Iineianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao ei. I.A. Eiiiiiniaa
Oeie/aneee oaeoeueoao
?aoa?ao ii yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee
nooaeaioa 313 a?oiiu
Eyoiaa Aioiia Ai?eniae/a
Oaia:
«Aeeeiiua aieiu a yeiiiieea
e oai?ee, iauyniythuea
eo nouanoaiaaiea»
Iineaa, 1998Niaea?aeaiea
Niaea?aeaiea
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…………. 1
Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey aeiioacu I. Ae. Eiiae?aoueaaa i nouanoaiaaiee
aieueoeo oeeeeia yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u ……………..
2
?acaeoea eaeae I. Ae. Eiiae?aoueaaa
………………………………………….. 6
Oai?ey yoiiaaiaca e aeueoa?iaoeaiay aeiioaca i i?e?iaea aeeeiiuo aiei
Eiiae?aoueaaa
…………………………………………………………..
10
Auaiaeu
………………………………………………………………
……………….. 14
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
……………………………………… 15
Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey aeiioacu
I. Ae. Eiiae?aoueaaa i nouanoaiaaiee aieueoeo oeeeeia yeiiiie/aneie
eiiuthieoo?u
I. Ae. Eiiae?aoueaaui auea i?iaiaeece?iaaia aeeiaieea eciaiaiey
neaaeothueo iieacaoaeae n eiioea XVIII aaea ii ia/aei XX aaea:
A) ii Aiaeee: oeai, i?ioeaioia ia eaieoae, ca?aaioiie ieaou
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo e oaenoeeueiuo ?aai/eo, aiaoiae oi?aiaee,
i?iecaiaenoaa oaey, /oaoia, naeioea.
A) ii O?aioeee: oeai, i?ioeaioa ia eaieoae, aiaoiae oi?aiaee,
iio?aaeaiey oaey, iinaaiie ieiuaaee iana, ii?ooaey O?aioeocneiai aaiea,
aeeaaeia a naa?aaaoaeueiuo eannao, iio?aaeaiey oeiiea, eioa, naoa?a.
A) ii Aa?iaiee: i?iecaiaenoaa oaey e noaee.
A) ii NOA: oeai, i?iecaiaenoaa oaey, /oaoia e noaee, eiee/anoaa aa?aoai
oeii/aoiaoiaaeiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae oeiiea.
Ae) ie?iaiai i?iecaiaenoaa oaey e /oaoia.
Iieacaoaee i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey – ia iauea, a a ?an/aoa ia aeooo
ianaeaiey.
Iinea ia?aaioee iieo/aiiuo e?eauo caaeneiinoae oeacaiiuo iieacaoaeae io
a?aiaie ii iaoiaeai iaoaiaoe/aneie noaoenoeee iaia?oaeaiu oi?ioi
au?aaeaiiua oeeeeu yeiiiie/aneie aeeiaieee aeeeiie 48 – 55 eao. Ia
iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa e?eauo yoe oeeeeu /aoei aeaeiu aaci anyeie
iaoaiaoe/aneie ia?aaioee. Ia?eiaeu eieaaaiee e iniiaiua (aa?oiea e
ieaeiea) oi/ee e?eauo caaeneiinoae ?aciuo iieacaoaeae niaiaaeatho ((3
aiaea).
Oaaeeoea 1.
O?iiieiaey aieueoeo oeeeeia yeiiiie/aneie aeeiaieee ii Eiiae?aoueaao
(ninoaaeaia a 1925 a.).
I iiauoaoaeueiay aieia 1785-1790 ii 1810-1817
I iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia 1810-1817 ii 1844-1851
II iiauoaoaeueiay aieia 1844-1851 ii 1870-1875
II iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia 1870-1875 ii 1890-1896
III iiauoaoaeueiay aieia 1890-1896 ii 1914-1920
III iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia 1914-1920 ii ?
Eiiae?aoueaaui oaeaea auei naeaeaii 4 aaaeiuo iaaethaeaiey ioiineoaeueii
oa?aeoa?a yoeo oeeeeia – «4 yiie?e/aneea i?aaeeueiinoe».
Iaaethaeaiea ia?aia.
Ia?aae ia/aeii e a ia/aea iiauoaoaeueiie aieiu eaaeaeiai aeeeiiiai
yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea iaaethaeathony aeoaieea eciaiaiey a oneiaeyo
yeiiiie/aneie aeecie iauanoaa. Yoe eciaiaiey au?aaeaiu a cia/eoaeueiuo
eciaiaieyo a oaoieea (/aio i?aaeoanoaotho a naith i/a?aaeue
cia/eoaeueiua oaoie/aneea ioe?uoey e ecia?aoaiey), aiaea/aiee a ie?iaua
yeiiiie/aneea nayce iiauo no?ai, eciaiaiee aeiau/e cieioa e aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey.
Iaaethaeaiea aoi?ia.
Ia ia?eiaeu iiauoaoaeueiie aieiu eaaeaeiai aieueoiai oeeeea i?eoiaeeony
iaeaieueoaa /enei nioeeaeueiuo iio?ynaiee (aiei e ?aaiethoeee).
I?eaaaeai nienie naiuo iniiaiuo niauoee.
I iiauoaoaeueiay aieia: Aaeeeay o?aioeocneay ?aaiethoeey, iaiieaiiianeea
aieiu, aieiu ?innee n Oo?oeeae, aieia ca iacaaeneiinoue NOA.
I iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia: o?aioeocneay ?aaiethoeey 1830 a., aeaeaeaiea
/a?oenoia a Aiaeee.
II iiauoaoaeueiay aieia: ?aaiethoeee 1848-1849 aa. a Aa?iia (O?aioeey,
Aaia?ey, Aa?iaiey), E?uineay aieia 1856 a., ainnoaiea neiaaa a Eiaeee
1867-1869 aa., a?aaeaeaineay aieia a NOA 1861-1865 aa., aieiu ca
iauaaeeiaiea Aa?iaiee 1865-1871 aa., o?aioeocneay ?aaiethoeey 1871 a..
II iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia: aieia ?innee n Oo?oeeae 1877-1878 aa..
III iiauoaoaeueiay aieia: aiaei-ao?neay aieia 1899-1902 aa.,
?onnei-yiiineay aieia 1904 a., ia?aay ie?iaay aieia, ?aaiethoeee 1905 a.
e 1917 a. e a?aaeaeaineay aieia a ?innee.
ssnii aeaeii, /oi nioeeaeueiua iio?ynaiey iiauoaoaeueiuo aiei iaiiiai
i?aainoiaeyo oaeiaua iiieaeaoaeueiuo aiei eae ii /eneo niauoee, oae e
(/oi aieaa aaaeii) ii /eneo aea?oa e ?ac?ooaiee.
Iaaethaeaiea o?aouea.
Ia?eiaeu iiieaeaoaeueiie aieiu eaaeaeiai aieueoiai oeeeea
nii?iaiaeaeathony aeeeoaeueiie e iniaaiii au?aaeaiiie aeai?anneae
naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Iaaethaeaiea /aoaa?oia.
A ia?eiaeu iiauoaoaeueiie aieiu aieueoiai oeeeea n?aaeiea
eaieoaeenoe/aneea oeeeeu oa?aeoa?ecothony e?aoeinoueth aeai?annee e
eioaineaiinoueth iiaeuaiia, a ia?eiaeu iiieaeaoaeueiie aieiu aieueoiai
oeeeea iaaethaeaaony ia?aoiay ea?oeia.
Oaaeeoea 2.
E?aoeea iiaeuaiu e aeai?annee ia oiia «aeeeiiuo aiei» Eiiae?aoueaaa.
Ia?eiaeu *enei eao iiaeuaia *enei eao aeai?annee
1822-1843 9 12
1843-1874 21 10
1874-1895 6 15
1895-1912 15 4
Oioy Eiiae?aoueaaui aue ?anniio?ai ia?eiae aeeeiie 140 eao (anaai 2.5
aeeeiu aieiu aieueoiai oeeeea), ii aeaeaao auaiae, /oi iaee/ea oaeeo
oeeeeia aanueia aa?iyoii, e eo nouanoaiaaiea ia iiaeao auoue iauyniaii
neo/aeiuie, i?eaoiaeyueie aaee/eiaie. Ii aai iiaieth, eo i?e/eiu
iaiaoiaeeii eneaoue a iniaaiiinoyo, i?enoueo eaieoaeenoe/aneie nenoaia
oicyenoaa. Iaeiaei, i?e iino?iaiee iauyniaiey i?e/ei iaee/ey oaeeo
oeeeeia ii ano?aoeeny n i/aiue aieueoeie o?oaeiinoyie. Aai aeiioaco i
i?e/eiao yoeo oeeeeia anoue niune i?eaanoe oeaeeeii [1].
«Aeeeoaeueiinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?acee/iuo nicaeaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo
aeaa e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee ?acee/ia. ?aaiui ia?acii aeey eo nicaeaiey
o?aaoaony ?acee/iia a?aiy e ?acee/iua n?aaenoaa. Eae i?aaeei, iaeaieaa
aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eiatho iniiaiua aeaeu
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee. Iie aea o?aaotho iaeaieueoaai a?aiaie e
iaeaieueoeo aeeoioee?iaaiiuo n?aaenoa aeey eo nicaeaiey.
Ionthaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeey yeiiiieee iiiyoey i ?acee/iuo aeaeao
?aaiiaaney i?eiaieoaeueii e ?acee/iui ia?eiaeai a?aiaie (niio?e
?aaiiaaney e?aoeiai e aeeeiiiai ia?eiaeia o Ia?oaeea).
Aieueoea oeeeeu iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae ia?ooaiea e ainnoaiiaeaiea
yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney aeeeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea. Iniiaiay eo i?e/eia
eaaeeo a iaoaiecia iaeiieaiey, aeeoioee?iaaiey e ?annayiey eaieoaea,
aeinoaoi/iiai aeey nicaeaiey iiauo iniiaiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee.
Iaeiaei aeaenoaea yoie iniiaiie i?e/eiu oneeeaaao aeaenoaea aoi?e/iuo
oaeoi?ia.
A niioaaonoaee n eceiaeaiiui ?acaeoea aieueoiai oeeeea iieo/aao
neaaeothuaa inaauaiea.
Ia/aei iiaeuaia niaiaaeaao n iiiaioii, eiaaea iaeiieaiea e
aeeoioee?iaaiea eaieoaea aeinoeaaao oaeiai iai?yaeaiey, i?e eioi?ii
noaiiaeony aiciiaeiui ?aioaaaeueiia eiaanoe?iaaiea eaieoaea a oeaeyo
nicaeaiey iniiaiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e ?aaeeeaeueiiai
ia?aiai?oaeiaaiey oaoieee.
Ia/aaoaany iiauoaiea oaiia oicyenoaaiiie aeecie, ineiaeiaiiia
i?iiuoeaiii-eaieoaeenoe/aneeie oeeeeaie n?aaeiae aeeeoaeueiinoe,
aucuaaao iaino?aiea nioeeaeueiie ai?ueau, ai?ueau ca ?uiie e aiaoiea
eiioeeeou.
A yoio ia?eiae oaii iaeiieaiey eaieoaea ineaaaaaao e oneeeaaaony
i?ioeann ?annayiey naiaiaeiiai eaieoaea. Oneeaiea aeaenoaey yoeo
oaeoi?ia aucuaaao ia?aeii oaiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey e aai
caiaaeeaiea. Oae eae aeaenoaea oeacaiiuo oaeoi?ia neeueiaa a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oi ia?aeii iau/ii niaiaaeaao n ia/aeii aeeeoaeueiie
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie aeai?annee.
Iiieaeaiea oaiia naeueneioicyenoaaiiie aeecie iaoneiaeeaaao, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, oneeaiea iieneia a iaeanoe oniaa?oainoaiaaiey oaoieee, n
ae?oaie – ainnoaiaaeeaaao i?ioeann aeeoioee?iaaiey a ?oeao
oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo e ae?oaeo a?oii a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ca n/ao
naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Ana yoi nicaeaao i?aaeiinueee aeey iiaiai iiaeuaia aieueoiai oeeeea, e
ii iiaoi?yaony niiaa, oioy e ia iiaie nooiaie ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee».
Neaaeoao oiiiyiooue, /oi aeiioaca Eiiae?aoueaaa iiaeaa?aaeenue a NNN?
no?iaie e?eoeea. Aai iiiiiaiou iuoaeenue inia?eaaoue nouanoaiaaiea
«aeeeiiuo aiei» a aeeiaieea iiiaeo iieacaoaeae, i?aaeacyoi eniieuecoy
iaoiaeu iaoaiaoe/aneie noaoenoeee. Anee aea iaee/ea «aeeeiiuo aiei» a
aeeiaieea eaeiai-eeai iieacaoaey auei iainii?eii, oi iauyniaiea iaee/ey
oaeeo eieaaaiee auaiaeeeinue ec aieaa ?aiieo ?aaio ae?oaeo o/aiuo, a
/anoiinoe, ec o?oaeia I. E. Ooaai-Aa?aiianeiai (ni. [1]).
Aeiaieueii i/aaeaeii, /oi e?eoeea iiiiiaioia auea iai?aaeaia ia i?ioea
eiioeaioeee «aeeeiiuo aiei» eae oaeiaie, a ia?niiaeueii i?ioea aaoi?a.
?acaeoea eaeae I. Ae. Eiiae?aoueaaa.
Ca a?aiy, i?ioaaeoaa n 1925 aiaea, iaia?oaeeeinue iiiai iiauo oaeoia,
iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo nouanoaiaaiea «aeeeiiuo aiei» a yeiiiieea, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue yoi eo iaee/ea a ?acaeoee yeiiiieee a oa/aiea XX aaea. Ca yoi
aea a?aiy auei i?aaeeiaeaii ia?iiiia eiee/anoai oai?ee, iauyniythueo eo
nouanoaiaaiea. Auaeaeythony 9 a?oii oaeeo oai?ee [2]. Iie aoaeoo e?aoei
ia?a/eneaiu ieaea a oaeii aeaea: ei?ioeia iacaaiea a?oiiu oai?ee,
iieacuaathuaa eo niune, e oaieeee o/aiuo, auaeaeioaoeo yoe oai?ee.
Oaaeeoea 3.
Eeanneoeeaoeey oai?ee, iauyniythueo nouanoaiaaiea aieueoeo oeeeeia
yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u Eiiae?aoueaaa.
A?oiia oai?ee Oaieeee o/aiuo
1 Ia?enenoneea oai?ee I. Aaeea?a, E. Oiioaueae, Y. Iaioyeue, Ae. Ai?aeii
2 Eiiiaaoeeiiiua oai?ee E. Ooiiaoa?, N. Eociaoe, A. Iaio, A. Eeaeieiaoo,
Aeae. aai Aeaei
3 Oai?ey ia?aiaeiieaiey a eaieoaeueiii naeoi?a Aeae. Oi?oanoa?
4 Oai?ee, naycaiiua n ?aai/ae neeie E. O?eaeiai
5 Oeaiiaua oai?ee O. O. ?inoio, A. Aa??e
6 Eioaa?aoeeiiiue iiaeoiae e iiiaoa?iua eiioeaioeee E. Aeaeueaaea, I.
Ei?ieiai, ?. Aao?a
7 Nioeeieiae/aneea iauyniaiey e oeeeeu eeanniaie ai?ueau E. Ia?an-Ia?an,
E. Ieeaiaei?oa?, Y. Ne?aiaioe, I. Ieuenai, N. Aeaa, Aeae. Aaooai, A.
Neeueaa?, A. Aaeiaeeeo.
8 Oai?ey aiaiiuo oeeeeia Aeae. Aieaenoaei
9 Oai?ey, i?eiaaeeaaeauay aaoi?ai eieae [2]. Aa iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue
eae eiiieaenioth, oyaioathuoth e ia?enenoneie
Aaeaeo iaeeey oai?ee i?eaeaony ioeacaoueny, eae io caaea/e niaa?oaiii
ia?aaeueiie a ?aieao aeaiiie ?aaiou, io oiai, /oiau oioy au e?aoei
eceiaeeoue nooue eaaeaeie oai?ee. Aeiaieueii i/aaeaeii, /oi eo
eiee/anoai auoiaeeo ca ?aiee ?acoiiiai.
Ai iiiaeo ec yoeo oai?ee aeaeaaony iiiuoea auaanoe iauyniaiea
nouanoaiaaiey aeeeiiuo aiei Eiiae?aoueaaa ec eieaaaiee iaeiiai, acyoiai
ca iniiao aaoi?aie, ia?aiao?a, a eieaaaiey naiiai acyoiai ca iniiao
ia?aiao?a aaoi?u iauyniytho i?iecaieueiui ia?acii. Eae i?aaeei,
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiiai iauyniaiey eieaaaiee «ia?ae/iiai» ia?aiao?a
(iai?eia? eiee/anoaa iao/iuo ioe?uoee, ecia?aoaiee e oaoie/aneeo
oniaa?oainoaiaaiee a eiiiaaoeeiiiuo oai?eyo) ia oaeaaony aeaoue,
inoaaaynue a ?aieao yeiiiie/aneie iaoee, a ca eo ?aiee aaoi?u oai?ee
auoiaeyo e?aeia iaoaa?aiii e iau/ii ia i?iaeaeaathony aeaeueoa
niaeoeyoeaiie oeeinioee.
Ieaea aoaeao ?acia?aia iaeia ec oaeeo oai?ee e iieacaia aiiethuay
iaoaaaeeoaeueiinoue iauyniaiey i?e/ei aeieain?i/iuo eieaaaiee
«ia?ae/iiai» ia?aiao?a, a ea/anoaa eioi?iai a ?anniao?eaaaiii i?eia?a
aunooiaao eiee/anoai naeaeaiiuo ioe?uoee, ecia?aoaiee e oaoie/aneeo
oniaa?oainoaiaaiee (eiiiaaoeeiiiua oai?ee).
Aaoi?aie iaeioi?uo ec yoeo oai?ee i?aaeeiaeaia aeiioaca, niaeanii
eioi?ie oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa eiiiaaoeee e eioaineaiinoe eo aiaae?aiey
aucuaaaony oooaeoaieai neooaoeee a yeiiiieea, /oi aoaeoi au noeioee?oao
ecia?aoaoaeae aieaa aeoeaii caieiaoueny naiei aeaeii, a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae – aeeaaeuaaoue aeaiueae ai aiaae?aiea eiiiaaoeee. Yoi
iieiaeaiea aanueia nii?iia.
Ecaanoii, /oi aeiaeaiea aeaiaa ai aiaae?aiea eiiiaaoeee, iniaaiii
i?eioeeieaeueiuo, aanueia ?eneiaaiii, e i?aaei?eieiaoaeue aeey aeiaeaiey
a oaeiai ?iaea i?iaeou aeieaeai eiaoue ecauoi/iua n?aaenoaa, iioa?y
eioi?uo ia i?eaaea au e aai ?aci?aieth. I/aaeaeii, /oi a ia?eiaeu
oooaeoaiey yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u eiee/anoai ecauoi/iuo n?aaenoa o
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ai anyeii neo/aa, ia aieueoa, /ai a aeaaii?eyoiua
ia?eiaeu, e i?e ieioie eiiuthieoo?a aioiaiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaey e
?eneiaaiiui eaieoaeiaeiaeaieyi oaeaea a?yae ee auoa, /ai i?e oi?ioae. A
iaaeaaii?eyoiua ia?eiaeu aiciiaeii oieueei iiauoaiea oaiia aiaae?aiey
iacia/eoaeueiuo oaoie/aneeo oniaa?oainoaiaaiee, ia o?aaothuaai i/aiue
aieueoeo cao?ao, ii aeathuaai auno?ue yooaeo a aeaea nieaeaiey
ecaea?aeae, a ie a eiai neo/aa ia oaaee/aiea eiaanoeoeee a ?aaeeeaeueiia
ia?aaii?oaeaiea oaoieee.
Oooaeoaiea yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u oaeaea aaeaa ee noeioee?oao
iiauoaiea aeoeaiinoe ecia?aoaoaeae. A naiii aeaea, i?ioannee
ecia?aoaoaey eae oaeiaie aei XX aaea ia nouanoaiaaei aiana, e oieueei a
XX aaea iiyaeyaony oeaeaiai?aaeaiiue iiene iiauo oaoie/aneeo ?aoaiee e
i?aaiecaoeee oeia eiino?oeoi?neeo ath?i, oeiiieaeoiaaiiua
niioaaonoaothueie i?ioanneiiaeaie. Aei yoiai ecia?aoaoaeuenoaii
caieiaeenue ethaee ae?oaeo i?ioannee, iaeaaeathuea oai?/aneei neeaaeii
oia, a naiaiaeiia io ae?oaeo caiyoee a?aiy. Ii aeey ecaea/aiey aeioiaeia
ec naiaai ecia?aoaiey aaoi?o iaiaoiaeeii auei aua aeiaanoe eioi?iaoeeth
i iai aei naaaeaiey eeoe, eiathueo naiaiaeiua eaieoaeu, e iiaoaeeoue eo
aeiaeeoue aeaiueae ai aai aiaae?aiea. Yoi aeaei auei /?acau/aeii
oyaeaeui e aeaeaei ia anaaaea eii/aeinue oniaoii. E?iia oiai, aue
aanueia aaeee ?ene i?enaiaiey aaoi?noaa ecia?aoaiey ae?oaei eeoeii.
(Auee, iaeiaei, neo/ae, eiaaea aaoi?ai ecia?aoaiee oaeaaaeinue ecuneaoue
o?aaoaiua n?aaenoaa naiinoiyoaeueii, nicaeaoue naie oe?iu e aeiaeoueny
eiiia?/aneiai oniaoa, iaeiaei yoi auei i/aiue ?aaeei). Ec auoaneacaiiiai
i/aaeaeii, /oi ecia?aoaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue o?aaiaaea io aaoi?a
i/aiue aieueoiai iai?yaeaiey e aeaeaei ia anaaaea i?eiineea aio aeioiae,
a /aua – aieueoea iai?eyoiinoe.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia ii?iaa?aiooa iauaecaanoiay enoeia, /oi iniiaiie
i?e/eiie ethaie oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony aioo?aiiyy
iio?aaiinoue a oai?/anoaa. Ec oaeoi?ia, naycaiiuo n yeiiiie/aneie
neooaoeeae, eiaao cia/aiea oieueei iaee/ea enoi/ieea n?aaenoa e
nouanoaiaaieth e naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie o iioaioeeaeueiiai ecia?aoaoaey.
Iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi ai a?aiy yeiiiie/aneiai niaaea naiaiaeiiai
a?aiaie o iioaioeeaeueiuo ecia?aoaoaeae noaiiaeony aieueoa, ec-ca ?inoa
a yoio ia?eiae aac?aaioeoeu e oiaiueoaiey caiyoinoe. Iaeiaei
niioaaonoaothuaai enneaaeiaaiey noaoenoeee aaoi?u eiiiaaoeeiiiuo oai?ee
ia i?iaiaeeee. E?iia oiai, iaee/ea o iioaioeeaeueiiai ecia?aoaoaey
enoi/ieea n?aaenoa e nouanoaiaaieth ia iaiaa aaaeii, /ai iaee/ea
naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie. Aac?aaioiue, o. a. /aeiaae, aei XX aaea ia eiathuee
aiiaua ieeaeiai aeioiaea, ia iiaeao iieiioeaiii caieiaoueny oai?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, iniaaiii anee o/anoue, /oi a iiaeaaeythuai
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ii aue auioaeaeai aua e caaioeoueny i naiuea.
Oaeei ia?acii, i/aaeaeii, /oi iauyniaiea iaee/ey aeieain?i/iuo eieaaaiee
eiee/anoaa naeaeaiiuo ioe?uoee, ecia?aoaiee e oaoie/aneeo
oniaa?oainoaiaaiee a eiiiaaoeeiiiuo oai?eyo iaoaaaeeoaeueii e
iniiauaaaony ia iaoiaeao niaeoeyoeaiie oeeinioee.
Iaeioi?uie aaoi?aie auoai?eaaaeaiiay aeiioaca ioaa?aiooa (iai?eia?, E.
Ooiiaoa?). Iaeiaei i?aaeeaaaaiua eie iauyniaiey no?aaeatho oaie aea
iaaeinoaoeaie, /oi e i?aaeuaeouay aeiioaca.
Noiaeiuie aeaoaeoaie iaeaaeatho e ae?oaea oai?ee: oeaiiaua oai?ee,
oai?ey ia?aiaeiieaiey a eaieoaeueiii naeoi?a e o. i.. Yoe oai?ee,
ii-aeaeeiiio, iiaeii n/eoaoue ii iaiueoae ia?a iaeiiaieeie.
Auee nicaeaiu oaeaea eiiieaeniua oai?ee, iaeiaei e caeanue noieo
iaiaoiaeeiinoue auoiaea ca ?aiee yeiiiie/aneie iaoee, oae eae a
aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea, ii-aeaeeiiio, iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue ?acaeoea
yeiiiieee, ia ?anniao?eaay ?acaeoea oiai iauanoaa, eioi?ia yoo yeiiiieeo
nicaeaao aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo iio?aaiinoae. Aa?iyoii, ii yoie
i?e/eia e o aaoi?ia oaeeo oai?ee oniaoe a iauyniaiee nouanoaiaaiey
«oeeeeia Eiiae?aoueaaa» iiea aanueia ioiineoaeueiu.
Ioaeaeueii neaaeoao neacaoue i oai?ee aiaiiuo oeeeeia Aeae.
Aieueaenoaeia. Oioy e aio ia oaeaeinue i?aaeeiaeeoue oaaaeeoaeueiiai
iauyniaiey nouanoaiaaiey aieueoeo oeeeeia a ?acaeoee yeiiiieee, ei auee
ioia/aiu e i?iaiaeece?iaaiu aanueia aaaeiua oaeou.
Oae eae oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiay yeiiiie/aneay noaoenoeea nouanoaoao oieueei
n eiioea XVIII aaea, e oi aeaeaei ia ii anai aaaeiui ia?aiao?ai [1], oi
aaoi?u «yeiiiie/aneeo» aeiioac auee e?aeia noaniaiu a noaoenoe/aneii
iaoa?eaea. Aeae. Aieueaenoaei, ?anniao?eaay a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aieiu e
eo iineaaenoaey a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai oaeoi?a nouanoaiaaiey «aeeeiiuo
aiei» a yeiiiieea, iaioae yoi ia?aie/aiea, oae eae noaoenoeea aiei, eo
aea?oa e ?ac?ooaiee eiaaony ca ianeieueei iineaaeieo ouny/aeaoee.
(Aiaiiay iiuue aiieia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae eiaeeeaoi? iiue
yeiiiie/aneie, oae eae niaea?aeaiea neeueiie a?iee e aaaeaiea aiei ai
ana a?aiaia noieei /?acau/aeii aei?iai, a aanoe aieio ca n/ao i?ioeaieea
iiaeii oieueei iinea ia?aie – e i/aiue e?oiiie – iiaaaeu, aeinoeaiooie
oieueei naieie neeaie [2,3]).
Eioaineaiinoue aiei ii ioeaieaae ia ii /eneo naieo aiei, a ii /eneo
aucaaiiuo eie aea?oa e ?ac?ooaiee. Aua I. Ae. Eiiae?aoueaaui auea
ioia/aia /aoei au?aaeaiiay iiaoi?yaiinoue oe?ieiianooaaiuo aiei a
iiauoaoaeueiuo oacao «aeeeiiuo aiei». Oaeay /aoeay iiaoi?yaiinoue aiei
Aeae. Aieueaenoaeiii auea i?ineaaeaia aieioue aei 1500 aiaea (!). Ii,
aeaeeii, iin/eoae eceeoiei enneaaeiaaoue aua aieaa ?aiiea aeaiiua, ii
ana ?aaii ec aai iaaethaeaiee iiaeii naeaeaoue aiieia ii?aaeaeaiiua
auaiaeu.
Aeae. Aieueaenoaeiii oaeoe/anee iiaeoaa?aeaeaii iaee/ea «aeeeiiuo aiei»
a ?acaeoee oaiaeaeueiie oi?iaoeee. Anee yoi aa?ii (/oi i/aiue aa?iyoii
aaeaeo oaaaeeoaeueiinoe i?aaenoaaeaiiuo ei aeaiiuo), oi ii/oe ana oai?ee
aeeeiiuo aiei ieacuaathony ianinoiyoaeueiuie, oae eae aace?othony ia
caeiiao eaieoaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee, eioi?ua ia ?aaioatho a oaiaeaeueiie
oi?iaoeee. Eiiiaaoeeiiiua oai?ee oiaea ia aiaeyony aaeaeo ii/oe iieiiai
ionoonoaey ianooaaiuo eiiiaaoeee a XVI – XVII aa. (Ana aaaeiua
ecia?aoaiey, eniieuecothueany a yoi a?aiy, oaeea, eae ii?io,
iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea, eiiian, iaoaeeo?ae/aneea i?ioeannu,
eieaiia/aoaiea e o. ae., auee naeaeaiu a iaiiiai aieaa ?aiiee ia?eiae).
Ia aiaeyony, iai?eia?, e oai?ee, nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ioaiaeyuea ie?iaiio
?uieo, oae eae ii a XVI – XVII aa. oaeaea iaoiaeeeny a ca/aoi/iii
ninoiyiee.
A nayce ni auoaneacaiiui eiaao niune no?iai (ia iaoiaeaie niaeoeyoeaiie
oeeinioee) ?anniio?aoue i?aaeiieiaeaiea, niaeanii eioi?iio «aeeeiiua
aieiu» eiatho, aiciiaeii, aiiaua ia yeiiiie/aneoth i?e?iaeo, a
«aeeeiiiaieiiaua» oeeeeu a yeiiiieea yaeythony neaaenoaeyie iaeioi?uo
ae?oaeo i?ioeannia.
Aeey auyniaiey oaeie aiciiaeiinoe iaiaoiaeeii i?eaea/ue iiaaeoea
aeinoeaeaiey ae?oaeo iaoe, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue nioeeieiaee e yoiieiaee.
Oai?ey yoiiaaiaca e aeueoa?iaoeaiay aeiioaca i i?e?iaea aeeeiiuo aiei
Eiiae?aoueaaa.
Iineieueeo oai?ey yoiiaaiaca, nicaeaiiay niaaoneei o/aiui E. I.
Aoieeaaui, iiaay (nicaeaia a 70-o – ia/aea 80-o aa. XX a., [3,4]) e
iiiaei aua iaecaanoia, iaiaoiaeeii eceiaeeoue aa iniiau ia?aae ia/aeii
eceiaeaiey aaoi?neie aeiioacu i i?e?iaea «aeeeiiuo aiei Eiiae?aoueaaa».
Iia eceaaaaony i?aaeaeueii i?eieoeaii e a iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe,
aeeeooaiie noiyuae ia?aae aaoi?ii caaea/ae.
Iniiau oai?ee yoiiaaiaca.
Iauaecaanoii, /oi nouanoaotho yoiinu, a i?eioeeia ianiiniaiua e
naiinoiyoaeueiiio ?acaeoeth. Oaeiau iaioanu, ia?iaeu E?aeiaai Naaa?a,
aieueoeinoai aia?eeaineeo eiaeaeoeaa e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea. I?e yoii
eaaeaeue ioaeaeueii acyoue /eai oaeiai yoiina yaeyaony iieiioeaiiui a
oece/aneii e eioaeeaeooaeueiii ioiioaiee /aeiaaeii. Oaeei ia?acii,
niiniaiinoue e ?acaeoeth ia yaeyaony iaiouaieaiie niiniaiinoueth yoiina.
E?eoa?eai iaee/ey ?acaeoey yoiina i?eieiaaony aai ioiioaiea e
aiauathuaio eaiaeoaooo. Anee yoiin oeaeaiai?aaeaiii i?aia?aciauaaao
eaiaeoaoo – ii ?acaeaaaony, anee ia i?aia?aciauaaao eaiaeoaoo e
iaoiaeeony a ?aaiiaanee n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie – oi ia ?acaeaaaony.
Ia?aa?aa iiiaeanoai aeiioac, iauyniythueo iiaeiaiia iieiaeaiea aeae, E.
I. Aoieeaa i?eoae e neaaeothuei auaiaeai. I/aaeaeii, /oi /aeiaae
nouanoaoao ca n/ao oeie/aneie yia?aee, onaaeaaaiie ei n ieuae ec
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Oiaaea ethaeae ii «yia?aaoe/aneei oa?aeoa?enoeeai»
iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia 3 eaoaai?ee: aa?iiie/iiai oeia (iiaeaaeythuaa
aieueoeinoai ethaeae), yia?aiecauoi/iiai oeia (ianneiia?ee),
yia?aiaeaoeoeeoiiai oeia (noaianneiia?ee) (ii n?aaiaieth n aeieiae/aneie
ii?iie iio?aaeaiey yia?aee). Oaia?ue oaea iiaeii n/eoaoue onoaiiaeaiiui,
/oi o?iaaiue onaiaiey aeioeie/aneie yia?aee ec ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
yaeyaony ianeaaenoaaiiui i?eciaeii. Oaeoi?ii ?acaeoey yoiina yaeythony
ianneiia?ee. (Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue e nouanoaiaaiea aeiioacu, niaeanii
eioi?ie ianneiia?iinoue (niiniaiinoue e oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiio
naa?oiai?yaeaieth) iaoneiaeaia ia iiauoaiiui iiaeiuaieai aeioeie/aneie
yia?aee ec ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, a i?e ?aaiii iiaeiuaiee auaea/ae
aieueoae /anoe yoie yia?aee a aeaea oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie ?aaiou. Ii yoi n
oi/ee c?aiey noiyuae caaea/e ia aaaeii. Nouanoaiaaiea ethaeae, niiniaiuo
e aeeeoaeueiiio oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiio naa?oiai?yaeaieth, ?aaii eae e oi,
/oi oaeie niiniaiinoueth iaeaaeaao ioiineoaeueii iaeia /enei ethaeae –
oaeou onoaiiaeaiiua e ia iiaeeaaeauea ia?aniio?o. Iiiaea oaeou,
iaeiieaiiua ca aeieaoth enoi?eth /aeiaa/anoaa, iaeuecy iauynieoue eia/a,
eae oai, /oi aeaiiue i?eciae yaeyaony ianeaaenoaaiiui e ?aoeanneaiui).
Ethaia ioeeiiaiea onaiaiey aeioeie/aneie yia?aee io ii?iu nieaeaao
aeecianiiniaiinoue. Noaianneiia?ee iaaeecianiiniaiu, oae eae eo
yia?aaoeea ieaea aeieiae/aneie ii?iu, a ianneiia?ee iiaeaatho, iaiai?io,
aneaaenoaea /?acia?iie aeoeaiinoe. Anoanoaaiiue ioai? aeieaeai i?eaanoe
e oiio, /oi a iiioeyoeee inoaioony OIEUeEI aa?iiie/iua ethaee. Oaeea
iiioeyoeee (yoiinu) ianiiniaiu e ?acaeoeth, e eiaiii eo i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie ia?iaeu oeia iaioania eee aano?aeeeneeo aai?eaaiia.
Aeey enoi?ee aaaeii niioiioaiea ethaeae o?ao oeacaiiuo oeiia, iioiio /oi
yoi niioiioaiea ii?aaeaeyao ea?oeio iiaaaeaiey anaai yoiina a oeaeii. A
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aaaeii ioiioaiea /enea ianneiia?eaa e iauaio /eneo
ethaeae. Yoi ioiioaiea iiaeao auoue aeiaieueii oi/ii ioeaiaii ec aeaiiuo
enoi?e/aneie iaoee, oioy iaoiaeeea oaeie ioeaiee aeaeaei ia i?inoa, e,
iai?eia?, aeaeeiia aeey enoi?ee aieueoia eiee/anoai «aaeeeeo aeae»
iiaeao niioaaonoaiaaoue e iiaeuaio o?iaiy «ianneiia?iiai iai?yaeaiey», e
aai niaaeo.
Ec enoi?e/aneeo aeaiiuo aeaeii, /oi a?aiy io a?aiaie a ioaeaeueiuo
?aaeiiao ieaiaou i?ienoiaeeo auno?ia e ?aceia oaaee/aiea /enea
ianneia?eaa, /oi iiaeao auoue iauyniaii oieueei ianniauie
iee?iiooaoeeyie iiae aeaenoaeai eaeeo-eeai aiaoieo oaeoi?ia (yoe oaeoi?u
ecaanoiu, iu eo ia ?anniao?eaaai). Yoi i?iyaeyaony a aeoeaecaoeee
ia?iaeia, ianaeythueo aeaiiue ?aaeii, /oi au?aaeaaony a aieiao,
ia?aciaaiee e?oiiuo ainoaea?noa, e o. ae., e o. i.. Iioii aneaaenoaea
anoanoaaiiiai ioai?a /enei ianneiia?eaa oiaiueoaaony, e a eiioea eiioeia
iie en/acatho ec iiioeyoeee aiana. A enoi?ee yoi i?iyaeyaony a iniiaiii
eae ?ac?ooaiea e?oiiuo ainoaea?noa e caaiaaaiey eo ninaaeyie, a iauai
?aa?anna, a oaeaea ai iiiaii ae?oaii. *anoi auaaao noieeiiaaiea aeaoo
eee aieaa ?aciuo ianneiia?iuo iiioeyoeee, aicieeoeo io ?aciuo
iee?iiooaoeee («ianneiia?iuo oie/eia»), /oi nicaeaao iaiiaoi?eiua
enoi?e/aneea eieeecee.
Io iee?iiooaoeee aei iieiiai en/aciiaaiey ianneiia?eaa ec iiioeyoeee
i?ioiaeeo 1200 – 1500 eao, /oi ninoaaeyao iieiue oeeee yoiiaaiaca
(iiyoiio i?aaeaeueiue n?ie aeecie no?oeoo? eiia?neiai oeia ninoaaeyao
i?eia?ii 1200 eao).
E naiia aaaeiia n oi/ee c?aiey noiyuae caaea/e: iiieii aieueoiai oeeeea
aeeeiie ii?yaeea 1500 eao, ioiineoaeueiay /eneaiiinoue ianneiia?eaa
iiaeaa?aeaia eieaaaieyi n «aeeeiie aieiu» io 50 aei 100 eao. Yoi
iauyniyaony oai, /oi ioaa/athuee ca yoio i?eciae aai, ii-aeaeeiiio,
?aoeanneaai (o.a. i?iyaeyaony a aeaea niioaaonoaothuaai i?eciaea aeaeaei
ia o eaaeaeiai iineoaey). Iiyoiio iinea, iai?eia?, oyaeaeie aieiu, i?e
eioi?ie ianneiia?ee iiaeaatho a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, eo /eneaiiinoue
caiaoii nie?auaaony, e iinoaiaiii iioii ainnoaiaaeeaaaony ca n/ao
iioiinoaa ne?uouo iineoaeae yoiai aaia, o eioi?ue i?eciae i?iyaeyaony a
yaiie oi?ia. *a?ac 2-3 iieieaiey aneaaenoaea yoiai aeoeaiinoue e
aa?anneaiinoue yoiina iiyoue aic?anoaao, iiyoue i?ienoiaeyo aieiu e
nioeeaeueiua iio?ynaiey, e «iaeue ianneiia?iue oeeee» niiaa iiaoi?yaony.
Oai, eiio yoa oai?ey a oaeii a?oaii e i?eieoeaiii eceiaeaiee ia aiooaao
iniaiai aeiaa?ey, ?aeiiaiaeoaony i?i/eoaoue i?eaeiaeueiua ?aaiou E. I.
Aoieeaaa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue [3]. Aeueoa?iaoeaiie oai?ee, iauyniythuae
noieue aea i?aaaeiiiaeiaii aanue oiae enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna, a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy iao.
Aaoi?neay aeiioaca i i?e?iaea «aeeeiiuo aiei
Eiiae?aoueaaa».
I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi iaoaieci, i?eia?ii iiaeiaiue «iaeiio ianneiia?iiio
oeeeeo» i?aaeeiaeee Aeae. Aieueaenoaei a naiae oai?ee aiaiiuo oeeeeia. A
aai eioa?i?aoaoeee ii auaeyaeae i?eia?ii oae: yeiiiie/aneee iiaeuai –
iaino?aiea eiieo?aioeee e i?ioeai?a/ee – aieiu – ?ac?ooa, yeiiiie/aneee
niaae, ainnoaiiaeaiea – yeiiiie/aneee iiaeuai – iiaia iaino?aiea ai?ueau
– iiaua iieieaiey oaea caauee ia oaeanao aiei, e iiyoue ono?aeaatho
iiaua aieiu – niaae, ?ac?ooa – … e oae aeaeaa. Iaeiaei aaoi? ia aue
ciaeii n ianneiia?iie oai?eae yoiiaaiaca, e io yoiai aai iino?iaiey
auaeyaeaee iaeaii e a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a «aenaee a aicaeooa». Oai?ey
yoiiaaiaca eae ?ac yaeeanue iaaeinoathuei caaiii a aai aeiioaca.
Iiaeuaiu aieueoeo yeiiiie/aneeo oeeeeia oiaaea niioaaonoaotho aunieiio
/eneo ianneiia?eaa, niaaeu – ieceiio.
Iaee/ea oao eee eiuo /a?o «iaeiai ianneiia?iiai oeeeea» iiaeii ioiaoeoue
ai iiiaeo oai?eyo, ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa a oaae. 3. Iai?eia?, E. Ooiiaoa?
n/eoaao iaeiei ec iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia nouanoaiaaiey «aeeeiiuo aiei
Eiiae?aoueaaa» aeaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ia «eeaea?ia» e «na?oth
ianno».
E aii?ino ia eiiiaaoeeyo:
Iiiaeie ioia/aii iiyaeaiea aieueoiai /enea eiiiaaoeee (e?oiiuo ioe?uoee
e oaoie/aneeo ecia?aoaiee) e eo aeoeaiia aiaae?aiea a aeeciue a ia?eiaeu
iiaeuaia aieueoiai yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea. Iiiyoii, /oi aeoeaiinoue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e eo ioiioaiea e oaoie/aneei
iiaeieai e aioiaiinoue aeeaaeuaaoue a ieo aeaiueae aeieaeiu auoue
naycaiu n o?iaiai «ianneiia?iiai iai?yaeaiey» iauanoaa. ?aaiui ia?acii,
e?oiiua ioe?uoey e ecia?aoaiey niaa?oathony e «i?ioaeeeaathony», eae
i?aaeei, aeoeaiuie e aeayoaeueiuie ethaeueie, oi anoue oaeaea
ianneiia?eyie.
I/aaeaeiue aii?in – a ii/aio, nianoaaiii, «iaeue ianneiia?iue oeeee»
neioacai o ?aciuo ia?iaeia – o?aioeocia, aiaee/ai, aa?iaioeaa? Aeaei a
oii, /oi e?iia yoiinia, nouanoaoao oaeniiiie/aneay aaeeieoea aieaa
aunieiai ii?yaeea, yoie/aneee ie? – noia?yoiin (oeaeinoiinoe oaeiai oeia
iacuaatho oaeaea «oeeaeeecaoeeyie», «ie?aie» eee «eoeueoo?aie»). Ana
aa?iiaeneea e i?iecioaaeoea io ieo ia?iaeu (iai?eia?, «yiee»,
aano?aeeeoeu e ae?oaea) i?eiaaeeaaeao e iaeiiio noia?yoiino, eioi?ue aei
XVI aaea eiae naiiiacaaiea «o?enoeaineee ie?», a n XVII aaea aei iaoeo
aeiae – «oeeaeeeciaaiiue ie?». Ana yoe ia?iaeu «noi?ie?iaaiu» iaeiei
«ianneiia?iui oie/eii», e neioaciinoue ?eoia ?acaeoey Aiaeee, O?aioeee,
Aa?iaiee e ae?oaeo caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa aiieia anoanoaaiia.
Neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea, /oi i?e nicaeaiee oai?ee aeeeiiuo aiei
Eiiae?aoueaa e aai iineaaeiaaoaee iia?e?iaaee oieueei n aeaiiuie ec
?acaeouo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai, oi anoue no?ai, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e
«oeeaeeeciaaiiiio ie?o». Oaeei ia?acii, oeeeeu Eiiae?aoueaaa, nei?aa
anaai, niioaaonoaotho eieaaaieyi «ianneiia?iiai iai?yaeaiey»
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie noia?yoie/aneie nenoaiu.
Anee aea ?anniio?aoue yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea, iai?eia?, ?innee (ae?oaay
noia?yoie/aneay nenoaia) ca XVIII – XX aa., oi anaie aac eneeth/aiey
enneaaeiaaoaeyie ioia/aeinue, /oi iii niaa?oaiii ia oeeaaeuaaaony a
oeeeeu Eiiae?aoueaaa. Iai?eia?, «eiiae?aoueaaneee» niaae n 1870-1875 ii
1890-1896 aiaeu i?eoiaeeony ia aeiaieueii auno?ue ?inneeneee
yeiiiie/aneee iiaeuai, a oea?noaiaaiea Aeaenaiae?a III, a ai a?aiy
Aaeeeie aeai?annee 30-o aiaeia XX aaea oaiiu yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey
?innee auee iaeaunoeie ca anth aa iiaaeooth enoi?eth.
Nooue i?aaeeaaaaiie aeiioacu, iauyniythuae nouanoaiaaiea «aeeeiiuo aiei
Eiiae?aoueaaa» a ?acaeoee eaieoaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee, caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oi aeieain?i/iua eieaaaiey yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u (aeeeiiua
aieiu Eiiae?aoueaaa) naycaiu n eieaaaieyie o?iaiy «ianneiia?iiai
iai?yaeaiey» caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie noia?yoie/aneie nenoaiu (a eioi?oth
aoiaeyo oaeaea NOA e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iaaa?iiaeneea no?aiu).
Ioiineoaeueii aunieee o?iaaiue «ianneiia?iiai iai?yaeaiey» niioaaonoaoao
aunieie aeoeaiinoe yoiinia, ia?acothueo noia?yoiin, /oi au?aaeaaony a
iiaeuaia yeiiiieee, aieaa auno?ii iao/ii-oaoie/aneii i?ia?anna e
cia/eoaeueiii iiauoaiee oaiia iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie (a oii
/enea e eiee/anoaa nioeeaeueiuo iio?ynaiee: aiei e ?aaiethoeee). A
ia?eiaeu ieceiai «ianneiia?iiai iai?yaeaiey» eiaao ianoi ia?aoiay
ea?oeia.
Auaiaeu
?anniio?aia oai?ey «aieueoeo oeeeeia yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u» I. Ae.
Eiiae?aoueaaa e aeiioacu, iauyniythuea eo nouanoaiaaiea. Iieacaii, /oi
ianiio?y ia i/aiue aieueoia /enei oaeeo aeiioac, iie ia i?aoaiaeotho ia
iieiia iienaiea e iauyniaiea yoiai yaeaiey.
Auneacaii i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi aieueoea oeeeeu yeiiiie/aneie
eiiuthieoo?u yaeythony neaaenoaeai i?ioeannia, eiathueo iayeiiiie/aneoth
i?e?iaeo, e ia iniiaa yoiai i?aaeiieiaeaiey n i?eaea/aieai iiaaeoeo
aeinoeaeaiee nioeeieiaee e yoiieiaee iino?iaia aeueoa?iaoeaiay aeiioaca,
iauyniythuay oaiiiai nouanoaiaaiey oaeeo oeeeeia.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
Eiiae?aoueaa I. Ae. «I?iaeaiu yeiiiie/aneie aeeiaieee», I., 1989.
Iaiueoeeia N. I., Eeeiaiei E. A. «Aeeeiiua aieiu a yeiiiieea. Eiaaea
iauanoai iaiyao eiaeo», I., 1989.
Aoieeaa E. I. «Yoiiaaiac e aeinoa?a Caiee», I., 1994.
Aoieeaa E. I. «Yoiinoa?a: enoi?ey ethaeae e enoi?ey i?e?iaeu», I., 1993.
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