20
Aaaaeaiea.
Ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa eiathony i?aaei?eyoey, aeey ?aaiou
eioi?uo o?aaoaony aiaea n iaeie aeanoeinoueth.
Ecaanoii, /oi aeanoeinoue aiaeu iaoneiaeaia iaee/eai a iae nieae
eaeueoeey e iaaiey. Eniieueciaaiea aeanoeie aiaeu i?eaiaeeo e
ia?aciaaieth iaeeie ia aioo?aiiae iiaa?oiinoe eioeia e oaieiiaiaiiuo
aiia?aoia, /oi nieaeaao yooaeoeaiinoue eo ?aaiou.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeei ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo niiniaia oiya/aiey
aiaeu yaeyaony iaoiae eiiiiai iaiaia. Nieaeaiea aeanoeinoe aiaeu eiiiui
iaiaiii iniiaaii ia niiniaiinoe ii?aaeaeaiiuo eee iaeioi?uo
eneonnoaaiiuo iaoa?eaeia (eaoeiieoia) eioi?ua eiatho a naiai ninoaaa
iaiaiiua eiiu Na+, I+. Niiniaiua iaiaieaaoueny ia eiiu Na2+, Ig2+.
?aaeoeey iaiaia:
2 Na [Eao.] + Ca (HCO3)2 Ca [Eao.] + 2 NaHCO3
2 H [Eao.] + MgCl2 Mg [Eao.]2 + 2 HCl
E eaoeiieoai ioiinyony aeaoeiieoiaue ianie, aoioniaua oaee,
noeueoioaieue, eneonnoaaiiua niieu (EO-1, EO-2).
A i?ioeanna oeeueo?aoeee aiaeu /a?ac eaoeiieoioth caa?oceo aa iaiaiiay
niiniaiinoue oiaiueoaaony, iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeii ia?eiaee/anee
?aaaia?e?iaaoue (ainnoaiaaeeaaoue oeeueo?e?othuee iaoa?eae). ?aaeoeee
?aaaia?aoeee:
Ca [Eao.]2 + 2 NaCl 2 Na [Eao.] + CaCl2
Na – eaoeiieaeiua oeeueo?u ?aaaia?e?othony ?anoai?ii NaCl
Mg [Eao.]2 + H2SO4 = 2 H [Eao.] + MgSO4
I – eaoeiieaeiua oeeueo?u ?aaaia?e?othony ?anoai?ii na?iie eeneiou –
I2SO4.
Aeey ?aaeecaoeee i?aaenoaaeaiiuo oeie/aneeo i?ioeannia ono?aeaatho
niaoeeaeueiia nii?oaeaiea – noaioeeth oiya/aiey aiaeu.
Oeaeueth eo?niaiai i?iaeoa yaeyaony ?an/ao iniiaiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai
iai?oaeiaaiey – I-Na- eaoeiieoiuo oeeueo?ia e aniiiiaaoaeueiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey – eeneioiia oicyenoai, nieaaia, aeaaacaoi? aeey oaeaeaiey
aacia – NI2.
1. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiay ia?aaioea enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo.
I?iaa?ea aeaiiuo oeie/aneiai aiaeeca aiaeu i?iecaiaeeony iooai
niiinoaaeaiey noiiu eaoeiiia: Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, E+ n noiiie aieiiia: Cl-,
SO4-2, INI3-:
(1). E = [Ca+2] + [Mg+2] + [Na+] + [K+] = 4.0 + 2.4 + 0.9 =
7.3 ia-yea/e
(2). A = [HCO3-] + [Cl-] + [SO4-2] = 5.1 + 0.7 + 1.5 = 7.3
ia-yea/e
Auaiae: Noiia eaoeiiia ?aaia noiia aieiiia, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaiiua
oeie/aneiai aiaeeca aiaeu aa?iu.
1.1. Ii?aaeaeyaony iauay aeanoeinoue enoiaeiie aiaeu.
AEi = [Ca+2] + [Mg+2] = 4.0 + 2.4 = 6.4 ia-yea/e (3).
1.2. Ii?aaeaeyaony ea?aiiaoiay aeanoeinoue enoiaeiie aiaeu.
AEe = [HCO3-] = 5.1 ia-yea/e
(4).
1.3. Ii?aaeaeyaony uaei/iinoue enoiaeiie aiaeu.
Ui = AEe = 5.1 ia-yea/e
(5).
1.4. Ii?aaeaeyaony ia ea?aiiaoiay aeanoeinoue.
AEie = AEi – AEe = 6.4 – 5.1 = 1.3 ia-yea/e (6).
2. Auai? e iainiiaaiea i?eioeeieaeueiie noaiu oiya/aiey aiaeu.
Oiya/aiea aiaeu iaoiaeii eiiiiai iaiaia iiaeao inouanoaeyoue:
ia?aeeaeueiui eaoeiie?iaaieai, iineaaeiaaoaeueiui eaoeiie?iaaieai,
niaianoiui H-Na-eaoeiie?iaaieai.
Auai? noaiu oiya/aiey aiaeu inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee niiinoaaeaiey
aeaiiuo oeie/aneiai aiaeeca enoiaeiie aiaeu.
Ia?aeeaeueiia H-Na-eaoeiie?iaaiea i?eiaiyaony i?e oneiaee:
AEe / AEi 0,5 5.1 / 6.4 = 0.79
0.5 +
AEie 3.5 ia-yea/e AEie = 1.3 3.5 ia-yea/e +
SO4-2 + Cl- 3 … 4 ia-yea/e 1.5 + 0.7 = 2.2 3 ia-yea/e +
Na+ + K+ 1 …2 ia-yea/e 0.9 2 ia-yea/e +
Iineaaeiaaoaeueiia H-Na-eaoeiie?iaaiea i?eiaiyaony i?e oneiaee:
AEe / AEi 0.5 5.1 / 6.4 = 0.79
> 0.5 –
AEie 3.5 ia-yea/e AEie = 1.3 3,5 ia-yea/e –
SO4-2 + Cl- 3 … 4 ia-yea/e 1.5 + 0.7 = 2.2 3 ia-yea/e –
Na+ + K+ ia eeieoe?othony –
Ia iniiaaiee iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia i?eieiaaony ia?aeeaeueiay noaia
H-Na-eaoeiie?iaaiey.
Oaoie/aneay noaia ia?aeeaeueiiai H-Na-eaoeiie?iaaiey:
3. ?an/ao iniiaiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey
noaioeee oiya/aiey aiaeu
E iniiaiiio oaoiieiae/aneiio iai?oaeiaaieth noaioeee oiya/aiey
Aiaeu I-Na-eaoeiieoiua oeeueo?u.
?an/ao aaaeaony ia iniiaaiee ii?iaoeaiie eeoa?aoo?u.
3.1. Ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaiea ?anoiaeia aiaeu iiaeaaaaiie ia
I-Na-eaoeiieoiua oeeueo?u.
I?e ia?aeeaeueiie noaia I-Na-eaoeiie?iaaiey ?an/ao aaaeaony niaeanii
[1,i?ee.7,i.25]:
Ii?aaeaeyaony ?anoiae aiaeu iiaeaaaaiie ia I-eaoeiieoiua oeeueo?u.
qHiie.= qiie.( Ui-Uo ) / ( A+Ui ) i3//an
(7)
aaea qiie.- iieaciay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue I-Na-eaoeiieoiuo oeeueo?ia,
qiie.= Qnoo. / 24=1100/24=45.8 i3//an,
Ui- uaei/iinoue enoiaeiie aiaeu,
Ui=5.1 a?-yea/i3,
Uo- uaei/iinoue oiya/aiiie aiaeu,
A- noiia eiioeaio?aoeee aieiiia,
A= 7.3 a?-yea/i3,
qHiie.= 45.8*( 5.1-0.35 ) / ( 7.3+5.1 ) = 17.5 i3//an
Ii?aaeaeyaony ?anoiae aiaeu ia Na-eaoeiieoiua oeeueo?u:
qNaiie.= qiie.- qHiie.
i3//an (8)
qNaiie.= 45.8 – 17.5 = 28.3 i3//an
3.2. Auae?aaony eaoeiieo aeey caa?ocee oeeueo?ia ii [6]:
I?eieiaaony noeueoaoaieue iaeeee 1 ni?oa n oaoie/aneeie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie:
Aiaoiee aeae eaoeiieoa – /a?iua ca?ia iai?aaeeueiie oi?iu.
Aeeaiao? ca?ai eaoeiieoa – 0.25…0.7 ii.
Iieiay iaiaiiay niiniaiinoue – Aiiei. = 570 yea/i3
3.3. Ii?aaeaeyaony iauai eaoeiieoa a I-Na-eaoeiieoiuo oeeueo?ao.
Iauai eaoeiieoa a I- eaoeiieoiuo oeeueo?ao, au/eneyaony
ii [1,i?ee.7,i.26]:
WH = 24*qHiie.(AEi+NNa)/(nHp*EH?aa.) i3
(9)
aaea NNa- eiioeaio?aoeey a enoiaeiie aiaea,
NNa=0.9 a?-yea/i3 ,
nHp- /enei ?aaaia?aoeee eaaeaeiai I-eaoeiieoiiai oeeueo?a a nooee,
i?eieiaaony ii [1,i?ee.7,i.14]: io 1…2.
nHp=2,
EH?aa.- ?aai/ay iaiaiiay aieinoue I-eaoeiieoa, au/eneyaony ii
Oi?ioea [1,i?ee.7,i.27]:
EH?aa.= i* Aiiei. – 0.5*qoae.*Ne a?-yea/i3
(10)
Aaea i- eiyooeoeeaio yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaaia?aoeee I-eaoeiieoiuo
oeeueo?ia, i?eieiaaony ii [1,i?ee.7,i.27,oaae.4]:
I?e oaeaeueiii ?anoiaea I2SO4 ia ?aaaia?aoeeth 100 a?./a?.-yea.
i=0.85,
qoae.- oaeaeueiue ?anoiae aiaeu ia ioiuaeo 1 i3 eaoeiieoa (aeey
noeueoi-
oaey i?eieiaaony 4 i3),
qoae.=4 i3,
Ne – iauaa niaea?aeaiea a aiaea eaoeiieaeia,
Ne =7.3 a?-yea/i3 ,
EH?aa.= 0.85*570 – 0.5*4*7.3 = 469.9
a?-yea/i3,
WH = 24*17.5(6.4+0.9)/(2*469.9) = 3.6 i3,
Iauai eaoeiieoa a Na-eaoeiieoiuo oeeueo?ao au/eneyaony ii
oi?ioea [1,i?ee.7,i.26]:
WNa = 24*qNaiie.(AEi* nNap)*ENa?aa. i3
(11)
Aaea nNap- /enei ?aaaia?aoeee eaaeaeiai Na-eao. oeeueo?a a
nooee
i?eieiaaony niaeanii [1,i?ee.7,i.14] io 1…3.
nNap=2,
ENa?aa.- ?aai/ay iaiaiiay aieinoue Na-eaoeiieo. oeeueo?a
au/eneyaony ii [1,i?ee.7,i.15]:
ENa?aa.= Na*Na*Aiiei. – 0.5*qoae.*AEi
a?-yea/i3 (12)
Aaea Na – eiyooeoeeaio yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaaia?aoeee Na-eaoeii.
oeeueo?ia i?eieiaaony i?e oaeaeueii ?anoiaea iiaa?aiiie niee
NaCl 100 a?./a?.-yea.
Na=0.62
Na- eiyoo. O/eouaathuee nieaeaiea iaiaiiie aieinoe,
i?eieiaaony [1,i?ee.7,i.15,oaae.2] ec niioiioaiey:
NNa / AEi= 0.1 Na= 0.83
ENa?aa.= 0.62*0.83*570 – 0.5*4*6.4 = 293.3-12.8 a?-yea/i3,
WNa = 24*28.3(6.4/2)*280.5=7.7 i3.
3.4. Ii?aaeaeyaony ieiuaaeue H-Na-eao. oeeueo?ia.
Ieiuaaeue I-eao. oeeueo?ia ii?aae. ii [1,i?ee.7,i.16]:
Fi = Wi/He, i2
(13)
aaea He- aunioa neiy eaoeiieoa a oeeueo?ao,
Ieiuaaeue Na-eao. oeeueo?ia ii?aaeaeyaony ii [1,i?ee.7,i.16]:
FNa = WNa/He, i2
(14)
Oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee H-Na-eao. oeeueo?ia i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea:
Aeeaiao?
Oeeueo?a,
Ii.Aunioa eaoe-
iieoa,
Ie, i.Iniiaiua ?acia?uAan,
o.No?ieoaeueiay
AunioaAeeaiao? i?iai-aeyuaai iao?oaeaI-eaoeiieoiua
oeeueo?u.70018003200401.770020003200402.1100020003600505.315002000395080
1020002500487012515Na-eaoeiieoiua
oeeueo?u.100020003597505150020003924801020002500487012515
Fi = Wi/He = 3.6/2 = 1.7 i2
Ieiuaaeue iaeiiai I-eaoeii. oeeueo?a:
fi = (d2)/4 = 0.785 i2 ,
Eiee/anoai ?aai/eo I-eaoeii. oeeueo?ia:
Fi/ fi = 1.7/0.785 = 2 oo.
I?eieiaaony 2 ?aai/eo I-eaoeiieae. oeeueo?a.
FNa = WNa/He = 7.7/2 = 3.85 i2
Ieiuaaeue iaeiiai Na-eaoeii. oeeueo?a:
fi = (d2)/4 = 1.76 i2
Eiee/anoai ?aai/eo Na-eaoeii. oeeueo?ia:
FNa/ f Na= 3.85/1.76 = 2 oo.
I?eieiaaony 2 ?aai/eo Na-eaoeiieae. oeeueo?a.
3.5. Ii?aaeaeyaony nei?inoue oeeueo?iaaiey aiaeu /a?ac
eaoeiieoiua oeeueo?u i?e ii?iaeueiii ?aaeeia
?aaiou (?aaioatho ana ?aai/ea oeeueo?u).
Aeey I-eaoeiieo. oeeueo?ia:
Vii?. = qHiie./( fi*ni) i//
(15)
Aaea fi- ieiuaaeue iaeiiai I- eao. oeeueo?a,
ni- eiee/anoai ?aai/eo I-eao. oeeueo?ia.
Vii?. = 17.5/(0.785*2) = 11 i//
Aeey Na-eaoeiieo. oeeueo?ia:
Vii?. = qNaiie./( fNa*nNa) i//
(16)
Vii?. = 28.3/(1.76*2) = 8 i//
Nei?inoue oeeueo?iaaiey aiaeu /a?ac eaoeiieo i?e ii?iaeueiii ?aaeeia,
ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue i?e iauae aeanoeinoe aiaeu aei 10 a?-yea/i3
(6.4),
nei?inoue ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 15 i// 22
i3
H = 1.6
4.3. Ono?ienoai aeey oaeaeaiey ec aiaeu oaeaeeneiou.
Aeey oaeaeaiey CO2 ec I-Na-eao. Aiaeu i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aeaaacaoi?
N ianaaeeie ec eieaoe ?aoaaa – eeneioioii?iuo ea?aie/aneeo
[1.i?ee.?7.,i.34]
4.3.1. Ii?aaeaeyaony niaea?aeaiea CO2 eee aeaoieene oaea?iaea a aiaea
iiaeaaaaiie ia aeaaacaoi?.
(CO2 )na. = (CO2 )i + 44*Ui , a/i3
(34)
aaea (CO2 )i- niaea?aeaiea CO2 a enoiaeiie aiaea.
(CO2 )i = (CO2 )**
(CO2 )*- niaea?aeaiea oaea?iaea a aiaea a caaeneiinoe io pH
?I = 6.8…7.5
(CO2 )* = 80 a/i3
= 0.5
(CO2 )i = 40 a/i3
(CO2 )na. = 40+44*5.1 = 264.4 a/i3
Ii iieo/aiiiio cia/aieth niaea?aeaiea CO2 a aiaea
Ii?aaeaeyaony aunioa neiy ianaaeee hi , i iaiaoiaeeiay aeey iiieaeaiey
Niaea?aeaiey CO2 a eaoeiie?iaaiiie aiaea [1.i?ee.?7.,i.34,oaae.5]
Aeey (CO2 )na. = 264.4 a/i3 hi =5.7
Ieaii/iue aeaaacaoi? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eieiiio caa?oaeaiioth
ianaaeeie ec ea?aie/aneeo eeneioioii?iuo eieaoe ?aoeaa,
ii eioi?ui aiaea noaeaao oiieie ieaieie, ia ano?a/o iioieo
aiaeu iioie aicaeooa iaaiaoaaiie aaioeeyoi?ii.
4.3.2. Ii?aaeaeyaony S iiia?a/iiai na/aiey aeaaacaoi?a.
ec oneiaey ieioiinoe i?ioaiey niaeanii
[1.i?ee.?7.,i.34,oaae.5].
Ieioiinoue i?ioaiey i?e ea?aie/aneie ianaaeea = 60 i3/a ia 1i2
Fg = qiie. / , i2,
(35)
qiie. – iieaciay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue H-Na-eao.o.
Fg = 45.8/60 = 0.76 i2
Ii?aaeaeyaony iauai neiy ianaaeee:
Vi = Fg * hi , i3
(36)
Vi = 0.76*5.7 = 4.3 i3
Ii?aae. Aeeaiao? aeaaacaoi?a:
D = (4* Fg )/ = 0.96 i
(37)
Oa?aeoa?enoeea ianaaeee eieaoe ?aoeaa:
?acia?u ye-oa ianaaeee: 25*25*4 ii
Eie-ai ye-ia a 1 i3 : 55 oun.
Oaeaeueiay iia-oue ianaaeee: 204 i2/i3
Aan ianaaeee: 532 ea
Aaioeeyoi? aeaaacaoi?a aeieaeai iaania/eaaoue iiaea/o aicaeooa ec
?an/aoa
15 i3 aicaeooa ia 1 i3 aiaeu ii [1.i?ee.?7.,i.34], oiaaea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue aaioeeyoi?a ii?aaeaeyaony:
Qaaio. = qiie. * 15 , i3//an
(38)
Qaaio. = 45.8*15 = 687 i3//an
Iaii? aaioeeyoi?a ii?aaeaeyaony n o/aoii nii?ioeaeaiey a
ea?aie/aneie ianaaeea:
Si = 30 ii aiaeyiiai noieaa ia 1 i.
I?i/ea nii?ioeaeaiey i?eieiathony ii [1.i?ee.?7.,i.34]
Si? = 30…40 ii aiae. Noieaa.
Iaii?: Haaio. = Sian. * hi +
Si?i/ea (39)
Haaio. = 30*5.7 + 35 = 206 ii
5.0. Ii?aaeaeaiea ?anoiaeia aiaeu.
Ii?aaeaeaiea ?anoiaeia aiaeu neaaaaony ec iio?aaeaiey aiaeu ia
neaaeothuea i?ioeannu:
– ac?uoeaiea eao. o-?a ia?aae ?aaaia?aoeeae (Q1)
– i?eaioiaeaiea ?aaaia?aoe. ?-ia e-ou e niee (Q2)
– ioiuaea eaoeiieoa iinea ?aaaia?aoeee (Q3)
Ia ana oaoiieiae/. i?ioe. Eniieuecotho enoiaeioth iaoiya/aiioth aiaeo.
Qoao. = Q1 + Q2 + Q3, i3/noo
(40)
5.1. Ii?aaeaeyaony ?anoiae aiaeu ia ac?uoeaiea eaoeiieoa o.
ia?aae ?aaaia?aoeeae.
Q1 = (Wac?. * f * ni * n?i * nNa *npNa * tac?. * 60) /1000
(41)
Q1 = (4 * 1.76 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 25 * 60) / 1000 = 169
i3/noo
5.2. Ii?aaeaeyaony ?anoiae aiaeu ia i?eaioiaeaiea
?aaaia?aoeeiiiuo ?anoai?ia eeneiou e niee.
Q2 = q1% * ni * ni? + (q26% + q8%)*nNa * n?Na, i3/noo
(42)
q1% = 7.3 i3/noo
q26% = 0
q8% = (Win * 26%) / 8% * 1000 = 1.3
i3/noo
Q2 = 7.3 * 2 * 2 + (0 + 1.3) * 2 * 2 = 34.4
i3/noo
5.3. Ii?aaeaeyaony ?anoiae aiaeu ia ioiuaeo eaoeiieoa iinea
?aaaia?aoeee.
Q3 = Wioi. * f * He * ni * ni? * nNa * nNa?
i3/noo (43)
Wioi. – oae. ?anoiae ioiuai/iie aiaeu i?eiei. ii [1.i?ee.?7.,i.21]:
Wioi. = 5…6 i3 ia 1i3 eaoeiieoa.
Q3 = 5 * 1.76 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 281.6 i3/noo
Qoao. = Q1+Q2+Q3 = 485 i3/noo
6. ?an/ao aeeaiao?ia o?oaii?iaiaeia
noaioeee oiya/aiey aiaeu.
Ii?aaeaeaiey aeeaiao?ia o?oaii?iaiaeia aeea o?ainii?oe?iaee aiaeu,
?anoai?ia eeneiou e niee ?aeiiaiaeoaony i?iecaiaeeoue ec aaee/ei
niioaaonoaothueo ?anoiaeia e nei?inoe aeaeaeaiey aeeaeeinoe,
i?eieiaaony a i?aaeaeao 1…1,5 i/nae.
?an/ao aaaeaony n eniieueciaaieai eeoaaoo?u [4] e naiaeeony
a oaaeeoeo:
Iacia/aiea
O?oaii?iaiaeia?anoiae,
e/nNei?inoue,
i/nAeeaiao?,
iiIaoa?eae1. O?oaii?iaiae iiaea/e
enoiaeiie aiaeu ia
noaioeeth oiya/aiey.18.81.04150*oaoi2. O?oaii?iaiae iiaea/e e
ioaiaea aiaeu aeey
ac?uoeaiey.1.91.4450Iieeyoeeai3. O?oaii?iaiae iiaea/e e
ioaiaea 1% ?aaaia?aoe. ?-?a
na?iie eeneiou.0.341.0725Iieeyoeeai4. O?oaii?iaiae iiaea/e e
ioaiaea 8% ?aaaia?a-
oeeiiiiai ?-?a niee.0.061.1912Iieeyoeeai5. O?oaii?iaiae iiaea/e
100%
eeneiou.0.0020.476Noaeue6. O?oaii?iaiae ioaiaea
oiya/aiiie aiaeu.12.71125*oaoi
Aeey ia?aea/ee ?-ia eeneio e uaei/ae i?eiaiythony o?oau ec ia?aeaaathuae
noaee eee iieeyoeeaia .
Aeey ia?aea/ee eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo ?anoai?ia eeneio e uaei/ae
(aieaa 80%) eniieuecothony o?oau ec oaea?iaeenoie noaee eee
ieanoianniaua.
Aeey ia?aea/ee aiaeu eniieuecothony o?oau /oaoiiua, anaanoi-oeaia-
ioiua e aeaeaciaaoiiiua.
7. Eiiiiiiaea iniiaiuo e aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iiiauaiee noaioeee oiya/aiey
aiaeu.
E iniiaiiio iiiauaieth noaioeee ioiineony aeaaiue cae
?aciauaiey H-Na-eao. o.
Cae eiaao aunioo ia 2-2.5 i auoa iieiie auniou oeeueo?ia.
A ieaia oeeueo?u ?aniieiaathony a 2 ?yaea.
?annoiyiea i/o oeeueo?aie ia
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