y_y3‹?.y.y0 aaa.
‚cY¤Y?Y……………………………………….3
1. ?aa®a?i ic®«iae?? ?aY¤aa c«Y?© ® a®«?
F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬??Y………………………….5
?Ya? aY«?aae………………………..5
?« aa?cYa? i aY®a?i…………………..5
?Y©a? a? i aY®a?i…………………..6
Y®?« aa?cYa? i aY®a?i………………..8
2. ”a?ae?? F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬??Y………………..9
a?aaYaa®ca?®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y………….11
3. ?Ya®¤e F®aa¤ aaacY®F® c®§¤Y©aac?i ae®?…….14
F®aa¤ aaacYeY a aa®¤e……………….14
«®F®®!«®¦Y?Y………………………15
F®aa¤ aaacY®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y………….16
F®aa¤ aaacY®Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac®…….17
4. a®!«Y¬e ? ®Fa ?cY?i F®aa¤ aaacY®F®
c¬Ye aY«iaac ………………………………..20
¤YaYFa«?a®c ?Y ? ?a?c a?§ ae?i…………22
F®aa¤ aaacY®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y c aY«ia?®¬
a®§i©aacY……………………………24
‡ ?«icY?Y……………………………………..27
‘??a®? ?a?®«i§®c ®© «?aYa aaae………………….29
– 3 –
y_y3‚cY¤Y?Y.
a®!«Y¬ F®aa¤ aaacY®F® c¬Ye aY«iaac c i?®®¬??a ic«i-
Yaai, ?® ¬®Y¬a ¬Y?i, ic«iYaai ®a®c®© ¤«i «i!®F® F®aa-
¤ aaac , Y§ c?a?¬® ®a a®F®, ae®c i «? ia® i?®®¬?? ?«? ¦Y
a a?aY¤Y«?aY«i i. ‚ a a?aY¤Y«?aY«i®© i?®®¬??Y caY ?a®eY:
F®aa¤ aaac® !YaYa aY!i caY ?a c ? ®!i§ ®aa? ?® ?a®?§-
c®¤aaca ? a a?aY¤Y«Y?i a®c a®c ? aa«aF. ’® Yaai ® aYFa«?a®c –
?? F®c®a?ai Y ?a?a®¤?aai: F®aa¤ aaaca ?a®aa® Y?®F® aYFa«?-
a®c ai. ‚ a ?®¬ a«ac Y aYci ?¤Ya ® § ¬YeY?Y¬ caYF® ¬®F®®!a –
§?i ae®a¬ a®!aacY®aa? ? a?®a®!®c ®acYa c®?a®a “—a®,? ? ?
¤«i ?®F® ?a®?§c®¤?ai?” ®¤®© Y¤?aacY®© ae®a¬®© a®!aacY®aa?
– F®aa¤ aaacY®©, ®acYa ®a®c®© i?®®¬?cYa??© c®?a®a –
aaa®F®© aeYaa «?§ ae?Y© ? a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y¬. ?¤ ?® a ? i a?aaY¬
¤Y«Y ?®? § « ac®i YiaeaeY?a?c®aai. ?aa Yaai ae®ce© ?aai
a §c?a?i. ® c ae®c®¬ a®§i©aacY F®aa¤ aaaca ?a?a®¤?aai
?®aa®i® ?®aaY?a?a®c ai F«a!?a c«?i?i. YaY¤ F®aa¤ aaac®¬
Y aa®ia a ??Y § ¤ c?, ? ? Y?®aaY¤aacY®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?
a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y aYaaaa®c, a®c a®c ? aa«aF. ® ®® Y ?¬YYa ?
?a c ac®!®¤® a a?®ai¦ aiai aYaaaa ¬?, ? ??a «®¬ ? ?a®?§cY-
¤Ye¬? a®c a ¬?, ? ? ia® ¤Y« Yaai c a a?aY¤Y«?aY«i®© i?®®-
¬??Y. ® ¬®Y¬a ¬Y?i, F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦® ?®aa®i® ! « a?a®-
c ai, a® acY«?c?c i, a® a¬Yie i aaY?Yi c¬Ye aY«iaac . e®c-
i a?aaY¬ – ia® ?aY¦¤Y caYF® F?!?®aai ? ¤? ¬?§¬ c ?a?ia??
aYeY?© ? ? a® aa®a®e ? ? ?®aaY!?aY«Y©, a ? ? a® aa®a®e ?a®-
– 4 –
?§c®¤?aY«Y©. ?®aa¤ aaacY i ?®«?a?? ?a®aa® Y ?¬YYa ?a c
®aaa c ai ®a ?§¬YY?© c ae®c®© a?aaY¬Y, ? cY ®® ?aYca –
a?aai ?§ iaeaeY?a?c®F® aa !?«?§ a®a ? aYFa«ia®a c !ia®?a a?-
cYa?ai ¤aaa®©?a, a®a¬®§ieai a §c?a?Y i?®®¬???.
– 5 –
y_y31. ?‘’??? ‚?‹?–?? …„‘’?‚‹…?‰ ? ?‹? ??‘“„?‘’‚? ‚
y_y3??????….
y_y3 ) ?Ya? aY«?aae.
?aa®a?i F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i c®aa®¤?a ? ?®aea
aaY¤YcY?®cii. ‚ a® caY¬i ®a®c®© i?®®¬?cYa?®© e?®«®© !e«
e?®« ¬Ya? aY«?aa®c. ? ?a®c®§F« e « ?a?c®Y c¬Ye aY«iaac®
F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬??a. ?Ya? aY«?aae aacYa¦¤ «?, ca® F« ce©
?®? § aY«i !®F aaac aaa e-?®«?cYaac® §®«®a . ‚ aci§? a ia?¬
®? ?a?§ec «? ?®®eaiai i?a?®aa ? a¤Ya¦?c ai ?¬?®aa.
y_y3!) ?« aa?cYa? i aY®a?i.
‘«Y¤aieY© aaa?Yii a §c?a?i ?aY¤aa c«Y?© ® a®«? F®aa-
¤ aaac aa « a !®a ?.‘¬?a “?aa«Y¤®c ?Y ® ?a?a®¤Y ? ?a?c?-
a !®F aaac a®¤®c”, c ?®a®a®© ® aacYa¦¤ «, ca® “ac®!®¤ i
?Fa ae®cea a?«”(?a?ae??”laissez faire”) a®§¤ Ya F a¬®?c®Y
aaaa®©aac®” (‚ aF ‚. ®«i F®aa¤ aaac c ae®c®¬ a®§i©aacY.
???? N11, 1992F.,aaa.131).
‚ a®®acYaaac?? a ?« aa?cYa??¬ ?®¤a®¤®¬ F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦®
®!Ya?Yc?c ai !Y§®? a®aai ¦?§? cY«®cY? ? YF® a®!aacY®aai,
a §aYe ai a?®ae, ?e¬? a«®c ¬?, ¤Y« ai a®, ca® ?¤?c?¤aa¬ «?!®
Y c a®aa®i?? ce?®«?ai a ¬®aa®iaY«i®, «?!® ¤Y« Ya ia® Yiae-
aeY?a?c®. ‚ ac®Y¬ ®??a ?? a?aaY¬e ae®c®© i?®®¬??? ?¤ ¬
‘¬?a ¤®? §ec «, ca® ?¬Y® aaaY¬«Y?Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«i ? ¤®aa?-
– 6 –
¦Y?i ac®?a c aaea ?aYaYa®c ic«iYaai F« c®© ¤c?¦aeY© a?«®©
i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a §c?a?i, acY«?c?c i c ?®Yc®¬ ?a®FY !« –
F®a®aa®i?Y ? ? YF® a ¬®F®, a ? ? ®!eYaac c aeY«®¬.
?« c®Y § ?«ic «®ai c a®¬, ca® ¤«i caYa aa!eY?a®c a®-
§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ¤®«¦e !eai F a a?a®c e ®a®ceY
i?®®¬?cYa??Y ac®!®¤e, ?¬Y® ac®!®¤ ce!®a aaeYae ¤YiaY«i-
®aa?, ac®!®¤ ?®?aaYae?? ? ac®!®¤ a®aF®c«?.
y_y3c) ?Y©a? a? i aY®a?i.
‚ 30-Y F®¤ eYF® cY? , ?®a«Y F«a!®c ©eYF® a? ¤ i?®®-
¬??? ‘??, „¦.?Y©a ce¤c?a« ac®i aY®a?i, c ?®a®a®© ® ®?a®cYaF
c§F«i¤e ?« aa??®c a®«i F®aa¤ aaac . ’Y®a?i ?Y©a ¬®¦®
§c ai “?a?§?a®©” a ? ? ? ® a aa¬ aa?c Ya i?®®¬??a c
a®aa®i?? ¤Y?aYaa??. ® YF® aY®a??, F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦® ?a?c®
c¬Ye?c aiai c i?®®¬??a ?® ?a?c?Y ®aaaaaac?i a ac®!®¤®F®
ae? ¬Ya ?§¬®c, ?®a®aeY ?®- aa®ieY¬a ®!Ya?Yc?c «? !e cea®¤
i?®®¬??? ?§ ?a?§?a . ?Y©a ac?a «, ca® F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦®
c®§¤Y©aac®c ai ae®? c aeY«ia acY«?cY?i a?a®a , a ? ? ?
?a?c? ? ??a «?aa?cYa??a ?a?§?a®c – ?YaY?a®?§c®¤aac® a®c a®c.
? ?aY¤« F « Ya?®«i?® ?aaaa¬Ya®c. a® F?!? i ?aY¤?a®-¤Y-
Y¦ i ?®«?a?? , ®c i !i¤¦Ya®-ae? a®c i ?®«?a?? ? ¤a. ??!-
? i ?aY¤?a®-¤YY¦ i ?®«?a?? ?®§c®«iYa ?YaYe Faai cYaY§
®¤? ?§ aYaiY§Y©e?a ! aiYa®c – Yi« aa?c®aai § a !®a®© ?« –
ae. a® ¤®aa?F Yaai, ac?a « ?Y©a, ?aaY¬ ?§¬YY?i ?®«?cYaac
¤YYF c ®!a eY??. a? acY«?cY?? ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae aY «i i
– 7 –
§ a?« a a¬Yie?aai, ca® !a¤Ya aa?¬a«?a®c ai ?cYaa?ae?®e©
a?a®a ? a®aa § ia®aa?. ‘ ?®¬®eii !i¤¦Ya®-ae? a®c®© ?®«?a???
?Y©a aY?®¬Y¤®c « F®aa¤ aaaca acY«?c?ai «®F®ceY aa c?? ? §
acYa ia?a aaY¤aac ae? a?a®c ai YaYa !Y«ieY ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
a® Y a®«i?® a¬Yie?a !Y§a !®a?aea, ® ? a?¬Ya a®ae? «iai
?ai¦Y®aai.
?« ce¬? cYaa ¬? ?Y©a? a?®© ¬®¤Y«? aYFa«?a®c ?i ic«i-
iaai:
– cea®? i ¤®«i ae?® «i®F® ¤®a®¤ , ?YaYa a?aY¤Y«iY¬ i
cYaY§ F®a!i¤¦Ya;
– a®§¤ ?Y ®!e?a®© §®e F®aa¤ aaacY®F® ?aY¤?a??¬ –
aY«iaac ®a®cY ®!a §®c ?i F®aa¤ aaacYea ? a¬Ye ea
?aY¤?a?ia?©;
– e?a®?®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y !i¤¦Ya®-ae? a®cea ? ?aY¤?a-
®-ae? a®cea aYFa«ia®a®c ¤«i aa !?«?§ ae?? i?®®¬?cYa?®© ?®e-
i?aaae, aF« ¦?c ?i ae??«?cYa??a ?®«Y! ?©, ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?i cea®-
??a aY¬?®c a®aa ? cea®?®F® aa®ci § ia®aa?.
?®¤Y«i F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i, ?aY¤«®¦Y i
?Y©a®¬, ?®§c®«?« ®a« !?ai ae??«?cYa??Y ?®«Y! ?i c aYcY?Y
!®«YY cY¬ ¤caa ?®a«Yc®Yea ¤Yaia?«Ya?©. ?¤ ?® ?a?¬Ya® a –
c « 70-a FF. aa «® ?a®ic«iaiai Ya®®acYaaac?Y ¬Y¦¤a c®§¬®¦-
®aai¬? F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i ? ®!eY?a?ce¬? i?®®¬?-
cYa??¬? aa«®c?i¬?. ?Y©a? a? i ¬®¤Y«i ¬®F« !eai aaa®©c?c®©
a®«i?® c aa«®c?ia cea®??a aY¬?®c a®aa . ‚ea®??Y aY¬?e a®aa
ae?® «i®F® ¤®a®¤ a®§¤ c «? c®§¬®¦®aai ?YaYa a?aY¤Y«Y?i
!Y§ aeYa! ?®?«Y?i ? ??a « . ?¤ ?® c 70-Y F®¤ aa«®c?i
c®a?a®?§c®¤aac aY§?® aaa¤e?«?ai. e« ®?a®cYaFaa § ?® ”?«-
– 8 –
«??a , a®F« a® ?®a®a®¬a !Y§a !®a?ae ? ?ae«iae?i Y ¬®Faa a aa?
®¤®caY¬Y®. ?Y©a? a??Y ?aa? cea®¤ ?§ ?a?§?a a®«i?® a a?-
aac?c «? ?ae«iae?®ai a??a «i. ®¤ c®§¤Y©aac?Y¬ ia®F® ?a?§?a
?a®?§®e« ? a¤? «i i ?YaYaaa®©? a?aaY¬e F®aa¤ aaacY®F®
aYFa«?a®c ?i ? a«®¦?« ai ®c i, Y®?®aYac a?c i ¬®¤Y«i aY-
Fa«?a®c ?i.
y_y3F) Y®?« aa?cYa? i aY®a?i.
’Y®aYa?cYa?®© ®a®c®© Y®?®aYac a?c®© ¬®¤Y«? ?®a«a¦?«?
?®aeY?ae?? Y®?« aa?cYa?®F® ?a c«Y?i i?®®¬?cYa?®© ¬ea«?.
’a aae®a¬ ae?i ¬®¤Y«? F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i § ?«ic –
« ai c ®a? §Y ®a c®§¤Y©aac?i c®a?a®?§c®¤aac® cYaY§ a?a®a,
c¬Yaa® ia®F® – ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ?®acYea ¬Ya c®§¤Y©aac?i
?aY¤«®¦Y?Y. ‘a®a®??? i?®®¬??? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ac?a ia Y®!a®-
¤?¬e¬ c®aa®§¤ ai ?« aa?cYa??© ¬Ya ?§¬ ?®?«Y?i ? c®§a®¤?ai
ac®!®¤a c aa®F® ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac . ?®®¬?cYa??© ?®aa
a aa¬ aa?c Yaai ? ? aea?ae?i ®a ?®?«Y?i ? ??a « , ?®a®a®Y
®aaeYaac«iYaai ?§ ¤caa ?aa®c??®c: § acYa a®!aacYea
aaY¤aac, a.Y. ? ??a «?§ ae?? c aa? ?a?!e«? ? § acYa § Y¬ea
aaY¤aac (?aY¤?a®c). ®ia®¬a c a®®acYaaac?? a ia®© aY®a?Y©
F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦® ®!Ya?Yc?ai aa«®c?i ¤«i ?a®aeYaa ?®?«Y?i
? ??a « ? ?®ceeY?i ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
?« ceY ?aYFa ¤e ia®¬ ?aa? – cea®??Y «®F? ? ?ae«i-
ae?i. ‚ea®??Y «®F? ®Fa ?c?c ia a®aa ? ??a «®c«®¦Y?©, ?ae-
«iae?i a¤®a®¦ Ya ?aY¤?a ? aY¬ a ¬e¬ § aaa¤iYa ?a?®«i§®c ?Y
§ Y¬ea aaY¤aac ¤«i ?®?«Y?i. ®ia®¬a Y®?®aYac a®ae ?aY¤-
– 9 –
«®¦?«? ®aaeYaac«Y?Y a??ae«iae?®ea ¬Ya®?a?ia?© ! §Y aY-
?®¬Y¤ ae?© ¬®Ya a?aa®c ? ?aY¤®aa c«Y?Y «®F®cea «iF®a
?aY¤?a??¬ aY«i¬.
‘®?a eY?Y «®F®cea aa c®? a®?a a?a ? ¤®a®¤e F®a!i¤¦Ya
? acY«?c?a YF® ¤Yae?ae?a, ca® ®a«®¦?a !®ai!a a ?ae«iae?Y©. ‘«Y-
¤®c aY«i®, a«Y¤aie?¬ e F®¬ aa Ya a®?a eY?Y F®aa¤ aaacYea
a aa®¤®c, ®a? § ®a ?a?®«i§®c ?i !i¤¦Ya ¤«i ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?i
a?a®a ? ®aaeYaac«Y?i e?a®?®¬ aea !ea a®ae? «iea ?a®Fa ¬¬.
‘i¤ ¬®¦® ®aYaa? ? ?®«?a??a ?a?c a?§ ae?? F®aa¤ aaacY®©
a®!aacY®aa?.
‘«Y¤aie?© ?®¬?«Y?a ¬Ya – aY «?§ ae?i ?®«?a??? ¤YaYFa«?a®-
c ?i. a® ®§ c Ya «??c?¤ ae?i aYF« ¬Ya ae?© ?® aeY ¬ ? § a –
!®a®© ?« aY, «?!Ya «?§ ae?i (a¬iFcY?Y) a?aaYaa®ca?®F® § ?®-
®¤ aY«iaac , ¤YaYFa«?a®c ?Y ae? a !®cY© a?«e ? ¤a.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, c Y®?®aYac a?c®© ¬®¤Y«? F®aa¤ aaac® ¬®-
¦Ya «?ei ?®acY® c«?iai i?®®¬??a. ?« c i ¦Y a®«i c aY –
«?§ ae?? i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a §c?a?i aaa e ®ac®¤?aai ae®ce¬ a?-
« ¬.
y_y32. ”“?–?? ??‘“„?‘’‚? ‚ ??????….
‚¬Ye aY«iaac® F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬??a ?aYa«Y¤aYa ®?aY¤Y-
«YeY aea?ae??. ? ? ?a c?«®, ®® ?®aaY?a?aaYa aY “Ya®cYa-
eYaac “, ?®a®aeY ?a?aae? ae®c®¬a ¬Ya ?§¬a ? a ?®a®ae¬? ®
a ¬ «?!® a?a c?aiai Y c a®aa®i?? , «?!® ia® aYeY?Y YiaeaeY?-
– 10 –
a?c®. ?®aa¤ aaac® !YaYa aY!i ®acYaaacY®aai § a®§¤ ?Y
a cea aa«®c?© ¤«i a®?Ya?cYaac ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y©, ¤«i iaeaeY?-
a?c®© ?®?aaYae??, § ®Fa ?cY?Y c« aa? ¬®®?®«?©. ?® a ?¦Y
§ !®a?aai ® ?a®?§c®¤aacY ¤®aa a®c®F® ?®«?cYaac ®!eYaacYea
a®c a®c ? aa«aF, a ? ? ? ae®ce© ¬Ya ?§¬ Y c a®aa®i??
¤®«¦e¬ ®!a §®¬ a¤®c«Yac®aiai ?®««Y?a?ceY ?®aaY!®aa? «i¤Y©.
“c aa?Y F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬?cYa?®© ¦?§? ¤??aaYaai YeY ? aY¬,
ca® ae®? Y ®!Ya?Yc?c Ya a®ae? «i® a?a cY¤«?c®Y a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y
¤®a®¤ . ?®aa¤ aaaca ¤«Y¦?a § !®a?aiai ®! ?c «?¤ a, ¬ «®?¬a-
e?a, aa a?? a. …¬a a ?¦Y ?a? ¤«Y¦?a aaeYa aea¤ ¬Ya «iea –
acea a §a !®a®?. a® Y®!a®¤?¬® ?®a®¬a ca® ¤«i ?aY¤?a??¬ aY-
«Y© ia® ®cYi a?a?®c ®, caY§cec ©® ¤®a®F® ?, ? ? ?a c?«®,
Y ?a?®a?a !eaaaea ¤®a®¤®c. ®a?®«i?a ae®? Y F a a?aaYa
?a c® aaa¤, F®aa¤ aaaca ?a?a®¤?aai aYFa«?a®c ai ae®? aaa-
¤ , ?a??¬ ai ¬Yae ?® a®?a eY?i !Y§a !®a?aee.
‚ aeY«®¬ F®aa¤ aaac® aY «?§aYa ?®«?a?cYa??Y ? a®ae? «i-
®-i?®®¬?cYa??Y ?a?ae??e ¤ ®F® a®®!eYaac Fa ¦¤ . ?® ?-
a?c® ac aacaYa c ae®a¬?a®c ?? ¬ ?a®i?®®¬?cYa??a ae®cea
?a®aeYaa®c.
®«i F®aa¤ aaac c ae®c®© i?®®¬??Y ?a®ic«iYaai cYaY§
a«Y¤aie?Y c ¦Y©e?Y aea?ae??:
) a®§¤ ?Y ?a c®c®© ®a®ce ¤«i ?a?ia?i i?®®¬?cYa??a
aYeY?©. ?®aa¤ aaac® a §a ! aec Ya ? ?a??¬ Ya § ?®e, aYFa«?-
aaie?Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«ia?ai ¤YiaY«i®aai, ®?aY¤Y«iYa ?a c ?
®!i§ ®aa? Fa ¦¤ ;
!) aa !?«?§ ae?i i?®®¬???. a c?aY«iaac® ?a?®«i§aYa !i¤-
¦Ya®- «®F®cai ? ?aY¤?a®-¤YY¦ai ?®«?a??a ¤«i ?aY®¤®«Y?i
– 11 –
a? ¤ ?a®?§c®¤aac , ¤«i aF« ¦?c ?i ?ae«iae??, a?¦Y?i !Y§a –
!®a?aee, ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?i aa !?«i®F® aa®ci aeY ? ae?® «i®© c –
«iae;
c) a®ae? «i®-®a?Ya?a®c ®Y a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y aYaaaa®c.
?®aa¤ aaac® ®aF ?§aYa ?a®?§c®¤aac® a®c a®c ? aa«aF, ?®a®ae¬
Y § ?¬ Yaai c aae© aY?a®a. ?® a®§¤ Ya aa«®c?i ¤«i a §c?a?i
aY«ia?®F® a®§i©aac , aci§?, aa a?®aa , ®?aY¤Y«iYa a aa®¤e
®!®a®a, a?a, ae®a¬?aaYa ?a®Fa ¬¬e a §c?a?i ®!a §®c ?i,
§¤a c®®aa Y?i ? a.¤.;
F) ®!Ya?YcY?Y a®ae? «i®© § e?ae ? a®ae? «i®© F a a??.
?®aa¤ aaac® F a a?aaYa ¬??¬a¬ § a !®a®© ?« ae, ?Ya?? ?®
aa a®aa?, ?c «?¤®aa?, ?®a®!?Y ?® !Y§a !®a?aeY, a §«?ceY c?¤e
?®¬®e? ¬ «®?¬ae?¬ ? a.¤.
y_y3?a?aaYaa®ca?®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y.
?a?¬®®?®«i i ¤YiaY«i®aai F®aa¤ aaac ic«iYaai ®¤®©
?§ c ¦Y©e?a ®!« aaY© ?a?«®¦Y?i F®aa¤ aaacY®F® c¬Ye aY«iaa-
c . YFa«?a®c ?Y a §c?c Yaai c ¤caa ?a c«Y?ia. aYa Y¬-
®F?a ae? a, F¤Y aa«®c?i ?aY?iaaacaia iaeaeY?a?c®¬a aea?ae?®?-
a®c ?i ®aa a«? ?a? ?®?aaYae??, a® Yaai c a ? §ec Y¬ea
y_YaaYaacYea ¬®®?®«?iay., F®aa¤ aaac®¬ a®§¤ iaai ®!eYaacYeY
aYFa«?aaie?Y ®aF e ¤«i ?®aa®«i § ?a i?®®¬?cYa??¬ ?®cY¤Y?-
Y¬. !®«ie?aacY ¤aaF?a ae?®c, F¤Y ¬®®?®«?i Y aa « Y®!-
a®¤?¬®aaii, ®!eYaacYe© ?®aa®«i ?a?i« ae®a¬a a?¬®®?®«i®-
F® § ?®®¤ aY«iaac . „ «YY !a¤aa a aa¬®aaYe ®a®!Y®aa? aYFa-
«?a®c ?i ¤YiaY«i®aa? YaaYaacYea ¬®®?®«?©.
– 12 –
…aaYaacY i ¬®®?®«?i aaeYaacaYa c aYa a«ac ia, ?®F¤
®¤ ae?a¬ ¬®¦Ya ®!Ya?Yc?c ai cYai ae®?, ?¬Yi !®«YY ?§??Y
?§¤Ya¦?? Y¤??aea ?a®¤a?ae??, ¤®aa?F Y¬eY § acYa ¬ aea ! .
a® a a ?aYa® ¤«i ?aY¤?a?ia?© ®!eYaacY®F® ?®«i§®c ?i, F¤Y
¤«i ¤®aa?¦Y?i ?§?®© aeYe Y®!a®¤?¬ ?aa?®¬ aea ! i ¤Yi-
aY«i®aai.
„«i ®!Ya?YcY?i ?a?Y¬«Y¬®F® ?®cY¤Y?i a ??a ¬®®?®«?© ¬®-
Faa ?a?®«i§®c aiai ¤c c a? a : F®aa¤ aaacY i a®!aacY®aai
? F®aa¤ aaacY®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y.
„«i YaaYaacYea ¬®®?®«?© ®!ec® aaa c«?c Yaai “a?a –
cY¤«?ce©” ¤®a®¤, a® Yaai aeY , a c i aaY¤?¬ c «®ce¬ ?§¤Ya¦-
? ¬. ?¤ ?® ia® c«YcYa § a®!®© ®aaaaaac?Y aa?¬a« ?aY¤?a?ia?i
? a?¦Y?i ?§¤Ya¦Y?.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, aeY«i ®aa a«Yc®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i a®aa®?a c
a®¬, ca®!e § e?a?ai ®!eYaac® ®a ae®c®© c« aa? YaaYaacYea
¬®®?®«?© ?aaY¬ aYFa«?a®c ?i aeY ? ? cYaac ®!a«a¦?c ?i. ®
Y®!a®¤?¬® ?a?®«i§®c ai ?ai¬®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y a®«i?® a ¬, F¤Y
ia® Y ?a?c®¤?a ? a?¦Y?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac . YFa«?-
a®c ?Y Y ¤®«¦® ?a?¬Yiaiai c a«ac ia, ?®F¤ ?®?aaYae?i ¬®-
¦Ya ®!Ya?Yc?ai «aceYY ®!Ya?YcY?Y ®!eYaac ?a®¤a?ae?Y©.
„aaF?¬ c?¤®¬ ?®aa®«i ic«iiaai a?aaYaa®ca??Y § ?®e.
a ae®a¬ ?®aa®«i ?¬YYa !®F aai ?aa®a?i. ‚ 1890F. !e« ?a?ia
§ ¬Y?ae© § ?® ?Ya¬ , § ?aYe ie?© «i!eY c?¤e aF®c®a ? «i-
!eY ?®?ea?? ¬®®?®«?§ ae?? ? ?®©-«?!® ®aa a«?. ?¤ ?® ia ae®a-
¬a«?a®c? !e« ¤®c®«i® a §¬ea , ca® Y ?®§c®«i«® cYa?® ®?aY-
¤Y«?ai ?aYaaa?«Y?Y. ‘«Y¤aie?¬ e F®¬ !e« § ?® ?«Y©a® ®a
1914F. ‚ ?a?ae??Y ® !e« ?a®¤®«¦Y?Y¬ § ?® ?Ya¬ ? «?ei
– 13 –
aa®ci« Y?®a®aeY YF® ?a?ae.
‚ a®¬ ¦Y F®¤a !e« a®§¤ ”Y¤Ya «i i a®aF®c i ?®¬?aa?i.
‚ YY ?®¬?YaYae?i ca®¤?« ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«Y?Y¬ ceeY §c ea
§ ?®®c, a ?¦Y a aa«Y¤®c ai YcYaaeY ¤Y©aac?i ?® ac®Y© ??-
ae? a?cY. ‡ ?® ® ”Y¤Ya «i®© a®aF®c®© ?®¬?aa?? a ae?a?« ¤? ? –
§® Y§ ?®®F® ?®cY¤Y?i ? ?aY¤®aa c?« Y§ c?a?¬®¬a a?a-
aYaa®ca?®¬a ®aF a ?®«®¬®c?i ¤«i ?a®cY¤Y?i a aa«Y¤®c ?©.
®«ie®Y ?®«?cYaac® a?¬®®?®«iea § ?®®c ? a §«?cea
aa®cY?© ? ?¬ ¤®? §ec ia caY§cec ©ai c ¦®aai ia?a § ?®®c
¤«i ®!eYaac . „Y©aac?aY«i®, !Ya?®aa®«i i ¬®®?®«i i c« aai
¬®¦Ya ?a?Yaa? aaeYaacYeY a!ea?? ®!eYaaca ?a?¬YY?Y¬ Y-
cYaa®© ?®?aaYae??, ca® ce§®cYa ! ?a®aaac ¬Y«??a ?a®?§c®¤?-
aY«Y©, Y¤®c®«iaac ?®aaY!?aY«Y© cea®??¬? aeY ¬?, YaY¤?® ?
?«®a?¬ ? cYaac®¬ a®c a®c, ®aaa c ?Y c ac®-aYa?cYa?®¬
?a®FaYaaY ? ¬®F® ¤aaF?a YF a?cea ?®a«Y¤aac?©. ®, a ¤aaF®©
aa®a®e, a?¬®®?®«ieY § ?®e Y ¤®«¦e ? a ai ?aa?ea ?a®-
?§c®¤?aY«Y©, Y ?a?®«i§aie?a Y§ ?®ea ¬Ya®¤®c ?®?aaYa®©
!®ai!e. …a«? ia® aa«®c?Y Y !a¤Ya ce?®«Y®, a® a ?aY¤?a??¬ –
aY«Y© § c?aY«i® a®?a aiaai aa?¬a«e ¤Y« ai ac®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y
!®«YY a?«ie¬ ? ce?aa? ai !®«ieY ?a®¤a?ae??.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, F®aa¤ aaac® ceaaa? Ya c a®«? a!?aa , ?®-
a®ae© ?§!?a Ya ®?a?¬ «i®Y (? ?!®«YY iaeaeY?a?c®Y) a®®a®eY-
?Y ¬Y¦¤a ¬®®?®«?i¬? ? ?®?aaYae¬? ®aa a«i¬?. ‚ a §«?ceY
?Ya?®¤e ?aa®a?? ¤«i a §«?cea aaa ia® a®®a®eY?Y !e«® a §-
e¬, ?®aaY?a?aaY¬e¬ ?®¤ ®a®!Y®aa? a §c?a?i i?®®¬???, ?
F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦® a¬Y«® ? iaeaeY?a?c® ?a?®«i§®c ai ia®a ¬Ya –
?§¬.
– 14 –
y_y33. ?…’?„› ??‘“„?‘’‚…??? ‚?‡„…‰‘’‚?? ? ›??.
?®aa¤ aaac® ®? §ec Ya c®§¤Y©aac?Y ae®ce© ¬Ya ?§¬
cYaY§ y1ac®? a aa®¤e, «®F®®!«®¦Y?Y, aYFa«?a®c ?Y ? F®aa-
y1¤ aaacY®Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac®.
y_y3?®aa¤ aaacYeY a aa®¤e y.y0ac?a iaai ®¤?¬ ?§ c ¦ea i«Y¬Y-
a®c ¬ ?a®i?®®¬?cYa?®© ?®«?a???. ?? c«?iia a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y
? ? ¤®a®¤ , a ? ? aYaaaa®c. ?®aa¤ aaacYeY a aa®¤e a®aa®ia ?§
F®aa¤ aaacYea § ?a?®? ? aa aaeYaaea ?« aY¦Y©. ?®aa¤ aaacY-
eY § ?a??? ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®©, ? ? ?a c?«®, ?a?®!aYaY?Y ®!-
eYaacYea a®c a®c (§ aa ae ®!®a®a, aaa®?aY«iaac® ? a®¤Ya-
¦ ?Y e?®«, ca®¤®a®F, acea aeYaa®c ? a.¤.). ’a aaeYaaeY
?« aY¦? – ia® ce?« ae, ?YaYa a?aY¤Y«iie?Y «®F®ceY ¤®a®¤e,
?®«acYeY ®a caYa «®F®?« aY«ie??®c, ®?aY¤Y«Ye¬ a«®i¬
aY«Y?i c c?¤Y ?®a®!?© ?® !Y§a !®a?aeY, ce?« a c aci§? a ?-
c «?¤®aaii ? a.¤. a¦® § ¬Ya?ai, ca® F®aa¤ aaacYeY § ?a???
c®aia c?« ¤ c ae?® «ie© ¤®a®¤ ? Y?®aaY¤aacY® ?a?®«i§aia
aYaaaae, c a® caY¬i ? ? aa aaeYaae Y ?a?®«i§aia aYaaaae ? Y
aci§ e a ?a®?§c®¤aac®¬. ?®aa¤ aaacYeY § ?a??? ?a?c®¤ia ?
?YaYa a?aY¤Y«Y?i aYaaaa®c ®a c aa®F® ? ®!eYaacY®¬a ?®aaY!-
«Y?i a®c a®c. ?? ¤ ia c®§¬®¦®aai Fa ¦¤ ¬ ?®«i§®c aiai ®!-
eYaacYe¬? a®c a ¬?. ’a aaeYaaeY ?« aY¦? ?¬Yia ¤aaF®Y § cY-
?Y: ®? ?§¬Yiia aaaa?aaaa ?a®?§c®¤aac a®c a®c ?¤?c?¤a «i-
®F® ?®aaY!«Y?i. ‘a¬¬e, c§iaeY c c?¤Y «®F®c a ®¤?a a«®Yc
aY«Y?i, ce?« c?c iaai ¤aaF?¬. ?¤ ?® aY, ?®¬a ?aY¤ § c –
iaai aa aaeYaae, aa aia ia? ¤YiF? ?eY a®c ae, cY¬ ?
– 15 –
¤®aa?F Yaai ?§¬YY?Y aaaa?aaae ?®aaY!«Y?i.
„aaF?¬ c ¦e¬ ?aaaa¬Ya®¬ F®aa¤ aaacY®© ?®«?a??? ic«i-
Yaai y_y3 «®F®®!«®¦Y?Yy.y0. «®F? – ®a®c®© ?aa®c?? !i¤¦Yaea
aaY¤aac. ‚ F®aa¤ aaac a a ae®c®© i?®®¬??®© c§?¬ iaai a §-
«?ceY c?¤e «®F®c. ?¤? ?§ ?a ®aia c?¤?¬e© a a ?aYa, ?-
a?¬Ya ?®¤®a®¤e© «®F, ¤aaF?Y Y aa®«i ®cYc?¤e, ?®a?®«i?a
?« ¤ec iaai ?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y© aeaiYcea aYaaaa®c ? c®§-
¤Y©aacaia ¤®¬®a®§i©aac ?®acYe¬ ?aaY¬ c c?¤Y !®«YY cea®-
??a aeY a®c ae. «®F? ®ac aec ia ? ? ¤®¬®a®§i©aac , a ? ?
ae?a¬e. ‚ c?¤Y «®F®c c !i¤¦Ya ?®? ¤ ia § c?aY«ieY aa¬¬e
( ?a?¬Ya c ‘?? ®?®«® 30 ?a®aeYa®c caY© aa®?¬®aa? ?a®?§c®¤?¬ea
a®c a®c ? aa«aF).
?¤ ?§ ®a®cea ?a®!«Y¬ – a?a cY¤«?c®aai a a?aY¤Y«Y?i
«®F®c®F® !aY¬Y?. ‘aeYaacaYa aa? ®a®ceY a?aaY¬e, ®a®c –
eY ?®ia?? y2?a®FaYaa?c®aa? y0 «®F®®!«®¦Y?i – ®a®eY?i
aa¬¬e, c§?¬ Y¬®© c c?¤Y «®F a ¤®a®¤ ?®?aYa®F® a !®a??
? cY«?c?Y ia®F® ¤®a®¤ .
-?a®?®aae?® «ie© «®F (aa¬¬ «®F ?a®?®aae?® «i ¤®-
a®¤a a !®a?? );
-aYFaYaa?ce© «®F (c ?a®aeYa®¬ ®a®eY?? «®F c§?¬ –
Yaai aY¬ ?¦Y, cY¬ ceeY ¤®a®¤ a !®a?? );
-?a®FaYaa?ce© «®F (c ?a®aeYa®¬ ®a®eY?? cY¬ ceeY ¤®-
a®¤, aY¬ ceeY «®F).
? ? ¬Y ?aY¤aa c«iYaai, ?!®«YY a?a cY¤«?ce¬ ic«iYaai
?a®FaYaa?ce© «®F, ®¤ ?® ?a®aeYa®Y ?®ceeY?Y «®F Y
¤®«¦® !eai § c?aY«ie¬, ca®!e Y ®a« !«iai aa?¬a«e ? aaa¤a,
a«Y¤®c aY«i® – ? !®«ie?¬ § a !®a? ¬. ? ? ?a c?«®, ?®¤®a®¤-
– 16 –
e© «®F ?®aaa®Y ?¬Y® ?® ia®¬a ?a?ae??a. ?¤ ?® «®F? a
?a®¤ ¦ ? ?ae?§eY «®F? ic«iiaai ae ?a?cYa?? aYFaYaa?ce¬?,
a ? ? ? ®? c !®«ie?aacY a«ac Yc ?YaY?« ¤ec iaai ?®aaY!?-
aY«Y©, c ¤®a®¤Y ?®a®aea ®¤ ? a ¦Y aa¬¬ § ?¬ Ya a §«?cai
¤®«i.
‡ ¤ c F®aa¤ aaac – a®!a ai «®F? a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ca®!e
®!Ya?Yc?ai ?®aaY!®aa? !i¤¦Ya ? ®¤®caY¬Y® Y ce§c ai Y¤®-
c®«iaac «®F®?« aY«ie??®c. a? a«?e?®¬ cea®??a «®F®cea
aa c? a c? Yaai ¬ aa®c®Y a?«®Y?Y ®a a?« ae «®F®c.
a®caY¬Y®¬ ia ?Y c ®aa?? ?a®?aa®¤?a ?¬Y® a ? i a?aa ae?i.
?®aa¤ aaaca Y ac a Ya aaY¤aac, ®® ?®cee Ya «®F?, ?aY¤?a?-
?¬ aY«? caY c eY a?«®iiaai ®a ?a a?« ae, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, c
!i¤¦Ya ?¤Ya caY ¬YieY aaY¤aac. ?®aa¤ aaac® ®?iai ?®cee Ya –
«®F?. ®«ac Yaai § ¬?aae© ?aaF. ? ac?a i, ca® c ¤ ®© a?aa –
ae?? aY§®® ?®?§?ai «®F?. a® a¬Yie?a aa?¬a«e ? Ya?« aY,
a¤Y« Ya y3cYaa®Y y0?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac® !®«YY ?a?!e«ie¬, ?a?cY¤Ya
? !®«ie?¬ ¤®a®¤ ¬ F®aa¤ aaac ? a?§?a aa®cYi ?a?¬? «?§ ae??
!?§Ya .
y_y3?®aa¤ aaacY®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y y.y0?a?§c ® ?®®a¤??a®c ai
i?®®¬?cYa??Y ?a®aeYaae ? aci§ec ai c aaeY ? ®!eYaacYeY ?-
aYaYae. ?® ®aaeYaac«iYaai c § ?®®¤ aY«i®©, «®F®c®©, ?aY-
¤?a®© ? aa!cYae?®®© ae®a¬ a. ‡ ?®®¤ aY«i i ae®a¬ aYFa«?a®-
c ?i aYF« ¬Ya?aaYa ¤YiaY«i®aai ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y©. a?¬Ya®¬
¬®Faa a«a¦?ai a?¬®®?®«ieY § ?®e. «®F®c i ? ?aY¤?a i
ae®a¬e aYFa«?a®c ?i ?aY¤aa¬ aa?c ia ?a?®«i§®c ?Y «®F®c ?
?aY¤?a®c ¤«i c®§¤Y©aac?i ae?® «ie© ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac .
?§¬Yii «®F®ceY aa c?? ? «iF®ae, ?a c?aY«iaac® c®§¤Y©aacaYa
– 17 –
aa¦Y?Y ?«? a ae?aY?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac . a? ?§¬YY?? aa«®c?©
?aY¤?a®c ?i F®aa¤ aaac® c«?iYa a¬YieY?Y ?«? acY«?cY?Y
®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac .
‘a!cYae?® i ae®a¬ aYFa«?a®c ?i ?aY¤?®« F Ya ?aY¤®aa c-
«Y?Y F®aa¤ aaacYea aa!a?¤?© ?«? «®F®cea «iF®a ®a¤Y«ie¬
®aa a«i¬ «?!® ?aY¤?a?ia?i¬. ? ?a c?a«a ®!ec® ®a®aia ®aa a«?,
ae®a¬?aaie?Y ®!e?Y aa«®c?i ¤«i ae®a¬?a®c ?i ®!eYaacY®F® ? ??-
a « (?aea aaaa?aaae). ®a®cY aa!a?¤?© ¬®¦Ya ®? §ec aiai
?®¤¤Ya¦? ? c aaeYaY a??, ®!a §®c ?i, ?®¤F®a®c?? ? ¤a®c, ? c
aYeY?? a®ae? «iea ?a®Fa ¬¬. ‘aeYaacaia a ?¦Y ? a?Yae? «ieY,
?«? aeY«YceY aa!a?¤??, ?®a®aeY ?aY¤aa¬ aa?c ia a aa®¤®c ?Y
aaY¤aac !i¤¦Ya ?® aaa®F® ®?aY¤Y«Ye¬ ?a®Fa ¬¬ ¬. „®«i aa!-
cYae?© c ‚ a §c?aea aaa a®aa c«iYa 5-10 ?a®aeYa®c. ‚e¤Y«ii
aa!a?¤??, a?¦ i «®F®ceY aa c??, F®aa¤ aaac® aY¬ a ¬e¬ ?§¬Y-
iYa a a?aY¤Y«Y?Y aYaaaa®c, ? aa!a?¤?aaY¬eY ®aa a«? ?®«ac ia
c®§¬®¦®aai c®§¬Ye ai ?§¤Ya¦??, ?®a®aeY Yc®§¬®¦® ?®?aeai ?®
ae®cea aeY a.
y_y3?®aa¤ aaacY®Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac® y.y0®aaeYaac«iYaai c aYa
®!« aaia, F¤Y a®§i©aacY®aai ?a®a?c®aYc?a ?a?a®¤Y c aaea
ae?a¬ ?«? ¦Y aaY!aiaai ®Fa®¬eY c«®¦Y?i aaY¤aac ? a?a?. ?a®c-
®Y ®a«?c?Y ®a c aa®F® ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac a®aa®?a c a®¬, ca®
?Yac®®cYaY¤ i aeY«i F®aa¤ aaacY®F® ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac
a®aa®?a Y c ?®«acY?? ¤®a®¤ , c aYeY?? a®ae? «i®-i?®®¬?-
cYa??a § ¤ c, a ??a ? ? ®!Ya?YcY?Y Y®!a®¤?¬ea aY¬?®c a®aa ,
aF« ¦?c ?Y ae??«?cYa??a ?®«Y! ?©, ?®¤¤Ya¦ ?Y § ia®aa?, aa?-
¬a«?a®c ?Y ac®-aYa?cYa?®F® ?a®FaYaa ? a.¤. „ i ae®a¬
aYFa«?a®c ?i ®!Ya?Yc?c Ya ?®¤¤Ya¦?a ¬ «®aYa !Y«iea ?aY¤?a?-
– 18 –
ia?© ? ®aa a«Y© a®§i©aac , ?®a®aeY ¦?§Y® c ¦e ¤«i c®a?a®-
?§c®¤aac . a® ?aY¦¤Y caYF® ®aa a«? i?®®¬?cYa?®© ?aea aaaa?-
aaae(iYaFYa?? , aa a?®aa, aci§i). ? ?a®!«Y¬ ¬, aYe Y¬e¬
F®aa¤ aaacYe¬ ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac®¬, ®a®aiaai a ?¦Y ?aY-
¤®aa c«Y?Y aY«Y?i «iF®a c a §«?cea ®!« aaia a®ae? «i®©
?aea aaaa?aaae, ?®¬®ei ¦?§Y® c ¦e¬ a?®- ? ? ??a «®Y¬??¬
®aa a«i¬ i?®®¬??? c aeY«ia aa?®aY?i ac®-aYa?cYa?®F® ?a®F-
aYaa ? a?aY?«Y?i ia®© ®a®cY ?®§?ae?© aaa e c ¬?a®c®¬ a®-
§i©aacY, ?a®cY¤Y?Y aYF?® «i®© ?®«?a??? – aaa®?aY«iaac® c
i?®®¬?cYa?? ®aaa «ea a ©® a ?a®¬ee«Yea ?aY¤?a?ia?©, a®§¤ –
?Y a !®c?a ¬Yaa, ®aa ®?aa¦ ieY© aaY¤e ?aaY¬ cY¤aY?i !Y-
§®aa®¤ea aYa®«®F?©, aaa®?aY«iaac ®c?aaea a®®aa¦Y?©, a §-
c?a?Y aea¤ ¬Ya «iea acea ?aa«Y¤®c ?©, ?a®?§c®¤aac® a®c –
a®c, ic«iieYYai ?® § ?®a F®aa¤ aaacY®© ¬®®?®«?Y©.
? ac?a i, ca® F®aa¤ aaacY®Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac® ¤®«¦®
a §c?c aiai y2a®«i?® y0c aYa aaeYa a, F¤Y ?a®aa® Ya ?®F® cea®¤ .
„Y«® c a®¬, ca® ?® aa cY?i a c aae¬? F®aa¤ aaacYeY ?aY¤?-
a?ia?i ic«iiaai ¬YYY iaeaeY?a?ce¬?. ?®aa¤ aaacY®Y ?aY¤?a?i-
a?Y, ?aaai ¤ ¦Y ¤Y«Y®Y a ¬e¬? e?a®??¬? ?a c ¬? ? ®a-
cYaaacY®aaii, caYF¤ ®aaa Ya ®a c aa®F® c aaY?Y? a®-
§i©aacY®© a ¬®aa®iaY«i®aa?. ‚ ¤YiaY«i®aa? F®a?aY¤?a?ia?i
cYai? ?a?aaaaacaia ? ? ae®ceY, a ? ? Yae®ceY, ?¤ae?Y
®a F®aa¤ aaac ¬®a?ce. ®«?a?cYa??Y ¬®a?ce ?YaY¬Yc?ce, ®?
§ c?aia ®a ?a c?aY«iaac , a a?®ai¦Y?© ¬??aaYaaac ? a.¤. ®i-
a®¬a F®a?aY¤?a?ia?i c aa® ®? §ec iaai c a«®¦®© ? Yia®©
®!aa ®c?Y, ?aY¤a? § ai ?®a®aai ¬®F® a«®¦YY, cY¬ ae®cai
?®ei?aaaa. ‘?a®F®§?a®c ai cYa®iaeY ?®«Y! ?i a?a®a ? aeY
– 19 –
F®a §¤® «YFcY, cY¬ ?aY¤aF ¤ ai ?®cY¤Y?Y ®c®F® ¬??aaa ?«?
¦Y c?®c?? , aYeY?i ?®a®a®F® § c aaai ®?aY¤Y«iia aa¤i!a
?aY¤?a?ia?i. ‡ ?¬? ¬®Faa aa®iai ?®«?a?cYa??Y aeY«?, ?®a®aeY
Y ?¬Yia ?? ?®F® ®a®eY?i ? ae®c®¬a ?®cY¤Y?i (aaaY¬«Y?Y
acY«?c?ai ?®aaa?«Y?i c !i¤¦Ya, ¦Y« ?Y a®aa ?ai ea ae ? ?®-
cea?ai § a !®aai ?« aa ? a.¤.).
? ? ?a c?«®, F®aa¤ aaacYeY ?aY¤?a?ia?i Y F®a®ce ? ae-
®c®¬a a®?Ya?cYaaca, ?®a?®«i?a a aac?aec ia Y a®«i?® aY-
!i, ® ? ®a®!®Y ®a®eY?Y a® aa®a®e c« aaY© (¤®a ae??, –
«®F®ceY «iF®ae, F a a?? a!ea c a ¬? a F®a§ ? §®c). “ F®aa-
¤ aaacYea ?aY¤?a?ia?© Ya ®!i§ aY«iaac ?YaY¤ ?ae?®Ya ¬?,
! ?a®aaac® ?¬ ®!ec® Y Fa®§?a. ‚aY ia® YF a?c® a? §ec Yaai
¤? ¬??Y § aa a ? aeY, a?®a®aa? ®ac®Y?i ®cea aYa®«®F?©,
? cYaacY ®aF ?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ? a.¤.
?®?aaYae?i c aaeYaY ?®¬¬YacYa?®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? Y¤®?aaa?¬
YeY ? ?®a®¬a, ca® c aae© aY?a®a caiF?c Yaai c ?®aaa?ae?i: cY-
aY§ c§ia?a c?®c??a ¬®¦® ¤®!?aiai !®«ie?a aY§a«ia a®c, cY¬
§ acYa a?¦Y?i ?§¤Ya¦Y?.
…a«? i?®®¬?? ®!aY¬YY ?§!ea®ce¬ ?®«?cYaac®¬ F®aa-
¤ aaacYea ?aY¤?a?ia?©, c a«®¦®Y ?®«®¦Y?Y ?®? ¤ ia ?a a –
!®a???. ?¬Y® ®? aa ®ciaai ?Yac®© ¦Yaac®© ?a c?aY«iaacY-
®© ?®«?a???, ?a c«Y®© ?aY®¤®«Y?Y caY§cec ©ea a?aa –
ae?©. ?!ec® «i¤?, a !®a ie?Y c F®aaY?a®aY, ?Yace¬? ®eae ia § –
¬®a ¦?c ?Y § a?« ae. ‚?¤?¬® ?®ia®¬a c®« ?a?c a?§ ae??, ?a®-
? a?ce iai c 80-Y F®¤e ?® i?®®¬?? ¬ § ? ¤ea aaa Y ce§c «
e?a®??a ?a®aYaa®c a® aa®a®e ®a®c®© ¬ aae § iaea c F®aa-
¤ aaacY®¬ aY?a®aY. ‹i¤? a aac?aec «?, ca®, ®ac®!®¤?ce?ai ®a
– 20 –
F®aa¤ aaacY®F® ¤ c«Y?i, ®? aa¬Yia c ?®«®© ¬YaY ?a?®«i§®-
c ai ?aY?¬aeYaac ae®c®F® a®§i©aac , aa ai a®c« ¤Y«iae ¬?
c aaea ?aY¤?a?ia?©.
y_y34. ?‹…?› ? ????—…?? ??‘“„?‘’‚…??? ‚?…??’…‹?‘’‚?.
?cYc?¤®, ca® a®caY¬Y i ae®c i a?aaY¬ Y¬ea«?¬ !Y§
c¬Ye aY«iaac F®aa¤ aaac . ?¤ ?® aaeYaacaYa Fa i, § ?®a®a®©
?a®?aa®¤ia ¤Yae®a¬ ae?? ae®cea ?a®aeYaa®c, ? ¤ Ya iaeaeY?a?c®aai
?a®?§c®¤aac . ’®F¤ a ® ?«? ?®§¤® caa Ya c®?a®a ® a §F®aa-
¤ aaac«Y?? i?®®¬???, ?§! c«Y?Y YY ®a caY§¬Ya®© F®aa-
¤ aaacY®© ?a?c®aa?. ‘aeYaacaia c ¦eY ®Fa ?cY?i ¤«i aY-
Fa«?a®c ?i. ?a?¬Ya, Y¤®?aaa?¬e «i!eY ¤Y©aac?i F®aa¤ aaac ,
a §aae ie?Y ae®ce© ¬Ya ?§¬ (a®a «i®Y ¤?aY?a?c®Y ?« ?a®-
c ?Y, caY®ac ae© ¤¬??aaa a?ce© ?®aa®«i § aeY ¬? ? ¤a.).
a® Y ®§ c Ya, ca® F®aa¤ aaac® a?¬ Ya a aY!i ®acYaaacY-
®aai § Y?®aa®«?aaY¬e© a®aa aeY ? ¤®«¦® ®a? § aiai ®a ?« –
?a®c ?i. e®c i a?aaY¬ Y ?a?«ic Ya ?« ?a®c ?i aa®c-
Y ?aY¤?a?ia?©, aYF?®®c ? ¤ ¦Y a®¤®F® a®§i©aac ; ?a c¤ , c
?®a«Y¤Y¬ a«ac Y ®® ®!ec® ic«iYaai “¬iF??¬”, ®Fa ?cYe¬ ?®
aa®? ¬, ¬ aea ! ¬ ? ¤aaF?¬ ? a ¬Yaa ¬, ? ceaaa? ie?¬ c c?¤Y
ae?® «iea aeY«Ycea ?a®Fa ¬¬. ’ ?¦Y a«Y¤aYa ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® ae-
®? c® ¬®F®¬ ic«iYaai a ¬® aaa ?c ieY©ai a?aaY¬®©, ? ?®ia®¬a
c«?iai YF® a«Y¤aYa a®«i?® ?®acYe¬?, i?®®¬?cYa??¬? ¬Ya®-
¤ ¬?. ?¤ ?® c ai¤Y a«ac Yc, ?a?¬YY?Y ¤¬??aaa a?cea ¬Ya®-
– 21 –
¤®c Y a®«i?® ¤®?aaa?¬®, ® ? Y®!a®¤?¬®. Y«i§i a?®c ai a®«i-
?® i?®®¬?cYa??Y «?!® a®«i?® ¤¬??aaa a?ceY ¬Yae. ‘
®¤®© aa®a®e, i«Y¬Yae ¤¬??aaa?a®c ?i YaYa c aY!Y «i!®©
i?®®¬?cYa??© aYFa«ia®a. ?a?¬Ya, ¤YY¦®Y ®!a eY?Y ®eaa?a
c«?i?Y a ?®F® ?§cYaa®F® i?®®¬?cYa?®F® ¬Ya®¤ , ? ? aa c? ?®
?aY¤?a ¬ aeYaa «i®F® ! ? Y a ieY, cY¬ !a¤Ya ?a?ia® ¤¬?-
?aaa a?c®Y aYeY?Y. ‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, c ? ¦¤®¬ ¤¬??aaa –
a?c®¬ aYFa«ia®aY Yaai Yca® i?®®¬?cYa?®Y c a®¬ a¬ea«Y, ca®
® ?®acY® a? §ec Yaai ?®cY¤Y?? ac aa??®c i?®®¬?cYa?®F®
?a®aeYaa . a?!YF i, a? ¦Y¬, ? ?ai¬®¬a ?®aa®«i § aeY ¬?,
F®aa¤ aaac® a®§¤ Ya ¤«i ?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y© ®a®!e© i?®®¬?cYa??©
aY¦?¬, cea¦¤ Ya ?a ?YaYa¬ aa?c ai ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ?a®Fa ¬¬e,
?a? ai ®ceY ?aa®c??? ae? a?a®c ?i ?cYaa?ae?© ? a.¤.
‘aY¤? ¬Ya®¤®c F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i Y aaeYaaca-
Ya a®cYaeY® Y?a?F®¤ea ? !a®«ia® YiaeaeY?a?cea. a¦e
caY, ? c®?a®a «?ei c a®¬, ca®!e ®?aY¤Y«?ai ¤«i ? ¦¤®F® aY a?-
aa ae??, F¤Y YF® ?a?¬YY?Y ?!®«YY aeY«Ya®®!a §®. •®§i©aacY-
eY ?®aYa? c? iaai a®F¤ , ?®F¤ c« aa? cea®¤ia § Fa ?aee
a §a¬®F®, ®a¤ c i caY§¬Ya®Y ?aY¤?®caY?Y «?!® i?®®¬?cYa??¬,
«?!® ¤¬??aaa a?ce¬ ¬Ya®¤ ¬.
Y«i§i § !ec ai ? ® a®¬, ca® a ¬?¬? i?®®¬?cYa??¬? aYFa-
«ia®a ¬? a«Y¤aYa ?®«i§®c aiai ?aY¤Y«i® ®aa®a®¦®, Y ®a« !«ii
? Y § ¬Yii ae®ceY aa?¬a«e. …a«? F®aa¤ aaac® ?F®a?aaYa ia®
aaY!®c ?Y, § ?aa? Ya aYFa«ia®ae, Y ¤a¬ i, ? ? ?a ¤Y©aac?Y
®aa §?aai ¬Ya ?§¬Y ae? , ?®a«Y¤?© c? Ya ¤ c ai a!®?.
‚Y¤i ¤YY¦ i ?«? «®F®c i ?®«?a?? ?® a?«Y ac®YF® c®§-
¤Y©aac?i i?®®¬??a aa c?¬ a aeYaa «?§®c e¬ ?« ?a®c ?-
– 22 –
Y¬.
¤® ?¬Yai c c?¤a, ca® aaY¤? i?®®¬?cYa??a aYFa«ia®a®c
Ya ? ®¤®F® ?¤Y «i®F®. ‹i!®© ?§ ?a, ?a?®ai ?®«®¦?aY«ie©
iaeaeY?a c ®¤®© aaeYaY i?®®¬???, Y?aY¬Y® ¤ Ya YF a?ceY
?®a«Y¤aac?i c ¤aaF?a. ‡¤Yai ?cYF® Y«i§i ?§¬Y?ai. ?®aa-
¤ aaac®, ?a?®«i§aieYY i?®®¬?cYa??Y ?aaaa¬Yae aYFa«?a®c ?i,
®!i§ ® ?a ?®aa®«?a®c ai ? ac®YcaY¬Y® ®aa c«?c ai. ?a?-
¬Ya, F®aa¤ aaac® aaaY¬?aai ®!a§¤ ai ?ae«iae?i, ®Fa ?c?c i ?a?-
a®aa ¤YY¦®© ¬ aae. ‘ a®c?? §aY?i !®ai!e a ?ae«iae?Y© ia ¬Y-
a iaeaeY?a?c , ®¤ ?® ® ?a?c®¤?a ? a¤®a®¦ ?i aeYaa «i®F® ?
! ?®ca?®F® ?aY¤?a . ? Ya«? ?a®aeYaeY aa c?? a aaaa, aa ®-
c?aai caY aaa¤YY ae? a?a®c ai ?cYaa?ae??, c? Yaai a®a¬®-
¦Y?Y i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a §c?a?i. ?¬Y® a ? a?aa ae?i a §c?c Yaai
c ®aa??.
y_y3„YaYFa«?a®c ?Y ? ?a?c a?§ ae?i.
‚¬Ye aY«iaac® F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬??a aaY!aYa ¤®c®«i®
?aa?ea a aa®¤®c. ?? c?«ic ia c aY!i ? ? ?ai¬eY § aa ae (?®¤-
F®a®c? § ?®®¤ aY«iea ?a®c ? ?®aa®«i § ?a ?a?®«Y?Y¬),
a ? ? ?®acYeY (a® aa®a®e ae?a¬, ?®a®aeY ¤®«¦e ?a?®«iai
F®aa¤ aaacYeY ?aaaa?ae?? ? ®acYa®aa?). ?a®¬Y a®F®, ac?a –
Yaai, ca® F®aa¤ aaacYeY aYF« ¬Ya ae?? a?¦ ia aa?¬a« ? ®-
c®ccY¤Y?i¬, ? ca®¦¤Y?i ®cea ?®?aaYa®c c ®aa a«i, a ? ? ?
¤«i ia®F® aaY!aYaai a §aYeY?Y a®®acYaaacaieY© ?®¬?aa??.
® ®aeY? ¬ ¬Ya?? a??a a?Yae? «?aa®c, F®aa¤ aaacY®Y
c®§¤Y©aac?Y i?®®¬?cYa?ai ¦?§i ?a?c®¤?a ? ? ¤Y?i aY¬?®c
– 23 –
a®aa ?a?!«?§?aY«i® 0,4% c F®¤ (Lipsey R., Steiner P.,
Purvis D. Economics, N.Y. 1987, P.422).
‚ a?«a ®?aY¤Y«Yea Ya®cYaeYaac F®aa¤ aaacY®Y c¬Ye –
aY«iaac® ?®F¤ c«YcYa § a®!®© ?®aYa?. ‚ aci§? a ia?¬ c
?®a«Y¤?Y F®¤e ®!®aaa?«ai c®?a®a ® y1¤YaYFa«?a®c ?? y0i?®®¬??? ?
® ?a?c a?§ ae??. „YaYFa«?a®c ?Y ?aY¤?®« F Ya aia?Y § ?®®¤ –
aY«iea ?a®c, ?®a®aeY a¤Ya¦?c ia ca®¦¤Y?Y ?®aYae? «iea ?®-
?aaYa®c ae®?, aaa c«?c ia aeYe ®?aY¤Y«YeY a®c ae ?
aa«aF?. ?a?¬Ya, c ‘?? c 80-Y F®¤e ¤YaYFa«?a®c ?Y § aa®a«®
Faa§®c®© ca®aa a?®aa, ¦Y«Y§®¤®a®¦e© ? c®§¤aee© c?¤e
aa a?®aa . ‚ aY§a«ia aY a?§?«?ai aeYe ? a«ace?«®ai ®!a«a¦?-
c ?Y ? aa ¦?a®c. ?¬Ya?? a?®¬a ®!eYaaca ¤YaYFa«?a®c ?Y Faa-
§®cea ?YaYc®§®?, c®§¤ae®F® ? ¦Y«Y§®¤®a®¦®F® aa a?®aa ?a?-
Ya«® ceF®¤a, ®aeY?c Y¬ai a®®acYaaacY® c 39-63 ¬«a¤. ¤®«.,
15 ¬«a¤. ¤®«. ? 9-15 ¬«a¤. ¤®«. c F®¤ (Economic Report of the
President, Wash., 1989. P. 188).
a?c a?§ ae?i – ?a®¤ ¦ F®aa¤ aaacYea ?aY¤?a?ia?© c aa-
e¬ «?ae ¬ ?«? ®aF ?§ ae?i¬ – ?a c«Y ?®ceeY?Y a®-
§i©aacY®© a ae?® «i®aa?. ? ce§c aY¬, ca® F®aa¤ aaacY-
eY ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®? §ec iaai a!ea®ce¬? ? YiaeaeY?a?ce¬?. ‡ –
? ¤eY i?®®¬?aae ?®¤cYa??c ia, ca® F®aa¤ aaacYe© aY?a®a Y
¤ Ya a ?®F® ¬®e®F® aa?¬a« ? a?¦Y?i ?§¤Ya¦Y? ? ?®«acY?i
¬®e®© ?a?!e«?, ? ? ia® ¤Y« Ya c aa®Y ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«iaac®.
„«i ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«i – ®¤® ?§ ¤caa: ?a?!e«i ?«? a!ea??. …a«?
c aa®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y aYa??a a!ea?? ¤®«F®Y caY¬i, a® ®® § ?ae-
c Yaai. ?®aa¤ aaacY®¬a ¦Y ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®? §ec Yaai ?®¬®ei,
?®ia®¬a ®® ¬®¦Ya Y aaaY¬?aiai ? ?®ceeY?i ac®Y© aYa !Y«i-
– 24 –
®aa?.
a® YeY a § ¤®? §ec Ya, ca® F®aa¤ aaacY®Y c¬Ye aY«iaac®
a¦® a®«i?® a ¬, F¤Y ®® ¦?§Y® Y®!a®¤?¬®. ‚® caYa ®aa «i-
ea a«ac ia ae®? !®«YY iaeaeY?a?c® aYe?a ?®aa c«YeY i?®®¬?-
cYa??Y § ¤ c?.
y_y3?®aa¤ aaacY®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y c aY«ia?®¬ a®§i©aacY.
‚ a®caY¬Y®© § ? ¤®© i?®®¬??Y aY«ia?®Y a®§i©aac® – ®¤-
?§ c ¦Y©e?a aaeYa ?a?c®F® c¬Ye aY«iaac . ‚ ia®© ®!« aa?
?a®?§c®¤aac F« ce© ?a?ae?? ac®!®¤®F® ae? , ?¬Y® ?Fa
a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i, ®? §ec Yaai ?a ?a?cYa?? Y?a?¬Y?¬.
a c¤ , ? F®aa¤ aaacY®Y c¬Ye aY«iaac® – ¤ «Y?® Y ? aeYi.
?a?¬Ya, c ‡ ? ¤®© …ca®?Y ?a c?aY«iaac aa ¤?ae?®® a¤Y«iia
!®«ie®Y c?¬ ?Y ?a®!«Y¬ ¬ Fa a®F® ae? , ®¤ ?® ? ?a®?§c®-
¤?aY«?, ? ?®aaY!?aY«? Y a¤®c«Yac®aYe ?®«®¦Y?Y¬ ¤Y« c F-
a a®¬ aY?a®aY.
?aa®c?? ?a®!«Y¬ c a®¬, ca® c a §c?aea aaa a !« F®¤ ai
cea®?®© ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? aaa¤ ?a®?§c®¤aac® Fa a®© ?a®¤a?-
ae?? § c?aY«i® ?aYcee Ya ?®aaY!®aa? aY«Y?i.
–Y«? F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i c aaeYaY aY«ia?®F® a®-
§i©aac c?«ic ia:
) ?®ceeY?Y ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? ?aaY¬ cY¤aY?i aYa?-
cYa?®F® ?a®FaYaa ? a ae?® «?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac , ¬ ?a?¬ «i®
iaeaeY?a?c®¬a ?a?®«i§®c ?i caYa ?a®?§c®¤aacYea ae ?a®a®c,
®a®!Y® a !®cY© a?«e;
!) ®!Ya?YcY?Y § ia®aa? c Fa a®¬ aY?a®aY ? a®®a-
– 25 –
cYaaacaieYF® aa®ci ¦?§? aY«ia?®F® aY«Y?i;
c) aa !?«?§ ae?i ae?®c aY«ia?®a®§i©aacY®© ?a®¤a?ae??; F)
F a a?a®c ®Y a !¦Y?Y caaaYYF® ae? ; ¤) § !®a ®
?®aa c? a Fa a®© ?a®¤a?ae?? ?®aaY!?aY«i¬ ?®
“a §a¬e¬ aeY ¬”. (‚.‚ aF “®«i F®aa¤ aaac c ae®c®¬ a®-
§i©aacY”-????,1992F.,N 11, aaa.139.)
?®aa¤ aaac®¬ aaa c«?c iaai ? Y¦YF®¤® ?YaYa¬ aa?c iaai
¬??¬ «ieY aeYe c ¦Y©e?Y aY«ia?®a®§i©aacYeY ?a®¤a?ae.
’Y¬ a ¬e¬ ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? § e?e iaai ®a aY§?®F® ? ¤Y?i aeY. ‚
a® ¦Y caY¬i caaaY?© ae®? ®Fa ¦¤ Yaai ®a ¤YeYc®F® ?¬?®aa ?
caY§¬Yaea ?®«Y! ?© aeY a ?®¬®eii a?aaY¬e ¤®?®«?aY«iea
cc®§ea ?®e«?. ®ia®¬a c aaa a …‘ aeYe ?a®¤a?ae ??a ?i
§ ¬Ya® ceeY aeY ¬?a®c®F® ae? . ‡ aa ae c aci§? a ?a®cY¤Y?Y¬
Fa a®© ?®«?a??? YaYa F®aa¤ aaacYe© !i¤¦Ya.
”a?ae?®?a®c ?Y ia®F® ¬Ya ?§¬ ¬®¦® ?a®?««iaaa?a®c ai
?a?¬YaY ae? §Ya . ?aa®¤e¬ ?a?a®¬ ic«iYaai ®a?Ya?a®-
c®c®i aeY , aY?®¬Y¤aY¬ i F®aa¤ aaac®¬. ? Ya?®«i?® ?aYce-
e Ya ae®cai aeYa, cY¬ F a a?aaiaai Y a®«i?® ¤®a®¤e
aY«ia??a a®§iYc, ® ? a®§¤ iaai aa?¬a«e ? a ae?aY?i ?a®?§-
c®¤aac . ‚ aY§a«ia aY ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ?aYcee Ya a?a®a. ?®F¤ ae-
®c i aeY a?¦ Yaai ¤® ®?aY¤Y«Y®F® aa®ci, ?aY¤« F Y¬®Y
aY«ia??¬? a®§iYc ¬? §Ya® a?a? Yaai F®aa¤ aaac®¬ ?® a ? §e-
c Y¬®© “?aYacYae?®®© aeYY” c Y®Fa ?cYea ?®«?cYaac a.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, a®ai ? ¦¤e© ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i ¤®«¦Y a ¬ Yaa?
a?a? a!ea , ¤Y«Y ia® ?a c?«® Y ¤Y©aacaYa c ®a®eY?? ?a®-
?§c®¤?aY«Y© ¬®F?a Fa aea ?a®¤a?a®c.
‘aeYaacaia ? ¬Ya ?§¬e § e?ae ®a ¤YeYc®F® ?¬?®aa ? ?®®e-
– 26 –
aY?i i?a?®aa . a® ®§ c Ya, ca® ?a? cc®§Y aaa c«?c Yaai
cc®§ i ?®e«? , ?a?a c?c ie i aeYa ?a®¤a?a ? caaaYY© aeY-
Y. a? cec®§Y ¦Y F®aa¤ aaac® ce?« c?c Ya i?a?®aaYa ¬ a §?aea
¬Y¦¤a caaaYY© aeY®© ? aeY®© ¬?a®c®F® ae? .
¤® § ¬Ya?ai, ca® ¤ i ?®«?a?? a?a®c®ae?a®c « ¬®F®
?a®!«Y¬. ‘ ®¤®© aa®a®e, ?®?«Ye ®Fa®¬eY § ? ae ?a®¤®-
c®«iaac?i, a ¤aaF®© – Y¤®c®«iaac ?aYaaii, ac?a ie?a, ca® Y
®!Ya?YcY ?a ?a®¦?a®ce© ¬??¬a¬. ‚ ¤ ®© a?aa ae?? ?aa?eY
Fa®?a®¬ee«YeY ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?®«ac ia ?a?«?ceY ¤®a®¤e, c a®
caY¬i ? ? ¬Y«??Y ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? Y¤c ac®¤ia ?®aee a ?®ae ¬?.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, aY«ia?®Y a®§i©aac® ®aa Yaai a« !e¬ ¬Yaa®¬
F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i. ?¤ ?®, ?®-c?¤?¬®¬a, ?®«®¦Y?Y
¤Y« c aY«ia?®¬ a®§i©aacY ®aa Yaai Y?§¬Ye¬.
– 27 –
y_y3‡??‹?—…?….
?§acY?Y ¤ ®© aY¬e ¤ Ya ®!?«iai ??ea ¤«i a §¬ee«Y?©.
?cYi c aa® F®aa¤ aaac® ic«iYaai ?Yac®?a?c?®© ?§¬YY?© i?®-
®¬?cYa?®F® ?®cY¤Y?i ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y©. ?a aYeY?©, ?a??¬ Y-
¬ea ?a c?aY«iaac®¬, § c?aia aYeY?i, ?a??¬ Y¬eY (?«? Y ?a?-
?¬ Y¬eY) ¬??a®aa®cY. a c?aY«iaacY i ?®«?a?? ¤®aa?F Ya
aeY«? a®«i?® a®F¤ , ?®F¤ ® ?®®eaiYa, Y a? §ec Ya c ¤?aY?-
a?c®¬ ?®ai¤?Y. a? a®§¤ ?? !« F®?a?iaea aa«®c?© ?aY¤?a??-
¬ aY«i¬ ?a c aae© ?aYaYa a®c? ¤Ya a ?aYaYa®¬ F®aa¤ aaac ,
a® Yaai ®!eYaac . ‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, F®aa¤ aaac® ¤®«¦® ?a®aa®
a¤Y« ai !®«YY ¤®aaa?®© ¤«i ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y© aa aaeYaa i?®®¬?-
??, ?®a®a i ic«iYaai ¤«i YF® ?!®«YY ?a?®a?aYa®©.
‘«Y¤aYa ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® F®aa¤ aaac® Y ¤®«¦® c¬Ye?c aiai c
aY aaeYae i?®®¬???, F¤Y YF® c¬Ye aY«iaac® Y ic«iYaai Y®!a®-
¤?¬e¬. a® Y a®«i?® Ya¦®, ® ? caY¤® ¤«i i?®®¬???.
‚ aeY«®¬ aaa¤® ?YaY®aeY?ai a®«i F®aa¤ aaac c i?®®¬??Y.
?® a®§¤ Ya aa«®c?i ¤«i i?®®¬?cYa?®© ¤YiaY«i®aa?, § e?e Ya
?aY¤?a??¬ aY«Y© ®a aFa®§e a® aa®a®e ¬®®?®«?©, ®!Ya?Yc?c Ya
?®aaY!®aa? ®!eYaac c ®!eYaacYea a®c a a, ®!Ya?Yc?c Ya a®-
ae? «iai § e?aa ¬ «®®!Ya?YcYea a«®Yc aY«Y?i, aYe Ya c®?-
a®ae ae?® «i®© ®!®a®e. ‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, F®aa¤ aaacY®Y
c¬Ye aY«iaac® ¬®¦Ya c Y?®a®aea a«ac ia § ¬Ya® ®a« !?ai ae-
®ce© ¬Ya ?§¬ ? ?a?Yaa? § ¬Yae© caY¤ i?®®¬??Y aaa e, ? ?
ia® !e«® c® ”a ae?? c ?®aeY 70-a – c «Y 80-a F®¤®c. ?§-§
a«?e?®¬ ?a?c®F® F®aa¤ aaacY®F® c¬Ye aY«iaac ?§ aaa e –
– 28 –
c «ai ®aa®? ? ??a «®c, aY¬?e i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa § ¬Ya® a? –
«?. ‚ a ?®¬ a«ac Y Y®!a®¤?¬ ?a?c a?§ ae?i ? ¤YaYFa«?a®c ?Y,
ca® ? !e«® a¤Y« ® c 1986 F®¤a.
? ? ¬Y ? ¦Yaai, ®a®c i § ¤ c F®aa¤ aaac a®aa®?a c
a®¬, ca®!e a¤Ya¦?c ai “§®«®aai aYaY¤?a” c aaeYaY c«?i?i
ae®cai i?®®¬??a.
– 29 –
y_y3‘?‘?? ?‘?‹?‡?‚??‰ ‹?’…?’“›.
1. ‚. ? c “®«i F®aa¤ aaac c a®caY¬Y®© i?®®¬?cYa?®©
a?aaY¬Y”, ‚®?a®ae i?®®¬???, N 11, 1993.
2. ‹?ce?ae “?®aa¤ aaac® c ae®c®© i?®®¬??Y”, ®aa?©a??©
i?®®¬?cYa??© ¦aa «, N 11-12, 1992, N1, 1993.
3. ‘.•®«« ¤ “« ?a®c ?Y ? a¬Ye i i?®®¬?? “, ‚®?-
a®ae i?®®¬???, N 1, 1993.
4. ‚.‚ aF “®«i F®aa¤ aaac c ae®c®¬ a®§i©aacY”, ??-
??, N 10-11, 1992.
5. ‡ aa cY?®, ©§!YaF “?®aa¤ aaacYeY ?a®Fa ¬¬e ? ae-
®?”, ?®®¬?aa, N 3, 1991.
6. ?..?Ya§«i?®c “? aa ®c«Y?? ae®c®© i?®®¬???”, ”?-
ae, N 1, 1994.
7. ….—ac?«?, ‚.„¬?aa?Yc “?®aa¤ aaacY®Y aYFa«?a®c ?Y
? ?®aa®«i aeY c ? ??a «?aa?cYa??a aaa a”, ?®a?c , “”? ae
? aa a?aa?? “, 1991.
8. ?.? ??®Y««, ‘.ai “?®®¬??a”, ’ ««?, 1993.
9. ‚.? ?a?¬®c , ?.??e®c “e®c i i?®®¬?? . “cY!??”,
?®a?c , ‘???’…?, 1992.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter