Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey Oe?aeiu
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue Neaayineee Oieaa?neoao
A. Oa?ueeia
Oaeoeueoao iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee
Eaoaae?u yeiiiieee e oeiainia.
?AOA?AO
Ia oaio
«Aeiia?aaeieee a E?uio, ni?oa aeiia?aaea»
«____»_________________2000a.
Eniieieoaeue:
Nooaeaioea Aa?y A.A.
Eo?na: 4
A?oiiu: 96 O 22
Ca iiiaea ouny/aeaoey /aeiaa/anoai iaeiieei aieueoie iiuo ?acaaaeaiey
aeiia?aaea. Nae/an a ie?a ian/eouaaaony aieaa 8000 ni?oia. Iaeiei ec
ecethaeaiiuo nthaeaoia ooaeiaeieeia, iniaaiii eeanne/aneie oeieu,
ianiiiaiii yaeythony iaoth?ii?ou e ea?oeiu, a eioi?uo i?enoonoaotho
a?icaee niaeiai aeiia?aaea. Iie iicaieytho ooaeiaeieeo auea?uoii
iieacaoue ea?o naaoa e e?anie ia ni/iuo eenoyo aeiia?aaea
A E?uio aeiia?aaea?noai yaeyaony o?aaeeoeeiiiie io?aneueth, eioi?ay
naieie ei?iyie ooiaeeo a aeoaieoth ae?aaiinoue. Aeiia?aaea?noai i?ioei
/a?ac ouny/aeaoey, e aac iaai iao e?ae o?oaeii i?aaenoaaeoue. Iii
i?aeoe/anee anaaaea iaania/eaaei aeaaiiieo/ea /aeiaaeo aeaaiaea?y
aeaaii?eyoiui i?e?iaeiui oneiaeyi iieoino?iaa e iaee/eth iiaeaioiaeaiiuo
aeiia?aaea?ae, eioi?ua ciaee e iiieiaee nae?ao eicu. Yoe ciaiey
iaeaieeaaeenue e ia?aaeaaaeenue iiaui iieieaieyi.
Naaiaeiy ?ieue aeiia?aaea?noaa aeieaeia aic?anoe, oae eae aeey
eo?i?oiiai ?aaeiia yoi i?inoi iaiaoiaeeii, a aeey io?anee – auaiaeii e
i?anoeaeii. I?e/ai, ?a/ue iaaei aanoe ia oieueei i naaaeai aeiia?aaea,
ii e i?iaeoeoao aai ia?a?aaioee e, i?aaeaea anaai, i aeia.
A ia/aea ianeieueei neia i aeiia?aaea aiiaua. Yoio aea? caiee e
nieioea ainiao ai iiiaeo eaaaiaeao e eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaieyo. N
aeaeaeneeo a?aiai ii ea?aao a aeecie /aeiaaea aaaeioth ?ieue, yaeyynue
iaeiia?aiaiii ieeoeaoai?aieai aicauoaiiiai, i?ae?aniiai e ieciaiiiai
ii?i/iiai ia/ae a /aeiaaea.
AEIIA?AAe EOEUeOO?IUE
A aeeeii ninoiyiee aeiia?aae eoeueoo?iue iaecaanoai. N/eoatho, /oi
iiiaea aai ni?oa i?iecioee io aeeei?anoouaai aa?aceaoneiai aeaea –
aeiia?aaea eaniiai, eioi?ue i?iec?anoaao o ian a aeieeiao ?ae Aeiai?a,
Aeiano?a, a eanao E?uia, Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca, Caeaaeacuey, a Oo?eiaiee.
Eoeueoo?a aeiia?aaea yaeyaony iaeiie ec ae?aaiaeoeo. A Ne?ee, Iaeanoeia,
Ae?aaiai Aaeioa, Yeeaaea aai ?acaaaeaieai ia/aee caieiaoueny ia ca?a
?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeee. Ia?aue aeiia?aaeiee a ?innee aue iinaaeai a 1613
a. a Ano?aoaie. Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVII a. aeiia?aae noaee ?acaiaeeoue
ia Oe?aeia e Ieaeiae Aieaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iniiaiuie ?aeiiaie aai
aicaeaeuaaiey yaeythony N?aaeiyy Acey, Eaaeac, E?ui, Iieaeiaa, tha
Oe?aeiu e ?innee. A Aaei?onne au?aueaaaony n XVI noieaoey, ?ani?ino?aiai
ia i?eonaaeaaiuo o/anoeao ii anae oa??eoi?ee ?anioaeeee. Ceioao
canuiaiiue neiai caiee a 30-40 ni. A iaoeo oneiaeyo ?acaiaeyo ni?oa:
AEai/oa Naaa, Iaaeeai Aiaeaaei, Iaeaia? ?aiiee, Oanea aaeay, Ieii ?aiiee
e ae?.
Aeiia?aae – oaiei- e naaoiethaeaay eoeueoo?a, oioy aieueoeinoai ni?oia
auaea?aeeaaao ii?icu aei 18°, a iaeioi?ua e aei 28°. Iiaaae ia ceio
oe?uaatho, canuiay caieae. Aeey ?anioneathueony ii/ae aaniie aoaeoaeueiu
caii?icee a – 2-3°, a i?e iiieaeaiee oaiia?aoo?u aei -8-10° ?ino e
?acaeoea aeiia?aaea i?ae?auathony. Iioeiaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a aeey iaai:
aaniie 15-20°, eaoii e ?aiiae inaiueth – 20-25i. A canooeeaua aiaeu,
eiaaea eiee/anoai inaaeeia iaiaa 300 ii, o?aaoaony iieea. Aeey eoeueoo?u
aeiia?aaea iaiaoiaeeiu eaaeea ii/au, niaea?aeauea aieueoia eiee/anoai
uaaiy, eaiiae. Aeoaeia caeaaaiey a?oioiauo aiae- ia auoa 1,25-1,5 i.
?aciiiaeaaony aeiia?aae a iniiaiii /a?aieaie e i?eaeaeie. Naiaiiia
?aciiiaeaiea i?eiaiyaony i?e naeaeoeeiiiie ?aaioa, ioaiaeeaie – i?e
?aeiino?oeoeee noa?uo aeiia?aaeieeia. Naaeaioeu iiiauatho a ca?aiaa
iiaeaioiaeaiiua yiu ia ?annoiyiee 1-3 i. Aeoaeia iinaaeee /a?aieia e
naaeaioeaa – 50-70 ni. Eo/oee n?ie iinaaeee – ?aiiyy, aania, aei ia/aea
?anioneaiey ii/ae. A thaeiuo ?aeiiao no?aiu, aaea iao ii?icia, aeiia?aae
aunaaeeaatho inaiueth e ceiie. Ei?ianianoaaiiua ?anoaiey aeeaoo aei 80
eao, i?eaeoua – aei 40 eao. Oeaaoao aeiia?aae a iaa – ethia, ieiaeu
nic?aaatho a aaaonoa – naioya?a. Nai? yaiae i?iecaiaeyo a?o/ioth, n?acay
a?icaee iiaeii eee naeaoi?ii. Eo iiaeii o?aieoue aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy,
iiaeaanea ia i?iaieiea a oieiaeiii (8-10°) oaiiii iiiauaiee.
A iyeioe e niea ieiaeia aeiia?aaea niaea?aeeony 55- 87 % aiaeu, aei 30 %
caoa?ia, ieiei 2,5 % i?aaie/aneeo eeneio (i?aeiouanoaaiii yaei/iie e
aeiiie), iaeoeiiaua (0,2%) e aeoaeeueiua (3,4%) aauanoaa, oa?iaiou,
aieiieeneiou, oeaaiiieaeu, aioioeeaiu, eaeee (205 ia%), eaeueoeee,
oinoi?, iaaeue, iaaiee, aeaeaci (0,5-0,6 ia%), ia?aaiaoe, eiaaeueo,
iaaieueoia eiee/anoai (aei 4 ia%) aeoaieiia N, B1, A2, B3, B12, E, ?,
??, oieeaaie eeneiou, ea?ioeia.
Eneonnoai aeiia?aaea?noaa
*oiau noaoue i?ae?aniie, eica aeieaeia no?aaeaoue. Naiia eo/oaa aeii
– yoi ?acoeueoao oneiaee i?iec?anoaiey aeiia?aaeiie eicu e oaoieee aa
aicaeaeuaaiey, iauaaeeiaiiuo aeey oiai, /oiau naanoe o?iaeae oeaeiai
aeiia?aaeiiai eonoa e ianeieueeei eo/oei a?icaeueyi ecuneaiiiai,
aiaaoiai aeiia?aaea. Naiua iaoe?iua aeiia?aaeieee iaoiaeyony a ciiao n
naiui iaaeaaii?eyoiui eeeiaoii e ii/aaie ianoieueei neoaeiuie e
iaieiaei?iaeiuie, /oi ia ieo iaei /oi aua iiaeao i?iec?anoe. Ceiie eico
iiae?acatho iiae ei?aiue, /oi aeaeaao ouaoiui aa anoanoaaiiia no?aieaiea
e ?inoo, ia?aie/eaathuaio eiee/anoai aeiia?aaea, eioi?ia iiaeii io iaa
iieo/eoue. A ia?eiae ?inoa eicu, no?aiynue neiioeaio?e?iaaoue aea?u
ii/au e nieioea a ianeieueeeo eca?aiiuo a?icaeueyo, eeoiea a?icaeuey
n?acatho n eicu e aua?anuaatho. Aieaa oaniay iinaaeea eic oaeaea
ia?aie/eaaao eiee/anoai aeiia?aaea e iiauoaao aai ea/anoai: oaeaiea
/enei eic ia eaaeaeii iieaaeoa?a (ae?a), aeiia?aaea?ue iieo/eo ia
aieueoaa eiee/anoai aeiia?aaea, a aeii eo/oaai ea/anoaa. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue
o?aeoi?iie ia?aaioee ii/au a iaoe aeie ia?aie/eaaao aiciiaeiinoe
naa?ooaniie iinaaeee, ii aonoua, ii/oe iai?ieaciua aeiia?aaeieee auee
iniaaiiinoueth aeioeeeiena?iaie ii?u aeiia?aaea?noaa a iaeaieaa
ii/eoaaiuo ?aeiiao Ao?aoiaeee e Oaiiaie.
Aic?ano eicu – aua iaeei oaeoi?, aaaeiue aeey ea/anoaa aeia, eioi?ia
ec yoie eicu iieo/atho. Eica iiaeao aeaoue ieiaeu oaea ia aoi?ie aiae
iinea iinaaeee, ii naie eo/oea ieiaeu iia iiaeao aeaoue oieueei /a?ac
ianeieueei eao, eiaaea aa ei?ie oei?aiyony a aa?oiai aa ii/au e ia/ioo
iinoaiaiii i?i?anoaoue a iiaeii/ao, ?anuaieyy oaa?aeua eaiie e
?acae?iaeyy ieioiue a?aaee ia iiiai iao?ia aiec. Oai eicu iiaoo
ieoaoueny ieia?aeaie ec iiaecaiiuo enoi/ieeia. *a?ac aiaeu aeon yoeo
ieia?aeia io?aceony a iieiioa e aoeaoa aaeeeiai aeia. Eeanneoeeaoeey aei
Ai?aei ioiineo o?iaeae io eic iieiaea 10 eao e i?iaeoeoeee iaiaa oeaiiuo
aei, eioi?ua i?iaeatho iiae eo nianoaaiiuie ia?eaie.
Iinaaeaiiay a caieth eica – aeeaao aeieai: a aeioeeeiena?iaua
a?aiaia nioiy eao ia auea iaiau/iui yaeaieai. I?eaeoua eicu ia
eniuouaatho ?aaeinoe oaeiai aeieaieaoey, e eo /anoi, aueaiuaatho
i?aaeaea, /ai iie aeiaeeaoo aei ni?iea eao, eiaaea eo ieiaei?iaeea
ia/eiaao oauaaoue. Ii iaeioi?ua aeiia?aaea?e ieeiaaea ia aueaiuaatho
caei?iaoth aeecianiiniaioth eico: oioy iia i?eiineo iaiueoee o?iaeae, aa
ea/anoaa i?iaeieaeatho oeo/oaoueny. I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue ai?aeineay
eica Oaaei Eaaeo?: a ia/aea 60-o aa. iaoaai aaea ai O?aioeee, a oi
a?aiy, iiea caiey ia?aoiaeeea ec ?oe a ?oee, oicyaaa caauaaee
aueaiuaaoue, aeaaea iiaeaoea eicu, e i?aaeaeueiue aic?ano ?anoaiee eaaei
aeinoeaae aeaaea 50 eao. Aio e iaeioi?ia iauyniaiea oaeeaeoaeueiie
neiaeiinoe aeia e aai aeieaieaoey.
Ana aea eicu naie ii naaa aua ia yaeythony enoi/ieeii oieeaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a aaeeeeo aei. Ianoiiieiaeaiea aeiia?aaeieea oaeaea eiaao
aieueoia cia/aiea. E iieiaeua, e noa?ua eicu ethayo oi?ioi inooaiioth
ii/ao. Yoi, a oaeaea iio?aaiinoue a caueoa io aao?a e oaiea, /oi auaaao
iaiaoiaeeii ia iaeioi?uo o/anoeao caiee, anaaaea ia?aie/eaaei
i?iecaiaenoai eo/oeo ni?oia aei, oae eae au?aueaaoue aeiia?aae
i?eoiaeeeinue ia neeiiao oieiia, iaeioi?ua ec eioi?uo eiaee e?ooua
onooiu, a iaeioi?ua – aieaa iieiaea oa??anu. Ae?oaia oeaiiia
ianoiyoaeuenoai aeey aeiia?aaeiie eicu – yoi a?aaeaaay eaiaienoay ii/aa.
Eaiie aeiai aieouaatho nieia/iia oaiei, a ii/ueth ioaeatho aai eicai,
caueuay eo io aanaiieo oieiaeia e iiauoay oainu aeiia?aaea auc?aaaoue
inaiueth.
Iaeiaei eiaiii a oaeii iee?ieeeiaoa aeiia?aaeieee i?eia?aoatho naith
iniaoth eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue. Iee?ieeeiao – yoi eeeiao a eeeiaoa,
ia?aie/aiiia i?ino?ainoai aioo?e ae?oaiai i?ino?ainoaa, aaea nicaeathony
iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey, eioi?ua yaeythony neaaenoaeai
i?eaeiaeueiuo i?e?iaeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa. Oeie/iua i?eia?u – yoi aeieeiu,
eioi?ua, neiaii aeuiiaua o?oau, i?iaiaeyo oaieua aao?u e neeiiai oieiia
a oieiaeiii eeeiaoa eee oieiaeiua aao?u a oaieii eeeiaoa. Oaeei aea
i?eia?ii iiaoo neoaeeoue i?e?iaeiua aioeoaao?u, eioi?ua iieo/atho
iaeneioi nieia/iiai naaoa e a oi aea a?aiy caueuatho eicu io neeueiuo
aao?ia e ii?icia. Iee?ieeeiao aioeoaao?a iiaeao auoue nicaeai oieueei a
eiaeaeia neeiia oieia, e ianeieueei eic, ?anooueo a yoie eiaeaeia,
iieo/ao i?aeiouanoai ia?aae naieie ninaaeyie. Ia aieaa aicauoaiiuo
ianoao aioeoaao? iiaeao auoue nicaeai no?oeoo?ie ai?iuo oeaiae, eioi?ua
eiio?iee?otho iiaiaeiua oneiaey aioo?e ia?iiiiai anoanoaaiiiai aannaeia.
?acee/iua ni?oa aeiia?aaea o?aaotho ?acee/iuo ii/a: iai?eia? a Oa?ana a
Eniaiee iaeiaua ii/au e aeiia?aae Iaeiieii ea/anoaaiii naycaiu iaaeaeo
niaie, a ai O?aioeee aeiia?aae Oa?aeiiia e Ieii Ioa?, i?iec?anoathuee ia
iaeiauo ii/aao Oaiiaie e a Ao?aoiaeee ia Cieioii aa?aao, aeatho naia
naiia eo/oaa aeii. Aeiia?aae Aaia, ?anoouee ia iaeiauo ii/aao Cieioith
aa?aaa, aeaao neaa?iia aeii, ii ec oiai aea naiiai aeiia?aaea, ?anoouaai
ia a?aieoiua neeiiao a Aiaeiea, iieo/atho aeii ?aaeeiai i/a?iaaiey.
Oaeeaeoaeueii eaaei i?eniinaaeeaathueeny e ethaui oneiaeyi Eaaa?ia
Niaeiueii, oae oniaoii ?anoouee ai anai ie?a, ana aea ie/oi oae ia
ethaeo, eae a?aaeaaue eaa?oe, aeaeacenoue ian/aiee e ian/aioth aeeio
?aaeiia Ai?aei ai O?aioeee, eiaiii ia yoio aa?iiaeneee ?aaeii aieueoa
anaai iioiae ii naiei oa?aeoa?enoeeai E?ui, /oi aeaeaao E?uineoth caieth
?iaeeiie i?ae?aniuo aei.
E eaeiio au ni?oo iia ie ioiineeanue, eica aeieaeia auoue caei?iaie
e eiioiinoieeie, ia aoaeo/e i?e yoii /a?an/o? neeueiie. Eceeoiyy
aeeciaiiay neea ?aniueyea au yia?aeth ?anoaiey, iii auei au /a?an/o?
iuoiui e aeaaaei au neeoeii iiiai aeiia?aaea. Aeey oiai, /oiau
eiio?iee?iaaoue ?ino caei?iauo eic e nio?aiyoue ea/anoaa, i?enouea
ioaeaeueiui ni?oai eee ianoiui ?aciiaeaeiinoyi eaeiai-eeai ni?oa
aeiia?aaea, iiiaea aeiia?aaea?e caieiathony /a?aieiaie naeaeoeeae –
aini?iecaaaeaieai n iiiiuueth /a?aieia aaiaoe/anee eaeaioe/iuo eic. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi oeaeue aeiia?aaeiee iiaeao. auoue canaaeai, ouny/aie
/a?aieia io iaeiie e oie aea eicu.
Ana aea aeey oiai, /oiau i?eaeaoue naiaio aeaeo aieueooth
neiaeiinoue, aeiia?aaea?e /aua eniieuecotho, naeaeoeeth ianeieueeeo
?aciuo eic, iniiaaiioth ia iiiaieaoieo iiuoao, i?iecaiaeeiuo n oeaeueth
i?eniiniaeoue ioaeaeueiua eicu e eaaeei eciaiaieyi a no?oeoo?a ii/au, a
nieia/iie inaauaiiinoe ?aciuo o/anoeia aeiia?aaeieea. Iai?eia?, a Oaoi
0-A?aeii a Ai?aei ai O?aioeee /a?aiee, acyoua io iieo/aiiuo naeaeoeeae
eic Eaaa?ia Niaeiueii, Eaaa?ia O?ai e Ia?ei, auee iinaaeaiu iiiaeeii/ea
a ?aciua ianoa e niaoeeaeueii iiia/aiu. Aeiia?aae n eaaeaeie eicu aue
enneaaeiaai a eaai?aoi?ee iee?iaeiiaeaeey; aai no?oeoo?a e a?iiao auee
i?iaiaeece?iaaiu aeey oiai, /oiau i?eiyoue i?eioeeieaeueiia – ?aoaiea, i
iinaaeea yoeo eic.
Aieueoae /anoueth aaeaaiaeiue oeeee a aeiia?aaeieea neaaeoao
ae?aaiei ioo?i. Niyuea eicu iiae?acatho a eiioea ceiu, eiaaea naiua
neeueiua oieiaea, oaea iicaaee, ii caaeieai aei oiai, eae n i?eoiaeii
aaniu aeeciaiiua neeu ?anoaiey ia/ioo i?inuiaoueny. Niinia, eioi?ui
ia?acatho eico e iai?aaeytho aa ?ino, caaeneo io ni?oa aeiia?aaea e io
eeeiaoa. Eaeie au ie aue ni?o, aieueooth /anoue ii?inee i?aaeuaeouaai
aiaea ia?acatho e ianeieueei inoaaoeony aaoaae ia?oaatho, inoaaea
/aou?a-iyoue aua ia noi?ie?iaaaoeony ii/ae eee aeaceia. Aeiia?aaeiua
a?icaeuey ia?acothony ia iiauo iiaaaao, eioi?ua au?anooo ec eaaeaeiai
aeacea. A nacii ?inoa eicu iai?iaeoeoeaiua iiaaae, ?anoouea ec noa?iai
noaiea n?acathony. Aeaeaa eeoiea iiaua aaoae. ia?oaathony, /oiau
iai?aaeoue yia?aeth ?anoaiee ia ?ino a?icaeueaa aeiia?aaea. Eenouey,
?anoouea ieiei a?icaeueaa e iaoathuea oee?eoeyoeee naaaeaai aicaeooa,
ia?uaatho, a oi a?aiy eae eenouey, caneiiythuea a?icaeuey io eo/ae
nieioea, inoaaeytho. Iaeiaei ono?aiaiee caeaiuo caei?iauo eenoueaa
noa?athony naanoe e ieieioio: aaaeue ii ia?a oiai, eae aeiia?aae
nic?aaaao, eiaiii eenouey iaania/eaatho aai aieueoeinoaii naoa?ia.
Oeaaoao aeiia?aae a ia/aea eaoa, i?eaeeceoaeueii /a?ac 100 aeiae ie
nic?aaaao, e iiaeii ia/eiaoue aeaeaoue aeii.
Ii naiei aaieeeiaoe/aneei oa?aeoa?enoeeai E?ui yaeyaony eaeaaeueiui
ianoii aeey au?aueaaiey i?aeoe/anee anao ecaanoiuo ni?oia eoeueoo?iiai
aeiia?aaea. E?iia oiai aeaaiaea?y naiae oieeaeueiie aaia?aoee e iaee/eth
iiiaeanoaa ?aciiia?aciuo iee?ieeeiaoe/aneeo cii E?ui aeaao aeeciue
iaeioi?ui ni?oai aeiia?aaea ia eiathuei aiaeiaia a ie?a.
Enoi?ey aeiia?aaea?noaa a E?uio
A E?uio ia?aua aeiia?aaeieee aicieeee i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii ieiei 3-o
ouny/aeaoee iacaae, eiaaea ianaeythuea E?ui ia?iaeu ia/aee ia?aoiaeeoue
e inaaeeie aeecie e noaee eoeueoeae?iaaoue aeiia?aae, eniieuecoy
i?iec?anoaaoea ia iieoino?iaa aeeeea aeiia?aaeiua ?anoaiey. Eae
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho a?oaieiae/aneea ?aneiiee aeec Eiea?iaia, oaa?u
caieiaeenue aeiia?aaea?noaii e aeiiaeaeeai oaea a X-VII aa. aei i. y.
Ii iiaieth o?aioeocneiai o/aiiai-iooaoanoaaiieea Aethaoa aea Iiiia?a,
iiiaeanoai eaiaiiuo iiiauaiee, nio?aieaoeony a “iaua?iuo ai?iaeao”
Ea/eineie e Aaeueaaeneie aeieei, aiaoiei naiei aeaeii aeatho iniiaaiea
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi iie auee i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey i?eaioiaeaiey aeia, a
iaeoaoaee yoeo ai?iaeia ecaeaaia auee ciaeiiu n yoie io?aneueth
naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Oaea a ae?aaiaeoee ia?eiae aeiia?aaea?noai ea?aei aanueia nouanoaaiioth
?ieue a oicyenoaa aeeoaeae E?uia. A ?acoeueoaoa enneaaeiaaiee
onoaiiaeaii, /oi a yeiiiieea ae?aaiaai Oa?niiana n?aaee iniiaiuo
aicaeaeuaaaiuo eoeueoo? aeiia?aaea?noai caieiaei aei 55%, a a
ioaeaeueiuo oicyenoaao e nauoa 70% ia?aaaouaaaiie ieiuaaee. Ii
i?iaaaeaiiui ?an/aoai, a ioaeaeueiuo oicyenoaao i?iecaiaeeeinue noieueei
aeiia?aaea, /oi iieo/aaiiai ec iaai aeia aeieaeii auei oaaoaoue naiuea
ia i?iaeaaeo, ca?iiauo aea i?iecaiaeeeinue cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa, e oeaa
aeey nianoaaiiuo ioaeae iaiaoiaeeii auei aeieoiaoue.
A ia?eiae E?uineiai oainoaa, oioy e ia n?aco, ii aeiia?aaea?noai oaeaea
iieo/eei ?acaeoea. AEeaoee a XVI a. oai Aace-Ae?ae-Ai?a ainiaaae aeii a
naieo noeoao. Ethaee aeii e oai E?ui-Ae?ae. Aeiiaeaeea auei iniaaiiui
enoi/ieeii aeioiaea oaia Oaaei-Ae?ay.
Ni a?aiai iioiaea A.E.Ieieoa a ia?eiae ?onnei-oo?aoeeie aieiu (1735 –
1739 aa.) e?uineea aeia aioee a oiio?aaeaiea a ?innee, eoaea, iaeiaei,
iiiaaeaee aua a XVI a. , oioy e a iaeuo eiee/anoaao.
Ia?anaeaiea a?aeia, a?iyi e ae?oaeo ia?iaeiinoae a I?eaciauea i?eaaei e
iaee/aieth inoaaeyaiuo eie aac iaaeci?a aeiia?aaeieeia. Caiee, eiiaaea
aanieaoii ?acaeaaaaiua iiiaueeai i?e oneiaee eo inaiaiey iiae
aeiia?aaeieee, auee oai aaeeee, e?aiinoiuo aeey eo ia?aaioee ia?aia
a?aiy ia oaaoaei, e yoi i?eaaei e iaeioi?iio oiaaeeo aeiia?aaea?noaa e
aeiiaeaeey a E?uio. Iinea i?eniaaeeiaiey E?uia e ?innee aeiiaeaeea
?acaeaaeinue e?aeia iaaeeaiii, a aic?anoathuee ni?in oaeiaeaoai?yeny
i?aeiouanoaaiii eiino?aiiui aeiii.
Ia?aae i?eacaeii Aeaoa?eiu II a E?ui (1787 a.) auee i?iaaaeaiu aei?iae
io Neioa?iiiey aei Aeooou e io Aaeaeeaau aei Aao/ena?ay, /oi a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a noaei niinianoaiaaoue ?acaeoeth aeiia?aaea?noaa a
E?uio. E?iia oiai, i?aaeoaeuenoaii i?eieiaeenue ia?u, noeioee?othuea
caeeaaeeo iiauo aeiia?aaeieeia. Oae, a eino?oeoeee 1801 a. aeey
aioo?aiiaai ?anii?yaeea e oi?aaeaiey iiai?inneeneeo eieiiee oeacuaaeinue
ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue nicaeaiey iauanoaaiiuo aeiia?aaeieeia, a a
i?eeiaeaiee e eino?oeoeee i?aaeienuaaeinue auaeaaaoue eaaeaeiio
eieiienoo io 5 aei 10 aeiia?aaeiuo eic aeey iinaaeee, eeoe aea, aeiiaiuo
a eo oie/oiaeaiee, iaeacuaaoue ?icaaie.
N 1820 a. ia/aeinue aeoeaiia ?acaeoea aeiia?aaea?noaa ia THaeiii aa?aao
E?uia. Eiycue Iioaieei i?aaieciauaaao caeeaaeeo iiauo aeiia?aaeieeia eae
ianoiui, oae e caaacaiiui ec-ca ?oaaaea iinaaei/iui iaoa?eaeii. Aeaaiui
oeaio?ii aeiia?aaea?noaa e aeiiaeaeey noaiiaeony Noaeaeneay e Eieicneay
aeieeiu. A yoi a?aiy a E?uio ecaioaaeeaaeinue i?eia?ii 270 000 aaaea?
aeia (332 oun. aeae), ec eioi?uo ieiei aeaoo o?aoae auaiceeinue a
Aeaoa?eiineaaneoth, Oa?ueeianeoth, Iieoaaneoth e ae?oaea aoaa?iee.
A 1804 a. a Noaeaea auei ioe?uoi ia?aia a no?aia o/eeeua aeiiaeaeey,
i?inouanoaiaaaoaa ieiei 25 eao. Aieueooth ?ieue a ?acaeoee
aeiia?aaea?noaa e aeiiaeaeey a E?uio, aea e ca aai i?aaeaeaie, nua?aei
iniiaaiea aaeece sseou a 1812 a. Ieeeoneiai aioaie/aneiai naaea e a
1828 a. – Iaaa?a/neiai caaaaeaiey, aaea e noi?ie?iaaeny oeaio? iao/iuo
enneaaeiaaiee ii aeiia?aaea?noao e aeiiaeaeeth, ia iniiaa eioi?iai
aiciee iuia nouanoaothuee Einoeooo aeiia?aaea e aeia “Iaaa?a/”.
Caiaoioth ?ieue a noaiiaeaiee ioa/anoaaiiiai aeiiaeaeey nua?aea
iaooiieiay aeayoaeueiinoue aeaeiiai ?onneiai aeiiaeaea E. N. Aieeoeeia,
yaeaoaainy iaeiei ec ieiia?ia i?iecaiaenoaa ea?enouo aei oaiiaineei
niiniaii. A aai eiaiee “Iiaue Naao” auee nicaeaiu ia?acoeiaua
aeiia?aaeieee, nii?oaeaiu niaoeeaeueiua iiaeaaeu, i?iaiaeeeenue oe?ieea
iiuou ii oaiiaiecaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa, a 1900 a. ia Anaie?iie aunoaaea a
Ia?eaea ea?enoia aeii ec Iiaiai Naaoa aia?aua auei oaeinoiaii aunoae
iaa?aaeu – eoaea A?ai-I?e. I?e o/anoee Aieeoeuia aue caeiaeai e ia?aue
aeicaaiae iuiaoiaai IAI “Iannaiae?a”.
N 1845 a. e?uineea aeia noaee i?iaeaaaoueny a Oa?ueeiaa, Eeaaa,
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, I?aiao?aa, Na?aoiaa. Aeaaeaiee I.Aaeean ienae:
“I?iaeaaea e?uineeo aei, ioi?aaeaiiuo a 1845 a. a Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae,
Eacaiue e Na?aoia, cia/eoaeueii noaea oaaee/eaaoueny, a ioione a
Naaa?ioth ?inneth e?uineiai aeia a iaeioi?ua aiaeu noae aeioiaeeoue aei
300 000 aaaea? (368,9 oun. aeae) a aiae”.
Aaaeioth ?ieue a oa??eoi?eaeueiii ?anoe?aiee ?uiea aeia nua?aei
oeo/oaiea o?ainii?oiiai niiauaiey. A 1832 a. auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i
no?ieoaeuenoaa a sseoa iiea e i?enoaie, e ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai
aei?ia io Aeooou aei sseou e caoai aei Naaanoiiiey. A 1860 a. io
Neioa?iiiey aei sseou auea i?iaaaeaia oinnaeiay aei?iaa. A eiioea 60-o e
ia/aea 70-o aiaeia no?iyony aeaeaciua aei?iae, naycuaathuea thaeiua
?aaeiiu Oe?aeiu n ?inneeneei ?uieii. Oaea e eiioeo aaea ii aeaeaciie
aei?iaa Oa?ueeia-Naaanoiiieue, i?iaaaeaiiie a 1869 – 1875 aa.,
ia?aaiceeinue aieaa 130 ioaeia aeia (iai?eia?, a 1891 a. – 137, a
1893 a. – 207 oun. ioaeia aeia), ec eioi?uo, iaeiaei, aieaa iieiaeiu
inoaaaeenue a i?aaeaeao E?uia aeey ianoiiai iio?aaeaiey.
?acaeoeth aeiiaeaeey a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey OIO a. niinianoaiaaea
eueaioiay iaeiaiaay iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Ii Onoaao ieoaeiiio 1876 a.
a aeiiaeaeue/aneeo aoaa?ieyo i?iaeaaea aeiia?aaeiiai aeia nianoaaiiiai
ecaeaeey iicaieyeanue aeiiaeaeai aac iaoaioa. Ii aeaiiui sseoeineie
oacaeiie caiaeueiie oi?aau ieiuaaeue aeiia?aaeieeia aic?inea ca
1888-1893 aiaeu: a sseoeineii oacaea – ia 27%, a Neioa?iiieueneii – ia
38% e a Oaiaeineeneii – ia 19%, caieiay a yoeo o?ao oacaeao 6500 aean.
(7101 aa) n i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth a 1 iei. aaaea? (12 229,9 oun. aeae)
ia noiio 2 iei. ?oa. Iaeiaei oaea a eiioea 90-o auea onoaiiaeaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiay iiiiiieey ia i?iaeaaeo aeia (“eacaiiay i?iaeaaea
ieoae”), /oi n?aco i?eaaei e cia/eoaeueiiio nie?auaieth auaica
aeiia?aaeiuo aei ca i?aaeaeu aeiii?iecaiaeyueo aoaa?iee, caianu aeia
noaee caoiaa?eaaoueny, ia iaoiaey nauoa.
Iauay ieiuaaeue aeiia?aaeiuo ianaaeaeaiee a E?uio ia ia/aei 1914 a.
aeinoeaaea 8871 aa e ninoaaeyea 0,75% anaai naaiiai?ioa, caieiay oanoia
ianoi n?aaee iaeeiiaaeoeaoe iniiaiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?,
aicaeaeuaaaiuo a oi a?aiy a E?uio.
A yoi a?aiy yenii?o aeiia?aaea ec E?uia ninoaaeye nouanoaaiioth noaoueth
aeioiaea a ianoiii oicyenoaa. Naaaeee aeiia?aae oaeeo ni?oia eae Oanea,
*aoo, Oaaao, Ania, Oaoeu auaiceeny, a iniiaiii, n thaeiiai e ainoi/iiai
iiaa?aaeuey E?uia aeaaiui ia?acii a Iineao e Iaoa?ao?a. Oae a 1908 a.
yenii?o aeiia?aaea ninoaaee 3,669 oun. o, a 1909 – 4,144 oun. o. N
1912 a. yenii?o ia/eiaao nieaeaoueny, ninoaaea 2,62 oun.o, caoai a
1914 a. – 1,981 oun.o, a a 1915 a. – 1,277 oun. o. E 1921 a. ii
i?ae?aoeeny nianai.
Eioaineaiua eoeueoo?u a 1916 a. caieiaee neaaeothuea ieiuaaee:
o?oeoiaua naaeu 13 888,95 aa 54%
aeiia?aaeieee 8 159,88 aa 32%
oaaa/iua ieaioaoeee 3 611,8 aa 10%
A aiaeu ia?aie ie?iaie e a?aaeaeaineie aiei aeiia?aaea?noai e aeiiaeaeea
E?uia neeueii iino?aaeaei, iniaaiii a nayce n aaaaeaieai cai?aoa ia
i?iaeaaeo aeia a aiaiiia a?aiy. I?e yoii aieia iaianea iiuiue oaea?, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ii iaeiiiuiiio e na?aaeiyoeeiio oicyenoaai. E 1918 a.
aieaa 60% aeiia?aaeieeia i?eiaaeeaaeaei iaeeei e?anoueyineei oicyenoaai,
aaea aeiia?aae ia?a?aaaouaaeny ia aeii eonoa?iui niiniaii. A E?uio a
n?aaeiai ia iaeii oicyenoai i?eoiaeeeinue 0,32 aeanyoeiu caiee eee
i?eia?ii 0,35 aa (1 aeanyoeia – 1,0925 aa). Iaiaa iieiaeiu aaeoa?a caiee
eiaee ieiei 85% oicyenoa.
Iinea ?aaiethoeee ia aaca aeiia?aaeieeia auaoaai oaeaeueiiai aaaeiinoaa
e /anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneeo oicyenoa aicieeee ia?aua niaoicu. Ieiuaaee
aeiia?aaeieeia aiiaue ia/eiatho iaoeeiiii aic?anoaoue: 1923 a. – 6328
aa, 1925 a. – 6603 aa, 1930 a. – 7000 aa. A 1935 a. a eieoicao e
niaoicao E?uia auei 99,8% anao aeiia?aaeiuo ianaaeaeaiee iaeanoe, a 0,2%
ninoaaeyee i?eonaaeaaiua oicyenoaa. E oioy i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea
a niaoicao auea aua ieceie, iia cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iaeeeo e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa, aaea
aeiia?aaea?noai iineei yaii au?aaeaiiue i?eonaaeaaiue oa?aeoa?, auei
?acae?iaeaiiui, iaeii?iaeoeoeaiui e ieceioiaa?iui.
N ?inoii ieiuaaeae eieeaeoeaiuo oicyenoa noaei aiciiaeiui i?iaiaeeoue
niaoeeaeecaoeeth e ?aeiie?iaaiea a aeiia?aaea?noaa. A 1936 a.
iinoaiiaeaieai NIE NNN? e OeE AEI(a) ” I i?iecaiaenoaa niaaoneiai
oaiiaineiai, aeana?oiuo e noieiauo aei “Iannaiae?a” oeacuaaeenue iooe
ii?aeiiiie niaoeeaeecaoeee niaaoneiai aeiia?aaea?noaa e aeiiaeaeey. Yoei
iinoaiiaeaieai nicaeaiiiio Ia?eiiaoo ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe auee
ia?aaeaiu ec nenoaiu Ia?eiicaia aeiia?aaea?neea niaoicu e caaiaeu E?uia,
ninoaaeaoea aaco aunieiea/anoaaiiuo aeana?oiuo aei. N yoiai a?aiaie
iaiaoeeny ?aceee nea/ie a ?acaeoee aeiia?aaea?noaa e aeiiaeaeey,
aic?inee oaiiu oaaee/aiey ieiuaaeae aeiia?aaeieeia. Iai?eia?, anee a
E?uio n 1880 a. ii 1914 a. ieiuaaeue aeiia?aaeieeia aic?anoaea
aaeaaiaeii a n?aaeiai ia 50 aa ca aiae, oi n 1930 a. ii 1941 a.
aaeaaiaeiue i?e?ino ninoaaeye 700 aa.
Iauay ieiuaaeue aeiia?aaeieeia e 1941 a. aeinoeaea 13 760 aa. A yoi
a?aiy eoeueoo?a aeiia?aaea auea aeioiaeiaa oaaaeiaiaenoaa aaeaia,
naaeiaiaenoaa – ao?ia, a iieaaiaenoaa – ii/oe a 15 ?ac. A aeiaiaiiua
aiaeu a E?uio auee nicaeaiu aeaa caaiaea oaiiaineeo aei, caaiaeu ii
i?iecaiaenoao aeiia?aaeiuo nieia, iino?iaii nauoa aeanyoe ia?ae/iuo
ia?a?aaaouaathueo ioieoia. A E?uio caaioiaeyeinue ieiei 7 oun. o
noieiauo ni?oia aeiia?aaea, ec eioi?uo 6,5 oun. o auaiceeinue a
i?iiuoeaiiua oeaio?u aieioue aei Ainoi/iie Neae?e, aaea auee oi?ioi
ecaanoiu oaeea e?uineea ni?oa eae Oanea, *aoo, Oaaao, Ania, Ecaaaeea.
A aiaeu aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu nauoa 4 oun. aa aeiia?aaeieeia auei
oie/oiaeaii, a inoaaoeany auee ec?aaeaiu ia 30-35%. A ia?aua
iineaaiaiiua aiaeu ainnoaiiaeaiea aeiia?aaeieeia i?ienoiaeeei e?aeia
iaaeeaiii. Aeiia?aaea?noai aeieaia a?aiy iaoiaeeeinue a caiouaiiii
ninoiyiee. Eeoue n ia/aeii eaiiaiee ii i?aa?auaieth E?uia a iaeanoue
nieioiuo naaeia e aeiia?aaeieeia, ioe?uoie i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui
iinoaiiaeaieai io 30 ethiy 1956 a. “Ia oaaee/aiee i?iecaiaenoaa
caaioiaie ieiaeia, yaiae e aeiia?aaea”, auei iieiaeaii ia/aei iaauaaeiio
?acaeoeth aeiia?aaea?noaa. Oaii iiauo caeeaaeie ianoieueei aic?in, /oi n
1956 ii 1958 a. iauea ieiuaaee ianaaeaeaiee oaaee/eeenue a 2,4 ?aca, a e
1960 a. – a 3,7 ?aca. Ca iaeei oieueei 1959 a. a iaeanoe auei caeiaeaii
61 oun. aa aeiia?aaeieeia e eo iauay ieiuaaeue ii n?aaiaieth n 1953 a.
aic?inea a 13 ?ac, aeinoeaioa 152,5 oun. aa. I?aeoe/anee eaaeaeue
aeanyoue aaeoa? e?uineie caiee aue caiyo iiae aeiia?aaeieeaie.
?acaeoea aeiia?aaea?noaa nii?iaiaeaeaeinue e ?acaeoeai ia?a?aaaouaathuae
aacu. Eoeueoo?a aeiia?aaea i?iaeaeioeanue a oa ?aeiiu, aaea ieeiaaea ia
auei aeiiaeaeue/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee, e aeiia?aae aeey ia?a?aaioee
i?eoiaeeeinue ia?aaiceoue ia iiiaea aeanyoee eeeiiao?ia, /oi iiauoaei
naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee e i?eaiaeeei e cia/eoaeueiui aa iioa?yi.
Iiyoiio n 1957 a. ia/aeinue aeoeaiia no?ieoaeuenoai caaiaeia ia?ae/iiai
aeiiaeaeey. Oaea a 1958 a. auei aaaaeaii a yenieoaoaoeeth 12 , a a
1959 a. aua 17 eieoiciuo aeicaaiaeia, eioi?ua ia?a?aaioaee a 1959 a. 9
oun. o aeiia?aaea e au?aaioaee 560 oun. aeae aeiiiaoa?eaeia.
A yoio ia?eiae a E?uio aeiia?aaea?noai i?aa?auaaony a iaeio ec aaaeoueo
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Oae, oaeaeueiue aan noieiinoe aeiia?aaea
a aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa a 1961-1965 aa. ninoaaeye a
E?uio 18,2%, a a 1966-1970 aa. – 20,1 %. E?ui noae iaeiei ec o?ao
iniiaiuo aeiia?aaeii?iecaiaeyueo ?aaeiiia Oe?aeiu, aaea iiae
aeiia?aaeieeaie auei caiyoi 36,5% anao aeiia?aaea?neeo ieiuaaeae
Oe?aeiu. A 1965, 1966 e 1970 aa. i?e n?aaeiae o?iaeaeiinoe aeiia?aaea,
i?aauneaoae 50 oe/aa, aaeaaiaeiua aaeiaua nai?u aeinoeaaee ii/oe 500
oun. o. ?aei?aeiua o?iaeae aeiia?aaea auee nia?aiu a 1968-1969 aiaeo –
ii 624,8 e 661,5 oun. o niioaaonoaaiii i?e n?aaeiae o?iaeaeiinoe 70,6 e
74,8 oe/aa. A 1969 a. a E?uio auei nia?aii 50% anaai i?iecaaaeaiiiai ia
Oe?aeia aeiia?aaea. Caieiay eeoue 8% ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue E?uia,
aeiia?aaeieee aeaaaee ii/oe 30% anae aaeiaie noieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee
?anoaieaaiaenoaa.
Ii oaea n 1960 a. ieiuaaee aeiia?aaeieeia ia/eiatho nie?auaoueny. Anee a
1959 a. iie aeinoeaee naiaai iaeneioia ca anth enoi?eth ?acaeoey
aeiia?aaea?noaa E?uia – 152,5 oun. aa, oi a 1971 a. eo auei oaea 115,1
oun. aa, a 1974 a. – 113,1 oun. aa, a caoai ia/aeinue ?aceia nieaeaiea
ieiuaaeae. A /anoiinoe, e 1985 a. iauea ieiuaaee aeiia?aaeieeia E?uia
nie?aoeeenue ii n?aaiaieth n 1959 a. ii/oe a 2 ?aca, a ii ioiioaieth e
1971 a. ninoaaeee eeoue 68%. Ca ia?eiae n 1974 ii 1985 aa. ieiuaaee
nie?aoeeenue ia 31%, a oi a?aiy eae n 1985 ii 1995 aa. iie oiaiueoeeenue
ia 29%. Aua aieaa ieceeie oaiiu nie?auaiey ieiuaaeae noaee n 1990 a.,
iaeiaei i?ioeann eo nie?auaiey i?iaeieaeaaony.
Aeaaiie i?e/eiie iaaeaiey aeiia?aaea?neiai i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony,
eiia/ii, yeiiiie/aneay nenoaia, i?e eioi?ie i?iecaiaenoai aeiia?aaea
ieacuaaaony iaei?aioaaaeueiui. A eieeaeoeaiuo oicyenoaao ii?ie
noieiinoue ?aaeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noao aeiia?aaea ii oaa?aei
onoaiiaeaiiui ainoaea?noaii aea oeaiai ia ainiieiyea cao?ao aeaaea ia
oai?eo aeiia?aaea, o.a. oeaiu ia o/eouaaee ?aaeueiuo cao?ao ia
i?iecaiaenoai aeiia?aaea.
Iuooeiue o?ii aeiia?aaea?noao iaianea caoeanoioaoay ana aeiia?aaeieee
E?uia oeeeiena?a, a ai?ueaa n eioi?ie auei?/aauaaeenue ei?ianianoaaiiua
aeiia?aaeieee e eeoue /anoue ec ieo ia?aaiaeeeanue ia i?eaeooth
eoeueoo?o. Oaea? ii aeiia?aaea?noao iaianei e iinoaiiaeaiea OeE EINN io
7 iay 1985 a. “I ia?ao ii i?aiaeieaieth iueyinoaa e aeeiaieecia”,
eioi?ia naii ii naaa ia auei iai?aaeaii i?ioea aeiia?aaea?noaa e
aeiiaeaeey, ii a ?ueyiii eniieiaiee aai iiiaea aeicaaiaeu auee
ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiu ia i?iecaiaenoai aacaeeiaieueiie i?iaeoeoeee,
aneaaenoaea /aai iio?aaiinoue a oaoie/aneeo ni?oao aeiia?aaea ?acei
oiaea, /oi e i?eaiaeeei e eo ?anei?/aaea. I?iaeaaea aeia, a,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e aeioiaeu aeiia?aaea?neeo oicyenoa e aeicaaiaeia,
?acei nie?aoeeanue.
Iineaaeiei, iaeaieaa neeueiui, iio?ynaieai aeey io?anee ieacaeny
yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen ai anai oicyenoaaiiii eiiieaena Oe?aeiu e noeoeeiue
ia?aoiae ainoaea?noaa e iiaui oneiaeyi ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. Iieiinoueth
ioiaiaiu noaneaeee ec ainathaeaeaoa ia caeeaaeeo iiauo e ?aeiino?oeoeeth
aii?oece?iaaiiuo aeiia?aaeieeia. Aeoeaece?iaaeanue ?anei?/aaea
ieaioaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa ca 1986-1988 aa. a E?uio auei ?anei?/aaaii
aieaa 10,5 oun. aa, a iinaaeaii oieueei 7,7 oun. aa aeiia?aaeieeia,
i?aeiouanoaaiii noieiauo ni?oia (5,7 oun. aa), eioi?ua oaia?ue noaei
iaaiciiaeiui ?aaeeciaaoue ec-ca aei?iaiaeciu oa?u, ai?th/aai e neaaiai
ni?ina ia aeiia?aae eae ia ianoa, oae e o o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iieoiaoaeae
(iuia eiii?oa?ia) – I?eaaeoeee e ?innee. A ?acoeueoaoa ioa?ocea
noieiaiai aeiia?aaea oiaiueoeeanue e a 1993 aiaeo ninoaaeea /ooue aieaa
5,0 oun. o, a iniiaiii ec niaoica-caaiaea “Cieioay aaeea”.
Iaaaoeaiay oaiaeaioeey aeaeueiaeoaai nie?auaiey ieiuaaee aeiia?aaeieeia
nio?aiyaony e iiiuia, oae eae noieiinoue caeeaaeee 1 aa aeiia?aaeieea e
ooiaea ca iei aei anooieaiey a iieiia ieiaeiiioaiea /?acau/aeii auniea
(10 000 $), a n?aaenoaa ia yoe oeaee iianaianoii ionoonoaotho. Iiyoiio a
iuiaoiaa a?aiy ?a/ue iiaeao eaeoe oaea ia i eaeii-eeai ?acaeoee eee
noaaeeecaoeee io?anee, a eeoue i aa ?aaieiaoeee e nio?aiaiee inoaaoeony
ieiuaaeae.
Ii ninoiyieth ia 1995 a. iauay ieiuaaeue aeiia?aaeieeia E?uia ninoaaeyea
55,9 oun. aa, iacia/eoaeueii i?aauoay o?iaaiue 1957 aiaea, ii
ii-i?aaeiaio ninoaaeyea aieaa o?aoe (36,9%) anao aeiia?aaea?neeo
ieiuaaeae Oe?aeiu. 10,7 % iauae ieiuaaee ianaaeaeaiee caieiatho iieiaeua
aeiia?aaeieee. Aaeiaie nai? o?iaeay ninoaaee 116,2 oun. o aeiia?aaea
(/aoaa?oue anaai nia?aiiiai o?iaeay ii Oe?aeia) i?e e?aeia ieceie
n?aaeiae o?iaeaeiinoe 23,3 oe/aa, niioaaonoaothuae o?iaith ia?auo
iineaaiaiiuo eao. Oai ia iaiaa a 1995 a., ianiio?y ia aunieoth
noieiinoue caeeaaeee, caeiaeaii 264 aa aeiia?aaeieeia.
A iauanoaaiiii naeoi?a nin?aaeioi/aii 99,6 % iaueo ianaaeaeaiee
aeiia?aaeieeia e niae?aaony 96,7 % aaeiaiai nai?a o?iaeay.
Aeiia?aaea?noai ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaony iaeiie ec naiuo iiioey?iuo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?, eioi?ie ia caieiathony eeoue a aeaoo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aaeiiao ec 21. Aieaa anaai aeiia?aaeiuo
ieaioaoeee a Aao/ena?aeneii (12,8 %), Neioa?iiieueneii (12,4%),
Naaanoiiieueneii (12%), Naeneii (8,1%), Ee?ianeii (8,1%),
E?aniiaaa?aeaeneii (5,9 %) e *a?iiii?neii (5,5%) ?aeiiao, aeathueo ieiei
70% anaai aaeiaiai nai?a aeiia?aaea.
74,6 % aeiia?aaeieeia caiyoi oaoie/aneeie ni?oaie. Oaaee/aiea ieiuaaeae
iiae noieiauie ni?oaie a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ieacuaaaony yeiiiie/anee
iaoeaeaniia?aciui ec-ca ieceiai iio?aaeoaeueneiai ni?ina ia iaai.
Aunieay naaanoieiinoue, iaoneaaeeaathuay aunieea, iaeiaeinooiiua aeey
ianniaiai iio?aaeoaey oeaiu ia noieiaue aeiia?aae, aeaeaao o?oaeiie aai
?aaeecaoeeth eae ia aioo?aiiai, oae e ia aiaoieo ?uieao.
Eeanneoeeaoeey aeiia?aaea
Iia aeiaieueii neiaeia, e aaoi? ioaeeeaoeee A.A.Aeai?oeiaa i?eaiaeeo
oa?aeoa?enoeeo oieueei iniiaiuo aeaeia, eioi?ua aeatho i?aaenoaaeaiea ia
yaiethoeee.
Aeiia?aae Ooiaa?aa – eacathuay eonoa?ieeiaay eeaia. Eenouey iaaieueoea
3-5-eiianoiua. A?icaee i/aiue iiiai/eneaiiua, yaiaeu iaeeea, /a?iua n
aineiaui iaeaoii (0,8-1,0 ni a aeeaiao?a, 2-4-naiaiiua), ianuaaeiaiua. A
aeeeii ninoiyiee ?anoao ia i?eii?neeo neaeao, n?aaee eonoa?ieeia e
?aaeeeo aea?aaueaa a onno?eeneie /anoe I?eii?neiai e?ay.
Aeiia?aae Aio?neee – aea?aayienoay eeaia. Oieueia noaiea 15-18 ni,
aunioa – aei 15 i, ieiaeiiinyuea iiaaae aeinoeaatho 100-300 i. Eenouey
e?oiiua, oaiii-caeaiua, oa?oaaua. A?icaee 10-25 ni aeeeiie, ianoo 45-50
yaiae. Iie /aua ie?oaeua, ii auaatho eiie oi?iu (4-15 ii aeeeiie),
/a?iua n aineiaui iaeaoii, eeneua e eenei-neaaeeea, 1-4-naiyiiua,
eiaeeoea eaaei ioaeaeyaony io iyeioe.
Iaeoaao a aeeeii ninoiyiee ii aeieeiai ?ae, iiooeai oaieiuo eania, ai
aeaaeiuo, ii naaoeuo ianoao; neeueii ?acaeaaaony ia ii?oaeao. I/aiue
ii?icinoieeee aeae. Iiae Iineaie ioee/ii ceioao e ieiaeiiineo. Nic?aaaao
ai aoi?ie iieiaeia naioya?y. O?iaeaeiua aiaeu ?ac a 4-5 eao. ssaiaeu
niaea?aeao 10-13% naoa?ia; eniieuecothony a naaaeai aeaea e
ia?a?aaaouaathony ianaeaieai ia ne?iiu, aa?aiuea; i?iiuoeaiiinoue
i?iecaiaeeo ioee/iia aeii, iieuecothuaany ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea aieueoei
ni?inii. Ec auaeeiie iieo/atho iiiai aeiiieaiaiiie eeneiou.
Aeiia?aae Ecaaaeea – aea?aayienoay eacathuay eeaia ni noaieii 20-25 ni a
aeeaiao?a. Eenouey e?oiiua, oeaeueiua eee ianeieueei – 3-eiianoiua,
ieioiua. A?icaee ei?ioeea, niaea?aeao 15-20 yaiae. ssaiaeu n?aaeiae
aaee/eiu, /a?iua eee ?iciaua, n oa?aeoa?iui ioneoniui i?eaeonii,
2-4-naiyiiua. ssaiaeu oiio?aaeythony a naaaeai aeaea. Ni?oia aeiaieueii
iiiai, /enouo e aea?eaeiuo. ?ani?ino?aiai a Caiaaeiie A?ocee, a
Eoaeineii ?aeiia Aca?aaeaeaeaia e a Oaeuoa; oai aea – a iaee/aeii
ninoiyiee a eanao.
Aeiia?aae Aa?eaiaeuea – ai?iue, ceiiee. Eacathuay eeaia. Noaaee n i/aiue
ei?ioeeie iaaeaeioceeyie. Eenouey n?aaeiae aaee/eiu, oe?iei
na?aeoeaaeaeii-iaaeueiua, /anoi n o?aiy ei?ioeeie eiianoyie. A?icaee
e?oiiua; yaiaeu iaeeea, /a?iua, ni/iua, i?eyoiiai aeona, ianeieueei
oa?ieea. A aeeeii aeaea iaeoaao a NOA, Iaeneea, oi?ioi ?anoao a aeoaiauo
eanao. *anoi yoio aeae eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa iiaeaiy, oae eae ii
onoie/ea e aeeeiena?a, i?eniiniaeai e nooei eaiaienoui, ecaanoeiaui
ii/aai e auaea?aeeaaao ii?icu aei -28°C.
Enoaoe! Ana aia?eeaineea aeaeu aeiia?aaea ecaanoiu eae eo/oea iiaeaie
aeey eoeueoo?iuo ni?oia aeiia?aaea, iaeaaeatho ii?icionoie/eainoueth e
onoie/eainoueth e aieaciyi, oeeeiena?a e ieeueaeueth.
Aeiia?aae ianoiyuee, Aa?aceaoneee. Yoi iaoe?iue, nai?iue i/aiue
ieanoe/iue aeae, iauaaeeiythuee ana eoeueoo?iua ni?oa aa?aceaoneiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey e aeeei?anoouea oi?iu aa?aceaoneiai eaniiai aeiia?aaea
eae ?iaeiia/aeueieea eoeueoo?iiai. Yoio aeae ?acaeaeai ia aeaa iiaeaeaea
– aeeeee e eoeueoo?iue.
Nia?aiaiiue eoeueoo?iue aeiia?aae ioee/aaony io anao aeeeeo
iiaeaaeythuei i?aiaeaaeaieai iaiaiieuo oeaaoeia, yaeyaony
aao?iiiueyaiui, ianaeiiiiiueyaiui e naiiiiueythueiny ?anoaieai.
Onoaiiaeaiu aeaaea eeaenoiaaiiua (iiueaiea i?e cae?uoii oeaaoea) oi?iu
aeiia?aaea. Aeeeea aeaeu oneiaii iaeiiiieu.
“…Oiiue oicyei aoaeao n/eoaoue eniuoaiiui ni?oii aeey ?aaiei oaeie,
eioi?ue aac a?aaea aeey naay ia?aiineo ooiaiu e caii?icee; aeey oieiia –
oaeie, eioi?ue ia no?aaeaao io canoo e aao?ia. Ia o/anoea n aee?iie e
iiuiie ii/aie ii iinaaeeo neaaoth eico, ia ioee/athuothny io i?e?iaeu
/?acia?iui ieiaei?iaeeai; ia oiuai – o?iaeaeioth; ia ieioiie caiea –
iiao/oth, caeaiathuoth iiiaeanoaii eenoueaa; ia ?uoeie e oi?ioae – n
?aaeeeie iiaaaaie”.
Iaeiiaoieaay aeiia?aae, /aeiaae no?aieeny auoue iaiaa caaeneiui io
neo/aeiinoae iiueaiey i?e iaeiiiieinoe e noae ioae?aoue oi?iu iaiaiieua.
*aeiaae “iiiu?ye” aeiia?aae e oiio, /oiau oeaaoee aai cae?aieee
iaiaiieinoue. E niaeaeaieth, ii ia aeiaeeny oiai, /oiau aeiia?aae noae
naiiiiueeoaeai, ii oaeaeinue naeaeaoue ana oeaaoee ieiaeoueie e
niiniaiuie e iiueaieth aao?ii e ianaeiiuie.
*aeiaae ecuye iaeiiaoieaaaiue aeiia?aae ec eaniie n?aaeu e ia?aian ia
inaauaiiua nieioeai ianoa. Ia?aaeei iu aeaeei nae/an, /oi /aeiaae
aicaeaeuaaao eoeueoo?iue aeiia?aae a aeaea iaaieueoiai eonoa (iai?eia?,
a e?uineeo aeiia?aaeieeao); a ae?oaeo neo/ayo /aeiaae eniieuecoao
aeiia?aae eae eeaio, iai?aaeyy aai iiaaae ia oiaea?u, aeoae eee aeaaea
ia aanaaeee. Eoeueoo?iue aeiia?aae eaaei ia?aian iia?aoeeth io?uaa io
eana, eai e oai ii inoaaaeny naaoiethaeaui ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth
?anoaieai.
Eoeueoo?iue aeae aeiia?aaea ioee/aaony aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai iiaeaeaeia
e a?oii. Aioo?e aeaea nouanoaoao eeanneoeeaoeey ia a?oiiu: iiioeeneay,
ainoi/iay, caiaaeiay. A iniiao yoie eeanneoeeaoeee iieiaeai
aaia?aoe/anei-yeieiae/aneee i?eioeei.
Ni?oia eoeueoo?iiai aeiia?aaea aieaa 8 ouny/, e ieiaeu aai ie?aoaiu ai
ana oeaaoa ?aaeoae, a oaeaea aaeiai e /a?iiai oeaaoa. Ecaanoiu neo/ae,
eiaaea iaeia aeiia?aaeiay eica aeaaaea aei 9 oiii(!) aeiia?aaea, a
ioaeaeueiay eenoue aaneea aei 9,4 ea.
Ia oa??eoi?ee Aa?iiu aeiia?aae aaeaa ia iiaoaeea e?ioa/iay oey
(oeeeiena?a), caaacaiiay ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX aaea ec Aia?eee. Oey
iinaeyeanue ia ei?iyo ?anoaiee e oie/oiaeaea eo iieiinoueth. Iaoiae
ai?ueau n yoei iianiui ianaeiiui iaoee. A ea/anoaa iiaeaiy eniieueciaaee
aia?eeaineea aeaeu aeiia?aaea. Iieo/aee “nai?iua” ?anoaiey, ei?iyi
eioi?uo ia no?aoia auea yoa iaianoue. Oae aic?iaeeee aeiia?aaeieee a
Aa?iia. Ai?ueaa n oeae auea ianoieueei aeooaeueia, /oi eiiiiceoi? Aioii
?oaeiooaei iinayoee ae naie aaeao “Aeiia?aaeiay eica”, aaea a?aaeeoaey
iiaaaeaeaao aeeaai?e/aneay oeao?a Iaoee.
E niiaa y ni?aoeaath aan, oaaaeaaiua /eoaoaee, /oi iu, ?yaeiaua
iio?aaeoaee aeiia?aaea, ciaai i iai?
Aea i/aiue iaei!
Ciaai, /oi anoue ni?oa aeiia?aaea aeiiua e noieiaua, /oi iinoiyiii
aeiia?aaea?noai eniuouaaei aceaou e iaaeaiey. A caaeneiinoe io iaeaea
ai?ueau n iueyinoaii, iu n y?inoueth au?oaaee aeiia?aaeieee e n ia iaiaa
y?inoiui yiooceaciii aiiaue eo naaeaee, eiaaea yoa ai?ueaa caoooaea. A
?acoeueoaoa auei ooa?yii iiiai aunieiea/anoaaiiuo aeiiuo ni?oia.
“…Aeiia?aae naaeatho eee aeey aaeu, eee aeey aeia. ?acaeaaoue
aeiia?aaeiee n ni?oaie aeey aaeu noieo oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee eiaiea
iaoiaeeony oae aeecei io ai?iaea, /oi auaiaeiaa i?iaeaaaoue oi?aiaoeai
aeiia?aae naaaeei, eae i?iaeatho o?oeou… Ii aaea iu icaai/aiu
iieo/eoue aeii, oai auae?aaony eica, eioi?ay aiaaoa e ieiaeaie, e
iiaaaaie: ia?aia iaania/eo aeioiae oicyeio, a aoi?ia – aeieaiaa/iinoue
?anoaieth”.
Ii oicyenoaaiiiio iacia/aieth ni?oa aeiia?aaea aeaeyony ia a?oiiu:
noieiaua ni?oa, ni?oa aeey aeiiaeaeey e au?aaioee oaiiaineiai, eiiueyea,
aeey i?eaioiaeaiey niea, aeey nooee, aeey eiina?aia (eiiiiou, ia?eiaaeu,
aa?aiuea) e ni?oa-iiaeaie – oieiaeinoieeea, nieaauiineeaua,
oeeeiena?ionoie/eaua.
Ec noieiauo ni?oia aeiia?aaea naiua ?aiiea ni?oa – AEai/oa Naaa, Oanea.
N?aaeianiaeue ni?o – Eeoieo. Iicaeiee – Ioneao. I/aiue iicaeiee – Oaaao.
Aua i/aiue ethaeiu n?aaee anao ia?iaeia – ni?o Oonaeia (eee “aeaineea
iaeue/eee”), a oaeaea Ecaaaeea.
Ia aeieth aea noieiaiai aeiia?aaea nae/an i?eoiaeeony oieueei iaeia
iyoay /anoue o?iaeay. Caoi yoi – eo/oay aai /anoue!
Ea/anoai aeiia?aaea e aeia ai iiiaii caaeneo io ni?oa. Nae/an a E?uio
?aeiie?iaaii 54 ni?oa. N?aaee ieo iiiai i/aiue oeaiiuo. Ec oaeeo, eae
Ioneao aaeue, Ioneao ?iciaue, Yeei ea?a, aioiayo aaeeeieaiiua aeana?oiua
aeia, ec ni?oia Aa?aeaeuei, Aeueaeeuei, Na?neaeue – i?ae?aniua e?aieea,
a ec ni?oia ?eneeia, Oa?aeiia, Ieii /a?iue, Eaaa?ia-Niaeiueii, Aeeaioa –
caia/aoaeueiua ea?enoua e noieiaua aeia.
I?aeeia?iua aeia, i?eaioiaeaiiua ec ianniauo ni?oia, ioee/athony
cia/eoaeueii aieueoae o?iaeaeiinoueth. A yoio ia?a/aiue eiae/ii
aeeth/eoue e eiiieaenii-onoie/eaua ni?oa. E?uineay aeaaeaiey iaoe a
nienie ?aeiie?iaaiiuo ni?oia oaea aaaea oanoue eiiieaenii-onoie/eauo
ni?oia. Aeoiaaony, /oi yoi i?aaeeueii.
Ni?oiaie ninoaa aeiia?aaeiuo ianaaeaeaiee E?uia (ii aeaiiui 1991 a.)
i?aaenoaaeai neaaeothuei ia?acii (a i?ioeaioao):
?eaoeeoaee – 43,4, %
Aeeaioa – 10,6, %
Niaeiueii caeaiue – 5,3, %
?eneeia – 5,2, %
Eaaa?ia-Niaeiueii – 4, %
a?oiia Ieii – 3,5,%
Eieo? aaeue – 2,9, %
Aanoa?aei iaaa?a/neee – 2,6, %
ioneaou – 2,7,%
ia?ei – 2,5, %
Oaoynea-1,9, %
eiiieaenii onoie/eaua – 1,7, %
Oa?aeiia – 1,3,%
Naia?aae -1, %
O?aieia? ?iciaue – 0,9, %
Nooieeiaineee aaeue – 0,3,%
i?i/ea – 10,2. %
A E?uio (1994 a.) ia iniiaiie ieiuaaee (93,9%) i?iec?anoaee
aa?iiaenei-aceaoneea ni?a aeiia?aaea. Iie, eae i?aaeei, oa?aeoa?ecothony
aunieei ea/anoaii a?icaeae, ii eneeth/eoaeueii iaaeiu e neeueii
ii?aaeathony oaeeie aieaciyie, eae ieeaeueth, ieaeeoi, na?ay aieeue.
Aeey nio?aiaiey ieaioaoeee io ieeaeueth iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeeoue
ii?uneeaaiea ai?aeineie aeeaeeinoueth (ii?ie aei 10 ?ac), e io ieaeeoia
– auiieiyoue iiueeaaiea na?ie iieioie aei 3-7 ?ac. Anoanoaaiii, yoi
i?eaiaeeo oieueei e aieueoei cao?aoai e e caa?yciaieth ii/a,
i?iaeoeoeee.
E?iia oiai, iacaaiiua ni?oa iia?aaeaeathony ei?iaaie oi?iie oeeeiena?u,
/oi o?aaoao ia oieueei ia?iiiaeoeo cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoai i?eaeouo
aeiia?aaeiuo naaeaioeaa, ii e i?e ooiaea ca i?eaeouie ianaaeaeaieyie.
Ia inoaeueiie ieiuaaee aeiia?aaeieeia (6,2%) aicaeaeuaaeenue ni?oa,
oa?aeoa?ecothueany eiiieaenii onoie/eainoe e ei?iaaie oi?ia oeeeiena?u,
ieeaeueth, ieaeeoio, ieceei io?eoeaoaeueiui oaiia?aoo?ai.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaea auaaaeaiu aeanyoee ni?oia n eiiieaeniie
onoie/eainoueth. N oi?ioae noi?iiu ca?aeiiaiaeiaaee naay ni?oa
oe?aeineie naeaeoeee (Ia?aaiaoe Iaaa?a/, THaeeaeiue Iaaa?a/a, Eaiea,
Oae? e ae?.), aaiaa?neie naeaeoeee (AEai/oa Caea, Aa/ai caiaoio,
Aeaiea), iieaeaaneie naeaeoeee (Aeieia, Iieoeeaineee aaeue, Iieaeiaa,
No?o/aineee aaeue).
Aeiiiaoa?eaeu, iieo/aiiua ec ?yaea eiiieaenii-onoie/eauo ni?oia, ia
onooiatho aeiiiaoa?eaeai o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ni?oia. Ana yoi iicaieyao
aeaeaoue na?uacioth noaaeo ia oaeiai ?iaea iiaua ni?oa, /oi ianao
neaaeothuea i?aeiouanoaa:
caeeaaeea aeiia?aaeiuo ieaioaoeee iai?eaeouie /a?aieaie e
ei?ianianoaaiiuie naaeaioeaie;
ioeac a cia/eoaeueiie /anoe io caeeaaeee iaoi/ieeia iiaeaieiuo eic e
no?ieoaeuenoaa i?eaeai/iuo eiiieaenia e ianoa?neeo;
oi?iuaiea ooiaea ca iieiaeuie e ieiaeiiinyueie ianaaeaeaieyie;
nie?auaiea ?anoiaeia oeie/aneeo i?aia?aoia ia iiaeaea?aeaiea a caei?iaii
ninoiyiee ianaaeaeaiee;
cia/eoaeueiia icaei?iaeaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu;
au?aueaaiea yeieiae/anee aieaa /enoie i?iaeoeoeee;
noaaeeueiia iieo/aiea aunieiea/anoaaiiiai aeiia?aaea i?e o?iaeaa ia
iaiaa 90-100 oeaioia?ia n aaeoa?a.
Caeeaaeeo iiauo aeiia?aaeieeia iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeeoue i?aeiouanoaaiii a
iaoe?uaiie ciia – a *a?iiii?neii, Naeneii e ae?oaeo ?aeiiao. O/eouaay
i?ei?eoaoiinoue aeiia?aaea?noaa aeey E?uia, neaaeoao aeiia?aaeieeaie
caiyoue /anoue caiaeue, ia eioi?uo au?aueaathony ae?oaea eoeueoo?u.
Iniai ioaeii neacaoue ia oieeaeueiii e o?oaeiaieii aeiia?aaea?noaa ia
THaeiiaa?aaeuea. Ec aeiia?aaea yoiai ?aeiia i?iecaiaeyo ia?i/iua
e?aieea, aeana?oiua e eeea?iua aeia, a o. /. oaeea oaaeaa?u eae “Ioneao
aaeue E?aniiai eaiiy”, “Ii?oaaei e?aniue Eeaaaeey” e ae?oaea. I/aiue
aeaeue, /oi caeanue eaeao ii?ie ?anoi/eoaeueiia eniieueciaaiea caiee,
eioi?ay naiie i?e?iaeie i?aaeiacia/aia aeey au?aueaaiey aeiia?aaea, a o.
/. e noieiaiai.
INCLUDEPICTURE
“http://my.infoart.ru/pictures/hobby/garden/guide/gard38.jpg” \*
MERGEFORMATINET
A E?uio, aeaaiaea?y eeeiaoo e ii/aai eoeueoeae?otho i?aeoe/anee ana
ni?oa aeiia?aaea. Iiae?iaiaa inoaiiaeiny ia iaeioi?uo ec ieo.
E?aniue eaiaiue — Iaiyoiee i?e?iaeu o iinaeea E?aniieaiaiea iaae
Ao?cooii. Neiaeai ec i?aii?iaeaeiiai ecaanoiyea. Ai?a-iooi?aeaiaoe
auneony iaae neeiiii (ieiei 500 i), ia?acoy anoanoaaiiue aanoeii, n
eioi?iai ioe?uaaaony oe?ieee iaci?. Yoei iieueciaaeenue a ae?aaiinoe: ia
aa?oeia E?aniiai eaiiy nio?aieeenue ?oeiu n?aaeiaaaeiaiai
iaaethaeaoaeueiiai ioieoa. Ii ciaiaieo yoio iinaeie ia naiei
enoi?e/aneei i?ioeui. Caeanue, a ?aeiia E?aniiai eaiiy, aaeeinoaaiiia a
E?uio ianoi, aaea ?anoao aeiia?aae, ec eioi?iai i?iecaiaeyo eo/oee a
ie?a aeana?oiue iaieoie – ioneao aaeue E?aniiai eaiiy, i?iecaiaeeiue ii
niaoeeaeueiie oaoiieiaee ec iaeiieiaiiiai ni?oa aeii?aaea. Aeaiiue ni?o
i?iec?inoaao a aaeeinoaaiiii ia ieaiaoa ianoa i/aiue iaeie ieiuaaee
(iaiueoa aaeoa?a). Ana iiiuoee au?anoeoue yoio oieeaeueiue aeiia?aae ia
ae?oaie ii/aa ia i?eaaee e aeaeaaiui ?acoeueoaoai. Ianoa/ei
E?aniieaiaiea aeec eioi?iai ?aniieiaeai aeiia?aaeiee iiieii naiae
oieeaeueiie ii/au iaoiaeeony a noao?iie/aneie ciia thaeiiai aa?aaa
E?uia, e eiaao iaiiaoi?eiue aiaeiaie eeeiaoe/aneee oeeee. Eiaiii yoi
ni/aoaiea oaeoi?ia iicaieyao Ioneaoo E?aniiai eaiiy Aeinoeaaoue
iaiiaoi?eiiai aoeaoa aeona e a?iiaoia a oae aea i?eaeaaaoue aeio oeaao
eioi?ui iii ciaiaieoi ia aanue ie?.
A no?aia oaiiaineiai aeiia?aaea?noaa “ei?ieaaneay aeeianoey” ni?oia
aeiia?aaea yaii i?aiaa?aaaao aiaoiei eineii. A?icaee oaeiai aeiia?aaea
iaaieueoea, e eo o?iaeae ia eonoa iaaunie. Ii caoi eiaiii oaeea yaiaeu
ianoo a naaa, eae a aei?iaie noa?eiiie eiieeea, oae iaiaoiaeeiua
aeiiaeaeo naoa?enoinoue, eeneioiinoue e oii/aeoee a?iiao, eioi?ue
iniaaiii oeaieony a aeia.
Eo/oei o?aaeeoeeiiiui ni?oii aeey i?iecaiaenoaa oaiiaineiai yaeyaony
Ieii /a?iue. Yoio ni?o aeiia?aaea eiaao 15 ?aciiaeaeiinoae. A?icaeue
/a?iiai oeaaoa aaneo anaai 40-80 a?aii. Oaeei ia?acii a no?aia
oaiiaineeo aei ei?ieue /a?iue.
Ec 15 ?aciiaeaeiinoae aai /aua anaai eniieuecothony oieueei 2.
?acee/eoue eo iiaeii oieueei ii INAIIAE ie?anea eenoueaa e eicu.
Cieioenoay eica.Inaiueth eenouey i?eia?aoatho cieioenooth ie?aneo.
Ioee/aaony i/aiue aunieei ea/anoaii iieo/aaiuo aeiiiaoa?eaeia. Cieioenoi
– caeaiay eica. Inaiiyy ie?anea eenoueaa caeaiay eee caeaiay n aeaeoui
iooaieii. Oaeaea, eae e cieioenoay eica, aeaao aeiiiaoa?aeu aunoaai
ea/anoaa.
Aeii, ecaioiaeaiiia ec Ieii, nio?aiyao naie naienoaa 12 eao. A eoiaae
yoio aeiia?aae aiineo caiao o?oeoiainoe.
Ei?ieaaie a oaiiaineii ei?ieaanoaa, ianiiiaiii, yaeyaony ni?o, iinyuee n
1896 aiaea, niaeanii ?aoaieth nuacaea aeiiaeaeia, eiy Oa?aeiia.
(Aiai?yo, /oi n o?aioeocneiai yoi ia?aaiaeeony eae cyaeee – anoue oaeay
aeaeoaiueeay ioe/ea)
Yoio ni?o aaeiai aeiia?aaea eiaao 25 ?aciiaeaeiinoae. Ii nic?aaaao aeiae
ia 8 iicaea Ieii /a?iiai. Eiaiii a oneiaeyo Aa?ao-Aeth?ni ii aeaao
aeiiiaoa?eaeu i?aainoiaeyuea ii ea/anoao aiaeiae/iua iaoa?eaeu,
i?iecaiaeeiua a naiie Oaiiaie. Oaeei ia?acii ei?ieaaa a no?aia
oaiiaineeo aei aaeay.
Ieii /a?iue e Oa?aeiia yaeythony iniiaie aieueoeinoaa eoiaaeae.
E?iia aeaoo eeanne/aneeo ni?oia aeiia?aaea, eae e iieiaeaii ei?ieth e
ei?ieaaa, a eo naeoa eiaaony aei 2000 “I?eaeai?iuo” ni?oia, eioi?ua
eniieuecothony aeey i?eaioiaeaiey eoiaaeae. A E?uio a /enei
“i?eaeai?iuo” aoiaeyo oaeea ni?oa eae: O?aieia?, Eaaa?ia, Niaeiueii,
Naieeueii, Ithneaaeaeue, Ioneao aaeue, ?eneeia, Aeeaioa.
I/aiue iiiaia caaeneo io oiai, aaea e eae ?aniieiaeai o/anoie
i?iec?anoaiey aeiia?aaea. Oae, iai?eia?, a Oaiiaie eaoaai?ey eee
oeaiiinoue o/anoea caaeneo io aai i?eaioaoeee e auniou. Eo/oeie
n/eoathony o/anoee, ?aniieiaeaiiua ia aunioa 140-180 iao?ia iaae o?iaiai
ii?y n i?eaioaoeeae ia thai-ainoie. Aeaeaa nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ea?aao
ninoaa ii/au. Eo/oeie n/eoathony ii/au, ia?aciaaaoeany ia iaeiauo
neeiiao oieiia. Eiaiii oaeeie ii/aaie e neaaeony E?ui.
Iaaeeai Aiaeaaei. Naiue ?aiiee e ?ani?ino?aiaiiue a n?aaeiae ciia ni?o.
?anoaiea neeueii?ineia, a?icaee e?oiiua, oeeeeiae?e/aneea. ssaiaea
aeaaeii–caeaiiai oeaaoa ni neaaui necui iaeaoii. Iyeioue ni/iay e
neaaeeay. Naiyi a yaiaea iaei — io 2 aei 4 OOOE. Nic?aaaao a na?aaeeia
eee a eiioea aaaonoa. Ni?o o?iaeaeiue, ii o?aaoao iiueeoaey. Oi?ioeie
iiueeoaeyie aeey Iaaeeai Aiaeaaei yaeythony Iaeaia? e Oanea. O?aaoao
iiae?acee ia 6–8 aeaceia. N?aaeiee o?iaeae n 4– 5–eaoiaai eonoa
ninoaaeyao 3–4 eeeia?aiia, a n 8– 10–eaoiaai eonoa — 15–18 eeeia?aiiia.
Iaeaia? ?aiiee. O?aaoao aeeeiiie iiae?acee ia 8–10 aeaceia. ?anoaiea
n?aaeia?ineia, a?icaee oeeeeiae?e/aneie oi?iu, n?aaeiaai ?acia?a.
ssaiaeu n?aaeiaai ?acia?a, io aeaeoiaaoi–aaeie aei cieioenoi–aeaeoie
ie?anee. Iyeioue iaaeiay, ?anieuaathuayny, neaaeeay, naoa?enoinoue
aeinoeaaao 14–19 i?ioeaioia. Ni?o o?iaeaeiue, nic?aaaao i?eia?ii a
eiioea aaaonoa. N?aaeiyy o?iaeaeiinoue 4– 5–eaoiaai eonoa ninoaaeyao
ieiei 3–4 eeeia?aiiia, a n 7– 8–eaoiaai eonoa — 10–12 eeeia?aiiia.
Ii?ooaeca?. Eono aeiaieueii neeueii?ineue. A?icaee n?aaeiae eee aieueoa
n?aaeiae aaee/eiu, eiie/aneie oi?iu. ssaiaeu n?aaeiae aaee/eiu,
oa?iia?aciie oi?iu, neiaaaoi–/a?iiai oeaaoa, n eaaeei iaeaoii. Eiaeeoea
iaaeiay. Iyeioue ?uoeay, ni/iay, neaaeeay, i?eyoiay. Naoa?enoinoue
iyeioe aeinoeaaao 15 i?ioeaioia. Nic?aaaao a eiioea aaaonoa, a ia?auo
/eneao naioya?y. N?aaeiyy o?iaeaeiinoue ac?ineiai eonoa ninoaaeyao
i?eia?ii 8–9 eeeia?aiiia.
Nayiaoe Iaeaia?a. Ni?o auaaaeai E. A. Ie/o?eiui. ?anoaiea neeueii?ineia,
a?icaee e?oiiua, eiie/aneea. ssaiaea n?aaeiaai ?acia?a, ie?oaeay,
naaoei–caeaiie — aeaeoi–cieioenoie ie?anee. Eiaeeoea oiieay, iaaeiay.
Iyeioue ni/iay, ?anieuaathuayny, neaaeeay. Nic?aaaao ?aii, ianeieueei
?aiueoa, /ai ni?o Oanea. O?iaeaeiinoue oi?ioay. Aeey iieo/aiey aunieeo
o?iaeaaa yoio ni?o o?aaoao iiueeoaey. E yoiio ni?oo i?eiaiytho aeeeiioth
iiae?aceo.
*a?iue neaaeeee. Ni?o auaaaeai E. A. Ie/o?eiui. ?anoaiea n?aaeia?ineia.
A?icaee iaaieueoea, oeeeeiae?e/aneea. ssaiaeu n?aaeiae aaee/eiu,
oaiii–neiea. Iyeioue ni/iay, i/aiue neaaeeay. Ni?o naiiiiueythueeny,
i/aiue o?iaeaeiue e o?aaoao iiae?acee ia 6–8 aeaceia.
Oanea aaeue. Eonou n?aaeia?ineua. A?icaee n?aaeiae aaee/eiu, 15–16
naioeiao?ia aeeeiu e 7–8 naioeiao?ia oe?eiu. ssaiaea aeaeoiaaoi–caeaiay,
ia nieioea ao?ay, ni neaaui necui iaeaoii, e?oaeay. Eiaeeoea oiieay e
i?i/iay. Iyeioue iaaeiay, ?anieuaathuayny. Nie aanoeaaoiue, neaaeeee e
a?iiaoiue. Nic?aaaao a eiioea aaaonoa e a ia?aie iieiaeia naioya?y.
O?iaeaeiinoue aunieay.
A yoie e?aoeie ?aaioa ia oaeanony oaeaeeoue aieiaiea anai ni?oai
aeiia?aaea eioi?ua yoiai caneoaeeaatho. Oai ia iaiaa n?aaee anao i?i/eo
i?aaeiaoia ai?aeinoe iaoaai iieoino?iaa aeiia?aaeieee e aeia caieiatho
aeinoieiia ianoi a ia?auo ?yaeao.
– PAGE 19 –
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