Aeeyiea aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea ia
aeinoa?o.
I?iaeaia ai?iaeneeo iooiaeia.
?aoa?ao o/aieea 11 “A” eeanna
Noaiaiiaa Eaaia
a. Iineaa, 1996 a.
1. Aaaaeaiea.
I?eciaeii onoie/eaie yeieiae/aneie nenoaiu yaeyaony noaaeeueiinoue
ii?aaeae?iiuo oa?aeoa?enoee. Oae, iai?eia?, yeieiae/anee onoie/eaay
nenoaia Caiey eiaao iinoiyiioth ianno e iinoiyiioth n?aaeithth
oaiia?aoo?o.
Iiae yeieiae/aneie eaoano?ioie neaaeoao iiieiaoue ia?aoiae nenoaiu ec
iaeiiai onoie/eaiai ninoiyiey a ae?oaia. Iai?eia?, iiauoaiea n?aaeiae
oaiia?aoo?u Caiee iiaeao i?eaanoe e oayieth iiey?iuo eueaeia,
iionouieaaieth ii/a, auie?aieth ii?aaeae?iiuo aeaeia oei?u e oaoiu,
iiaeao auoue, aeaaea e aeaaee /aeiaa/anoaa. Oai ia iaiaa Caiey eae
yeaiaio Nieia/iie nenoaiu nei?aa anaai inoaiaony oaeie aea noaaeeueiie,
eae e ?aiaa. Yeieiae/aneea eaoano?iou iiaoo eiaoue ?acee/iua o?iaie — io
eieaeueiuo (aeaaeue eana, inooaiea ii?y e o. ae.) aei aeiaaeueiuo (a
ianooaaao Caiee, Nieia/iie nenoaiu, Aaeaeoeee e aeaaea Anaeaiiie).
*aeiaa/anoai a i?ioeanna aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe aaconeiaii aeeyao ia
?acee/iua yeieiae/aneea nenoaiu. I?eia?aie oaeeo, /aua anaai iianiuo,
aicaeaenoaee yaeyaony inooaiea aieio, au?oaaiea eania, oie/oiaeaiea
iciiiaiai neiy, iiai?io oa/aiey ?ae, na?in iooiaeia a ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo. Yoei naiui /aeiaae ?ac?ooaao neiaeeaoeany nayce a onoie/eaie
nenoaia, /oi iiaeao i?eaanoe e a? aeanoaaeeecaoeee, oi anoue e
yeieiae/aneie eaoano?ioa.
Ieaea iu ?anniio?ei iaeio ec i?iaeai aeeyiey /aeiaaea ia ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo — i?iaeaio ai?iaeneeo iooiaeia.
2. Ianooaau caa?yciaiey.
Aei y?u aaeiia?aoeee ooeeecaoeey iooiaeia auea iaeaa/aia aeaaiaea?y
ananuaathuae niiniaiinoe ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu: caiee e aiaeu. E?anoueyia,
ioi?aaeyy naith i?iaeoeoeeth n iiey n?aco e noieo, iaoiaeynue aac
ia?a?aaioee, o?ainii?oe?iaee, oiaeiaee, ?aeeaiu e oi?aiaie naoe,
i?eaiineee iaei iooiaeia. Iaiuiua i/enoee e oiio iiaeiaiia
nea?ieeaaeinue eee eniieueciaaeinue a aeaea iaaica eae oaeia?aiea ii/au
aeey o?iaeay aoaeouaai aiaea. Ia?aaeaeaeaiea a ai?iaea i?eaaei e
niaa?oaiii eiie iio?aaeoaeueneie no?oeoo?a. I?iaeoeoeeth noaee
iaiaieaaoue, a cia/eo, oiaeiauaaoue aeey aieueoaai oaeianoaa.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeeoaee Iueth-Ei?ea aua?anuaatho a aeaiue a iauae
neiaeiinoe ieiei 24000 o iaoa?eaeia. Yoa nianue, ninoiyuay a iniiaiii ec
?aciiia?aciiai oeaia, niaea?aeeo iaoaeeu, noaeeyiiua eiioaeia?u,
iaeoeaoo?o, ieanoee e ieuaaua iooiaeu. A yoie niane niaea?aeeony
aieueoia eiee/anoai iianiuo iooiaeia: ?oooue ec aaoa?aae,
oinoi?i-ea?aiiaou ec oethi?enoeaioiuo eaii e oiene/iua oeieeaou ec
auoiauo ?anoai?eoaeae, e?anie e i?aaeio?aieoaeae aea?aayiiuo iie?uoee.
Ai?iae ?acia?ii n Nai-O?aioeenei ?aniieaaaao aieueoei eiee/anoaii
aethieiey, /ai iaaieueoay aieneoiaay oaooa, iaaee — /ai n?aaeiyy iaaeiay
eiiey, e aieueoei eiee/anoaii aoiaae, /ai iiaeii auei au iieo/eoue ec
ia?iiiiai eiee/anoaa ae?aaaneiu.
N ia/aea 70-o aei eiioea 80-o a ?innee auoiauo iooiaeia noaei a 2 ?aca
aieueoa. Yoi ieeeeiiu oiii. Neooaoeey ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
i?aaenoaaeyaony neaaeothuae. N 1987 aiaea eiee/anoai ioni?a ii no?aia
oaaee/eeinue a aeaa ?aca e ninoaaeei 120 ie?ae. o a aiae, o/eouaay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Naaiaeiy oieueei Iineaa aua?anuaaao 10 iei. o.
i?iiuoeaiiuo iooiaeia i?eia?ii ii 1 o ia eaaeaeiai aeeoaey!
Eae aeaeii ec i?eaaae?iuo i?eia?ia ianooaau caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu ai?iaeneeie iooiaeaie oaeiau, /oi ino?ioa i?iaeaiu ia?anoaao n
eaaeaeui aei?i.
3. Iooe ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu.
I?eaeeceoaeueii ca 500 eao aei iaoae y?u a Aoeiao aue ecaeai ia?aue ec
ecaanoiuo yaeeeo, cai?auathuee aua?anuaaoue ioni? ia oeeoeu,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuee i?aaiecaoeeth niaoeeaeueiuo naaeie e
i?aaeienuaathuee ioni?ueeai na?anuaaoue iooiaeu ia aeeaea /ai ca ieeth
io ai?iaea.
N oao ii? ioni? neeaaee?iaaee ia ?acee/iuo o?aieeeuao a naeueneie
ianoiinoe. A ?acoeueoaoa ?inoa ai?iaeia naiaiaeiua ieiuaaee a eo
ie?anoiinoyo oiaiueoaeenue, a iai?eyoiua caiaoe, aic?inoaa eiee/anoai
e?un, aucaaiiia naaeeaie, noaee iaauiineiuie. Ioaeaeueii noiyuea naaeee
auee caiaiaiu yiaie aeey o?aiaiey ioni?a.
Ieiei 90 % iooiaeia a NOA aei neo ii? caeaiuaaaony. Ii naaeee a NOA
auno?i caiieiythony, e no?ao ia?aae caa?yciaieyie iiaecaiiuo aiae
aeaeaao eo iaaeaeaoaeueiuie ninaaeyie. Yoa i?aeoeea canoaaeea ethaeae ai
iiiaeo ianaeaiiuo ioieoao no?aiu i?ae?aoeoue iio?aaeaiea aiaeu ec
eieiaeoeaa. AEaeay oiaiueoeoue yoio ?ene, aeanoe *eeaai n aaaonoa 1984
a. iauyaeee ii?aoi?ee ia ?ac?aaioeo iiauo ieiuaaeae iiae naaeeo aei oao
ii?, iiea ia aoaeao ?ac?aaioai iiaue aeae iiieoi?eiaa, neaaeyuaai ca
ia?aiauaieai iaoaia, oae eae anee ia i?ieiio?iee?iaaoue aai ia?aciaaiea,
ii iiaeao aci?aaoueny.
Aeaaea i?inoia caoi?iiaiea iooiaeia yaeyaony aei?iainoiyuei
ia?ii?eyoeai. N 1980 ii 1987 aa. noieiinoue caoi?iiaiey iooiaeia a NOA
aic?inea n 20 aei 90 aeieea?ia ca 1 o. Oaiaeaioeey e oaei?iaeaieth
nio?aiyaony e naaiaeiy.
A aonoi ianaeaiiuo ?aeiiao Aa?iiu niinia caoi?iiaiey iooiaeia, eae
o?aaothuee neeoeii aieueoeo ieiuaaeae e niinianoaothuee caa?yciaieth
iiaecaiiuo aiae, aue i?aaeii/oai ae?oaiio — naeeaaieth.
Ia?aia nenoaiaoe/aneia eniieueciaaiea ioni?iuo ia/ae auei ii?iaiaaii a
Iioeiaaia, Aiaeey, a 1874 a. Naeeaaiea nie?aoeei iauai ioni?a ia 70-90
%, a caaeneiinoe io ninoaaa, iiyoiio iii iaoei naia i?eiaiaiea ii iaa
noi?iiu Aoeaioeee. Aonoiianaeaiiua e iaeaieaa cia/eiua ai?iaea anei?a
aiaae?eee yenia?eiaioaeueiua ia/e. Oaiei, auaeaeyaiia i?e naeeaaiee
ioni?a noaee eniieueciaaoue aeey iieo/aiey yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee, ii ia
aacaea yoe i?iaeou niiaee ii?aaaeaoue cao?aou. Aieueoea cao?aou ia ieo
auee au oianoiu oiaaea, eiaaea ia auei au aeaoaaiai niiniaa caoi?iiaiey.
Iiiaea ai?iaea, eioi?ua i?eiaieee yoe ia/e, anei?a ioeacaeenue io ieo
ec-ca oooaeoaiey ninoaaa aicaeooa. Caoi?iiaiea iooiaeia inoaeinue a
/enea iaeaieaa iiioey?iuo iaoiaeia ?aoaiey aeaiiie i?iaeaiu.
Iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiui niiniaii ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu yaeyaony ia?a?aaioea
ai?iaeneeo iooiaeia. Iieo/eee ?acaeoea neaaeothuea iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey
a ia?a?aaioea: i?aaie/aneay ianna eniieuecoaony aeey iieo/aiey
oaeia?aiee, oaenoeeueiay e aoiaaeiay iaeoeaoo?a eniieuecoaony aeey
iieo/aiey iiaie aoiaae, iaoaeeieii iai?aaeyaony a ia?aieaaeo. Iniiaiie
i?iaeaiie a ia?a?aaioea yaeyaony ni?oe?iaea ioni?a e ?ac?aaioea
oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia ia?a?aaioee.
Yeiiiie/aneay oeaeaniia?aciinoue niiniaa ia?a?aaioee iooiaeia caaeneo
io noieiinoe aeueoa?iaoeaiuo iaoiaeia eo ooeeecaoeee, iieiaeaiey ia
?uiea aoi?nu?uey e cao?ao ia eo ia?a?aaioeo. Aeieaea aiaeu
aeayoaeueiinoue ii ia?a?aaioea iooiaeia cao?oaeiyeanue ec-ca oiai, /oi
nouanoaiaaei iiaiea, aoaeoi ethaia aeaei aeieaeii i?eiineoue i?eaueue.
Ii caauaaeinue oi, /oi ia?a?aaioea, ii n?aaiaieth n caoi?iiaieai e
naeeaaieai, — iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiue niinia ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu iooiaeia, oae
eae o?aaoao iaiueoa i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo noaneaeee. E?iia oiai, ii
iicaieyao yeiiiieoue yia?aeth e aa?a/ue ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo. E
iineieueeo noieiinoue ieiuaaeae aeey caoi?iiaiey ioni?a ?anoao ec-ca
oaeanoi/aiey ii?i, a ia/e neeoeii aei?iae e iianiu aeey ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu, ?ieue ia?a?aaioee iooiaeia aoaeao iaoeeiiii ?anoe.
4. Caeeth/aiea.
*aeiaa/anoai i?eoei e iiieiaieth, /oi aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna iaaiciiaeii aac ioeaiee aeeyiey iiauo oaoiieiaee ia
yeieiae/aneoth neooaoeeth. Iiaua nayce, nicaeaaaaiua /aeiaaeii, aeieaeiu
auoue caieioou, /oiau iaania/eoue iaeciaiiinoue oao iniiaiuo ia?aiao?ia
nenoaiu ieaiaou Caiey, eioi?ua aeeytho ia a? yeieiae/aneoth
noaaeeueiinoue.
5. Iinone?eiooi.
A ia/aea iiya?y yoiai aiaea a aacaoa “Iineianeee eiiniiieaoe”
iioaeeeiaaia caiaoea neaaeothuaai niaea?aeaiey:
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