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Загрязнение атмосферы и решение этой проблемы на примере Санкт-Петербурга

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Oeiea-aeiiacey ?528.

?aoa?ao ia oaio:

Auiieiee: Eoeooeei ?.A. 9 «a» ee.

?oeiaiaeeoaeue: Ieeaiae?iaa A.A.

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a

2002 aiae.

Niaea?aeaiea:

Aaaaeaiea.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….3

*ai iu aeuoei. Ninoaa caiiie aoiinoa?u.
………………………………………………3

2. Yeieiae/aneee e?ecen.
………………………………………………………………
…………….4

Aoiinoa?a e eceo/aiea. Iciiiaue neie.
…………………………………………………..5

Ia?ieeiaue yooaeo.
………………………………………………………………
………………..6

Eeneioiua aeiaeaee.
………………………………………………………………
……………………7

Iniiaiay /anoue.

AEAAA 1. Iniiiaiua enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u.
……………………………….8

AEAAA 2. I?e/eiu caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.
……………………………………..13

AEAAA 3. Yeieiae/aneay ianoaiiaea i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aeiiia

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.
………………………………………………………………
…………………………16

AEAAA 4. Aeeyiea aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa ia ninoiyiea aicaeooa.
…………….19

AEAAA 5. No?ieoaeuenoai iiauo iauaeoia e eo aeeyiea ia ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.
………………………………………………………………
………………………..21

AEAAA 6. I?ia?aiia «*enoue
ai?iae»………………………………………………………..
….24

AEAAA 7. Iaaethaeaiea ca o?iaiai caa?yciaiey aicaeooa a

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.
………………………………………………………………
……………………….26

Caeeth/aiea.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………28

Io?aia i?e?iaeu – i?iaeaia, noaaoay nioeeaeueiie.
…………………………………….28

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
………………………………………………………………
…………..31

Aaaaeaiea.

*ai iu aeuoei. Ninoaa caiiie aoiinoa?u.

A ie?oaeathuai ian ie?a ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ?aciiia?aciaeoeo aauanoa
acieiiaeaenoaotho ae?oa n ae?oaii iaeiia?aiaiii, e eaaeaeue i?ioeann oae
eee eia/a aeeyao ia iiiaea ae?oaea. Eaaeaeay /anoeoea, eaaeaeue eii
aeeaao naiae “oeie/aneie aeeciueth”, eioi?ay ieacuaaaony caoaeeeaui
ia?acii naycaia n aeanyoeaie ae?oaeo oaeeo aea “aeeoaeae”. Caiey
iiae?acaeaeyaony ia noa?u: aoiinoa?o (aicaeoo), aeae?inoa?o (i?e?iaeiay
aiaea ai anao aa aeaeao: ?aee, eaaeieee, ii?y, ieaaiu e o. ae.),
eeoinoa?o (oi, /oi iacuaaaony caiiie oaa?aeueth) e i?iiecuaathuoth ana
yoe neie aeinoa?o. A eaaeaeie noa?a i?ioaeatho naie oeie/aneea
i?ioeannu, ii ana iie ieacuaatho aeeyiea ia /aeiaaea, ia aai caei?iauea
e ia?ac aeecie.

Iaee/ea aoiinoa?u – iaeii ec aeaaiuo oneiaee aeey nouanoaiaaiey aeecie
ia Caiea. Iaoa ieaiaoa ie?oaeaia aoiinoa?ie – aicaeooiie iaiei/eie,
i?inoe?athuaeny io iiaa?oiinoe Caiee aieaa, /ai ia iieoi?u ouny/e
eeeiiao?ia. Ianna yoiai aicaeooiiai ieaaia – 5 * 10^15 I.

Aicaeoo i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iiiaieiiiiiaioiue aaciaue “eieoaeeue”,
eioi?ue iiieii iniiaiuo ninoaaeythueo – acioa e eenei?iaea – aeeth/aao
a?aii, oaeaeeneue aac, aiaeyiua ia?u, iaeue/aeoea oaa?aeua /anoeoeu
(iueue), eaiaeueee aiaeu, a oae aea iacia/eoaeueiua i?eiane iiiaeo
ae?oaeo aauanoa (SO2, CH4, NH3 , CO, HF, H2, H2S, e o. ae.).

Aaaeiaeoae /anoueth aicaeooa yaeyaony eenei?iae, iaiaoiaeeiue aeey
aeuoaiey.

Aaeuoaaiue eenei?iae eaeao ia ieeneaiea neiaeiuo i?aaie/aneeo iieaeoe –
oaeaaiaeia e aee?ia – aei oaeaeeneiai aaca e aiaeu. Yoe ?aaeoeee
nii?iaiaeaeathony auaeaeaieai e iaeiieaieai yia?aee e i?ioaeatho n
o/anoeai oa?iaioia.

Eenei?iae ?anoiaeoaony i?e aieaiee ioia?oeo i?aaieciia, ai?aiee. Anee
au ia Caiea ia auei enoi/ieeia eenei?iaea, aai caianu iieiinoueth
encyeee au ca 2000 eao. Iaeiaei yoiai ia i?ienoiaeeo, iineieueeo
eenei?iae iinoiyiii auaeaeyaony ?anoaieyie a oiaea oioineioaca.

Aua iaeei aeeciaiii aaaeiue eiiiiiaio aoiioa?u – oaeaeeneue aac CO2. I?e
oioineioaca ec CO2 ia?acothony i?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey: aetheica,
oeaeetheica, e?aoiae. Ec-ca naeeaaiey eneiiaaiiai oiieeaa e oie/oiaeaiey
eania niaea?aeaiea CO2 a aoiinoa?a iiauoaaony.

Iaoiaeyueany a aicaeooa acio e a?aii ea?atho ?ieue aaeeanoa,
a niaea?aeaiea ae?oaeo aacia nianai iacia/eoaeueii e ecia?yaony niouie e
ouny/iuie aeieyie i?ioeaioa.

Aiaei?iae e aaeee ia iiaoo oaea?aeeaaoueny caiiui oyaioaieai, iiyoiio,
iiiaa a aoiinoa?o ( aiaei?iae – a ?acoeueoaoa aoeeaie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aaeee – aneaaenoaea ?aniaaea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia ),
iie aeiaieueii auno?i oeaoatho a einiin. Aiieae e oei?iaiaei?iae n
aeiaeaeyie iiiaaeatho a ii/ao, aaea aiieae onaaeaaaony ?anoaieyie, a
oei?iaiaei?iae ?aaae?oao n ieia?aeueioie aauanoaaie. Na?iaiaei?iae iiae
aeaenoaeai naaoa ieeneyony aei ieneaea na?u (IV); 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O +
2SO2, eioi?ue a i?enoonoaee eenei?iaea aicaeooa e ia?ia aiaeu
i?aa?auaaony a na?ioth eeneioo. Iineaaeiyy a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
iaeo?aeecoaony i?enoonoaothuei a aicaeooa aiieaeii.

Iiaeiaiui ia?acii, a ?acoeueoaoa oeie/aneeo, oioioeie/aneeo,
oeceei-oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee iaaeaeo caa?yciythueie aauanoaaie e
eiiiiiaioaie aoiinoa?u, ia?acothony ae?oaea aoi?e/iua i?eciaee.

Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii ie?iaaiiiai caa?yciaiey yaeythony oaieiaua
yeaeo?inoaioeee, iaoaeeo?ae/aneea e oeie/aneea i?aaei?eyoey, eioaeueiua
onoaiiaee, iio?aaeythuea aieaa

70 % aaeaaiaeii aeiauaaaiiai oaa?aeiai e aeeaeeiai oiieeaa. Aeey
nouanoaiaaiey aeecie ia Caiea eiatho cia/aiea ana naienoaa aoiinoa?u:
niioiioaiea iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioia, i?ic?a/iinoue, aeeiaieea aicaeooiuo
iann, ianuuaiiinoue yeaeo?iiaaieoiuie aieiaie, eiee/anoai e ea/anoai
i?eianae. Aeaaea iaaieueoea ioeeiiaiey a ninoaaa aoiinoa?u niiniaiu
aucaaoue aeaeaei eaeouea iineaaenoaey.

Yeieiae/aneee e?ecen.

Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaa/anoaa a oa/aiea iineaaeiaai
noieaoey i?eaaea e na?ue?ciiio caa?yciaieth iaoae ieaiaou ?aciiia?aciuie
iooiaeaie i?iecaiaenoaa. Aicaeooiue aannaei, aiaeu e ii/aa a ?aeiiao
e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia /anoi niaea?aeao oiene/iua aauanoaa,
eiioeaio?aoeey eioi?uo i?aauoaao i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeioth

( IAeE ).Iineieueeo neo/ae cia/eoaeueiiai i?aauoaiey IAeE aeinoaoi/ii
/anou e iaaethaeaaony ?ino caaieaaaaiinoe, naycaiiie n caa?yciaieai
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey niaoeeaeenou e n?aaenoaa
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, a aneaae ca ieie e ianaeaiea noaee oiio?aaeyoue
oa?iei»yeieiae/aneee e?ecen» (YE).

I?aaeaea anaai neaaeoao ?acaeaeeoue iiiyoey «eieaeueiue YE» e
«aeiaaeueiue YE». Eieaeueiue YE au?aaeaaony a ianoiii iiauoaiee o?iaiy
caa?yciaiee-oeie/aneeo, oaieiauo, ooiiauo, yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo-ca n/?o
iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo aeecei ?aniieiaeaiiuo enoi/ieeia. Eae i?aaeei,
eieaeueiue YE iiaeao auoue aieaa eee iaiaa eaaei i?aiaeie?i
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie e(eee) yeiiiie/aneeie ia?aie, iai?eia? ca n/?o
niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna ia
i?aaei?eyoee-caa?ycieoaea eee ca n/?o aai ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiey eee aeaaea
cae?uoey. Iiiai aieaa na?ue?cioth iianiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao aeiaaeueiue
YE. Ii yaeyaony neaaenoaeai anae niaieoiiinoe oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iaoae oeeaeeecaoeee e i?iyaeyaony a eciaiaiee
oa?aeoa?enoee i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a ianooaaao ieaiaou e, oaeei ia?acii,
iianai aeey anaai ianaeaiey Caiee. Ai?ioueny n aeiaaeueiui YE ai?acaei
o?oaeiaa, /ai n eieaeueiui, e yoa i?iaeaia aoaeao n/eoaoueny ?ao?iiie
oieueei a neo/aa ieieiecaoeee caa?yciaiee, i?iecaaae?iiuo /aeiaa/anoaii,
aei o?iaiy, n eioi?ui i?e?iaea Caiee aoaeao a ninoiyiee ni?aaeoueny
naiinoiyoaeueii. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeiaaeueiue YE aeeth/aao /aou?a
iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioa: eeneioiua aeiaeaee, ia?ieeiaue yooaeo, caa?yciaiea
ieaiaou noia?yeioieneeaioaie e oae iacuaaaiua iciiiaua aeu?u.

Aoiinoa?a e eceo/aiea. Iciiiaue neie.

Ia iaiaa aaaeioth ?ieue ea?aao iiuiinoue e oeaeinoiinoue iciiiaiai
neiy, io?aaeathuaai oeueo?aoeieaoiaia eceo/aiea aaoaaeeaiaciia,
aoaeoaeueii aeaenoaothuaa ia an? aeeaia.

Nieioea eceo/aao yeaeo?iiaaieoiua aieiu ?aciie aeeeiu: aeaeeiue naao (
400-740ii ), a oaeaea iaaeaeeiia /aeiaa/aneei aeacii eio?ae?aniia,
nie?au?iii EE ( 740ii -1ii ), e oeueo?aoeieaoiaia, eee OO ( 10 – 400ii
), eceo/aiea.

Oeueo?aoeieaoiaua aieiu iaeaaeatho yia?aeae, aeinoaoi/iie aeey ?ac?uaa
iaeioi?uo oeie/aneeo naycae. A aoiinoa?a ei?ioeiaieiiaia, oae iacuaaaiia
ae?noeia OO-eceo/aiea

(n aeeeiie aieiu iaiueoa 242ii) aucuaaao aeennioeeaoeeth iieaeoe I2: I2
( 2I. Aoiiu eenei?iaea iiaoo i?eniaaeeiyoueny e ae?oaei iieaeoeai I2, e
oiaaea ia?acoaony icii: I+I2=I3.

Icii oiaea niiniaai iiaeauaoue OO-eceo/aiea, oieueei n aieueoae aeeeiie
aieiu

(220-350ii). I?e yoii ii ?aniaaeaaony ia aoiia?iue eenei?iae e I2. Oaeei
ia?acii, iiaeauay OO-eo/e, eenei?iae e icii ia i?iioneatho eo e
iiaa?oiinoe Caiee.

?aaeoeee ia?aciaaiey e ?aceiaeaiey iciia i?ioaeatho a iniiaiii ia
aunioa 20-30ei. Yoa /anoue aoiinoa?u iieo/eea iacaaiea iciiiaiai neiy.
Ieaea iciiiaiai neiy ae?noeea OO-eo/e ii/oe ia i?ioiaeyo.

Iieaeoea iciia aanueia iaonoie/eaa. Noieeioaoenue n ?aaeeeaeii (o.a.
/anoeoeae, niaea?aeauae iania?aiiue yeaeo?ii ), iia oa?yao aoii
eenei?iaea, i?aa?auaynue a iieaeoeo I2: I3+R=I2+RI. *anoeoeu RI
?aaae?otho n aoiia?iui eenei?iaeii, ia?acoy iieaeoeo I2 e enoiaeiue
?aaeeeae:RI+I=R+I2. Aunaiaiaeeaoeeny ?aaeeeae R ?ac?ooaao neaaeothuoth
iieaeoeo iciia e o.ae. Oaeei ia?acii, naiaiaeiua ?aaeeeaeu ieacuaathony
eaoaeecaoi?aie ?ac?ooaiey iciia.

Nouanoaoao ii iaiueoae ia?a o?e ?aaeeeaea, ?aaae?othueo n aoiinoa?iui
iciiii: II, NO, Cl. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaia oi/ea c?aiey, niaeanii
eioi?ie aeaaiua aeiiaieee iiyaeaiey iciiiaie aeu?u-?aaeeeaeu oei?a.
Iaeei aoii oei?a niiniaai ?ac?ooeoue ianeieueei ouny/ iieaeoe iciia.
Iniiaiui aea enoi/ieeii yoeo ?aaeeeaeia a aoiinoa?a n/eoatho
o?aiiu-niaaeeiaiey oaea?iaea n ooi?ii e oei?ii (iai?eia?, o?aii-11 CFCl3
e o?aii-12 CF2Cl2). Yoe aauanoaa iaoiene/iu e oeie/anee eia?oiu e iioiio
iaoee oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea a ea/anoaa oeaaeaaaiia, aniaieaaoaeae
ieanoiann, naeaoiai aaca a ay?icieueiuo aaeeii/eeao e o.ae.Iaeiaei
aeaaiaea?y naiae onoie/eainoe o?aiiu, ieacaaoenue a aoiinoa?a, ni
a?aiaiai aeinoeaee iciiiaiai neiy. Iiae aeaenoaeai iiuiiai OO-eceo/aiey
a iieaeoeao o?aiiia i?ienoiaeeo ?ac?ua nayce C – Cl, oae e ia?acoaony
aoiia?iue oei?.

I?iaeaia nio?aiaiey iciiiaiai neiy icaaioeea aanue ie?. E a 1987a.
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?acaeouo no?ai iiaeienaee «Iii?aaeueneee i?ioieie ii
aauanoaai, ?ac?ooathuei iciiiaue neie». Iie aeiaiai?eeenue ia
oaaee/eaaoue iio?aaeaiea aauanoa, oa?iaeathueo iciiiaiio neith Caiee, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue o?aiiia.

Ia?ieeiaue yooaeo.

Oa /anoue nieia/iiai eceo/aiey, eioi?ay, i?ieaey neaicue iciiiaue neie,
aeinoeaaao iiaa?oiinoe Caiee, i?aaenoaaeaia iyaeei oeueo?aoeieaoii,
aeaeeiui naaoii, a oaeaea eio?ae?aniuie eo/aie. Eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea
iacuaatho au? oaieiaui: EE-aieiu aicaeaenoaotho ia iieaeoeu, eae au
?anea/eaay eo, oneeeaatho a ieo eieaaaoaeueiua aeaeaeaiey aoiiia, /oi
i?eaiaeeo e iiauoaieth oaiia?aoo?u aauanoaa. Iaa?aoay caiiay
iiaa?oiinoue oiaea noaiiaeony enoi/ieeii aeeeiiiaieiiaiai EE-eceo/aiey
(n iaeneioiii ieiei 10ei). Oaeia eceo/aiea iiaeiuatho ia?u aiaeu,
oaeaeeneue aac, iaoai e ae?oaea eiiiiiaiou aoiinoa?u, nicaeaaay oae
iacuaaaiue ia?ieeiaue yooaeo.

Aac ia?ieeiaiai yooaeoa Caiey auea au aacaeeciaiiie ionouiae:
iineieueeo an? enioneaaiia ath oaiei ooiaeeei au a einiin, oaiia?aoo?a o
a? iiaa?oiinoe ninoaaeyea au

-15N, a ia +18N, eae nae/an. Iaeiaei oaaee/aiea i?iiuoeaiiuo aua?inia e
?ino eiioeaio?aoeee NI2 a aoiinoa?a iiaeao i?eaanoe e aeiaaeueiiio
iioaieaieth eeeiaoa. Oiaaea ca n/?o oayiey iiey?iuo eueaeia iiaeieiaony
o?iaaiue Ie?iaiai ieaaia, e /anoue nooe ieaaeaony caoiieaia. ?ino
eiioeaio?aoeee CO2 a aoiinoa?a ia 20% a oa/aiee iineaaeieo 100
eao-no?iai aeieacaiiue oaeo. Iniiaiua enoi/ieee «aeiiieieoaeueiiai»
oaeaeeneiai aaca – yoi oiiee oaieiauo yeaeo?inoaioeee, aaoiiiaeeueiua
aeaeaaoaee, eaniua iiaea?u, oi anoue enoi/ieee, oae eee eia/a naycaiiua
n oaoiiaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea.

Eeneioiua aeiaeaee.

Eeneioiua aeiaeaee – yoi aoiinoa?iua inaaeee, ?I eioi?uo ieaea /ai 5,5.
Caeeneaiea inaaeeia i?ienoiaeeo aneaaenoaea iiiaaeaiey a aoiinoa?o
ieneaeia na?u e acioa. Enoi/ieee SO2 a iniiaiii naycaiu n i?ioeannaie
nai?aiey eaiaiiiai oaey, iaooe e i?e?iaeiiai aaca, niaea?aeaueo a nai?i
ninoaaa na?ai?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey. *anoue SO2 a ?acoeueoaoa
oioioeie/aneiai ieeneaiey a aoiinoa?a i?aa?auaaony a na?iue aiaeae?eae,
ia?acothuee n aoiinoa?iie aeaaie na?ioth eeneioo. Aaaeiui enoi/ieeii SO2
yaeyaony oeaaoiay iaoaeeo?aey: i?iecaiaenoai iaaee, ieeaey, eiaaeueoa,
oeeiea, e ae?oaeo iaoaeeia aeeth/aao noaaeeth iaaeeaa noeueoeaeia.
Ieneaeu acioa – i?aaeoanoaaiieee acioiie eeneiou – iiiaaeatho a
aoiinoa?o aeaaiui ia?acii a ninoaaa aeuiiauo aacia eioeia oaieiauo
yeaeo?inoaioeee e auoeiiia aeaeaaoaeae aioo?aiiaai nai?aiey. I?e aunieeo
oaiia?aoo?ao, ?acaeaaueony a yoeo ono?ienoaao, acio aicaeooa /anoe/ii
ieeneyaony, aeaaay nianue iiii- e aeeieneaea acioa. Eeneioiua inaaeee
(eo ?I eiiaaea aeinoeaaao 2,5) aoaeoaeueii aeaenoaotho ia aeioo,
oaoie/aneea nii?oaeaiey, i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa. Oa??aei onoaiiaeaii,
/oi iiae aeaenoaeai eeneioiuo aeiaeaeae e niaaia neeueii iiieceeny
aiaei?iaeiue iieacaoaeue ouny/ ic??, a yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue, i?eaaei e
?aceiio iaaaeiaieth eo oaoiu e aeaaee iiiaeo aeaeia i?aaieciia.
Eeneioiua inaaeee aucuaatho aeaa?aaeaoeeth eania. I?e iiieaeaiee ?I
?acei oneeeaaaony y?icey ii/au e oaaee/eaaaony iiaeaeaeiinoue oiene/iuo
iaoaeeia.

AEAAA 1. Iniiaiua enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u.

Eciaiaiey a ninoaaa aoiinoa?u iiaoo i?ienoiaeeoue iiae aeeyieai
i?e?iaeiuo eaoano?io, iai?eia? ecaa?aeaiey aoeeaiia. Ii iniiaiua
eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeyo iiae aeeyieai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea: aieueoeinoai nia?aiaiiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia, ?aaioa
o?ainii?oa naycaiu n iio?aaeaieai eenei?iaea e aua?inii iuee, aaca,
aeeaie e iaaeeaie i?aaieee, yeaeo?iiaaieoiui eceo/aieai.

I?iiuoeaiiua aua?inu oaaee/eaathony a n?aaeiai ia 2 – 5 % a aiae.

Aicaeoo aieueoiai ai?iaea neeueii ioee/aaony io /enoiai eaniiai
aicaeooa. I?e/eia yoiai – aua?inu aaoio?ainii?oa, eioaeueiuo e
i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Aaoiiiaeee e eioaeueiua aua?anuaatho
noaiaea?oiue iaai? aacia: na?ienoue aac SO2, ieneaeu acioa NOe NO2,
oaa?iue aacCO, Aoi?iaeueaeaaeae HCOH, a oaeaea naaeo.

Iaoaeeo?ae/aneea i?aaei?eyoey aua?anuaatho a aicaeoo na?ienoue aac,
oaa?iue aac, oi?iaeueaeaaeae e oeeaiiaiaei?iae HCN. A ie?anoiinoyo
aethieieaauo caaiaeia aoiinoa?a iau/ii caa?yciaia ooi?iaiaei?iaeii.
Oeaeetheicii – aoiaaeiua eiiaeiaou «iaiaauatho» ie?oaeathuee aicaeoo
na?iaiaei?iaeii, oei?ii, oaiieii C6H5OH e oi?iaeueaeaaeaeii. Oaeea
i?aaei?eyoey neeueii oooaeoatho ea/anoai aicaeooa.

Iniiaiuie a?aaeiuie i?eianyie ie?iaaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey yaeythony
neaaeothuea.

Ieneae oaea?iaea. Iieo/aaony i?e iaiieiii nai?aiee oaea?iaeenouo
aauanoa. A aicaeoo

ii iiiaaeaao a ?acoeueoaoa naeeaaiey oaa?aeuo iooiaeia, n auoeiiiuie
aacaie e aua?inaie i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Aaeaaiaeii yoiai aaca
iinooiaao a aoiinoa?o ia iaiaa 1250 iei. o. Ieneae oaea?iaea yaeyaony
niaaeeiaieai, aeoeaii ?aaae?othuei n ninoaaiuie /anoyie aoiinoa?u e
niinianoaoao iiauoaieth oaiia?aoo?u ia ieaiaoa, e nicaeaieth ia?ieeiaiai
yooaeoa.

Na?ienoue aiaeae?eae. Auaeaeyaony a i?ioeanna nai?aiey na?iniaea?aeauaai
oiieeaa eee ia?a?aaioea na?ienouo ?oae (aei 170 iei. o. a aiae)

Na?iue aiaeae?eae. Ia?acoaony i?e ieeneaiee na?ienoiai aiaeae?eaea.
Eiia/iui i?iaeoeoii ?aaeoeee yaeyaony ay?icieue eee ?anoai? na?iie
eeneiou a aeiaeaeaaie aiaea, eioi?ue iiaeieiaao ii/ao, iaino?yao
caaieaaaiey aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae /aeiaaea. Auiaaeaiey ay?iciey na?iie
eeneiou ec aeuiiauo oaeaeia oeie/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee ioia/aaony i?e
ieceie iaea/iinoe e aunieie aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa. Eenoiaua ieanoeiee
?anoaiee, i?iec?anoathueo ia ?annoiyiee iaiaa 11 ei io oaeeo

i?aaei?eyoee, iau/ii auaatho aonoi onayiu iaeeeie iae?ioe/aneeie
iyoiaie, ia?aciaaaoeony a ianoao inaaeaiey eaiaeue na?iie eeneiou.
Ie?iiaoaeeo?ae/aneea i?aaei?eyoey oeaaoiie e /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee, a
oaeaea OYN aaeaaiaeii aua?anuaatho a aoiinoa?o aeanyoee oiii na?iiai
aiaeae?eaea.

Na?iaiaei?iae e na?ioaea?iae. Iinooiatho a aoiinoa?o ?acaeaeueii eee
aianoa n ae?oaeie niaaeeiaieyie na?u. Iniiaiuie enoi/ieeaie aua?ina
yaeythony i?aaei?eyoey ii ecaioiaeaieth eneonnoaaiiiai aieieia, naoa?a,
eienioeie/aneea, iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuea, a oaeaea iaooai?iiuneu. A
aoiinoa?a i?e acaeiiaeaenoaee n ae?oaeie caa?ycieoaeyie iiaeaa?aathony
iaaeeaiiiio ieeneaieth aei na?iiai aiaeae?eaea.

Ieneeu acioa. Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aua?ina yaeythony i?aaei?eyoey,
i?iecaiaeyuea acioiua oaeia?aiey, acioioth eeneioo, ieo?aiou, aieeeiiaua
e?aneoaee, ieo?iniaaeeiaiey, aeneiciue oaee, oeaeeoeieae. Eiee/anoai
ieneeia acioa, iinooiathueo a aoiinoa?o, ninoaaeytho 20 iei. oiii a
aiae.

Niaeeiaiey ooi?a. Enoi/ieeaie caa?yciaiey yaeythony i?aaei?eyoey ii
i?iecaiaenoao aethieiey, yiaeae, noaeea, ea?aieee, noaee, oinoi?iuo
oaeia?aiee. Ooi?iniaea?aeauea aauanoaa iinooiatho a aoiinoa?o a aeaea
aaciia?aciuo niaaeeiaiee – ooi?iaiaei?iaea eee iuee ooi?eaea iao?ey e
eaeueoeey. Niaaeeiaiey oa?aeoa?ecothony oiene/iui yooaeoii. I?iecaiaeiua
ooi?a yaeythony neeueiuie einaeoeoeeaeaie.

Niaaeeiaiey oei?a. Iinooiatho a aoiinoa?o io oeie/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee,
i?iecaiaeyueo nieyioth eeneioo, oei?iniaea?aeauea ianoeoeeaeu,
i?aaie/aneea e?aneoaee, aeae?ieeciue nie?o, oei?ioth ecaanoue, niaeo. A
aoiinoa?a ano?a/athony eae i?eianue iieaeoeu oei?a e ia?ia nieyiie
eeneiou. Oiene/iinoue oei?a, ii?aaeaeyaony aeaeii niaaeeiaiee e eo
eiioeaio?aoeeae. A iaoaeeo?ae/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?e auieaaea /oaoia e
i?e ia?a?aaioea aai ia noaeue i?ienoiaeeo aua?in a aoiinoa?o ?acee/iuo
oyaeaeuo iaoaeeia e yaeiaeouo aacia. Oae, a ?an/aoa ia 1 oiiio
ia?aaeaeueiiai /oaoia auaeaeyaony e?iia 12,7 ea. na?ienoiai aaca e 14,5
ea. iueaauo /anoeoe, ii?aaeaeythueo eiee/anoai niaaeeiaiee iuoueyea,
oinoi?a, no?ueiu, naeioea, ia?ia ?oooe e ?aaeeeo iaoaeeia,niieyiuo
aauanoa e oeeaienoiai aiaei?iaea.

A iaoai ai?iaea iaoiaeeony aieueoia eiee/anoai i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ua neeueii caa?yciytho aoiinoa?o. Aieueoeinoai yoeo
i?aaei?eyoee neiioeaio?e?iaaii a Auai?aneii, Eaeeieineii,
E?aniiaaa?aeaeneii e Iaaneii ?aeiiao.

I?iecaiaenoai oeaiaioa e ae?oaeo no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia yaeyaony
enoi/ieeii caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u iueueth. Iniiaiua oaoiieiae/aneea
i?ioeannu yoeo i?iecaiaenoa – eciaeue/aiea e oeie/aneay ia?aaioea
iieooaa?eeaoia e iieo/aaiuo i?iaeoeoia ai?y/eo aacia anaaaea
nii?iaiaeaeaaony aua?inaie iuee e ae?oaeo a?aaeiuo aauanoa a aoiinoa?o.
E aoiinoa?iui caa?yciaieyi ioiinyony oaeaaiaei?iaeu – ianuuaiiua e
iaianuuaiiua, aeeth/athuea io 1 aei 13 aoiiia oaea?iaea. Iie
iiaeaa?aathony ?acee/iui i?aa?auaieyi, ieeneaieth, iieeia?ecaoeee,
acaeiiaeaenoaoy n ae?oaeie aoiinoa?iuie caa?ycieoaeyie iinea
aicaoaeaeaiey nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeeae. A ?acoeueoaoa yoeo ?aaeoeee
ia?acothony ia?aeeniua niaaeeiaiey, naiaiaeiua ?aaeeeaeu, niaaeeiaiey
oaeaaiaei?iaeia n ieneaeaie acioa e na?u, /anoi a aeaea ay?icieueiuo
/anoeoe. I?e iaeioi?uo iiaiaeiuo oneiaeyo iiaoo ia?aciauaaoueny iniai
aieueoea neiieaiey.

Neeueiia caa?yciaiea aicaeooa a aieueoeo ai?iaeao iacuaaaony niiaii (io
a?a/. “smoke” – aeui e “fog” – ooiai). I?e ionoonoaee aao?a iaae
ai?iaeii aa?oiea neie aicaeooa i?ia?aaathony neeueiaa, /ai ieaeiea,
oiaaea ana au?aaaouaaaiua aacu ia iiaoo eaeoe ec i?ecaiiiai neiy, e iaae
ai?iaeii iiaenaao aaeeay iaeaia. Iiae aeaenoaeai nieia/iiai naaoa a
oaeii niiaa ia?acothony ?acee/iua iaonoie/eaua, ii aanueia oiene/iua
i?iaeoeou.

Oioioeie/aneee ooiai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iiiaieiiiaiaioioth nianue
aacia e ay?icieueiuo /anoeoe ia?ae/iiai e aoi?e/iiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. A
ninoaa iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioia niiaa aoiaeyo icii, ieneaeu acioa e na?u,
iiiai/eneaiiua i?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey ia?aeeniie i?e?iaeu, iacuaaaiua
a niaieoiiinoe oioiieneaeaioaie. Oioioeie/aneee niia aicieeaao a
?acoeueoaoa oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee i?e ii?aaeae?iiuo oneiaeyo: iaee/ea a
aoiinoa?a aunieie eiioeaio?aoeee ieneaeia acioa, oaeaaiaei?iaeia e
ae?oaeo caa?ycieoaeae, eioaineaiie nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee e aacaao?ey eee
i/aiue neaaiai iaiaia aicaeooa a i?ecaiiii neia i?e iiuiie e a oa/aiee
ia iaiaa nooie eiaa?nee. Onoie/eaay aacaao?aiiay iiaiaea, iau/ii
nii?iaiaeaeathuayny eiaa?neyie, iaiaoiaeeia aeey nicaeaiey aunieie
eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaae?othueo aauanoa. I?e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiie yniie
iiaiaea nieia/iay ?aaeeaoeey aucuaaao ?anuaieaiea iieaeoe aeeieneaea
acioa n ia?aciaaieai ieneaea acioa e aoiia?iiai eenei?iaea. Aoiia?iue
eenei?iae n iieaeoey?iui eenei?iaeii aeatho icii. Eacaeinue au,
iineaaeiee, ieeneyy ieneae acioa, aeieaeai niiaa i?aa?auaoueny a
iieaeoey?iue eenei?iae, a ieneae acioa – a aeeieneae. Ii yoiai ia
i?ienoiaeeo. Ieneae acioa anooiaao a ?aaeoeee n ieaoeiaie auoeiiiuo
aacia, eioi?ua i?e yoii ?anuaieythony ii aeaieiie nayce e ia?acotho
ineieee iieaeoe e ecauoie iciia. A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaeieaeathuaeny
aeennioeeaoeee iiaua iannu aeeieneaea acioa ?anuaieythony e aeatho
aeiiieieoaeueiua eiee/anoaa iciia.

Aicieeaao oeeeee/aneay ?aaeoeey, a eoiaa eioi?ie a aoiinoa?a iinoaiaiii
iaeaieeaaaony icii. Yoio i?ioeann a ii/iia a?aiy i?ae?auaaony. A naith
i/a?aaeue icii anooiaao a ?aaeoeeth n ieaoeiaie. A aoiinoa?a
eiioeaio?e?othony ?acee/iua ia?aeene, eioi?ua a noiia e ia?acotho
oa?aeoa?iua aeey oioioeie/aneiai ooiaia ieneaeaiou. Iineaaeiea yaeythony
enoi/ieeii oae iacuaaaiuo naiaiaeiuo ?aaeeeaeia, ioee/athueony iniaie
?aaeoeeiiiie niiniaiinoueth.

Nai ii naaa ooiai ia iianai aeey /aeiaa/aneiai i?aaiecia, aoaeoaeueiui
ii noaiiaeony, oieueei anee caa?yciai oiene/iuie i?eianyie. Aeaaioth
iianiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaea?aeaueeny a i?i na?ienoue aac a
eiioeaio?aoeee 5 -10/i e auoa.

Aicaeooiue ieaai iaeaaeaao niiniaiinoueth e naiii/euaieth io
caa?yciythueo aauanoa. Ay?iciee auiuaathony ec aoiinoa?u inaaeeaie, eiiu
inaaeatho iiae aeeyieai yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey aoiinoa?u, a oaeaea
aneaaenoaee a?aaeoaoeee. A ionoonoaea aoiinoa?iuo inaaeeia i?ienoiaeeo
auiaaeaiea ay?icieae a ?acoeueoaoa nii?eeiniiaaiey ieaeiaai neiy
aicaeooa n caiiie iiaa?oiinoueth e i?aaeiaoaie, ?aniieiaeaiiuie ia iae.
Oae, aicaeooiua iioiee, i?eiinyuea caa?yciaiea, i/euathony, ano?a/ay ia
nai?i iooe ean. Aneaaenoaea oo?aoeaioiiai ia?aiaoeaaiey i?ecaiiie neie
aicaeooa an? a?aiy iaiiaeyaony, iiyoiio ia iiaa?oiinoue ioeaaaaony
cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai ay?icieae, ia 1i^2 caiiie iiaa?oiinoe iiae
Naieo – Iaoa?ao?aii auaiaaeaao noieueei ay?icieae, neieueei caeeth/aii a
250 i i?ecaiiiai neiy aicaeooa, i?e yoii ca nooee i/euaaony neie aunioie
250 i. Yoa aaee/eia oneiaii iacuaaaony nei?inoueth eee aunioie i/enoee.
Iaae e?oiiuie ai?iaeaie aoiinoa?a niaea?aeeo a 10 ?ac aieueoa ay?icieae
e a 25 ?ac aieueoa aacia. I?e yoii 60 -70 % aaciaiai caa?yciaiey aea?o
aaoiiiaeeueiue o?ainii?o.Aieaa aeoeaiay eiiaeainaoeey aeaae i?eaiaeeo e
oaaee/aieth inaaeeia ia 5 – 10 %.

Naiii/euaieth aoiinoa?u i?aiyonoaoao nieaeaiea ia 10 – 20 % nieia/iie
?aaeeaoeee e nei?inoe aao?a. I?e iaeie iiaeaeaeiinoe aicaeooa oaieiaua
aiiiaeee iaae ai?iaeii ioaaouaatho a 250 – 400i, a eiio?anou oaiia?aoo?u
iiaoo aeinoeaaoue 5 – 6 a?aaeonia. N ieie naycaiu oaiia?aoo?iua
eiaa?nee, i?eaiaeyuea e iiauoaiiiio caa?yciaieth, ooiaiai, niiao.

I?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey aeatho iiiai iuee, ieeneia acioa, aeaeaca,
eaeueoeey, iaaiey, e?aiiey. Yoe niaaeeiaiey ia noieue oiene/iu, iaeiaei
nieaeatho i?ic?a/iinoue aoiinoa?u, aeatho ia 50 % aieueoa ooiaiia, ia 10
% aieueoa inaaeeia, ia 30 % nie?auatho nieia/ioth ?aaeeaoeeth. Oaieiaia
aicaeaenoaea oaaee/eaaao oaiia?aoo?o a ai?iaea ia 3 -5 a?aaeonia,
aacii?iciue ia?eiae ia 10 – 12 aeiae e aanniaaeiue ia 5 – 10 aeiae.
Iaa?aa e iiaeu?i aicaeooa a oeaio?a aucuaaao iiaeoie aai n ie?aeiu – eae
ec eaniia?eiaiai iiyna,oae e ec i?iiuoeaiiuo cii.

I?ioeannu naiii/euaiey aoiinoa?u naycaiu ia oieueei n auiaaeaieai
inaaeeia e ia?aciaaieai ienoiaeyueo iioieia, ii e n ae?oaeie
iaoai?ieiae/aneeie yaeaieyie.

Anyeia caa?yciaiea aucuaaao o i?e?iaeu caueoioth ?aaeoeeth,
iai?aaeaiioth ia aai iaeo?aeecaoeeth. Yoa niiniaiinoue i?e?iaeu aeieaia
a?aiy yenieoaoe?iaaeanue /aeiaaeii aacaeoiii e oeuie/anee.

Iooiaeu i?iecaiaenoaa aua?anuaaeenue a aicaeoo a ?an/?oa ia oi, /oi
aoaeoo iaaca?aaeaiu e ia?a?aaioaiu naiie i?e?iaeie. Eacaeinue, /oi eae
ia aaeeea iauay ianna iooiaeia, ii n?aaiaieth n caueoiuie ?ano?naie iia
iacia/eoaeueia. Iaeiaei i?ioeann caa?yciaiey ?acei i?a?anne?oao, e
noaiiaeony i/aaeaeiui, /oi i?e?iaeiua nenoaiu naiii/euaiey ?aii eee
iicaeii ia niiaoo auaea?aeaoue oaeie iaoene, oae eae niiniaiinoue
aoiinoa?u e naiii/euaieth eiaao ii?aaeae?iiua a?aieoeu.

Aeeyiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ia caei?iauea /aeiaaea noaei iaeiei ec
iaeaieaa aieueiuo e ianoaeaeaaiuo aii?inia ie?iaiai niiauanoaa. A 1995 a
ia 1-ii Ana?inneeneii nuacaea ii io?aia i?e?iaeu i?aaenaaeaoaeue
Iaaeaaaeiinoaaiiie eiiennee ii yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe aeaaeaiee A.A.
ssaeieia ioiaoee:”Au? ieeiaaea ia auei noieue i?iaeaeiooie iiiuoee
niiinoaaeoue aeaiiua ii ninoiyieth caei?iauey ia noieue cia/eoaeueiie
/anoe Caiee n ea/anoaii n?aaeu iaeoaiey”.

AEAAA 2. I?e/eiu caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.

Oaeeo iniiaiuo i?e/ei /aou?a:

Yeiiiie/aneea i?e/eiu. Aunieay noieiinoue i/enoiuo
nii?oaeaiee e ae?oaeo n?aaenoa io?aiu i?e?iaeu, aeinoeaathuay eiiaaea
o?aoe eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, ca/anooth auioaeaeaao oicyenoaaiieeia e
aaeieieno?aoi?ia yeiiiieoue ia i?e?iaea i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa iiauo
i?iecaiaenoa. Ecaea?aeee ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, naycaiiua n iiaiiae ca
i?eaueueth, e ieaiiaie, ioyaiu?iiie eaeaieiae/aneeie aeiaiaie,
aaconeiaii aaaeoo e oaeoaeaieth yeieiae/aneiai e?ecena.

Iao/ii-oaoie/aneea i?e/eiu. Aaaeii iiieiaoue, /oi iniiaiay /anoue
iioiea caa?yciaiee, iinooiathueo a aoiinoa?o, aeae?inoa?o e eeoinoa?o
Caiee, iaoneiaeaia ia no?aieaieai iieo/eoue iaeneiaeueioth i?eaueue e ia
ceui oiuneii oicyenoaaiieeia, a iauaeoeaii nouanoaothueie
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeie o?oaeiinoyie. Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi eeoue
iacia/eoaeueiay aeiey eniieuecoaiuo a i?iuoeaiiinoe oeie/aneeo
i?ioeannia i?ioaeaao n eiee/anoaaiiui auoiaeii e 100%-iie
naeaeoeaiinoueth. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ia?yaeo n oeaeaaui i?aeoeoii
ia?acoaony aaiia iiai/iuo, aeey iieiie ooeeecaoeee eioi?uo o?aaoaony
aaneiia/ii aieueoay noiia eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee. Iiyoiio ia i?aeoeea
onoaiaaeeaatho iaeioi?ue aeiionoeiue o?iaaiue caa?yciaiee, eioi?ue
iaania/eaaaony ?acoiiui o?iaiai cao?ao. ?anniio?ei ianeieueei i?eia?ia.

Ieiei 60% anao aaciia?aciuo caa?yciaiee aoiinoa?u ?innee ninoaaeytho
i?aaie/aneea aauanoaa-ia?u ?anoai?eoaeae, iiiiia?ia, ai?th/a-niaci/iuo
iaoa?eaeia-e iiiiieneae oaea?iaea. Iai?eia?, aeey i/enoee
aaioeeyoeeiiiuo aua?inia io ia?ia ?anoai?eoaey iaeaieaa yeiiiie/anee
auaiaeii eo naeeaaiea. Ii yoio i?ioeann iiaeao auoue inouanoae?i
oieueei i?e niaianoiii naeeaaiee ia?ia aianoa n iniiaiui oiieeaii:
aacii, iacooii eee oaeai, oi anoue a neo/ayo, eiaaea enoi/iee
caa?yciaiee iaoiaeeony iaiiaeae?eo io oaieiyeaeo?inoaioeee.

E niaeaeaieth, oaeeo niaiaaeaiee iaiiiai. Iiyoiio aue nicaeai
niaoeeaeueiue ?aaeoi?, a eioi?ii ia iiaa?oiinoe aaoa?iaaiiiai
aethiiieaoeiiaiai eaoaeecaoi?a i?ienoiaeeo iinoiyiiia ai?aiea
i?e?iaeiiai aaca aianoa n aaioeeyoeeiiiuie aua?inaie. Iiiyoii, /oi
?aoaiea aeaaea oaeie ioiineoaeueii ianeiaeiie caaea/e iio?aaiaaei
na?ue?ciuo eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee e i?eaaei e caiaoiiio oaei?iaeaieth
i?iaeoeoeee. Eae oaea aiai?eeinue, iniiaiie enoi/iee eeneioiuo
aeiaeaeae-na?ienoue aac ia?acoaony a ia?iiiuo eiee/anoaao i?e iaaeeaa
noeueoeaeiuo ?oae oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia. Ai iiiaeo o/aaiuo iiniaeyo iiaeii
i?i/eoaoue, /oi iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiue niiinia aai ooeeecaoeee ninoieo a
ieeneaiee SO2 aei na?iiai aiaeae?eaea n iineaaeothuei iieo/aieai na?iie
eeneiou. Yoio i?eia? /anoi i?eaiaeyo eae eeethno?aoeeth eiiieaeniiai
eniieueciaaiey nu?uey, i?eaiaeyuaai e iieo/aieth aeaoo iieaciuo
i?iaeoeoia: oeaaoiiai iaoaeea e na?iie eeneiou.

Oau, a ?aaeueiie aeecie aicieeatho i?aiyonoaey: eaoaeeoe/aneia
ieeneaiea na?ienoiai aaca yooaeoeaii oieueei i?e cia/eoaeueiie aai
eiioeaio?aoeee a iaaeeaiaii aaca e i?e ionoonoaee a i?i eaoaeeoe/aneeo
yaeia. Yoe o?aaiaaiey o?oaeiiaeinoeaeeiu a aeuiiauo aacao caaiaeia
oeaaoiie iaoaeeo?aee. Aneaaenoaea yoiai aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie ia
iaeaeaii yooaeoeaiiai ?aoaiey ?anniao?eaaaiie caaea/e e cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue aua?inia na?ienoiai aaca iinooiaao a aoiinoa?o /a?ac aunieea
aeuiiaua o?oau. Caa?yciaiey i?e yoii, ?acoiaaony, ia en/acatho, a
?ani?aaeaeythony ii aieueoae oa??eoi?ee, e eieaeueiay eiioeaio?aoeey eo
noaiiaeony iaiueoa.

Auoeiiiua aacu aaoiiiaeeae iiaoo auoue i/euaiu io iiiiieneaea
oaea?iaea, ieneaeia acioa e iieeoeeeee/aneeo a?iiaoe/aneeo
oaeaaiaei?iaeia n iiiiuueth eaoaeeoe/aneeo aeiaeeaaoaeae, niaea?aeaueo
iaian?iiue eaoaeecaoi? ec iaoaeeia ?t- a?oiiu. Noieiinoue yoiai aiia?aoa
aeiaieueii auniea e iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 10-15% noieiinoe eaaeiaiai
aaoiiiaeey. A ?acaeouo ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao iie iaoee oe?ieia
i?eiaiaiea, ii, e niaeaeaieth, iai?eaiaeiu e yenieoaoaoeee a ?innee
ec-ca oe?ieiianooaaiiai eniieueciaaiey aaiceia, niaea?aeauaai
oao?ayoeenaeiaoe, eioi?ue io?aaeyao yoe eaoaeecaoi?u. Iieiue ioeac io
eniieueciaaiey yoeee?iaaiiiai aaiceia iio?aaoao io ?innee aeaaioneeo
yeiiiie/aneeo cao?ao, ii niaa?oaiii iaiaoiaeei a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai.

Ieceee o?iaaiue ciaiee. A iaoa a?aiy ethaee, i?eieiathuea ioaaonoaaiiua
oaoie/aneea ?aoaiey e ia aeaaeathuea i?e yoii iniiaaie anoanoaaiiuo
iaoe, noaiiayony nioeeaeueii iianiuie aeey iauanoaa. Iiiaea ec oaea
i?iecioaaeoeo e, aa?iyoii, aoaeoueo eaoano?io naycaiu n
iaeia?aiioiinoueth oaoie/aneeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e eniieieoaeae. ss?eee
i?eia? yoiio-eaoano?ioa i?iaeoeoii?iaiaea, ia?aea/eaathuaai n naaa?iuo
ianoi?iaeaeaiee oae iacuaaaioth oe?ieoth o?aeoeeth e?aeeo
oaeaaiaei?iaeia, niiniaioth a neo/aa ooa/ee ia?aciauaaoue a?uaiiianioth
aaciaicaeooioth nianue. Aieueoie iiuo no?ieoaeuenoaa iaooa- e
aacii?iaiaeia ioithaeue ia aa?aioe?oao oniaoa a no?ieoaeuenoaa
i?iaeoeoii?iaiaea, i?iaeoe?iaaiea, iiioaae e yenieoaoaoeey eioi?iai
o?aaotho niaa?oaiii eiuo ciaiee e ia? thaciianiinoe. Yoeo ciaiee o
?oeiaiaenoaa no?ieee ieacaeinue iaaeinoaoi/ii.

Ieceee o?iaaiue eoeueoo?u e i?aanoaaiiinoe. Niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi
aeey nio?aiaiey i?e?iaeu iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau eaaeaeue /aeiaae,
nii?eeanathueeny n i?iiuoeaiiui eee naeueneioicyenoaaiiui
i?iecaiaenoaii, n auoiauie oeie/aneeie aauanoaaie, aue ia oieueei
yeieiae/anee a?aiioai, ii e iniciiaae naith ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
aeaenoaey, eioi?ua i?eiinyo i?e?iaea yaiue a?aae. E niaeaeaieth,
ia?aaeei iiaeii aeaeaoue, eae oioa? noaaeo naie aaoiiiaeeue a /enoue
?o/ae aeey iuouey, eae iao?in aueeaaao ca ai?o aaae?i niey?ee, eae
?aai/ea a aaoioicyenoaao naeeaatho noa?ua iie?uoee, eae naeueneea
iaoaiecaoi?u ?aaiiaeooii ace?atho ia eo/o ?aaiuo iaoeia n oaeia?aieyie,
aaeythueony n?aaee iiey.

AEAAA 3. Yeieiae/aneay ianoaiiaea i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aeiiia Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a – aaaeiaeoee i?iiuoeaiiue, eoeueoo?iue iao/iue oeaio?
?innee, /aoaa?oue ii ianaeaiiinoe ai?iae Aa?iiu e naiue naaa?iue ec
e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeia ie?a. Ii iiaieth niaoeeaeenoia, e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie
a ai?iaea aeiaieueii neiaeiay yeieiae/aneay neooaoeey. Oa??eoi?ey
ai?iaea e iaeanoe ioee/aaony aunieie oaoiiaaiiie iaa?oceie ia
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo n?aaee ?aaeiia aa?iiaeneie /anoe no?aiu ii
eiiieaeno iieacaoaeae yeieiae/aneie iianiinoe, /oi e iaoneaaeeaaao aai
i?iaeaiu. Aieaa 40 % oa??eoi?ee Naieo–Iaoa?ao?aa caieiatho i?iiuoeaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey e ianeoaeeaathuea eo no?oeoo?u. Ii/oe 1000 e?oiiuo
eiaeono?eaeueiuo iaueaeoia caa?yciytho ai?aeneoth n?aaeo. Nia?aiaiiay
yeieiae/aneay ianoaiiaea a ?aaeiia yaeyaony neaaenoaeai nouanoaiaaiey ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeanyoeia eao nenoaiu oicyenoaiaaiey, oao i?eioeeiia e
onoaiiaie, eioi?ua auee caeiaeaiu a iniiao. I?e/eiu nicaeaaoaeny
yeieiae/aneie neooaoeee caeeth/athony a oii, /oi a no?aia ionoonoaiaaea
yeieiae/aneay i?eaioaoeey a ?acaeoee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, a
i?iecaiaenoaa i?aiaeaaeaee aiaei-, ?ano?ni- e yia?ai?ieea oaoiieiaee,
nouanoaiaaei ?acaeaeueiia ieaie?iaaiea e oi?aaeaiea yeiiiie/aneeie,
nioeeaeueiuie e i?e?iaeiio?aiiuie i?ioeannaie, iaoa?eaeueii –
oaoie/aneay aaca auea iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueia (eiyooeoeeaio eciina
iai?oaeiaaiey ia?aaeei ninoiaeye 50 %), a ianiaa?oainoai aeaenoaothueo
ii?iaoeaiuo e caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia e ieceee o?iaaiue i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo
cao?ao

aeiiieiyee io?eoeaoaeueiia aeaenoaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo.

Naaiaeiy naiuie na?ue?ciuie i?iaeaiaie Naieo – Iaoa?ao?aa inoathony
iooiaeu e ninoiyiea aicaeooa. I?ei?eoaoiui caa?ycieoaeai yaeythony
aaoio?ainii?o e i?aaei?eyoey oiieeaii – yia?aaoe/aneiai eiiieaena,
iaoaeeo?aee e iaoaeeiia?aaioee (ni. oaaeeoeu).

OAAEEOeA ?1.

Aua?inu caa?yciythueo aauanoa a aoiinoa?o ai?iaea.

Aua?inu, oun. oiii 1987 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996

Anaai 633 436 229 104 152 138

a o. /. :

Oaa?aeua aauanoaa 51 35 18 14 11 11

Ieneae oaea?iaea 338 224 91 11 67 61

Aeeieneae acioa 66,5 57,5 41 28 31 31

Aeeieneae na?u 85 63 53 42 19 15

OAAEEOeA ?2.

Aeeiaieea eciaiaiey eiioeaio?aoeee i?eianae a aicaeooa Naieo-iaoa?ao?aa.

Caa?yciythuea aauanoaa

IAeE n?. n. ia/i eoa. N?aaeiaaiaeiaua eiioeaio?aoeee

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Iueue 0,5 1,0 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,2

Aeeieneae na?u 0,005 0 0,2 0,1 0 0

Ieneae oaea?iaea 1,0 0 0,3 0,3 0 0

Aeeieneae acioa 0,04 1,8 2,0 1,8 1,8 1,9

Oaiie 0,003 0 1,3 2,8 3,2 2,7

Oei?enoue aiaei?iae 0,02 0,02 0,8 0,4 0 0

Aiieae 0,04 2,0 1,0 0,9 1,0 1,1

Oi?iaeueaeaaeae 0,003 1,3 2,3 1,3 1,6 1,1

Ieenue acioa 0,06 0 1,2 0,3 0 0

A i?ioeii aiaeo eiee/anoai aaoiiiaeeae a iaoai ai?iaea au?inei ia 300
ouny/. O/eouaay o?aiceo./enei aaoiiiaeeae a ai?iaea aeinoeaei 1,5
(iieooi?a ieeeeiiia). Aeeaae aaoio?ainii?oa a caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u
ninoiaeyao 77 %. Oieueei a i?oeii aiaeo aua?ioaii a aicaeoo aieaa 200
ouny/ oiii a?aaeiuo aauanoa. Naiuie a?yciuie naaiaeiy yaeythony
Oeaio?aeueiue, O?oicaineee, Eieieineee, E?aniinaeueneee,
Aaneeaino?ianeee ?aeiiu.

OAAEEOeA ?3.

Naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea iaeaieaa caa?yciaiiuo cii ia
oa??eoi?ee Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.

Ciia A?aieoeu ?aeiia Iiauoaiea eiioeaio?aoeee caa?yciythueo a-a a
aicaeooa (eie-ai ?ac).

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Aaneeaino?ianeee ?-ii, ?. I. Iaaa,
Iaeue i?., i?. Eeia Ia?eaioai-5, oaiie-3, aeaoieenue acioa-6, nieyiay
eeneioa-7.

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Aaneeaino?ianeee ?-ii, ?.A.Iaaa, 22-23-eeiee,
Aieueoie i?. Ia?eaioai-5, eneeie-9, aeaoieenue acioa-11, ia?aaiaoe-3,5

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Auai?aneee ?-ii, ?.A.Iaaea, a?aieoea Eaeeieineiai
e I?eii?neiai ?-iia Oaeaaiaei?iaeu-4, aeaoieenue
acioa-2,8,eneeie-4,7,iueue-4,6

Iaaeaaii?eyoiay Aeca?aeeineee ?-ii Aeaoieenue acioa-1,5

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Eaeeieineee ?-ii, a?-oea n Auai?aneei ?-iii,
Naa?aeeianeay iaa., Iiethno?ianeee i?. Aeaoieenue acioa-30, ia?aaiaoe-3,
na?ienoue aac-5

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Ee?ianeee ?-ii, a?-oea n Eaieineei, Iineianeei
i?., aioo?.ae.ae iieoeieueoei, i-a Aoooaaneee Ia?eaioai-25, naeiaoe-10,
aoeaoii-28, eneeie-14, na?ienoue aac-5

Iaaeaaii?eyoiay Aioo?. AE.ae. iieoeieueoei, E?aniiiooeeianeay oe.,
?.E?aniaiueeay Ia?aaiaoe-9, naeiaoe-10, na?ienoue aac-36, eneeie-14,
aoeaoii-28

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay E?aniiaaa?aeaeneee ?-ii, A. Ii?ioianeay oe., i?.
Iaoaeeenoia, ?. Iooa, ?. Ieea?aeeue, aioo?. AE.ae. iieoeieueoei
Ia?aaiaoe-48, iueue-4, ieenue oaea?iaea-1,6

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Eoeauoaaneee ?-ii, Caai?iaeiue i?, ?acuacaeay oe.,
Eeaianeee i?., Caaieai?iaeneay oe. Naeiaoe-30, iueue-1,5, aeaoieenue
acioa-7, eneeie-13

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Eaieineee i?., a?-oea Ee?ianeiai e Iineianeiai
?-iia, i?. Iai?iaeieeiaa, iaa.Iaaiaeiiai eaiaea, Eciaeeianeee i?., 12-y
E?aniia?iaeneay oe. Naeiaoe-2,5, oaiie-8, na?iay eeneioa-2, aoeaoii-3,5

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay

Iineianeee ?-ii, a?-oeu O?oicaineiai, Eaieineiai, Ee?ianeiai ?-iia, oe.
?aoaoieeiaa Aeueaeaaeae-35, oaiie-7, eneeie-15,uaei/ue-27

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay

Ieoya?ueneee ?-ii, Iiaiaaeie?aeoaeneee i?., Iaoeniau i-aa, Eioeiaineay

Aeaoieenue acioa-1,5, na?ienoue aac-2,8, iueue-1,5

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay Niieueieineee ?-ii, Eeaianeee i?., iaa. Iaaiaeiiai
eaiaea, ?aea. Iiianou?ea, Iaaneee i?., Aii/a?iay oe. Na?ienoue aac-20,
oaiie-60, aeaoieenue acioa-23, o?ii aiaeae?eae-16

Iniai iaaeaaii?eyoiay

O?oicaineee ?-ii

Naeiaoe-3, ae?ieaei-17, oaeo-nie?eo-14, o?ii aiaeae?eae-16

AEAAA 4. Aeeyiea aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa ia ninoiyiea aicaeooa.

Aaoiiiaeeueiuie aeaeaaoaeyie auaeaeythony a aicaeoo ai?iaea aieaa 95 %
ieneaea oaea?iaea, ieiei 65 % oaeaaiaei?iaeia e 30 % ieneaeia acioa.
E?iia oiai, aoiaeyuee a ninoaa aicaeooa acio i?e aunieie oaiia?aoo?a e
aeaaeaiee a oeeeeiae?ao aeaeaaoaey ?aaae?oao n inoaoi/iui eenei?iaeii. A
?acoeueoaoa ia?acothony ieneaeu acioa – au? iaeia a?aaeiay ninoiaeythuay
auoeiiiuo aacia.

Aaoiiiaeeue caa?yciyao aoiinoa?iue aicaeoo ia oieueei oiene/iuie
eiiiiiaioaie io?aaioaiiuo aacia, Ia?aie oiieeaa. ii e i?iaeoeoaie eciina
oei, oi?iiciuo iaeeaaeie. A aoiinoa?iue aicaeoo iinoiyiii iinooiatho
ia?u oiieeaa ec aaeia, iaeaieaa caiaoiuo a eaoiee ia?eiae a ianoao
ianniauo noiyiie aaoiiiaeeae. Iaeaieueoee oua?a caei?iaueth iaiinyo
iaoeiu, noiyuea a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io aeeeuo caeaiee.

A Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa aaoiiiaeeueiue o?ainii?o aaeaaiaeii aua?anuaaao a
aoiinoa?o ieiei aeaoonio oiii caa?yciythueo aauanoa. Ii ioeoeeaeueiui
aeaiiui, aeeaae iaoei a ianuuaiea aicaeooa a?aaeiuie i?eianyie i?aauoaao
70 %. Iaeaieaa caa?yci?iiuie n/eoathony Aaneeaino?ianeee, Eaeeieineee,
Oeaio?aeueiue e Eieieineee ?aeiiu. Anoanoaaiii, yoi ia iiaeao ia
neacuaaoueny ia caei?iauea ianaeaiey. Oieueei ca iyoue eao, n 1992 ii
1997 aiae, no?aaeathueo a?iioeaeueiie anoiie n?aaee iaeaiueeeo
iaoa?ao?aeoeaa noaei aieueoa ia 20 %, aieaciyie yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu- ia
15 %, iieieiae/aneeie caaieaaaieyie- ia 67 %. Ii aeaiiui naieoa?iuo
a?a/ae, a 12 ?aeiiao ai?iaea eaaeaeue aoi?ie aeeoaeue eniuouaaao ia naaa
iaaaoeaiia aicaeaenoaea caa?yci?iiiai aicaeooa. Yoi au?aaeaaony a eaoea,
cao?oaei?iiii aeuoaiee, iauai oooaeoaiee naii/oanoaey. A iaeioi?uo
iaeaieaa iaaeaiai?eyoiuo ianoao no?aaeatho aei 88 % ianaeaiey.

Anee au ieoa?neea aaoiaonu ( ii ia ec?uaathuea eeoau aeuia, a iiaua ),
o?aiaae e o?ieeaeaonu oiaeeee aania?aaieii, oi i/aiue iiiaea, aiai?yo,
i?aaeii/ee au eo ee/iui aaoiiiaeeyi. A Aa?iia, iai?eia?, aeey
ai?iaeneiai o?ainii?oa, aeeth/ay oaene, auaeaeaiu ioaeaeueiua iieinu
aeaeaeaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa-iaiueoa i?iaie, a iannaaee?u iiaoo /aoei
?ann/eoaoue a?aiy aei i?eauoey a ioieo iacia/aiey. A aaaeue eiaiii a
i?iaeao, eiaaea iaoeiu oi oi?iicyo, oi niiaa o?iaathony, aaiceiiaua e
aeecaeueiua aeaeaaoaee iaeaieaa iianiu. I?e/ai aieueoa ae?oaeo
caa?yciytho aicaeoo a?ociaeee e aaoiaonu. Ii eeoue e 2007 aiaeo aeanoe
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ieaie?otho iieiinoueth iaiiaeoue aaoiaoniue ia?e. Ii
/oi aeaeaoue aei oao ii? ?

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a ?aoee iino?ieoue nia?aiaiioth iaaeno?aeue aie?oa
ai?iaea, eioi?ay oaea iieo/eea iacaaiea E A Ae ( Eieueoeaaay
aaoiiiaeeueiay aei?iaa ). Eiaaea eieueoei caiei?ony, ii iaio iieae?o
aanue o?aiceo, a oaeaea /anoue ai?iaeneiai o?ainii?oa. Iinea ieii/aiey
no?ieoaeuenoaa, ninoiyiea aoiinoa?u a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa aeieaeii
oeo/oeoueny a iieoi?a ?aca. Iauay i?ioyae?iiinoue o?annu ninoaaeo 130
ei, ?an/?oiay nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey-120 ei//.

N oaeei nieeaeiui i?eia?aoaieai iaoa?ao?aeoeaa iiaeii iicae?aaeoue.
Iaeiaei oi/aony i?aaeinoa?a/ue io ioeaie, aeiiouaiiuo ia iineianeii
eieueoea( IEAAe ). Aieiaoaeueiua aaoiiiaeeenou iaaa?iyea caiaoeee, /oi
ia?iiiia eiee/anoai aea?aaueaa, ?aniieiaeaiiuo aaeece aei?iae,
i?aa?aoeeinue a ianoiyueo iooaioia. Eenouey ia ieo ?anooo ia ia aaoeao,
a ii noaieo. Iniaaiii yoe o?iaeoeu caiaoiu ia naaa?iii o/anoea- io
Aieieieaineiai aei Aeieo?ianeiai oinna. I?e/eiu aeaa. Ia?aay-io/ayiiay
caaaciaaiiinoue i?eeaaathueo e IEAAe oa??eoi?ee. Ii ieacuaaaony, /oi aua
aieaa iianiu aeey cae?iuo ianaaeaeaiee oeieeaou, eioi?uie aei?iaeiua
neoaeau aei iineaaeiaai a?aiaie uaae?i iieeaaee iaeaaeaiaaoee anoaeueo.
Aiciiaeii, ai?iaeo ia Iaaa neaaeoao iieoe ii iooe naieo ninaaeae oeiiia,
eioi?ua a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aiana ia iieuecothony a?aaeiuie
aauanoaaie aeey ?anoaieeaaiey niaaa, a i?inoi aai oo?aiaiauaatho.
I?aaaea, aeey yoiai o?aaoaony aaanoe caeii, cai?auathuee yenieoaoaoeeth
aaoiiiaeeae aac ceiieo oei n oeiaie. Ii /oi-/oi, a cai?auaoue o ian
oiatho.

E?iia no?ieoaeuenoaa EAAe a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ?ac?aaaouaatho i?iaeo
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai eiio?iey ca ninoiyieai aicaeooa e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
o?ainii?oiuo iioieia. Iiaeiaiue i?iaeo oaea ?aaeecoaony a Aiaeee,
ioee/athuaeny naiie aunieie a ie?a eioaineaiinoueth aei?iaeiiai
aeaeaeaiey.

AEAAA 5. No?ieoaeuenoai iiauo i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia e eo aeeyiea ia
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo.

A Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa e iaeanoe i?aaeoniio?aii inouanoaeaiea ?yaea e?oiiuo
i?iaeoia ?acaeoey eio?ano?oeoo?u – yia?aaoeee, o?ainii?oa,
aiaeiniaaaeaiey e aiaeiioaaaeaiey, caueoiuo nii?oaeaiee ai?iaea io
iaaiaeiaiee e ae?. Yoi aaconeiaii iiaea/ao aeiiieieoaeueioth
aio?iiiaaiioth e oaoiiaaiioth iaa?oceo ia ie?oaeathuoth i?e?iaeioth
n?aaeo e caei?iauea ianaeaiey. Aaeeinoai i?e?iaeu o?aaoao eiiieaeniiai
?anniio?aiey aicaeaenoaey iineaaenoaee ?aaeecaoeee e?oiiuo i?iaeoia ia
ii/au, ?anoeoaeueiinoue, aicaeoo, i?aniua, ii?neea, e iiaecaiiua aiaeu,
aeeaioiue ie?, a /a?ac ieo ia caei?iauea /aeiaaea. Iniai neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue iaiaoiaeeiinoue ioeaiee acaeiiiai aeeyiey e yooaeoa
niaianoiiai aicaeaenoaey iiiaeo ec i?iaeoia ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, /oi
iaaiciiaeii o/anoue i?e ?ac?iaioea eaaeaeiai ec ieo a ioaeaeueiinoe.

*oi aea yoi ca i?iaeou? Yoi i?aaeaea anaai nicaeaiea ?inneeneiai
o?ainii?oii – oaoie/aneiai ii?oiaiai eiiieaena ( ?OOIE ) ia iiaa?aaeuea
Oeineiai caeeaa, eioi?ue aei eiioea ia i?i?aaioai, e aunieinei?inoiay
iannaaee?neay aeaeaciiaei?iaeiay iaaeno?aeue Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a – Iineaa
(ANI).Yoe i?iaeou aaconeiaii aeieaeiu aeaaioai?ii neacaoueny ia ?acaeoee
ai?iaea, oeo/oea aaa yeiiiieei – aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea. Iaeiaei,
iaaaoeaiua nioeeaeueiua e yeieiae/aneea iineaaenoaey iiaoo aicieeiooue
ia noaaeee no?ieoaeuenoaa e yenieoaoaoeee ANI e i?eaaa?eyo ia
iaooai?iaiaea i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa e yenieoaoaoeee ?OOIE. E?iia aeaoo
ioia/aiiuo, neaaeoao oeacaoue e ae?oaea i?iaeou, auoue iiaeao ia noieue
ianooaaiua, eae oiiiyiooua, ii eiathuea aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey
onoie/eaiai ?acaeoey ?aaeiia. Yoi – ieaie?oaiay ?aeiino?oeoeey
iaooaiaeeaiiai ?aeiia Naieo – Iaoa?ao?aneiai ii?neiai ii?oa,
no?ieoaeuenoai Naaa?i-Caiaaeiie OYOe, cai?aeoe?iaaiiie ii nia?aiaiiui
aeey oaieiauo noaioeee oaoiieiaeyi, caaa?oaiea caoyioaoaainy
no?ieoaeuenoaa eiiieaena

nii?oaeaiee aeey caueou ai?iaea io iaaiaeiaiee,no?ieoaeuenoai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ay?iii?oa ia 3 iei. iannaaee?ia a aiae, ?aoaiea
i?iaeai iieeaiia a E?aniii Ai?o iooai no?ieoaeuenoaa i?aaei?eyoey ii
iaaca?aaeeaaieth oiene/iuo iooiaeia, nicaeaiea iiauo
aunieioaoiieiae/aneeo caaiaeia ii eiiieaeniie ia?a?aaioea ioni?a,
no?ieoaeuenoai e aaiae a yenieoaoaoeeth THai – Caiaaeiuo i/enoiuo
nii?oaeaiee, no?ieoaeuenoai onoaiiaee ii naeeaaieth aeoeaiiai eea ,
aeathuaa aiciiaeiinoue ?aeoeueoeaaoeee caiyouo eeii ieiuaaeae, aaaaeaiea
oaoiieiaee aeii/enoee noieia io oinoaoia ia Oeaio?aeueiie e Naaa?iie
noaioeeyo i/enoee, /oi iicaieeo niyoue aii?in ia yao?ioeeaoeee ainoi/iie
/anoe Oeineiai caeeaa e aa?iooue aio ?uaii?iiuneiaia e ?ae?aaoeeiiiia
cia/aiea.

OAAEEOeA ?4.

Oa?aeoa?enoeea aicaeaenoaey e?oiiuo ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoia ia
ninoiyiea aoiinoa?u Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.

I?iaeo Caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u

Aunieinei?inoiay iaaeno?aeue NIa – Iineaa ( A N I ) Aua?inu
no?ieoaeueiie oaoieee e yenieoaoaoeeiiiie aacu

Nicaeaiea ?inneeneiai o?ainii?oii-oaoie/aneiai ii?oiaiai eiiieaena a
Oeineii caeeaa Aua?inu oaeaaiaei?iaeia i?e ae/ae o?ainii?oe?iaea e
aaa?eyo ia oa??eoi?ee NIa

?aeiino?oeoeey iaooaiaeeaiiai ?-ia NIa ii?neiai ii?oa Aua?inu NOo
eioaeueiie a ia?aa?oaeaiiue ?aeii, aua?inu oaeaaiaei?iaeia

No?ieoaeuenoai eieueoeaaie aaoiaei?iae aie?oa Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa Aua?inu
io i?iacaea 3600 aaoiiiaeeae a nooee

Caaa?oaiea no?ieoaeuenoaa caueoiuo nii?oaeaiee io iaaiaeiaiee («aeaiaa»)
Aua?inu a oiaea no?ieoaeuenoaa, i?e yenieoaoaoeee – aua?inu aaoiaei?iae

No?ieoaeuenoai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ay?iii?oa ia 3 iei. iannaaee?ia a aiae
Aua?inu i?e aceaoa e iinaaeea 20000-30000 naiieaoia a aiae. Aua?inu io
aaoio?ainii?oa

No?ieoaeuenoai Naaa?i-Caiaaeiie OYOe Aua?inu NOx e CO io OYOe.
I?ae?auaiea aua?inia NOo e SO io cae?uaaaiuo eioaeueiuo

No?-ai i?aaei?eyoey ii iaaca?aaeeaaieth oiene/iuo iooiaeia a E?aniii
Ai?o Nie?auaiea a?aaeiuo aua?inia i?e oa?ie/aneii iaaca?aaeeaaiee
iooiaeia

No?ieoaeuenoai ioni?iia?a?aaaouaathueo i?aaei?eyoee I?ae?auaiea
aaciauaeaeaiey ni naaeie ioni?a. Aua?inu aacia oa?iiia?a?aaioee

No?ieoaeuenoai THai-Caiaaeiuo i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee Aua?in aicaeooa iinea
ay?aoeee noieia

No?ieoaeuenoai onoaiiaee ii naeeaaieth aeoeaiiai eea Aua?in aacia
naeeaaiey eeia e aiay?iaiiai ?aceiaeaiey eeia

I/enoea noieia io oinoaoia ia OeNA e NNA Aac aeiiieieoaeueiuo aua?inia

No?ieoaeuenoai ia?a/eneaiiuo iaueaeoia n o/aoii iiaiey yenia?oia
aeieaeii aeaaii?eyoii io?aceoueny ia nioeeaeueiuo, yeiiiie/aneeo e
aaiiieeoe/aneeo oaeoi?ao, aaaeiuo aeey iaoaai ai?iaea e aoaeao
niinianoaiaaoue iiauoaieth aeeciaiiiai o?iaiy ianaeaiey, /oi yaeyaony
iieiaeeoaeueiui iiiaioii a oi?ie?iaaiee i?iaiica caei?iauey ianaeaiey.
Iaeiaei, anoue oaeia iiiyoea – «aonoa?iue yooaeo»: aauanoai, aaciaeaeiia
aeaaea a aunieeo eiioeaio?aoeeyo, iaoiaeynue a eiiaeiaoeee n ae?oaei,
iaiaeeaeaiii noaiiaeony /?acau/aeii iianiui. Oi aea naiia iiaeao
i?iecieoe e n oiiiyioouie e?oiiuie iaueaeoaie. Eaaeaeue ec ieo a
ioaeaeueiinoe iiaeao e ia i?aaenoaaeyoue iniaie iianiinoe, iaeiaei eo
niaieoiiia aicaeaenoaea, e niaeaeaieth, ieacuaaaony eoaea na?ue?ciaa. Ii
e?aeiae ia?a yoa aiciiaeiinoue aeieaeia o/eouaaoueny e eco/aoueny, Iniai
aaaeii ioiaoeoue ia?niaeoeau eiiaa?nee i?e eniieueciaaiee iaoei?ieeo e
aunieioaoiieiae/aneeo i?iecaiaenoa, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey iaoaai ?aaeiia.
Iiaua oaoiieiaee e iao/ii – iainiiaaiiua ?aeiiaiaeaoeee yenia?oia
iicaieytho iaaeayoueny, /oi oua?a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea aoaeao naaaeai aei
ieieioia, a aeiiieieoaeueiua oeiainiaua aeiaeaiey a io?aio ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu, iieo/aiiua io ooieoeeiie?iaaiey auoaia?a/eneaiiuo iaueaeoia
iiiiaoo noaaeeece?iaaoue yeieiae/aneoth neooaoeeth e a aeaeueiaeoai
oeo/oeoue a?.

AEAAA 6. I?ia?aiia «*enoue ai?iae».

Oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa aeecie ianaeaiey, iaiouaieaiie /anoueth eioi?iai
yaeyaony ninoiyiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, iinoaaeaii ai aeaao oaea
no?aoaae/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey ?acaeoey Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. Ai?iae auae?aao
?ieue oi?aiai – o?ainii?oiiai oeaio?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai cia/aiey, aoaeao
?acaeaaoueny ?yae io?ineae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a yoi, ianiiiaiii, i?eaaae?o
e oaaee/aieth oaoiiaaiiuo iaa?ocie ia yeinenoaiu. Aianoa n oai,
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a oneeeaaao naie iiceoeee ia ?uiea eoeueoo?iuo e
oo?enoe/aneeo oneoa. *oiau iiaeiyoue eieaeae ai?iaea, naeaeaoue aai
aieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiui, iaiaoiaeeii iicaaioeoueny i /enoioa ie?oaeathuae
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, oaeaeeoue aeieaeiia aieiaiea ?aoaieth yeieiae/aneeo
i?iaeai.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu i?aaiaie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa,
i?aaiecaoeeyie, i?aaei?eyoeyie, iauanoaaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie i?aaaeaia
cia/eoaeueiay i?aaiecaoeeiiiay e i?aeoe/aneay ?aaioa, iai?aaeaiiay ia
iaania/aiea yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe e oeo/oaiea yeieiae/aneie
neooaoeee a ai?iaea. Iaeiaei, aiaeec ninoiyiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
iieacuaaao, /oi nouanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee iiea ia i?iecioei. Nouanoaotho
na?ue?ciua i?iaeaiu, ?aoaiea eioi?uo o?aaoao iauaaeeiaiiuo oneeee
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie e eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, ianaeaiey e eiinieeaeaoeee
?ano?nia ec ?acee/iuo enoi/ieeia. A yoeo oeaeyo ?ac?aaioaia i?ia?aiia
«*enoue ai?iae». I?ia?aiia i?eaioe?iaaia ia i?ei?eoaou i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey
caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey yoie i?ia?aiiu
aioee a yeieiae/aneee ?acaeae «No?aoaae/aneiai ieaia aeey
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa».

Ai?iaeneea aeanoe ana?ue?c icaai/aiu i?iaeaiie caa?yciaiey
aoiinoa?iiai aicaeooa a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. E yoi iaoaeeaeoaeueii: ii
noiia oiene/iuo aua?inia a aoiinoa?o iao ai?iae iaoiaeeony ia 8 ianoa a
?innee. Ia yoii niiauee ia/aeueiee oi?aaeaiey ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu.

Aeey Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ?aoaiea yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai o?aaoao
eiiieaeniiai iiaeoiaea, aeeth/athuaai caueoo io caa?yciaiey auoiauie e
i?iiuoeaiiuie iooiaeaie, aa?aaeiia ioiioaiea e cae?iui ianaaeaeaieyi e
aeeaioiiio ie?o, ?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea caiaeueiuo e aiaeiuo
?ano?nia, i?aaeioa?auaiea caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?iiai aicaeooa.

?aoaiea yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai – aeaei ia iaeiiai aiaea, iii iiaeao
auoue iaania/aii iiiaiia?aciuie ia?aie ai anao io?ineyo ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa, ieacuaathueie aeeyiea ia ana yeaiaiou i?e?iaeiiai eiiieaena.

Iaaethaeaiey ca o?iaiai caa?yciaiey aicaeooa a ai?iaeao ?innee
i?iecaiaeyony oa??eoi?eaeueiuie i?aaiaie Oaaea?aeueiie neoaeau ?innee
iiaeae?iiaoai?ieiaee e iiieoi?eiao ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. ?inaeae?iiao
iaania/eaaao ooieoeeiie?iaaiea e ?acaeoea aaeeiie Ainoaea?noaaiiie
neoaeau iiieoi?eiaa ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. ?inaeae?iiao yaeyaony
oaaea?aeueiui i?aaiii eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, eioi?ue i?aaiecoao e
i?iaiaeeo iaaethaeaiey, ioeaieo e i?iaiic ninoiyiey caa?yciaiey
aoiinoa?u, iaania/eaay iaeiia?aiaiii eiio?ieue ca iieo/aieai aiaeiae/iuo
?acoeueoaoia iaaethaeaiee ?acee/iuie i?aaiecaoeeyie ia oa??eoi?ee
ai?iaeia. Ooieoeee ?inaeae?iiaoa ia ianoao auiieiytho Oi?aaeaiey ii
aeae?iiaoai?ieiaee e iiieoi?eiao ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ( OAIN ) e aai
iiae?acaeaeaiey.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy naoue iiieoi?eiaa ea/anoaa aicaeooa aeeth/aao 260
ai?iaeia, a eioi?uo ?aaioaao 710 noaioeee, ?aaoey?iua iaaethaeaiey
?inaeae?iiaoii i?iaiaeyony a 226 ai?iaeao ia 649 noaioeeyo.

Noaioeee ?aniieiaeaiu a aeeeuo ?aeiiao, aaeece aaoiiaaeno?aeae e
e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Ecia?ythony eiioeaio?aoeee ?acee/iuo
aauanoa a aoiinoa?a. E?iia iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeaiiuo i eiioeaio?aoeee
i?eianae nenoaia aeiiieiyaony naaaeaieyie i iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oneiaeyo,
i ianoiiaoiaeaeaiee i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e eo aua?inao, i iaoiaeao
ecia?aiee e o.ae. Ia iniiaa yoeo aeaiiuo, eo aiaeeca e ia?aaioee
aioiayony Aaeaaiaeieee ninoiyiey caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u ia oa??eoi?ee
niioaaonoaothuaai Oi?aaeaiey ii aeae?iiaoai?ieiaee e iiieoi?eiao
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Aeaeueiaeoea iaiauaiey eioi?iaoeee i?iaiaeyony a
Aeaaiie aaioece/aneie iana?aaoi?ee ei. A.E.Aiaeeiaa a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.
Caeanue iia niae?aaony e iinoiyiii iiiieiyaony : ia a? iniiaa
nicaeathony e ioaeeeothony Aaeaaiaeieee ninoiyiey caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u.
A ieo niaea?aeaony ?acoeueoaou aiaeeca e ia?aaioee iaoe?iie eioi?iaoeee
i caa?yciaiee aoiinoa?u iiiaeie a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie ii ?innee a oeaeii
e ii ioaeaeueiui iaeaieaa caa?yciaiiui ai?iaeai, naaaeaiey i
eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaeyo e aua?inao io iiiai/eneaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i
ianoiiieiaeaiee aeaaiuo enoi/ieeia aua?inia e i naoe iiieoi?eiaa
caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u.

AEAAA 7. Iaaethaeaiea ca o?iaiai caa?yciaiey aicaeooa a

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa.

Iaaethaeaiea ca o?iaiai caa?yciaiey aicaeooa a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa
i?iaiaeeony Aeae?iiaoai?ieiae/eneie neoaeaie ai?iaea o?e ?aca a aeaiue
ia 17 noaoeeiia?iuo iinoao ii aeaaiaaeoeaoe eiiiiiaioai ( caa?yciythuei
aauanoaai ), aaaeiaeoeie ec eioi?uo yaeythony : iueue, CO, NO2, SO2 e
ae?. E niaeaeaieth, a iaoae no?aia niaea?aeaiea i?ecaiiiai iciia ia
aoiaeeo a ia?a/aiue iaycaoaeueiuo iaaethaeaiee ca ninoiyieai aoiinoa?u.
Ii aeaiiui aaioece/aneie iana?aaoi?ee Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ei??aeyoeey
iaaeaeo iauei niaea?aeaieai iciia a aoiinoa?a e a i?ecaiiii neia
ionoonoaoao. Ieceia niaea?aeaiea i?ecaiiiai iciia a aoiinoa?a
iaoneiaeaii eeeiaoe/aneeie iniaaiiinoyie iaoae no?aiu : ieceie nieia/iie

aeoeaiinoueth e aunieie aeaaeiinoueth, eioi?ua ia niinianoaotho
i?ioaeaieth oioioeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee a aoiinoa?a, ioaaonoaaiiuo ca
iiyaeaiea iiauoaiiuo eiioeaio?aoeee iciia a aoiinoa?a.

I?iaaaeaiiue aiaeec aeaiiuo Aeae?iiaoaineoaeau ca ninoiyieai aoiinoa?u
aicaeooa ca ia?eiae n 1995a ii 1999a aeey ?acee/iuo ?aeiiia
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa iieacuaaao, /oi a oeaeii yeieiae/aneia ninoiyiea
aicaeooiie n?aaeu iaoaai ai?iaea iiaeii i?eciaoue oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiui.
I?aauoathony noaiaea?ou ea/anoaa aicaeooa ii ai?iaeneei iaaethaeaieyi a
iniiaiii aeey NO2 (1,8 – 2 IAeE ) e aeey oaiieia ( 2,5 – 3,5 IAeE ). A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy Eaieiiyeieiaeae onoaiiaeaia ei??aeyoeeiiiay caaeneiinoue
iaaeaeo aeaoneie caaieaaaaiinoueth e aua?inaie caa?yciythueo aauanoa a
aoiinoa?o a ?acee/iuo ?aeiiao ai?iaea. Iiauoaiiia niaea?aeaiea NO2 a
aoiinoa?a Aaneeaino?ianeiai e E?aniiaaa?aeaeneiai ?aeiiia i?eaaei e
oaaee/aieth caaieaaaaiinoe i?aaiia aeuoaiey, oaaee/aiea eiioeaio?aoeee
aaiciea e noe?iea a aicaeooa Eiiiiinianeiai e Aaeie?aeoaeneiai ?aeiiia –
e oaaee/aieth caaieaaaaiinoe ia?aiie nenoaiu o aeaoneiai ianaeaiey.

Aeaiiua i caa?yciaiee aoiinoa?u yaeythony aaaeiuie eae aeey ioeaiee
o?iaiy caa?yciaiey, oae e aeey ioeaiee ?enea caeaieaaaaiinoe e
nia?oiinoe ianaeaiey. Aeey oiai, /oiau ioeaieoue ninoiyiea caa?yciaiey
aicaeooa, i?iaiaeeony n?aaiaiea o?iaiae caa?yciaiey n i?aaeaeueii
aeiionoeiuie eiioeaio?aoeeyie ( IAeE ) aauanoa a aicaeooa ianae?iiuo
iano

( ?oeiaiaenoai 1991 ) eee ni cia/aieyie ?aeiiaiaeiaaiiuie Anaie?iie
i?aaiecaoeeae cae?aaiio?aiaiey ( AIC ). Eniieuecoaiay a ?innee
oa?aeoa?enoeea noiia?iiai caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u ( ECA ) iicaieyao
o/eouaaoue eiioeaio?aoeee i?eianae iiiaeo aauanoa, ecia?aiiuo a ai?iaea
e i?aaenoaaeoue o?iaaiue caa?yciaiey iaeiei /eneii. ECA anoue noiia?iia
caa?yciaiea aicaeooa a aeieyo IAeE aeeieneaea na?u.

Ia aaca eaai?aoi?ee ay?icieae IEEO EAO i?iaiaeeeenue iaaethaeaiey
iciia, ieeneia acioa e ay?icieae, iauae ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoe ii/au
yeaiaioiiai ninoaaa ay?icieueiuo i?ia aiaeu, ii/au, inaaeeia ia aeia
aiaei?iia, ?anoeoaeueiinoe.

Ii caeaco oi?aaeaiey ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneei
iao/iui oeaio?ii ?AI ?ac?aaioaia «I?ia?aiia ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ii?eyoee
ii nieaeaieth caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?iiai aicaeooa a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa»,
eioi?ay i?aaeoniao?eaaao nicaeaiea niaa?oaiiie nenoaiu iaaethaeaiey (
iiieoi?eiaa ) ca ninoiyieai aicaeooa e nieaeaiey a?aaeiuo aua?inia a
aoiinoa?o. N i?aaei?eyoeyie aoaeoo iinooiaoue ii i?eioeeio
«caa?ycieoaeue ieaoeo». Oaieiyia?aaoe/aneea onoaiiaee a ai?iaea aoaeoo
ia?aaaaeaiu ia i?e?iaeiue aac. Aeey aeaaeaeueoeaa aaoiiiaeeae
aaeeinoaaiiui niiniaii ecaaaeaoue oo?aoa aoaeao onoaiiaea eaoaeeoe/aneeo
iaeo?aeecaoi?ia io?aaioaiiuo aacia.

Iniaia iai?aaeaiea a i?a?aiia – nicaeaiea eiiiuethoa?iie nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey ea/anoaii aicaeooiie n?aaeu, ?ac?aaioaiiie oaaaeneei
iaoai?ieiae/aneei e aeae?ieiae/aneei einoeoooii SMHI, iia aeaenoaoao
oaea a 50 no?aiao ie?a. Aaeieieno?aoeey ai?iaea iiaeienaea eiio?aeo ni
oaaaeneeie ia?oia?aie ia aiaae?aiea yoie nenoaiu a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. Iia
aeeth/aao eioi?iaoeeiiii – aiaeeoe/aneee oeaio? aeey oi?aaeaiey
ea/anoaii aicaeooa e iyoue aaoiiaoe/aneeo noaioeee eiio?iey ca
caa?yciaieai aoiinoa?u. Aeaaiaea?y oeaio?o ianaeaiea ai?iaea e
caeioa?aniaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee e i?aaei?eyoey niiaoo aanieaoii iieo/aoue
iia?aoeaioth e aeinoiaa?ioth eioi?iaoeeth ia o?iaia caa?yciaiey
aicaeooiie n?aaeu. Iieiinoueth yoa i?ia?aiia aeieaeia aoaeao ?aaeeciaaia
e 2003 aiaeo.

Caeeth/aiea.

Io?aia i?e?iaeu – i?iaeaia, noaaoay nioeeaeueiie.

Niaeanii i?iaiicai niaoeeaeenoia, a oa/aiee aeeaeaeoeo 25 eao i?e
nio?aiaiee nouanoaothueo oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e
aaiaea a yenieoaoaoeeth iiauo e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo iaueaeoia, ninoiyiea
caei?iauey ianaeaiey aunieieiaeono?eaeece?iaaiiuo ?aaeiiia ?innee ( a
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a yaeyaony oeaio?ii iiaeiaiiai ?aaeiia ) aoaeao ia 50-70%
ii?aaeaeyoueny ea/anoaii ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.

Aio?iiiaaiiua eciaiaiey ea/anoaa n?aaeu iaeoaiey aaconeiaii e i?yii e
iiin?aaeiaaiii io?aaeathony ia iieacaoaeyo caei?iauey ethaeae e, eiaiii
caei?iauea, yaeyaony oai eioaa?aeueiui eiaeeeaoi?ii, eioi?ue aaeaeaaoii
oa?aeoa?ecoao iniaaiiinoe ninoiyiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.

?aaeecaoeey e?oiiuo i?iaeoia, ieaie?oaiuo a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, iaieioaii
ieaaeao aeeyiea ia i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo iaeoaiey /aeiaaea e, anoanoaaiii
ia aai caei?iauea. Iaeiaei, i?e niaethaeaiee iaiaoiaeeiuo, yeieiae/anee
i?iaeoiaiiuo e iainiiaaiiuo o?aaiaaiee e yoei i?iaeoai, iaaaoeaiia
aeeyiea iineaaeieo ia caei?iauea iiaeao auoue naaaeaii e ieieioio.
Aianoa n oai eco/aiea ianoaiiaee a ?aaeiia, naycaiiie n ?aaeecaoeeae
ieaie?oaiuo e?oiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo iiaiaaaaeaiee, iicaieyao
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue nouanoaothuea e iaeeaeaaiua eciaiaiey
iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee.

Aaaaeaiea a no?ie oaeeo e?oiiuo iauaeoia a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa, eae
eiiieaen caueoiuo nii?oaeaiee io iaaiaeiaiee, nenoaia ii?oia, ie?oaeiay
aei?iaa, ANI e ae?. *?aaaoi ia iiauie yeieiae/anee iianiuie oaeoi?aie,
eioi?ua iiyayony n aaaaeaieai yoeo iauaeoia a yenieoaoaoeeth, a
acaeiiaeaenoaeai ?acee/iuo, aeaaea ieieiaeueii aeeythueo oaeoi?ia.
Iineieueeo i?yiia eee einaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia caei?iauea ethaeae
oaeiai eiiieaena iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia iaeaaei iiaeaea?ony
i?aiice?iaaieth, /?acau/aeii aaaeia ?aaeecaoeey ia?ii?eyoee,
iaania/eaathueo yeieiae/aneoth aaciianiinoue no?ieoaeuenoaa iiauo
iauaeoia, ieieiecaoeeth eo aeeyiey ia ie?oaeathuoth ai?iaeneoth n?aaeo,
a oaeaea neaaeaiea ca ninoiyieai caei?iauey ethaeae.

Ia ii?iaa OOI aaea iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi a ?acoeueoaoa
neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee i?ienoiaeyo nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a ninoiyiee
caei?iauey ianaeaiey, eioi?ua cao?aaeaatho eae ea/anoaaiiua, oae e
eiee/anoaaiiua aai oa?aeoa?enoeee e, niioaaonoaaiii, iieacaoaee
caaieaaaaiinoe e nia?oiinoe, aini?iecaiaenoaa e iea?aoeee ianaeaiey.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi oeacaiiua eciaiaiey naycaiu n aeoaieeie ia?aiaiaie
aeiaieueiiai oa?aeoa?a, i?iecioaaeoeie ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OO aaea.
Neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi «Aeaaaeoeaoue aae ai?aaeny a enoi?eth
/aeiaa/anoaa iaaeaeaiiuie e ioaeiieythueie ia?aiaiaie. Nae/an /aeiaaeo
i?eoiaeeony aaeiioe?iaaoueny ia noieueei e i?e?iaeiui oneiaeyi, neieueei
e ei aea nicaeaiiui io?eoeaoaeueiui oaeoi?ai aio?iiiaaiiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey».

Oieueei yooaeoeaiay i?ia?aiia, iai?aaeaiiay ia noaaeeecaoeeth e
oeo/oaiea yeieiaee Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa a ni/aoaiee n ia?aie ii oeo/oaieth
nenoaiu cae?aaiio?aiaiey iiaeao iaania/eoue «no?aoaaeth onoie/eaiai
?acaeoey, iai?aaeaiioth ia aeinoeaeaiea aa?iiiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie e
iaaeaeo iauanoaii e i?e?iaeie».

Io?aia i?e?iaeu-caaea/a iaoaai aaea, i?iaeaia, noaaoay nioeeaeueiie.
Niiaa e niiaa iu neuoei ia iianiinoe, a?icyuae ie?oaeathuae n?aaea, ii
aei neo ii? iiiaea ec ian n/eoatho eo iai?eyoiui, ii iaecaaaeiui
ii?iaeaeaieai oeeaeeecaoeee e iieaaatho, /oi iu au? oniaai ni?aaeoueny
ni anaie aueeaoeieny cao?oaeiaieyie.

Iaeiaei aicaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo i?eiyei
oa?iaeathuea ianooaau. *oiau a ei?ia oeo/oeoue iieiaeaiea, iiiaaeiayony
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiua e i?iaeoiaiiua aeaenoaey. Ioaaonoaaiiay e aeaenoaaiiay
iieeoeea ii ioiioaieth e ie?oaeathuae n?aaea aoaeao aiciiaeia eeoue a
oii neo/aa, anee iu iaeiiei iaaeaaeiua aeaiiua i nia?aiaiiii ninoiyiee
n?aaeu, iainiiaaiiua ciaiey i acaeiiaeaenoaee aaaeiuo yeieiae/aneeo
oaeoi?ia, anee ?ac?aaioaai iiaua iaoiaeu oiaiueoaiey e i?aaeioa?auaiey
a?aaea, iaiineiiai I?e?iaea *aeiaaeii.

Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau eaaeaeue aeeoaeue iaoae ieaiaou iniciae, /oi
yeieiae/aneay oa?ica enoiaeeo ia io aacuiyiiiai /aeiaa/anoaa aiiaua, a
io eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai /aeiaaea, oi anoue io ian n aaie. Aeaaioth
?ieue a ?aoaiee yoie caaea/e ea?aao yeieiae/aneia i?inaauaiea anao nei?a
e anao aic?anoiuo eaoaai?ee iauanoaa. Iauay oeaeue iaoeeiiaeueiiai e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?e?iaeiio?aiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeinoaoi/ii ynia:
ie ioaeaeueiiio /aeiaaeo, ie ainoaea?noao a oeaeii ia aeieaeii auoue
auaiaeii caa?yciyoue ieaiaoo naa?o ca?aiaa niaeaniaaiiie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui niiauanoaii ia?u e eaaeaeue neo/ae naa?oii?iaoeaiiai
caa?yciaiey aeieaeai i?aneaaeiaaoueny caeiiii. Iu aeieaeiu i?eaueiooue e
oiio, /oi io?aia Caiee io caa?yciaiee-aeaei aei?iaia, e, ieaie?oy
athaeaeao-ainoaea?noaaiiue, iauanoaaiiue eee ee/iue,-i?aaeoniao?eaaoue
iaiaeua ?anoiaeu ia yeieiae/aneea ioaeaeu.

Yeieiae/aneee eiiiiiaio n?aaeiaai, niaoeeaeueiiai e aunoaai
ia?aciaaiey aeieaeai noaoue iaiouaieaiie /anoueth iiaeaioiaee ethaiai
niaoeeaeenoa a iaeanoe oaoieee, anoanoaaiiuo iaoe, iaaeeoeeiu, yeiiiieee
e aeaaea aoiaieoa?iuo iaoe. Iniaia cia/aiea eiaao yeieiae/aneay
iiaeaioiaea o/eoaeae. Yeieiae/aneee e?ecen yaeyaony iaeaieueoae
iianiinoueth, noiyuae naaiaeiy ia?aae /aeiaaeii. Aiaeec iieacuaaao, /oi
ae?oaea aeiaaeueiua e?ecenu-yia?aaoe/aneee, nu?ueaaie, aeaiia?aoe/aneee-
a naiae iniiaa naiaeyony e i?iaeaiai io?aiu i?e?iaeu. O aeeoaeae Caiee
iao aeueoa?iaoeau: eeai iie ni?aayony n caa?yciaieai, eeai caa?yciaiea
?ani?aaeony n aieueoae /anoueth caieyi.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.

Yioeeeeiiaaeey. Oii 17. Oeiey. Ecaeaoaeuenoai «Aaaioa +».

Yioeeeeiiaaeey. Oii 19. Yeieiaey. Ecaeaoaeuenoai «Aaaioa +».

Aaeaaiaeiee «Yeieiae/aneay ianoaiiaea a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa e
Eaieia?aaeneie iaeanoe».

Nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu yeieiaee. Eieaa aeey o/eoaeae.

«Ninoiyiea e i?iaiic caei?iauey ianaeaiey Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa a
eciaiythueony yeieiae/aneeo oneiaeyo». ( ?AI, N-Ia iao/iue oeaio?,
Oeaio? iacaaeneiie yeieiae/aneie yenia?oecu.

6. «Ni?inianeee ia?aciaaoaeueiue aeo?iae» ?12 1998 aiae.

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