cieaeaiiy i?ioeaioieo
noaaie i?ioiaeeei iinooiiai – oeei iaiaaaeeny caiia?aoe cia/ieo
eieeaaiue a aeiiii?oe? ? aeinyaoe noaa?eueiino?. I?ney aeayeiai
a?aeieeao cieioa c aaie?a a ia??iae 1904 – 1905 ?ie?a a iane?aeie
c?inoaiiy aeia??e aei ea?aiaaioey ii/aany cai?ioi?e i?ioean – ianaeaiiy
iiianei cieioi a aaiee a iai?i ia e?aaeeoi? a?eaoe. Oea iaaeaei ciiao
nei?ioeoe e?euee?noue iaia?iaeo a?ioae aeiouaieo aeey iie?eooy
a?enueeiaeo aeo?ao ia 120 iei. e?a. Aeione iaia?iaeo a?ioae ciaoiaeeany
i?ae aei?noeei eiio?ieai . Aeione aaieiio aei 300 iei. iiaeiai aoa aooe
caaacia/aiei cieioii ye i?i?ioi ia iieiaeio , aeione aeua 300 iei.
caaacia/oaaany cieioii ia 100 % .
Caeiiiaeaanoai ?in?? ii ?aaoethaaiith a?ioiaiai ia?ao aoei cia/ii
aei?noe?oa i?ae caeiiiaeaanoai ?ioeo e?a?i. Oaeiae o?aaa cacia/eoe , ui
Aea?aeaaie iaeaea i?eiee ia aeei?enoiaoaaa nai? ai?n?eia i?aai ia 100 %
. Ia aeei?enoaia ai?n?eia i?aai aei??thaaeinue :
1900 – 132,8 %
1901 – 93,8 %
1904 – 109,2 %
1910 – 45,9 %
Iaa?oue o neeaaeiiio 1905 ?ioe? Aea?aeaaie i?a aeionoeoe ?ua 17 iei.
ea?aiaaioe?a , aea ia c?iaea oeueiai.
Ianooiiei ae?eiaei caniaii iaiaaeaiiy iane aio?aee noaei cai?iaaaeaeaiiy
aacaio?aeiaeo ?ic?aooie?a. Aeey oeueiai a 1898 ?. i?e Iaoa?ao?cuee?e
eiioi?? Aea?aeaaieo aoea a?aee?eoa ?ic?aooieiaa iaeaoa. Aei 1912 ?.
oaeeo iaeao aoei aaea 40 a ??cieo i?noao ?in??. A ?iaio? oeeo iaeao
i?eeiaee o/anoue an? aaiee , aaeee? aaie??nuee? eiioi?e oa aeiia ,
oiaa?enoaa aca?iiiai e?aaeeoo, aaeee? oi?aiai-i?iieneia? o??ie. Ui??/ii
/a?ac iaeaoe i?ioiaeeee ieaoaae? ia i?ee?a?aee e?a 70 % c ieo
cae?enithaaeanue oeyoii cae?eo aca?iieo aeiia.
Oii?yaeeoaaiiy a?ioiaiai ainiiaea?noaa iiceoeaii aieeioei ia ciai?oith
oi?a?aeth. Ca ia??iae c 1881 ii 1913 iaaeoiaeaeaiiy cieioa a?ae aenii?oo
ia?aaeueee aeaeaoee ii ?iii?oo ia 7751 iei. e?a.
Aea a 1913 a Aa?ii? ii/aee oi?ioaaoeny ia?o? iciaee iaeaooi?o
iaaa?acae?a. O ca’yceo c ??ceei i?aeaeuaiiyi iae?eiai? noaaee a ?yae?
e?a?i ?in?y oaae aoea aeiooaia i?aeaeueoe ?? a a?oaei? 1912 ?. aei 6 % .
No?ee?noue ea?aiaaioey i?aeo?eioaaeanue eieinaeueieie caianaie cieioa ?
aio/eith aeea?ciith iie?oeeith.
?in?enueeee ea?aiaaiaoeue oa oe?ii? iaia?e no?eei o?eiaeeny aae aei
naiiai ii/aoeo ia?oi? na?oiai? a?eie, /iai ia iiaeia neacaoe i?i aaethoe
?ioeo e?a?i. C ii/aoeii a?eie ?in?y oa ?io? e?a?ie Aa?iie i?eieieee
iai?i iaia?iaeo a?ioae ia cieioi, iaeiae cieioa caaacia/aiiy ea?aiaaioey
caa?aaeinue ( a 1914 ?ioe? a?ioiaa iana neeaea 3,2 ie?ae. i?e cieioiio
caian? 1.6 ie?ae. ) Oea Aoei iaioa i?ae ia?aaeaa/aii caeiiii 1897? , aea
iaaaaaoi a?eueoa i?ae a aeiai?ii?e I?ia//ei?.
A oiiaao i?eieiaiiy iai?io iaia?iaeo a?ioae ia cieioi an? i/?eoaaee
iaaaeo ea?aiaaioey , iaeiae oeueiai ia noaeiny . Ca 5 i?nyoe?a 1914 ?
e?a. Iiaeaoaa?a eeoa ia 16.8 %. ?ethno?aoeaieie ? iieacieee ca ianooii?
aeaa ?iee a?eie .sseui i?eeiyoe o?iainiao iiceoe?th aaetho ia 1 a?oaeiy
1914?. ca 100 , oi na?aaei?e aaenaeueiee eo?n aei??aithaaa:
A?oaeaiue 1915A?oaeaiue 1916?in?y7670I?ia//eia8674Aano?i-Oai?ueia7459
Iaeiae ia ana aoei oae aa?ii . C 1914 ii 1917 athaeaeaoiee aeao?oeeo
c?inoaa c 1.898 ie?ae aei 22.568 ie?ae. ?acii c? c?inoaiiyi aeao?oeeoo
c?inoaea ai?n?y a?ioae , iacaaacia/aiee aeione neeaa i?ney ethoiaai?
?aaiethoe?? 8.4 ie?ae. Oei/aniaee o?yae aeia?a ai?n?th aei 16 ie?ae. (
?aaeyinueeee o?yae i?ney ia?aiiae aeiaoiaai? ?aaiethoe?? onoaiiaeei
ii?io ai?n?? – 50 ie?ae ) . Neeaeeny an? oiiae aeey ?ioeyoe?? oa
ciaoe?iaiiy ea?aiaaioey. Caaaeueia noia aea?aeaaiiai ai?ao ia aa?acaiue
1917 neeaea 35 ie?ae ? aeo?aoe ia eiai ianeoaiaoaaiiy iiaeii? aoee
neeanoe 1.8 ie?ae . Iniiaia i?iaeaia aea?aeai?ao iieyaaea o eiai
no?oeoo?? : iniiaia /anoeia ei?ioeioa?i?iia? ( 6 i?nyoe?a oa 1 ??e )
ai?aia? ciaia’ycaiiy . Aeey ianeoaiaoaaiiy aea?aeai?ao oa o?iainoaaiiy
aeao?oeeoo athaeaeaoo aoa ia?aiee oeyo caeo/aiiy iiaeo iice/ie oeyoii
aeioneo aea?aeaaieo ai?aiaeo ciaia’ycaiue. I?e /iio iaaiein noaaeany ia
aioo??oi? iice/ee , ui aeaaaei iiaeeea?noue a?aeoyaiooe /anoeio aio?aee
c iai?ioo. Aea ia?aae oe?i O?yae i?ia?a aeaye? caoiaee ia oiiaeiaiio
?eieo , ui iaee ia iao? iieacaoe ?iaanoi?ai aioiai?noue aea?aeaae
i?iaiaeeoe aeiiii?/io iie?oeeo c?acea a?eueoino? eai?oae?noe/ieo e?a?i.:
1. I?aeoaa?aeaeaiiy a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ii ciaia’ycaiiyi oea?nueeiai
o?yaeo
2. Ni?iuaia i?ioeaaeo?a noai?aiiy AO
3. Iieaaoai? oiiae aeiioneo ?iicaiieo ?iaanoi??a ia ?in?enueeee
oiiaeiaee ?eiie
Aioo??oi? ?iaanoi?e iaaaeii a?ae?aaaoaaee ia oe? ae?? . A aa?aci? 1917
?. 30 iaea?eueoeo aaie?a aeaee caiaeo ia ?aae?caoe?th ia?oi?
aeiaaino?ieiai? iice/ee Oei/aniaiai o?yaeo. Iaeiae oni?oo oey iice/ea ia
iaea : a oiiaao ?ioeyoe?? iiieo ia aeiaaino?ieia? OeI iaaea?.
A oeeo oiiaao aoei i?eeiyoi ??oaiiy i?i i?iaaaeaiiy i?eioniai?
aea?aeaaii? iice/ee. Noia iice/ee iiaeiia aoea neeanoe 10 ie?ae., oa?i?i
20 ?ie?a , aeio?aei?noue 5,5 % ??/ieo . Iae?aaoe?? iiaeia aoei
i?iaeaaaoe oa caeaaaoe o canoaao , aeioiaee ii ieo ia iaeeaaeaeeny
iiaeaoeaie.
?ici?noeoe iae?aaoe?? iice/ee i?iiiioaaeinue na?aae :
1. Aeaniee?a ia?ooiiino?, caiaeueieo oa?aeue, OeI, a?enueeiaeo
i?ae?yaeiee?a, aaie?a , NE ( 60 % iice/ee )
2. Ieaoiee?a iiaeioiaeiiai iiaeaoeo. I?e /iio noia i?aeienee aoea
i?iii?oe?eiith noi? io?eioaaiiai aeioiaeo. ( 40 % iice/ee )
A i?eioeei? ana oea noai?thaaei aeinoaoi? oiiae aeey ooieoe?iioaaiiy
iiaiioe?iiiai aoi?eiiiai ?eieo iae?aaoe?e oeueiai caeio. sseui a oeth
iice/eo aoei a cae?eniaii oi o?iainiaa iieiaeaiiy e?a?ie aoei a cia/ii
iie?auaii: aaeaeiny aeeo/eoe 2/3 a?ioiai? iane , ui i?eieieei c?inoaiiy
oe?i ? oe??ieei a ea?aiaaiaoeue. E??i oiai e?a?ia io?eiaea a cia/iee
o?iainiaee ?ano?n aeey o?iainoaaiiy aeaeaoe?a athaeaeaoo.
I?e/eiith i?iaaeo oaei? a caeaaaeiny aa?ii? aeoe?? noaei i?iaeiaaeaiiy
?in??th o/ano? o a?ei? ? i?e /iio iaaaeaei? o/ano?. *ano? ii?acee
ae?iaoeue i?ae??aaee aeiiii?eo ? i?ecaaee aei na??? e?ec . sseui
i?iaaaeaiiy caeio aoei a cae?eniaiiy ?ai?oa ia i?a?ieo ( aa?acaiue 1917
) eiee ai?ii? ae?? aoei oei/aniai i?eieiaii ? iai?/aeany noaa?e?caoe?y ,
oi oe?eeii a??ia?aeii ui ana aoei a iaaiaee.
Iaaaeae? ae?? Oei/aniaiai o?yaeo ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo i?ecaaee aei
iaae?iiy ea?aiaaioey : ia Eiiaeiinuee?e a??ae? eo?n ooioa ii
a?aeiioaiith aei ea?aiaaioey c??n c 12-12 e?a ca ooio o aa?ani? 1914?
aei 35.5 e?a. Ia ia?aaeiaei? AEiaoiaai? ?aaiethoe??. Iane?aeeii oeueiai
aoei cieeiaiiy a ?in?? cieioa c iai?ioo , aiii aoei oacaa?iaaii. Ia
e?iaoeue 1917 ?ieo a?ioiaee ia?a ?in?? neeaaeaany eeoa c iaia?iaeo
a?ioae aac i?yei? aeii?oee cieioa /e n??aea.
Oaeei /eiii iaaaeaea aeiiii?/ia oa ai?iia iie?oeea i?eaaee , ci?ie
o?yae?a , aeiiii?/i? e?ece neeueii i?ae??aaee a?ioiao nenoaio. Anueiai
ca o?e ?iee ea?aiaaiaoeue ciaoe?ieany ii a?aeiioaiith aei aeiea?a NOA ia
50 % ? ia?aoai?eany c iiaiioe?iiiai cieioiai ia ciaoe?iaiee iaia?iaee.
Ianooiiei ia??iaeii noaei i?aae?iiy o?yaeo a?eueoiaee?a. Iaeiae ci?ia
aeaaee ia i?eianea i?/iai e??i iiaeaeueoiai iaae?iiy eoi?aaeueii?
ni?iiiaeiino? ea?aiaaioey 9 ca ia??iae 1918 -1921 o 188 ?ac )
Iac??ea iaiao?aei?noue i?iaaaeaiiy a?ioiai? ?aoi?ie. ?? i?iaaaeaiiy aoei
iaoyaeaia ainiiaea?nueeith ?ic?ooith, iaa?iaea?i 1921 ?. aino?ei
athaeaeaoiei aeao?oeeoii , a oaeiae ia?aaeeoeaie ai?iiiai eiioi?cio. A
iane?aeie aaaaeaiiy oiaa?iiai ae?iaieoeoaa oa aeicaieo a?eueii? eoi?ae?
i?iaeaaeo oiaa??a aei e?ioey 1922 ?. aoee aeinyaiaii? ia?o? oni?oe o
a?aeaoaeia? ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa ? ?icaa?oaii? oiaa?iia?ao. Oea
noi?ioaaei ia?aaeoiiae aeey cai?ie a?ioiaeo ciae?a no?eeith aaethoith –
/a?a?ioeyie, ui yaeyee niaith aaieiioo Aea?aeaaieo.
Iii?iae neeaaeaa –1,2,3,5,10,25,50 /a?a?ioe?a.
Aaea aei na?aaeeie 1922 ?. /a?a?ioe? neeaaeaee 37 % o neeaae? an???
a?ioiai? iane, a ia 1 aeiaoiy 1923 ?. – 74 %. Aeione oa noaiiaeaiiy
/a?a?ioey noaei ia?oei aoaiii a?ioiai? ?aoi?ie. Ianooiiei aoaiii aoea
iiaia cai?ia /a?a?ioeyie aeai ciae?a , ui aoee i?e/eiith niaeoeyoe?? oa
caa?iaeoaaee iieiaeaiith /a?a?ioey.
Iniaeeaa ?ieue a caaa?oaii? a?ioiai? ?aoi?ie a?aeaiaeeeanue :
1. a?aeiiaeaiiy ? ?ioaineo?eaoe?? n/a , ia?ao?ae a?ae iaoo?aeueieo aei
a?ioiaeo n/a iiaeaoe?a
2. ?aoe?iiae?caoe?y ae?iaieoeoaa oa cieaeaiiy oe?i ia i?iieneiao
i?iaeoeoe?th
3. ?icaeoie oi?a?aaeueii? ia?aae?
4. Oe??ieaiiy ciai?oiuei? oi?a?ae?
5. ?aoi?ioaaiiy aeaeaoe?a athaeaeaoo
6. Cieaeaiiy aa?oino? e?aaeeoo
I?iaaaeaeaiiy aeuaiacaaieo caoiae?a i?eaaei aei c?inoaiiy eoi?aaeueii?
ni?iiiaeiino? ianaeaiiy , a ia?oo /a?ao naeyi , ui a naith /a?ao noaei
i?e/eiith c?inoaiiy aioo??oiueiai iiieoo.
Caaa?oaiiy ?aoi?ie iciaiaioaaeiny aeioneii a ia?a a ethoiio 1924?.
aea?aeaaieo eacia/aenueeeo a?eao?a a 1,3,5 ea?aiaaioe?a cieioii ,
?ici?iieo n??aieo iiiao ( 10 , 15, 20, 50eii oa 1 e?a ) oa ?ici?iieo
i?aeieo iiiao ( 1,2,3,5 eii. I?e oeueiio aeai ciaee iai?ithaaeenue ia
/a?aiioe? ii eo?no 50000 aeai ciae?a ca 1 /a?a?iaoeue.
Ia 15 ethoiai 1924 ?ieo /a?a?ioe? neeaaeaee 90 % a?ioiaiai ia?ao. Ia
1.06.24 iai?i aeai ciae?a aoa i?eieiaiee , ui oaeoe/ii icia/aei
caaa?oaiiy ?aoi?ie . A?ioiaa ai?n?y aeey iie?eooy aeao?oeeoo athaeaeaoo
aoea caai?iiaia.
Iane?aeee ?aoi?ie :
1. Aaaaeaiiy oaa?aei? , caaacia/aii? aaethoe ( ia 25 % cieioii ia 75 %
ei?ioeino?ieiaeie aaenaeyie oa e?ea?aeieie oiaa?aie )
2. Cai?iaaaeaeaiiy eiiaa?oaoe?? aaethoe ( 1 aeiea? = 1.95 /a?a )
3. Noaa?e?caoe?y a?ioiaiai iai?ioo
4. E?ea?aeaoe?y aeao?oeeoo athaeaeaoo
5. Icaei?iaeaiiy oiaa?ii-a?ioiaeo a?aeiinei
6. Noaa?e?caoe?y ainiiaea?noaa a oe?eiio , oa ??no AAI
7. C?inoaiiy ??aiy aeeooy ianaeaiiy
Oaa?aea eiiaa?oiaaia /a?aiia aaethoa i?io?eiaeanue aei ii/aoeo 1928 ?ieo
. A ?yae? i?e/ei aeaeiiaa?oaoe?? oa iineaaeaii? iiceoe?e /a?a?ioey
iiaeia iacaaoe :
1. Iaaaeee? ?ici??e cieioiai caiano
2. Caaio?aaeuei? neeaaeiiu? 1928 – 1929
3. Cieaeaiiy ianyao n/a aenii?oo
4. A?aeo?ae a?ae i?eioeei?a IAIo
Oiio , ye o?eueee naeueaei oi?a?aaeueiiai aaeaino o ca’yceo c? c?eaii
ieaiiaeo caaaeaiue 1925 ?. noaei a?ae’?iiei , cieio? caiane ciaioeeenue,
iineeeeanue ?ioeyoe?y ? a?ioiaa nenoaia e?a?ie ?icoaoaeanue. Aea?aeaaie
a?aei?iea c 2 iieiaeie 1926 ?ieo a?eueio eoi?aeth i?iaeaae ?iicaiii?
aaethoe ia aioo??oiueiio ?eieo, i?ci?oa aoa caai?iiaiee aa?c oa aea?c
a?o/eciyii? aaethoe caei?aeii.
Nienie aeei?enoaii? e?oa?aoo?e.
1. Aiae?thoei N.A Aaieianeay nenoaia ?innee .Eeaa?aeueiua ?aoi?iu e eo
iineaaenoaey . Aeaiueae e e?aaeeo 1997 ? 4
2. Aaeionia A.Ae. I?aia?aciaaiey a aeaiaaeiii ia?auaiee a 1914 – 1917
aiaeao .Oeiainu 1995 ? 3
3. Aeiaeei E.C. ?oaeue aue onoie/eaie aaethoie Aeaiueae e e?aaeeo 1996 ?
8
4. Eeueei N. Aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia 1922- 1924 aiaeia . Oeiainu 1995 ? 11
5. Iioaieei A.I. ?acaeoea nenoaiu ainnoaea?noaaiiuo caeiia a ?inne
.Oeiainu 1997 ? 1,7
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