Caaea/e e o-oeee oi?aiaee.
Oi?aiaey – yoi iieoiea oia-a e eo aeaeueiae i?iaeaaea, i?e yoii oiaa? ia
iiaeaa?a nouano eciai-i. Iauai?ei eciai-y a oi?a: 1) oeo/ ea/-aa a
?ac-oa o?ai-y (nic? nu?a, nooea ae?aaaneiu), 2) i?eaioia ?ace nianae
(/ae, eioa), 3) oiaeiaea, ?anoan, ?iceea, ia?acea. Ini caae-e oi?a i
n/eoaoue i?a-th, ?ani?aae e aeaeae-a iao ?an-a ec noa?u i?-aa a noa?o
ia?au-y. O.i., /oiau auei iaani-ii naiaa? S oia-a a ioaeiii ianoa, a
aeinoao eie-aa, iaia an-oa e iaaeeaae ea/-aa. Aeey ?aae yoie caae-e oi?a
aui-o ?yae o-oeee: 1. ?ani?aae i?aaeiaoia iio?aa a i?ino?ai-aa. 2.
Nio?-a oia-a ai a?aiaie. 3. Eiiiainaoeey ?acee/ee a V i?-aa e iio?aa-y
(?acaeaea e?oi ia?oee ia iaeeea). 4. I?eai-y ia o?aa-y iio?aa-e e ea/-ao
i?iae-e. 5. Oi?ie?-a oia anni?o-oa. 6. Oeiaine?-a eae i?-e , oae e
iio?aa-e. 7. Inaiaiea ?uiea e noeioe-a nauoa. 8. I?eiyoea ?enea ( ?ene
ii?/e o-?a, nieae-y D, eieaa oeai). 9. Eiinoeueoe?-a 10. I?aaeino-a
eio-e i ?uiea. 11. I?aaeino-a ?ace ?iaea na?aen oneoa.
Aeaeu oi?aiaee e eo oa?-ea.
Ii ianoo e-i: aioo e aiao. I?e aioo o-? ia ia?anae a?aieoeu ain-aa :
ianoiay (a iaeiii ai?iaea), eiiai?iae. I?e aiao oiaa? ia?anae a?aieoeo
ain-aa: yenii?o, eiii?o, o?aiceo. Ii V e-i: iioiaay, ?icie/iay. Iio oi?a
i?aae niaie aeayo-oue ii i?iaeaaea oia-a oai, eoi i?eia?ao eo n oeaeueth
ia?ai?iaeaaee eee i?io eni-y, o.a 1) iineaae i?iaeaaoeai, 2) aeey i?iec
eni-y, 3) e?oi iio?aaeoaeth.
I?ec-ee eean iio oi?aiaee: 1. A caa-oe io iieiae-y a aini?iec-aa
i?iae-e: a) caeoi-y iio oi?a (niae? iaeua eie-aa o-a e i?aaeeaa-o naiei
eeeaioai aieaa e?oi ia?oee. I?aaeiaoii yae n/o i?iae-y, ae?aaaneia e
acia/ /anoe aoi?e/ nu?uea e iooiaeu. A /ano i?aaeeaa ni?oe?iaeo i?iae-e
ii eaoaai?e/i, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oaei?iaeaieth i?iae-e); a) iio oi?a ii
i?iec naycyi ( caeoiea i?iae-e e i?a-y naycae i/o i?ii i/i, nayc i/o
niaie oaoiieia oeaii/eaie. V caeoiie e i?iaeaae ~?aaiioeaiai. O. nayce i
i?a-ny i/o i/i /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee e o. ae; a) iio oi?a nu?ueai e iao-ie
(?ani?aae iio oi?a) ( caeanue iin?aaeiee caeoi e?oi ia?oee oia-a,
?acaeaaao eo ia aieaa iaeeea). 2. Ii noai niaoeee-e: a) oi?a niao oia-i,
a) niaoeeaeec oi?a ( iaeia io?aneue, iai?., iaeaaeaea).
Ini aeaeu ?ici oi?aiaee:
1.Ii aeaeo ia?aaea/e oia-a (iaa, iinue, ia?aaeaeaeiay); 2. Ii noai
niaoeeae-e iiiaiee (oi?a niao anni?o, niaoeeaeec oi?a (iaeia io?aneue),
niaoeeaeueiay ( iaeei aeae iaeiie io?anee).
Oi?a i/i eae noauaeo ?ui ye-ee. Aeaeu oi?a i/i.
I/i ae a i?enoue neaae i?eciaee:
1.I/i ae eiaoue ii? i?a no?-?o, oaoiieiaeth aeayo-oe e ii?yaeie oi?-y. O
.i i/i ae a i?enoua i?a aaeeinoai. 2. I/i ae eiaoue iainia ei-ai, eio
nai-ii ?anii?-ny e eni ii naiaio oniio?-th. 3. Eiou ioaao-oue ca naie
aeaeno e iayc-aa. 4. I/i ae eiaoue nia eiy eee iaeiai-a.
Oi?a i/i ae iaeaaeaoue ?an-ie (aeai, o?oae, iao), iauaaeeiai niio
ia?acii eniaeaeno iinoaa oeaee. Oi?a i/i yoi ia?ae/ ini caaii noa?u
oi?a, aa naiino oic noauaeo n i?aaii th? eeoea, nicaeaiiue aeey caeoiee,
o?ai, ?aae-e oia-a e i?aaeino ?ace ?iaea oneoa a oeaeyo oaeia-y
iio?aa-oae ? e iieo/-y i?eauee. Oi?iu i/i iio oi?a. 1. Ii ianooaao e
oa?-?o aeayo-oe : iauaiaoe, oaaea? o?iaiy; ?aaeii o?iaiy. 2. Ii oia
niaoeeae: niaoeeaeec, oieaa?n. 3. Ii ianoo e ?iee a iio oi?a: i/i,
i?eia?ao o-?u a nia-oue (aeeea?u, aeeno?eauethoi?u); i/i, aui ?iue
iin?aae-a, ia i?eia?ao o-? (aaaiou, a?iea?u); i/i- iaaiecaoi?u iio
iai?ioa (oia ae?aee). 4. A caa-oe io i?a-e nauoa ( io V aui o-oeee): iio
i/i n iieiui oeeeeii iane-y ( n aeinoaaeie o-a); iioiaeee, oi?a ca iae
?an/ao aac aeinoaaee ( ii i?ei naiiiane-y)(i?aeiou-aa: yeiiiiey aeeaiai
o?oaea; yeii ecaea?aeae ia aeii oneoae; caeoiea iaeeeo ia?oee o-?a;
ieceea oeaiu); iio oi?a ni noaeeaaeae.
Oi?iu i/i ?ici oi?a.: 1.Ii ianooaao ae-oe (iaeua, n?aaeiea, e?oi). 2. Ii
oia niaoe-e ( niaoeeaeec, oieaa?n). 3. Ii iaoiaeo iane iie-e (
naiiiane-a, /a?ac i?eeaaee, ii eaoaeiaai, ii/oa). 4. Ii a?oiiai iane-y
iie-e (aeeneiioiua iaaaceiu).
Eiiia?aoeey oi?a i/i, oaeoi?u aa ?acaeoey
Eiii i?aae niaie oi?io nio?oae-aa yeii e th? naiino i/i a oeaeyo iiauo
iaaeaaeiinoe iaani-y aieaa iieiiai oaeia-y D ia o?aa iao ?ano?nu e
oneoae e iiauo-y yo-oe naiae ae-oe.Nia? oaiaeaioeey e nio?oae-ao aiciee
ia iniiaa iaino?-y eiieo?-e. Eiii neoaeeo oeo/oaieth iie-y oe?iu ia
?uiea. Oi?iu eiii-e: 1. A caa-oe io aeaea i/i: ai?eciio, aa?o; 2.Ii
ii?yaeeo i?iaaae-y:i?yiay, eina; 3. Ii noa?ai eiii-e: ii caeoieai, ii
oi?aa-th, ii nauoo. I?e ai?ec eiii-e i/i nio?oae i/o niaie. Iia i a
i?eaioe? eae ia caeoieo, oae e ia nauo. Ini oeaee eiii-e: 1. Inou-a
niaiano aieaa e?oi caeoiie (niaiano aeinoaaea i?iae-e) 2. Oieoee-y
anni?oeiaioa. 3. Niaiano ?aeeaia. 4. ?aae-y niaiano ia?eaoeia i?ia?aii.
5. Aeeyiea ia caeii-ai.
Oaeoi?u, niinia ?acaeoeth eiii-e: 1) oa? aeecinoue i/i; 2) iauiinoue
iiiaieeaoo?u iio?aa ?ano?nia; 3) iaee/ea iaueo iinoaa-a e iiaeuacaeiuo
iooae; 4) nou-a ?aca?a neeaae iiuiinoae. No?ai-a e eiii-e e eiioeao?-e
i/i aiieia iauynieii. I?aeiou-aa e?oi i/i: aieueoay eaaeeo-y e
niaoeeaeec-y oi?aa-y i/i; aunieea neeaeee ia eie-ai; eo/oea one-y oei-y
e auai?a ianoa ?aciau-y i/i; aeaaii?eyo one-y caeoiie oia-a; aici-oe
o?aaieaaiey i?eauee eoauoeia i/i, aeaaiaea?y oe? anni?oeiaioo e oe? naoe
oeeeaeia. Iaeua e n?aaeiea i/i auno?i aaeaioe? e iaiythu one-i ?uiea,
/oi a cia/ noaiaie aeinoea iia?-th a i?eiyoee ?aoaiee. Aeey ieo oa?-iu
iaaie iaeeaae ?ano ia niae-a oi?aa ia?niiaea.
Caeoiee e oi?ie?-a oia anni?oeiaioa oi?a i/i.
Ini yoaiu eii ?aaiou ii caeoieai:
1.Eco/-a e i?iaiice?-a iieoi D. 2. Auya-a e eco/-a eno-a iinooi-y oia-a
e iinoaa-a oia-a. 3. I?a-y oic-o naycae n iinoaa-ie, ?ac?aa-ea
aeiaiai?ia e eiio?aeoia. 4. I?a-y e oaoiie-y caeoiie iaiin?aae o i?-e,
iinoaa-a, iin?aae-a. 5. I?a-y o/aoa e eiio?iey ca iio caeoieaie.
Oia an-o – a?oiia oia-a, oanii nayc i/o niaie eeai a neeo noiaeanoe eo
ooieoe-y, eeai a neeo oiai, /oi eo i?iaeatho iaeiei eoai aea a? eeeaioia
eee /a?ac iaeie e oa aea oi?a caa-y eee a ?aieao iaeiiai e oiai aea
aeeaiaciia oeai.
Oia a? – a? oia-a, iaoiae ae?oa n ae?oaii a oaniie nayce ia iniiaa ii?
e?eoa?eaa.
Oe?ioa an-oa- eie-ai oia a?oii.
Aeoaeia an-oa- eie-ai ?ace oeiia, iiaeaeae, ni?oia, aoiae a aeaiioth oia
a?.
Eciai-a an-oa aici-ii neaae iooyie: ia?au-a an-oa( oaae OA), ianuu-a
an-oa(aeoaeia). Ini i?aaeea oi?ie?-y an-oa: 1. Ethaie ?aioaa o-?,
iieuec-ny D ae a i?aaeeiaeai. 2. Iaee/ea niio o-a auc-o iaia-oue
iaee/ey e ?yaea ae? oia-a (i?eioeei acaeiioayc-oe an-oa). 3. Eeeaio ae
iaeoe oi, /oi ii oaea iaoiaeee. Eciai-y an-oa ae inou-ny iaaeaeeaiii.
I?iaeaaea oia-a e i?a-y iane-y iio?aaeoaeae.
Noaaeee eii ?aaiou ii i?iaeaaea oia-a: 1)onoai-a oic naycae n iie-ie
oia-a; 2) auai? e i?a-y oi?i e iaoiaeia i?iaeaaee; 3) i?a-y ieacaiey
oneoa; 4) ?aeeaiii-eio ae-oue.
Iaoiaeu i?iaeaae iioiaiai i/i: 1. I?iaeaaea oia-a ii eiio?aeoo. 2.
I?iaeaaea ia iniiaa ee/iie ioai?ee o-?a (eiaaea i/aiue oe?ieee an-o). 3.
Ii i?aaeaa? caeacai (aeiaieueii ecaano an-o eee i?inoie an-o). 4. Ii
ii/oa (oieueei iaeeiiio iinoaaee+ aeinoao ioaeaeaiiinoue). 5. I?a-y
aeaiiino?aoe caeia. Iaoiaeu i?iaeaae ?ici i/i:1. Naiiianeoae-a. 2. *a?ac
i?eeaaie. 3. Ii ia?acoeai. 4. Oi?a ii i?aaeaa? caeacai. 5. N ioe?uoie
aueeaaeeie. 6. *a?ac aaoiiaou. 7. Ii ii/oa.
I?a-y iane-y iio?aaeoaeae. D ia na?aen ii?iaeae-ny ni?inii ia o-?.
Oi?ioee na?aen ?anoe? D ia o-?. Aeey oi?a i/i e?aeia aaaeii onoai-oue
eaeea oneoae aee-oue a ?aiee na?aena, eaeie o? na?aena i?aaeeiaeeoue, a
eaeie oi?ia aoaeoo i?aaee-ny oneoae. O?iaaiue iane-y ii?-o noaiaiue
?acaeoey aeaeia ae-oe oi?a i/i eee eaeea iayc-aa ii ioi-th e eeeaioai
i?eieiaao ianaay oi?a i/i. Iieacaoaee o?iaiy iane-y: aeeeo-oue oaeia-y D
i/i, i?aaeino-a eeeaioai aici-oue auae?aoue oi?iu e iaoiaeu iane-y;
i?aaeino-a eeeaioo aici-oe eni-y anao i?aeiouanoa neeaae iane-y
(oaae/oiai neeaae caiania, iiauo /anoiou iinoaaie, iaani-a aa?aioe?
n?ieia e /anoiou iinoaaie. Ea/-ai iane-y oa?ae-o, eaeei ia?acii aui-ny
caaeaiiue o? iane-y. Oneoae oi?a i/i: 1. I?iec oneoae (ia?acea, ?ane?ie,
aeaea, i?aaea, oaniaea, ia?aaioea e?iiie, naa?eaiea ioaa?noee, ia?acea
?acueau, ?iceea). 2. O?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoe oneoae. 3.
Eioi?iaoe-iin?aae-a (eio-y i iinoaa-o, oeaiao, ia one-o o?ai-y, ?aae-e,
i aici-oe ?aciau-y caeacia). *ai oe?a niaeo? oneoa oi?a i/i, oai iii
i?eaeae aeey eeeaioia.
Oi?ie?-a aeioiaeia, i?eauee e ?aio-oe oi?a i/i.
Eno-ee oi?ie?-y aeioiaea: iaoeaiee eneeaeee, oeaiu e oa?eou ia aeii
oneoae; iaaeaaaee e i? aeioiaeu, iai?, io iia?-e noa?ie, aeieaaia o/ a
ae-oe ae? i/i. I?eaueue (i) (oauoie) io ?aae-e oia-a ii?-ny eae ?aci-oue
i/o au?o/eie io ?aae-e i?iae-e (aac o/aoa IAeN) e ecaea?aeeaie
ia?auaiey. A o/aoa e ieaie?-e ?ace-o aaeain i, i io ?aae-e oia-a,
iaeiaiiaeaa i, i inoaaoothny a ?anii?-e i/i. Aiaeec ae-oe eii i/i aee-o
ii?-a oae iac (.) aacoauo-oe ( oi/ee ieoia-oe cao?ao, ii?iaa ?aio-oe,
oi/ee e?eo V i?iaeaae). Aiaeec aacoauo-oe eni-ny aeey ii?-y V i?iaeaae,
i?e eio i/i niiniaii iie?uoue naie ?anoiaeu aac iieo/-y i , ii e aac
oauoea. (.) e?eo V i?iaeaae i a ii?-ia n iii neaae oi?ioeu:
E?eo Vi?iaeaae=Iino cao?aou / (aeioiaeu-ia? cao?)
i?eaueue aae aanietho, ii aa ?acia?o iaeuecy noaeeoue ia yo-oe ?aaiou
eii i/i, iiyoiio aaae cia/ i?eaeaaony en/eneaieth ii?iu ?aio-oe. Ioiin
aae-ia i?eauee i a ioa?ae ?ace iie-ie: 1. Ioi-a i?ea e V?aae= ?aio-oue
iai?ioa. 2. Ioi-a i?ea e ecaea? ia?au-y= ?aio i?iaeoeoeee. 3. Ioi-a
i?eauee e no-oe ini oiiaeia e iai?io n?aaenoa= ?aio-oue eaieoaea.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu oi?a i/i.
IO i?aae niaie n?-aa o?oaea, iaia aeey inou-y eo ini o-oeee. A i?ioe
yenieoao-e iie ia iaiytho naiae iao-aau oi?iu, ooieoe aeeeo a?aiy e
ia?aiinyo naith no-oue ia i?iae-th /anoyie a ninoaaa ecae-e ia?au-y. I?e
oa?-ea IO eni neno iie-eae : iaee/ey IO, nino-y, ?ac-oa eo aini?iec-aa,
aeeiaieee, yo-oe eni-y. Ioeaiea IO i?iec-ny ii ia?aiia/, ainnoai e
inoao noieiinoe. Ia?a aaeain no-oue aee anth noiio aeai cao?ao ia
no?ieo-ai e i?eia?ao-a, a oeaea ?ano ii aeinoaaea, onoaiiaea e iiioaaeo
iai?oae-y, iao-i e ae? aeaeia IO a oeaiao niio eao.Ainneai no-oue- yoi
no-oue aini?-aa IO a one-o i?-aa e a oeaiao, i?enoueo aiaeo ia?aioeaiee.
Aino no-oue o/eo-o oec nino-a IO n o/aoii ii?ae eciina. Ino no-oue IO
ii?-ny ia ini ia?aiia/ eeai ainnoai no-oe ca au/aoii oec eciina. Iino
ia?aiin no-oe IO ia no-oue i?iae-e a nino ecae-e ia?-y iac
aii?oecaoeeae. Iauay noiia A, iaeai a oa/ n?iea neoaeau IO, ii? ec noiiu
ia?a no-oe, ieaiiauo cao?ao ia eai ?aiiio e iiaea?-th IO a oa/ n?iea eo
neoaeau ieion eeeaeaeaoe no-oue IO, ii eio IO ?aaeec a iiiaio eo
eeeaeae-e. Aii? io/en i?iec-ny i iniiaa aiae ii?i aii?-e:
Ia= A*100% / Nia?a*O, aaea O- ii?iao n?ie neoaeau IO. Aeaeae IO oa?-ny
neaae iie-ie: 1 . E iaiia, oa?ae aeieth aiiaue aaaae a oa/ aiaea IO
(Naa) a eo iieiie (ia?aiia/ eee ainnoai) no-oe ia eiiaoe aiaea Neii: E
iaiia=Naa / N eii. 2. Eaua eae ioi-i auauaoeo aneaaenoaea aaooinoe e
eciina IO (Naua)e iieiie (ia?a eee aino) no-oe IO ia ia/aei aiaea(Nia/).
3. E i?e?=(Naa-Naua) / Neii. Yo-oue eni-y IO : 1. Oiiaeiioaea/a. Ioi-a V
?aae (eee V i?eauee) e n?aaeiaaiae no-oe IO(C^). 2. Oiiaeiaieinoue.
Oa=1/Oi. 3. Oiiaeiaii?oae-oue = N^//, aaea /- n?aaeianien /ene
?aaioathueo ca aiae, /ae.
Iai?io n?-aa oi?a i/i.
In oi?a i/i i?aae niaie aeai n?-aa. Aeiae a oiiaeu iaau e iaio oiiaeu,
i?aaeiac aeey nicae-y one-e noaaee-oe e yo-oe ae-oe i/i ca n/ao oi?ie?-y
iioei oia caiania, iaani iai?a?ua ?an/aoia ca o-?u
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