IINEIANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE EINOEOOO
IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUO IOIIOAIEE (OIEAA?NEOAO)
IEAe ?O
?AOA?AO II EO?NO “YEIEIAEss”
“ACAEIIIOIIOAIEss *AEIAAEA E I?E?IAeIIE N?AAeU”
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
EENAE?A N.A.
Auiieiee nooaeaio
1iai eo?na oaeoeueoaoa IAAeA
1ie aeaaeaie/aneie a?oiiu
IIAIEIOeEEE A.A.
IINEAA
1997 a.
Niaea?aeaiea:
Iniaaiiinoe acaeiiioiioaiey /aeiaaea e i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a ae?aaiinoe.
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. . . . . 3
?aceea eciaiaiey ai acaeiiioiioaieyo /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeiie n?aaeie ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia XX aaea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Iniiaiua ninoaaiua aeecie ia Caiea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
I?iaeaiu eeiie?iaaiey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Eniieuecoaiay eeoa?aoo?a
1. Iniaaiiinoe acaeiiioiioaiey /aeiaaea e i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a
ae?aaiinoe.
Ai a?aiaia ia?aiauoiuo ethaeae /aeiaae ioiineeny e i?e?iaea aieaa
aa?aaeii /ai nae/an. Ae?aaiei ethaeyi ia/ai auei cani?youe
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, o ieo ia auei ie yeaeo?inoaioeee, ie caaiaeia, ie
aaoiiiaeeae. A aeeaioiuo iie oaeaaee oieueei aeey ieue eee
aea?oaii?eiioaiey. Iie iieueciaaeenue aea?aie i?e?iaeu e ia au?oaaee
oeaeua eana.
Iaoe aeaaiea i?aaeee oiaee i?aaieciauaaoue naie auo oaeei ia?acii, /oiau
ia iaa?aaeeoue i?e?iaea.
Ethaee ae?aaiinoe ia ioaeaeyee naay io ie?oaeathuae eo i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu, n/eoay naay aa ia?ac?uaiie /anoueth.
Ia?aie/aiiay /eneaiiinoue aeeaoueo ia ieaiaoa ethaeae iicaieyea ei
oaeiaeaoai?youe naie ianouiua iio?aaiinoe, ia i?eaaaay e nouanoaaiiui
eciaiaieyi a i?e?iaea. Iaeiaei ii ia?a ?inoa /enea ianaeythueo ieaiaoo
ethaeae aicieeaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?anoe?aiey ?aeiia eo iaeoaiey,
aic?anoaea iio?aaiinoue a aeiiieieoaeueiuo enoi/ieeao ieue. Ana yoi
aaei e inaiaieth iiauo oi?i oicyenoaiaaiey, oaeeo eae caieaaeaeea e
neioiaiaenoai. A naith i/a?aaeue, yoi i?eaaei e oneeaieth aicaeaenoaey
/aeiaaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo. *aeiaae noae au?oaaoue e auaeeaaoue
eana iiae iaoioiua caiee. Ia/aeanue y?icey ii/a. Noaaea iaeiiaoiaiiuo
aeeaioiuo auoaiouaaee eoaa. Ia/aeinue iinoaiaiiia ia?ooaiea aaeaina
iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeie.
A aieaa iicaeiea a?aiaia (XVII – XIX aa.) ethaee ?acei eciaieee naia
ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea. Ana aieaa yaiui noaiiaeony iio?aaeoaeueeee
iiaeoiae /aeiaaea e ?ano?nai ieaiaou. Iiyaeeenue iaiooaeoo?u, a caoai
oaa?eee, eioi?ua, oaea oiaaea, iaiineee iaainiieieiue o?ii i?e?iaea. A
oa, eaaeaony nianai iaaeaaiea a?aiaia, iiiyoea ia yeieiaee ii/oe ia
auei. Iiiaea caaiaeu, oaa?eee eee yeaeo?inoaioeee neaaeeenue oiaaea
naieie aeuiyueie e noi/iuie o?oaaie, eo aeaaea iiiauaee ia ?aeeaiiuo
eenoiaeao, aeaaea ia iiaeic?aaay eaeie a?aae iie iaiinyo anaio aeeaiio,
iie ai?aeeeenue yoei. Nae/an iu aeaeei e /aio yoi i?eaaei. Oiaaea auee
iiaeiu naiiaeaeaeoueany yeeiaaee, ii iie aeaaea ia eiaee oeeueo?a aeey
/anoe/iiai nai?a a?aaeiuo aauanoa ec auoeiiiuo aacia, a aaicei iie
eniieueciaaee nianai iai/euaiiue io caa?yciythueo aicaeoo oeaeia. Noaee
aueaaeeaaoue ana aieueoa e aieueoa ?uau ia oieueei aeey ieue, ii e aeey
i?iaeaaee. Anee au iie oieueei ciaee e /aio i?eaaae?o eo aa?aa?neia
ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea – a ?aeao, ica?ao e ii?yo aieueoa ia noaiao ?uau,
ii?y aoaeoo aunuoaoue e o.ae.
Ii yoi an? auee ieionu iaaeaaiaai i?ioeiai, aeaaaeoa cao?iiai e
iieiaeeoaeueiua noi?iiu ioiioaiey /aeiaaea e i?e?iaea.
Aio iaeia ec iieiaeeoaeueiuo /a?o ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey
?ano?nia ieaiaou. E?anoueyia anaaaea iieacuaaee /oanoaaiiia ioiioaiea e
i?e?iaea. Iie eniieueciaaee caieth ii a? i?yiiio iacia/aieth – ?iaeaoue.
Au?aueaay ieuo e eniieuecoy iiiaiiieueioth nenoaio naaa (o.a. canaaaee
iie-iiey, a ae?oaoth /anoue inoaaeyee ia aiae – “ioaeuoaoue”. E oae iie
aeaeaee iii/a??aeii), iie ia a?aaeeee ie caiea, ie aeeaiio e ethaeyi
auei oi?ioi.
Oaeie neiaeic /aeiaaea e i?e?iaeu iicaieyao ia iaa?aaeeoue e iaei?ieoue.
2. ?aceea eciaiaiey ai acaeiiioiioaieyo /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeiie n?aaeie
ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XX aaea.
A ia/aea aoi?ie iieiaeiu XX aaea acaeiiioiioaiey ethaeae n i?e?iaeie
cia/eoaeueii iaino?eeenue. Nouanoaaiioth iaaaoeaioth ?ieue a yoii
aii?ina nua?aea 2-y ie?iaay aieia. I?aaeoaeuenoaa a?aaeaeothueo
ainoaea?noa an? aieueoa e aieueoa iiaeaiiyee caaiaeu ii i?iecaiaenoao
aii?oaeaiey. O ieo ia auei a?aiaie aeoiaoue ia yeieiaee. An? aieueoa
o?aaiaaeinue iaooe e aaca. Aa?aa?nee ?aca?aaeyeenue ?ano?nu ieaiaou,
caa?yciyy i?e yoii aeeceaaeauea caiee, aicaeoo e aiaeo. Nicaeaaaeny
ia?iiiue a?naiae oeie/aneiai i?oaeey, iiiaia ec eioi?iai auei na?ioaii a
eiioaeia?ao a ii?y, inoaeinue a o?aieeeuao e ia neeaaeao. Nae/an noieo
aii?in i aai oie/oiaeaiee: ia i?e/eiea a?aaea i?e?iaea. Oa yaeiaeoua
oeie/aneea niaaeeiaiey, eioi?ua auee ecia?aoaiu a nae?aoiuo eaai?aoi?eyo
ii anaio ie?o ia oae-oi i?inoi oie/oiaeeoue: iineieueeo i?e eo naeeaaiee
auaeaeythony ia?u, e?aeia a?aaeiua aeey anaai aeeaiai.
No?aieaiea e acaeiiiio oie/oiaeaieth i?eaiaeeei e ?ac?aaioea iiaiai, an?
aieaa ?ac?ooeoaeueiiai i?oaeey. *oiie OO aaea noaei nicaeaiea e
eniuoaiea yaea?iiai i?oaeey. Iaeiaei e “ie?iue” aoii, eae iieacaea
enoi?ey, niiniaai iaianoe i?e?iaea e /aeiaa/anoao iaiii?aaeiue a?aae.
E eiioeo OO aaea aicieeei iiiai iiauo ono?aoathueo yeieiae/aneeo
i?iaeai, eioi?ua e i?aaenoaaeoue ia iiaee ethaee ianeieueei eao oiio
iacaae. *aeiaa/anoai ia/aei “iiaeeiaoue” ieiaeu iao/ii-oaoie/aneie
?aaiethoeee, eioi?ay, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iiiiaea ethaeyi aeinoe/ue iiauo
aa?oei iiciaiey: a, n ae?oaie, – i?eaaea ieaiaoo ia a?aiue anaie?iie
yeieiae/aneie eaoano?iou.
Iaeiei ec i?eia?ia iiaeiaiuo iineaaenoaee iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee
iiaeao yaeyoueny “Yooaeo A?eioaoc” eee ia?ieeiaue yooaeo.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iaeioi?ua yaeaiey iineaaeieo eao canoaaeytho
caaeoiaoueny: a ia ia/aeinue ee oaea yoi iioaieaiea? 1988 aiae iiaee
ana ?aei?aeu eeeiaoe/aneeo “iaii?iaeueiinoae”, a oeaeuo 5 eao a 80o
aiaeao auee naiuie oaieuie ca an? ooiaeyuaa noieaoea. A 1988 aiaeo
aia?aua ca iiiai aeanyoeeaoee, aea?a a Iueth-Ei?ea ia niaaeaea ni?ie
aeiae, ?oooiue noieaee ia iioneaeny ieaea 31 a?aaeona ii Oeaeueneth.
Iaauaaeay aea?a auea e a Ein-Aiaeaeina, ii ae i?aaeoanoaiaae oaa?aeue –
iaiau/aeiay aeey Eaeeoi?iee aieia oieiaea. Inaiueth oiai aea aiaea
o?aaai a Ea?eaneii ii?a eeoee e?iaa 500 ouny/ /aeiaae oieueei ia
ssiaeea. No?iaay canooa eaoii oiai aea aiaea a NOA i?eaaea e oiio, /oi
nai? ca?ia aia?aua oiae ieaea aai iio?aaeaiey, yenii?o aai o?e oieueei
ca n/?o noa?uo caiania, o?iaeaeiinoue ca?iiauo a oii aea aiaeo oiaea ia
iaeio o?aoue – iaauaaeia a enoi?ee onoie/eaiai caieaaeaeey NOA yaeaiea.
E yoiio neaaeoao aeiaaaeoue, /oi a oii aea aiaeo iaeia o?aoue oa??eoi?ee
Aaiaeaaeao auea caoiieaia a eoiaa caoyaeiuo ionniiiuo aeiaeaeae,
iaaiaeiaiea inoaaeei aac e?iaa aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue ieeeeiiia ethaeae
(ii/oe /aoaa?oue ianaeaiey yoie no?aiu).
A Aioa?eoeaea io ia?iiiiai eaaeiaiai ueoa oanoiai eiioeiaioa ioeieieny
ia?iiiue aenaa?a aeeeiie 130 eeeiiao?ia – i?aaeaanoiee e neiaie
a?icyuaai iioaieaiey.
AEa?ei auei a yoe “iaii?iaeueiua” aiaeu e a Aa?iia. Aee?aeoi? iaeiiai ec
einoeoooia IANA (NOA) i?aaeoi?aaeee oiaaea: “I/aiue aa?iyoii: /oi
oaiee/iue yooaeo oaea aeaenoaoao.”
*oi aea oaeia ia?ieeiaue yooaeo?
Ieeeea?aeu oiii oaeaeeneiai aaca aaea/anii iinooiatho a aoiinoa?o a
?acoeueoaoa naeeaaiey oaey e iaooe, i?e?iaeiiai aaca e ae?ia, ieeeeiiu
oiii iaoaia iiaeieiathony a aoiinoa?o io ?ac?aaioie aaca, n ?eniauo
iieae Acee, aiaeyiiai ia?a. An? yoi – “ia?ieeiaua aacu”. Eae a ia?ieea
noaeeaiiay e?uoa e noaiu i?iioneatho nieia/ioth ?aaeeaoeeth, ii ia
aeatho ooiaeeoue oaieo, oae e oaeaeeneue aac, e ae?oaea “ia?ieeiaua
aacu” i?aeoe/anee i?ic?a/iu aeey nieia/iuo eo/ae, ii caaea?aeeaatho
aeeeiiiaieiiaia oaieiaia eceo/aiea Caiee, ia aeatho aio ooiaeeoue a
einiin.
A 1988 (oii naiii “iaii?iaeueiii”) aiaeo, ii aia?eeaineei ?ann/?oai, a
aoiinoa?o ooiaeeei 5,5 ieeeea?aeia oiii oaea?iaea a ?acoeueoaoa
naeeaaiey eneiiaaiiai oiieeaa e au? aei 2,5 ieeeea?aeia oiii oaea?iaea
ec-ca naaaeaiey e naeeaaiey eania. I?e yoii aieueoa anaai oaea?iaea
aeatho NOA, no?aiu NIA e Eeoae, ia ieo a noiia i?eoiaeeony 50% aua?inia.
Ia aeaeiia ianoi auaeaeaaaony e A?aceeey. Anee ia?anoaiea aeiau/e
oiieeaa aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoueny oaeeie aea oaiiaie, oi e 2010 aiaeo a
aoiinoa?o aoaeao aua?anuaaoueny oaea ieiei 10 ieeeea?aeia oiii
oaea?iaea.
Yoe oeeo?u – eoia aani?eia?iiai ?inoa ie?iaie yia?aaoeee, i?e/?i
iaaethaeaaony neio?iiiinoue – yeiiiiey oiieeaa iinea 1973 aiaea i?eianea
e ioiineoaeueioth noaaeeecaoeeth aua?inia. Oae anee ca 1950a aiaeu
aua?inu a aoiinoa?o iiaenei/eee n 1,6 ie?ae. oiii aei 5,1 ie?ae. oiii,
oi a na?aaeeia 80o aiaeia iie ii/oe ia ioee/aeenue io o?iaiy 1979
aiaea. Oaeiaa ae?noeay naycue: aio?iiiaaiiua i?ioeannu – ninoiyiea
aoiinoa?u.
Iaoa aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue iiaeoaa?aeaeaao ni?aaaaeeeainoue neia
auaeathuaainy ?onneiai o/?iiai A.E. Aa?iaaeneiai i oii, /oi aicaeaenoaea
/aeiaa/anoaa oaea n?aaieii n aaieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie.
Yia?aaoe/aneee aoi ooiaeyuaai noieaoey oaaee/ee eiioeaio?aoeeth NI2 a
aoiinoa?a ia 25% e iaoaia – ia 100%.
Ca yoi a?aiy ?aaeueiia iioaieaiea ia Caiea ninoaaeei 0,5%. Ae?oaea
aeaiiua aiai?yo, /oi n?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a Caiee a 1890 aiaeo auea 14,5
a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth, a a 1980 aiaeo iiaeiyeanue aei 15,2 a?aaeonia,
o.a. oaaee/eeanue ia 0,7 a?aaeona. Aieueoeinoai o/?iuo n/eoatho yoi
neaaenoaeai ia?ieeiaiai yooaeoa.
I?iaiic ia aoaeouaa (2030-2050 aa.) i?aaeiieaaaao aiciiaeiia iiauoaiea
oaiia?aoo?u ia 1,5 – 4,5 a?aaeona. E oaeei auaiaeai i?eoea
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eiioa?aioeey eeeiaoieiaia a Aano?ee a 1988 aiaeo. Aio
n yoei-oi e naycaia no?aoiay ea?oeia Eaeueineiai niai?a, niuaaaiiai
aieiaie ii?y. Naycaia iioiio, /oi iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u ia 3 a?aaeona e
2050 aiaeo (aa?ai n?aaeiaa) auciaao iiauoaiea o?iaiy Ie?iaiai ieaaia ia
50-100 ni, a e eiioeo OOI aaea – ia 2 i (aio oiaaea-oi e aoaeoo ii?neea
aieiu iiuaaoue aioeeo Eaeueia).
Anee an? iieaeao ii yoiio noeaia?eth, oi anaie?iuo eaoano?io aoaeao
aeaenoaeoaeueii iiiai, e ia oieueei ec-ca “anaie?iiai iioiia”. Oneeyony
canooe. Iie aoaeoo eoaea no?iaaa, /ai a eiioea 80o aiaeia. Iiaoo
naeaeiooueny e naaa?o ana i?e?iaeiua ciiu. Aia?eeaineea aaoi?u
ni?aaaaeeeai ioia/atho, /oi iacaiiua yeinenoaiu ia niiaoo iea?e?iaaoue
oae auno?i. Aieueoia eiee/anoai aea?aaueaa, ii-aeaeeiiio, iiaeaiao e
iaeiaa?iyoii, /oi eo auno?i caiaiyo iiaua aeaeu. Aoaeoo oie/oiaeaiu
ia?iiiua eaniua ianneau, e a i?ioeanna eo ?aceiaeaiey e nai?aiey a
aoiinoa?o iinooieo cia/eoaeueiue iauai aeiiieieoaeueiiai oaea?iaea, /oi
au? aieueoa onei?eo iioaieaiea.
Aua iaeiei oa?iaeathuei oaeoi?ii noaiao iiauoaiea o?iaiy ii?y.
Aia?eeaioeu n/eoatho, /oi yoi iaioeinue au eo no?aia a 100 ie?ae.
aeieea?ia ia no?ieoaeuenoai caueoiuo aeaia e ia?aiin iiiaeo iauaeoia. Ii
eoaea no?aoiaa auee au iineaaenoaey aeey aonoiianae?iiie Acee, aaea
aieueoeinoai ?eniauo iieae (a ?en – iniiaa ieoaiey) iaoiaeeony a iieiao
e aeaeueoao ?ae.
I?aaaea, i?aaeneacuaaaiia oayiea Aioa?eoe/aneiai eaaeieeiaiai ueoa
an?-oaee a?yae ee i?iecieae?o, e?ae, nei?aa anaai, aoaeao ia?anoaoue,
oae eae aieaa oaieua ceiu auaatho iau/ii e aieaa niaaeiuie,
?aaeueiu ee yoe yeiiiie/aneea eioia?u eee nei?aa yoi – iaeei ec
aiciiaeiuo noeaia?eaa iaoaai iooe a OOI aaea?
Iaoea ciaao aeaeaei ia an? i nia?aiaiiuo e?oaiai?ioao a i?e?iaea, ia eo
iaoaiecia e, oai aieaa, ia a ninoiyiee aeaoue oi/iue i?iaiic ia
o?eaeoeaoue – iyoueaeanyo eao aia??ae. Aaaeue yoi eoaea neiaeiaa, /ai
i?iaiic iiaiaeu ia caao?a, aeaaaaiue, a?iaea au, ii naiui oi/iui aeaiiui
niooieeiauo oioia?aoee e an?-oaee ioeaathueony eiiaaea.
Eaeea “ii” eiathony i?ioea yoiai noeaia?ey?
Aoiinoa?iay aeaoieenue oaea?iaea, eae ecaanoii, iio?aaeyaony ?anoaieyie
e ieaaiii. Ii aaaeue, n oaaee/aieai niaea?aeaiey NI2 a aoiinoa?a,
iiaeao aic?anoe e nei?inoue iio?aaeaiey yoiai aaca – ni?aaaaeeeai
caia/aao aia?eeaineee oecee N. Oiaeaea?, ecaeaaoee a 1989 aiaeo eieao
“Aeiaaeueiia iioaieaiea: ianooiaao aae ia?ieeiaiai yooaeoa”. Aeaoieenue
oaea?iaea iiaeao eioaineaiaa iio?aaeyoueny eae nu?uea aeey oioineioaca
?anoaieyie, e Ie?iaie ieaai iiaeao acyoue ia naay /anoue ecauoi/iiai
NI2. Aoaeao aiciiaeii ?aaioaoue iaoaieci ia?aoiie nayce e oiaaea
iineaaenoaea ia?ieeiaiai yooaeoa aoaeao neeueii niya/aii.
Cia/eo ee yoi, /oi ia iaaei ai?ioueny ca i?aaeioa?auaiea ?inoa NI2 e
ae?oaeo “ia?ieeiauo aacia” a aoiinoa?a ?
Eiia/ii, iao, eai enoiaeeoue iaaei ec ooaeoeo aa?eaioia aicaeaenoaey, ec
naiuo ianneienoe/aneeo noeaia?eaa, eia/a aoaeao iicaeii.
Aeaaea iioeieno N. Oiaeaea?, eioi?ue n/eoaao, /oi “aeuoaiea caa?y” a
1988 aiaeo au? ia iuouaaony, caia/aao a naiae eieaa: “Iaeuecy
aeiionoeoue, /oiau ec-ca iaii?aaeae?iiinoe neooaoeee iu ioeacaeenue io
no?aoaae/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey”. E aa?eaiou oaeiai ieaie?iaaiey oaea
iiyaeeenue. N?aaee ieo anoue i?aaeeiaeaiey A?aceeee – no?aiu, aieueoa
anao e?eoeeoaiie ca oie/oiaeaiea o?iie/aneeo eania Aiaciiee. Ia
niaauaiee a Aaaaa (1989 a.) iia iio?aaiaaea nicaeaiey niaoeeaeueiiai
oiiaea i?e III, ec eioi?iai oeiaine?iaaeanue au yeiiiie/aneay iiiiuue
?acaeaathueiny no?aiai. Anee au eaaeaeay no?aia ieaoeea a yoio oiiae ii
1000 aeieea?ia ca eaaeaeoth oiiio aua?ioaiiie a aoiinoa?o aeaoieene
oaea?iaea, oi oaea ca aiae nia?aeanue au noiia, eioi?ie oaaoeei au ia
iiaaoaiea anaai aiaoiaai aeieaa no?ai “o?aoueaai ie?a” e oeiaine?iaaiea
ia? ii caueoa eeeiaoa.
Aieaa ?aaeueiue noeaia?ee ai?ueau n NI2 aue i?aeiaeai ia anaie?iie
eiioa?aioeee “Iaiythuayny aoiinoa?a: iineaaenoaey aeey aeiaaeueiie
aaciianiinoe”, i?iaaaeaiiie a Oi?iioi a 1989 aiaeo. A a? ?aciethoeee –
i?ecua ei anai no?aiai e 2005 aiaeo nie?aoeoue aua?inu oaea?iaea ia 20%.
Au? iaeia iaiaeiaaaeiay i?iaeaia aeey Caiee e anaai /aeiaa/anoaa –
“Iciiiaay aeu?a”.
Ia ninoiyaoaeny a 1989 aiaeo a Eiiaeiia Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee ii
nianaieth iciiiaiai neiy Caiee ieieno?o ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
Eiaeee i?eoeinue aeiaieueii ooai. Ae (a yoi auea I. Aaiaee –
i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoea ecaanoiie naiuee Aaiaee) i?eoeinue ioaeaaoue
ianoie/eaua aoaee aeo?iaeenoia, iaaeieaoeo Eiaeeth (a caiaeii e Eeoae) a
“iaoeeiiaeueiii yaiecia” – ?ac?ooaiee iciiiaie iaiei/ee Caiee.
Ii/aio eiaiii Eiaeeth?
Eae ecaanoii, aeeciue ia Caiea iiyaeeanue oieueei iinea oiai, eae
ia?aciaaeny io?aiiue iciiiaue neie ieaiaou, i?ee?uaoee a? io aeanoeiai
oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai eceo/aiey. Iiiaea aaea ie/oi ia i?aaeaauaei aaaeu.
Iaeiaei iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey auei caia/aii eioaineaiia ?ac?ooaiea
yoiai neiy. Ieacaeinue, /oi i?eia?ii n 1975 aiaea eaaeaeie aaniie iaae
Aioa?eoeaeie ia?acoaony, oae iacuaaaiay, “iciiiaay aeu?a”: niaea?aeaiea
iciia a no?aoinoa?a iaae oanoui eiioeiaioii nieaeaaony aei 50%. Iicaea
oa?ica iaicia/eeanue e ia Naaa?a – iciiiaue neie oai nie?aoeeny ia 10%,
a yoi oaea i?yii eanaaony aonoi ianaeaiiuo no?ai Aa?iiu e Naaa?iie
Aia?eee. A neo/aa ?aceiai oiaiueoaiey iciia /aeiaa/anoao a?iceo, eae
ieieioi, aniuoea ?aea eiaee e aeaciuo caaieaaaiee. Aiiaua oaaee/aiea
aeicu oeueo?aoeieaoiauo eo/ae iiaeao ineaaeoue eioiioth nenoaio
/aeiaaea, a caiaeii oiaiueoeoue o?iaeae iieae, nie?aoea oai naiui
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia niaaaeaiea Caiee.
“Aiieia aeiionoeii, /oi e 2100 aiaeo caueoiia iciiiaia iie?uaaei
en/aciao, oeueo?aoeieaoiaua eo/e ennooao Caieth, aeeaioiua e ?anoaiey
iiaeaioo. *aeiaae aoaeao eneaoue nianaiea iiae aeaaioneeie eoiieaie
eneonnoaaiiiai noaeea, ei?ieoueny ieuae einiiiaaoia”. Ea?oeiea,
ia?eniaaiiay ei??aniiiaeaioii iaeiiai ec caiaaeiuo aeo?iaeia iiaeao
iieacaoueny neeoeii i?a/iie. Iaeiaei, iiaeiaioth oi/eo c?aiey
?acaeaeytho e o/?iua. A /anoiinoe, i?ioanni? O. Caoa?ia ioia/aao:
“Eciaieaoayny ianoaiiaea iaycaoaeueii neaaeaony ia ?anoeoaeueiii e
aeeaioiii ie?a. O?iaeaeiinoue iaeioi?uo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?
iiaeao nieceoueny ia 30%. Eciaieaoeany oneiaey neaaeoony e ia
iee?ii?aaieciao – ia oii aea ieaieoiia, yaeythueiny iniiaiui ei?iii
ii?neeo iaeoaoaeae”.
A /?i aea i?e/eia (eee i?e/eiu) iiyaeaiey “iciiiauo aeu?” iaae ieaiaoie?
Ioaaoeoue ia yoio aii?in ia oae i?inoi, oai aieaa /oi iaoea noieeioeanue
n iei nianai iaaeaaii. Anoue ?aciua aa?eaiou iauyniaiee e i?iaiicia
(iiaeao auoue, aeiiaaou oeeeeu a i?e?iaea, iiaeao auoue, yoiai yaeaiey
i?inoi ia cuaia/aee ?aiueoa, eiaaea ia auei ie noaioeee a Aioa?eoeaea,
ie nia?aiaiiuo i?eai?ia?), ii a iaeiii o/?iua noiaeyony: aeiiaaou
oei?ooi?oaea?iaeu (o?eiiu).
Yoi aio?iiiaaiiua aauanoaa, a i?iua aiai?y, oeie/aneea niaaeeiaiey,
eniieuecoaiua a i?iecaiaenoaa ay?icieae, oeaaeaaaioia (a
oieiaeeeueieeao), ?anoai?eoaeae, 10 eao iacaae e ia aucuaaee ieeaeie
o?aaiae, eacaeenue yeieiae/anee /enouie. A ieaeieo neiyo aoiinoa?u iie
ia anooiatho ie a eaeea oeie/aneea ?aaeoeee, a cia/eo, ia ieacuaatho e
oiene/iiai aeaenoaey. Ii eiaiii yoa eia?oiinoue iicaieyao ei
iiaeieiaoueny a aoiinoa?o. No?aoinoa?iue icii ia?acoaony a ?acoeueoaoa
aicaeaenoaey oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai eceo/aiey ia iieaeoeu eenei?iaea
(I+I2=I3), ii ooaea iiiaaeatho e aoiiu oei?a, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa
oei?ooi?oaea?iaea, iie-oi iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii ?ac?ooatho neie iciia
(Cl+O3=ClO+O2). Oeeee ia/eiaaony n oiai, /oi a i?enoonoaee aoiia oei?a
iieaeoea iciia ?anuaieyaony n ia?aciaaieai iiiiieneaea (oei?a ClO) e
iieaeoey?iiai eenei?i?aea, a caoai eaeao iiaue ?ac?ooathuee oeeee,
“iiaeoaaouaaao” iiaua aoiiu eenei?iaea (ClO+O=Cl+O2), oei? iiaue yoai
?ac?ooaiey.
Eoae, iaeei ec aeiiaieeia (a iiaeao auoue, e aeaaiue?) onoaiiaeai –
oei?ooi?oaea?iaeu (o?eiiu). I?iecaiaenoai eo a ie?a ?ano?o: iaeie NOA
aeatho iaeio aoi?oth iauae noiiu – 800-900 ouny/ oiii.
Eae aea auoue n yoei aaaeiui i?iiecaiaenoaii?
A 1987 aiaeo a Iii?aaea nia?aeanue Ia?aay Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eiioa?aioeey
ii yoiio iiaiaeo, i?eiyaoay ?aciethoeeth – nie?aoeoue auione
oei?ooi?oaea?iaeia ia 50%, e eiioeo iuiaoiaai noieaoey. A /a?ac aeaa
aiaea (1989 a.) a Eiiaeiia ia eiioa?aioeeth nia?aeenue aeaeaaaou ec 122
no?ai, eioi?ua iio?aaiaaee “oioaeueiie i?einoaiiaee” i?iiecaiaenoaa
oei?ooi?oaea?iaeia, i?aaaea, n?ie yoie i?einoaiiaee ia aue oi/ii
ii?aaeaeai. Ii ieiei 20 no?ai ia iiaeienaee Iii?aaeueneee i?ioieie, e
n?aaee ieo oaeea aeaaiou, eae Eeoae e Eiaeey. Aieaa oiai, iie cayaeee a
Eiiaeiia, /oi i?einoaiiaea o?i?ooi?oaea?iaeia aeieaeia
nii?iaiaeaeeaoueny aacaiciacaeiie ia?aaea/ae oaoiieiaee n Caiaaea, eia/a
eae ei auoue n iaaeaaii iaeaaeaiiui e e?aeia aaaeiui aeey yoeo no?ai
i?iecaiaenoaii oieiaeeeueieeia? Aio caeanue-oi e ia/aeenue ia?aua
iaaeiaiey a “iaoeeiiaeueiii yaiecia” i?aaeaea anaai Eiaeee.
Ianeieueei ?acaeouo no?ai cayaeee i naiai aeaeaiee eaeoe a iaeeii/eo ii
iooe iieiiai i?ae?auaiey i?iecaiaenoaa oei?ooi?oaea?iaeia, i?aaeeaaay
oaea e 1997 (a ia e 2000) aiaeo i?ae?aoeoue eo i?iecaiaenoai. Ii a?yae
ee iaeeii/iua eieoeeaoeau iiaoo iiii/ue aeaeo. Aeiaaeueiua i?iaeaiu
o?aaotho e aeiaaeueiuo ?aoaiee.
O/?iua anaai ie?a euoo e i?aaeeaaatho aeueoa?iaoeaiua ?aoaiey, eiiaaea
oaioanoe/aneea. O. Noien ec I?einoineiai oieaa?neoaoa (NOA) ?aaioaao
iaae ieaiii, eioi?ue iicaieee au n iiiiuueth eaca?iuo eo/ae ono?aieoue
caa?yciythuea aauanoaa a aoiinoa?a. E. Oaaeea? ec Aeaaaineiai
oieaa?neoaoa iiaen/eoae, /oi aanue iciiiaue neie niaea?aeeo 3 ieeeea?aea
oiii /enoiai iciia. Anee a aeeaeaeoea noi eao ii oiaiueoeony ia 6%, oi
ioaeii aoaeao aeiaaaeyoue 5, 4 ieeeeiia oiii iciia a aeaiue. Eoi
naeaeaao yoi? “Iiuiua aaia?aoi?u iciia ia a?aaeaeaineeo e aiaiiuo
naiie?oao”, – ioaa/aao E. Oaaeea?. Ii eoi iieaoeo an? yoi? E ?aaeueii ee
ieacaoue iiiiuue a iaeaaeeaaiee iiauo oaoiieiaee Eiaeee e Eeoath? Yoe
aii?inu inoathony iiea aac ioaaoia, ii eo i?eae?ony iaeoe…
3. Iniiaiua ninoaaiua aeecie ia Caiea.
Io ae?aaiinoe aei iaoeo aeiae.
Caiey – ianoi iaeoaiey /aeiaaea. AEeciue ethaeae i?ioaeaao ia caiiie
iiaa?oiinoe, iauay ieiuaaeue eioi?ie ninoaaeyao ieiei 510 iei. ea. ei.
Ec ieo /ooue iaiaa o?aoe (149 iei. ea. ei.) i?eoiaeeony ia aeieth
iaoa?eeia e ino?iaia.
I?e?iaea iinoa?aeanue nicaeaoue aeeceea e eaeaaeueiui oneiaey aeey
?acaeoey i?aaie/aneie aeecie ia Caiea, a /anoiinoe aeey iaeoaiey
/aeiaaea. Iiaeii iacaaoue, ii e?aeiae ia?a, o?e aaaeiaeoeo enoi/ieea
aeecie ia Caiea. Yoi yia?aey Nieioea, aicaeoo e /enoay ieoueaaay aiaea.
Iniaaiii aaeeea ?ieue Nieioea. Nieia/iay yia?aey – aeaaiay “aeiiaieoea”
aicieeiiaaiey aeecie ia Caiea, iniiaa iiiaeo i?e?iaeiuo i?ioeannia.
Aeaaiaea?y ae i?ienoiaeeo nicaeaiea aeiiannu (a i?ioeanna oioineioaca),
aeaeaeaiea aicaeooiuo iioieia, aiae a ieaaiao. I?e yoii neaaeoao
iiiieoue, /oi aoiinoa?a i?iioneaao e caiiie iiaa?oiinoe eeoue 67%
i?eoiea yia?aee, 27% – iiaeiuaao, a 6% – io?aaeaao. Aieueoia eiee/anoai
iianiuo aeey /aeiaaea oeueo?aoeieaoiauo eo/ae iiaeiuaaony iciiinoa?ie.
Aicaeoo, i?eaiaeiue aeey aeuoaiey /aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo, nin?aaeioi/ai a
ieaeiae /anoe aoiinoa?u, iacuaaaiie, eae au iiiieoa, o?iiinoa?ie. *enoue
aicaeoo ninoieo ia 78% ec acioa, 21% eenei?iaea, 1% a?aiia e ae?. aacia,
ec eioi?uo iaeaieaa aaaeai oaeaeeneue aac (0,03%). Aeaaiaea?y, a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a, eenei?iaeo i?ienoiaeeo ?aaioa ioneoeia /aeiaaea,
nia?aaaaony aai i?aaieci, iaania/eaaaony ?aaioa aai ia?aiie nenoaiu,
aeayoaeueiinoue iicaa e o.ae.
Iaeiiaoe, o?aoee aeaaiue enoi/iee aeecie ia Caiea – yoi aiaea. I?e yoii
iniiaiia oneiaea aeecie /aeiaaea – yoi /enoay ieoueaaay aiaea. Iia
iaiaoiaeeia aio aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue, auaaaeaiey iooiaeia e yaeiaeouo
aauanoa ec i?aaiecia e o.ae.
*aeiaae – ninoaaiay /anoue i?e?iaeu. Aai aeii – aaia?aoe/aneay iaiei/ea
caiee, noa?a acaeiii?iieeiiaaiey e acaeiiaeaenoaey eeoinoa?u, aoiinoa?u,
aeae?inoa?u e aeinoa?u.
I?iaeaiu eeiie?iaaiey.
Naia iaoea i aaiiie eiaeaia?ee aicieeea ia oae aeaaii, ia aiai?y oaea i
eeiie?iaaiee, ii eae oieueei /aeiaa/anoai ociaei i aiciiaeiinoe
eciaieoue /oi-oi a /aeiaaea, yoi aucaaei aieueoea i?ioanou ni noi?iiu
iauanoaaiiinoe e a aunoeo e?oaao aeanoe.
Yenia?eiaiou ii eeiie?iaaieth ia/aeenue au? a 50-a aiaeu. Ia aeaiiue
iiiaio, iaoea aeioea aei oiai, /oi ec iaeiie eeaoee oaia?ue iiaeii
au?anoeoueo iaoeo. Eae oieueei auee i?aaenoaaeaiu ?acoeueoaou, iiiaea
no?aiu cai?aoeee i?iaeieaeaiea yenia?eiaioia e ?acaeoea yoie iaoee,
n/eoay a? aii?aeueiie. Ii i?iaeaiu ia yoii ia caeii/eeenue. Iiiaea
o/?iua ii anaio ie?o, ?aaioathuea iaae yoeie i?iaeoaie, ia?aoee ec
cai?auaiiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo eaai?aoi?ee a /anoiua, aaea au iie iiaee
i?iaeieaeaoue ?acaeoea eeiie?iaaiey.
Aaconeiaii, ioaeii cai?aoeoue iineaaeothuaa ?acaeoea yoie aii?aeueiie
iaoee, oae eae iia noaaeo iiae niiiaiea iaoo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue e
aeaeaao ?aaeueiinoueth ia/oo Aaeieueoa Aeoea?a i nicaeaiee noia??annu, o
eioi?ie ia aoaeao aieueoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe: ana aoaeoo ia iaeii
eeoei, n iaeeiaeiauie iniaaiiinoyie e niiniaiinoyie. Iaoaeaee yoi ia
oaeanii aeeoue a iaeiiia?aciii na?ii ie?a?
Aaconeiaii, anoue e iieiaeeoaeueiua noi?iiu eeiie?iaaiey. Iai?eia?
i?eiaiaiea aa a iaaeeoeeia i/aiue ia?niaeoeaii. Ii, ia aeaiiue iiiaio,
iu neeoeii iaei ciaai ia yoii, /oiau aeiaa?youe yoiio naith aeeciue, a
oae eae i/aiue neiaeii aoaeao oaea?aeaoue yoo iaoeo a ie?iii ?onea,
ioaeii cai?aoeoue a? nae/an aea! Aaaeue a aiaiiuo oeaeyo eeiie?iaaiea
iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny au? oe?a, /ai a iaaeeoeeia. Aniiiieoa oioy au
i?eiaiaiea yaea?iie yia?aee. Aeaaea eniieueciaaiea aoiia a ie?iuo oeaeyo
ia aa?aioe?oao iai nio?aiiinoe ia oeueei iaoae aeecie, ii e aeecie iaoae
ieaiaou…
Eniieuecoaiay eeoa?aoo?a:
Aeaaeeee, N.A. Eaa?ia “Aeaeoa ieaiaoa oain”, 1995 a.
“Niaaoneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue”, 1981 a.
Aeaaeeee, N.A. Eaa?ia “Yeiiiie/aneay e nioeeaeueiay aaia?aoey ie?a”,
1993 a.
Aaeaiaeei, E.A. Aiiaea?aa “I?e?iaea e oeeaeeecaoeey” 1988 a.
Iao?ia “Yeieiae/aneia i?aai ?innee”, 1996 a.
N. Oiaeaea? “Aeiaaeueiia iioaieaiea: ianooiaao aae ia?ieeiaiai yooaeoa”,
1989 a.
Ia?aiaee/aneay ia/aoue.
Printed by Alex Povolotski.
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