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Природа и общество: взаимосвязь и взаимозависимость

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Oooaeoaiea yeieiae/aneiai iieiaeaiey noaei iniaaiii caiaoii n 60-o
aiaeia 20-ai aaea. Eiaiii oiaaea a ia/aoue ia/aee oe?iei i?iieeaoue
niiauaiey i iineaaenoaeyo i?eiaiaiey AeAeO e ae?oaeo ianoeoeeaeia,
?aceii oaaee/aiee auaeaeyaiuo a aoiinoa?o e aeae?inoa?o ia onaaeaaaiuo
i?e?iaeie aio?iiiaaiiuo iooiaeia, i aeaoeoeeoa iaoa?eaeueiuo e
yia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia eoi.

Nae/an o /aeiaa/anoaa aeaa aaaeiaeoeo i?iaeaiu: i?aaeioa?auaiea yaea?iie
aieiu e yeieiae/aneea eaoano?iou. Niiinoaaeaiea ia neo/aeii:
aio?iiiaaiiia aeaaeaiea ia i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo a?iceo oai aea /oi e
i?eiaiaiea aoiiiiai i?oaeey, – oie/oiaeaieai aeecie ia Caiea.

Iaoaieciu aaeaioaoeee anoanoaaiiuo nenoai e naiiai /aeiaaea e auno?ui
aio?iiiaaiii iaoneiaeaiiui eciaiaieyi i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu ia?anoatho
n?aaaouaaoue, aneaaenoaea /aai i?e?iaeiua yeinenoaiu aeaa?aaee?otho, e
yoi oaea?yao ii naiiio /aeiaaeo.

Enoi?ey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi e a i?aaeiea yiioe iaino?yeenue
i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeie e yoi i?eaiaeeei e
yeieiae/aneei e?ecenai. Ii yoi auee eieaeueiua e ?aaeiiaeueiua e?ecenu.
Ae?aaiea ioioieee iiaee, eno?aaea aeeaioiuo ia?aeoe ia ae?oaia ianoi;
ae?aaiea caieaaeaeueoeu e neioiaiaeu iiaee, anee ii/aa enoiuaeanue eee
ei?iia noaiiaeeinue iaiueoa, inaieoue iiaua caiee.

Iniaaiiinoueth iaoaai a?aiaie yaeyaony eioaineaiia e aeiaaeueiia
aicaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, /oi nii?iaiaeaeaaony
eioaineaiuie e aeiaaeueiuie iaaaoeaiuie iineaaenoaeyie. I?ioeai?a/ey
iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeie niiniaiu iaino?youeny, iiieii i?i/aai,
ec-ca oiai, /oi ia nouanoaoao i?aaeaea ?inoo iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae
/aeiaaea, a oi a?aiy eae niiniaiinoue i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu oaeiaeaoai?eoue
eo – ia?aie/aia. O nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee oeuie/aneay ii?aeue
“iauanoaa iio?aaeaiey”. Aniiiiei a nayce n yoei iaeei ec iniiaiuo
iinooeaoia eiiioienoe/aneie eaeae, ooaa?aeaeaiea i eaeeo oi “?acoiiuo
iio?aaiinoyo”, eioi?uie aoaeao aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny iaeee ieoe/aneee
/aeiaae iauanoaa aoaeouaai. Oaeoth iniaoth ?aciiaeaeiinoue ethaeae
iiaeii (anee aa?eoue ienaoaey – oaioanoai) ac?anoeoue a iaeiae iniaie
n?aaea, eciee?iaaiiie io a?aaeiiiniuo aicaeaenoaee, ia ii/aa iieiinoueth
?an/euaiiie io anaai noa?iai. Ii oaeei niiniaii iiaeii i?iecaiaeeoue
yeeoiue ea?oioaeue ii oae iacuaaaiie aacae?oniie oaoiieiaee, eiaaea
au?aueaaiea ia/eiaaony a i?iae?ea ia eeaoi/iii o?iaia. Ii e yoio
iaoa?eae iinoaiaiii aeaa?aaee?oao, iiiaa a ooaea ii/ao, ii?aaeaiioth
oaie aea aieaciyie.

A enoi?ee /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u iiiai neacaii i aa?iiiee a i?e?iaea.
Nicaeaoaeue o/aiey i aeinoa?a Aa?iaaeneee ooaa?aeaeae: “A aeinoa?a ana
o/eouaaaony e ana i?eniinaaeeaaaony n oai aea iiae/eiaieai ia?a e
aa?iiiee, eaeoth iu aeaeei a no?ieiuo aeaeaeaieyo iaaaniuo naaoee e
ia/eiaai aeaeaoue a nenoaiao aoiiia aauanoaa e aoiiia yia?aee”. E ia
neo/aeii yiea?aoii yoiai o?oaea noaee neiaa O. I. Otho/aaa:
“Iaaiciooeiue no?ie ai anai, nicao/ea iieiia a i?e?iaea”. Oaaee/aiea
/aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaei-i?aia?aciaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ino?i noaaeo
aii?in i aa?iiiee acaeiiaeaenoaey /aeiaaea e i?e?iaeu.

Ia?aiauoiue /aeiaae e /aeiaae aioe/iinoe ia i?ioeaiiinoaaeye naay
i?e?iaea, aieaa oiai ii niciaaae naith ia?ac?uaioth naycue n i?e?iaeie,
ioiaeaeanoaeye naay n iae e iaiaeanoaeye aa.

Noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa nii?iaiaeaeaeinue
eieaeueiuie e ?aaeiiaeueiuie yeieiae/aneeie e?ecenaie. I?ioeai?a/ea
iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeie ia?anoaei aeaaiui ia?acii n
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie noa?a. Iiaui oaeoi?ii iaino?aiey noaei ?acaeoea
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa.

Anaai /aoaa?oue aaea iacaae neiai “yeieiaey” auei ecaanoii i/aiue oceiio
e?oao ethaeae. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iauanoaii e i?e?iaeie eioa?aniaaee
eeoue ioaeaeueiuo oeeinioia e i?aaenoaaeoaeae aaia?aoe/aneeo iaoe.

Ia ?oaaaea 60-70-o aiaeia /aeiaa/anoai ociaei, /oi ana aieueoaa
caa?yciaiea aicaeooa e aiaeiuo enoi/ieeia, iaeooathuea ai?iaeneea ooiu,
aan/eneaiiua naaeee ioni?a, oae?o/athuaa ineoaeaiea i?e?iaeiuo
eaiaeoaooia – ioithaeue ia eieaeueiua yaeaiey. Iiae oa?icie iaoiaeyony
i?aeoe/anee ana anoanoaaiiua iaiei/ee (noa?u) iaoae ieaiaou, iiiaea
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua ?aaiiaaney a aeinoa?a Caiee e aeaaea ca aa i?aaeaeaie.
Iiae?ua yoeo ?aaiiaanee /?aaao iaia?aoeiuie e iaaoaiuie aeey aeecie ia
ieaiaoa iineaaenoaeyie.

I?ioeai?a/ey a nenoaia “/aeiaae – iauanoai – i?e?iaea” i?eia?aee
ieaiaoa?iue oa?aeoa?. Ii?iaeea iaaeaeaiiua a i?ioeii oa?icu e iianiinoe,
iie iaeiaeeee caiaoiue ioia/aoie ia e aac oiai neiaeioth iauoth ea?oeio
nia?aiaiiiai ie?a.

AAOIIOITH?EAe Nia?aiaiiue o?iaaiue ia?ooaiee yeieiae/aneeo oneiaee e
?aaiiaanee ia Caiea.

Ia anai i?ioyaeaiee enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa aicaeaenoaea iauanoaa ia
i?e?iaeo ?acaeaaeinue ia eae i?inoie eeiaeiue i?ioeann. Iai?yaeaiiay, a
a ?yaea neo/aaa e?eoe/aneay yeieiae/aneay neooaoeey neiaeeaoayny ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia iuiaoiaai aaea, – yoi neaiae i ianooieaiee iiaie oacu ai
acaeiiaeaenoaee iauanoaa e i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.

Eeoinoa?a (oaa?aeay iaiei/ea Caiee), e iniaaiii aa aa?oiyy /anoue, noaea
iauaeoii iaeaieaa /oanoaeoaeueiuo aio?iiiaaiiuo iaa?ocie. Yoi ?acoeueoao
aoi?aeaiey /aeiaaea a iaeanoue caiiuo iaae?; i?iecaiaeeiuo ei eciaiaiee
?aeueaoa ianoiinoe e i?e?iaeiuo eaiaeoaooia; eae auioaeaeaiiuo, oae e
iaii?aaaeaiiuo ecuyoee ec naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa caiaeue;
?ac?ooaiey e caa?yciaiey ii/aaiiiai iie?iaa, iionouieaaiey e ae?oaeo
i?ioeannia.

Aaeeee iioa?e ii/aaiiuo ?ano?nia. Iauay ieiuaaeue oo?a/aiiuo aeey
ie?iaiai naeueneiai oicyenoaa ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue aeinoeaea ca anth
enoi?eth /aeiaa/anoaa 20 000 000 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia, /oi aieueoa
ieiuaaee anae iaoie, eniieuecoaiie a ianoiyuaa a?aiy (ieiei 15 000 000
eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia).

?acee/iua oi?iu ii/aaiiie aeaa?aaeaoeee, naycaiiie n aio?iiiaaiiuie
oaeoi?aie, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaeaieaa e?oiiue enoi/iee iioa?ue. Io
30% aei 80% i?ioaaiuo caiaeue a ie?a no?aaeatho io canieaiey,
auuaea/eaaiey, caaiea/eaaiey. Ia 35% ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue y?iceiiiua
i?ioeannu i?aauoatho ii/aiia?aciaaoaeueiue i?ioeann. Eaaeaeua 10 eao
ie?iaua iioa?e aa?oiaai neiy ii/au ninoaaeytho 7%.

E?oiiie ie?iaie i?iaeaiie noae i?ioeann iionouieaaiey, oi anoue
ianooieaiey ionouiue ia eoeueoo?iua aa?iaeioeaiicu. Iionouieaaiea –
?acoeueoao iai?aaeeueiiai aaaeaiey oicyenoaa (oie/oiaeaiea ae?aaaniie
?anoeoaeueiinoe, ia?a yenieoaoaoeey caiaeue eoae). Iionouieaaiea
iaaethaeaaony a 100 no?aiao ie?a. Aaeaaiaeii ec-ca yoiai oa?yaony 6 000
000 aaeoa?ia naeueoic. oaiaeee. I?e nio?aiaiee iuiaoieo oaiiia ca 30 eao
yoi yaeaiea ioaaoeo oa??eoi?eth ?aaioth ii ieiuaaee Naoaeianeie A?aaee.
Iauai iioa?ue i?iaeoeoeee a ianooaaa anaai ie?a ioeaieaaaony a 26 000
000 000 $ a aiae.

Iai?aoeaaaony auaiae i ia?aoiaea /aeiaa/anoaa a aieueoae /anoe ie?a e
iiaie, ?anoi/eoaeueiie nenoaia caieaaeaeey, i?e eioi?ie auiaaeathuea ec
naeueoic. iai?ioa caiee ia?aoii ia aica?auathony eeai a neeo eo iieiie
aeaa?aaeaoeee e ooa?e ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo naienoa, eeai ec-ca eiuo oi?i
eo ia?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey. Ieiuaaeue iioaioeeaeueii i?eaiaeiuo
aeey iiaiai eniieueciaaiey caiaeue ia aaeeea – i?eia?ii 12 000 000
eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia. ?aniieiaeaiu iie i/aiue ia?aaiiia?ii: aeaaiui
ia?acii a Eaoeineie Aia?eea, Ao?eea, NNN?. A Naaa?iie Aia?eea, a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, ia Aeeaeiai e Aeaeueiai Ainoiea, a Ieaaiee iioaioeeae
?anoe?aiey en/a?iai.

A aeeaeaeoea 50 eao yoio ?ano?n aoaeao neoaeeoue aianoi oaaee/aiey
ieiuaaee ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue anaai eeoue ainiieiaieth caiaeue,
auiaaoeo ec naeueoic. iai?ioa. Anee o/anoue ?aaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue
oaeaiaiey ia a?yaeouea 50 eao iauae /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ie?a, oi
noaiiaeony iiiyoiie ino?ioa i?iaeaiu iaania/aiey /aeiaa/anoaa
i?iaeiaieuenoaeai.

N?aaieoaeueii iiaui yaeaieai, i?eia?aoathuai ana aieaa aeiaaeueiue
oa?aeoa? noaiiaeony caa?yciaiea eeoinoa?u (a /anoiinoe, ii/a, iiaecaiiuo
aiae), a oaeaea eioaineaiia eniieueciaaiea iiaecaiiie n?aaeu
(caoi?iiaiea iooiaeia, neeaaee?iaaiea iaooe, aaca, i?iaaaeaiea yaea?iuo
eniuoaiee, no?ieoaeuenoai iiaecaiiuo nii?oaeaiee eoae). Yoi aucuaaao
?aciiai ?iaea iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey.

Yenieoaoaoeey ieia?aeueiuo aiaaonoa eeoinoa?u aeinoeaea aeaaioneeo
ianooaaia. Ia eaaeaeiai aeeoaey ieaiaou aeiauaaaony i?eia?ii 20 oiii
ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey a aiae. Ecaea/aiea aaeaaiaeii 80 ieeeea?aeia oiii
?oaeiuo e ia ?oaeiuo iaoa?eaeia ec iaae?ia nii?iaiaeaeaaony
iiiai/eneaiiuie oi?iaie ia?ooaiey e aeaaea ei?aiiiai eciaiaiey ?aeueaoa
caiiie iiaa?oiinoe e eaiaeoaooa. Ca 150 eao ai?iua ?aaiou i?eaaee e
ia?aciaaieth ioaaeia iauaiii 100 eoae/aneeo eeeiiao?ia e ea?uea?ia
iauaiii 40-50 eoae/aneeo eeeiiao?ia.

Iaeei ec oeaiiaeoeo ?ano?nia eeoinoa?u – iiaecaiiua aiaeu. Aieueoay
/anoue caiania i?aniie aiaeu ia Caiea, ia n/eoay eaaeieeia, i?eoiaeeony
ia iiaecaiiua aiaeu. Iauai n?aaieoaeueii eaaei aeinooiiuo iiaecaiiuo
aiae (aei aeoaeiu 800 iao?ia) ioeaieaaaony a 300 000 eoae/aneeo
eeeiiao?ia. A 1980 aiaeo /aeiaa/anoai eniieueciaaei aeey naieo ioaeae
2,6 – 3 ouny/ eoae/aneeo eeeiiao?ia i?aniie aiaeu.

A iineaaeiaa a?aiy eioa?an e iiaecaiiui aiaeai aic?in: iie yaeythony
iaeaieaa yeiiiie/iui aiaeiui ?ano?nii (iie ia ioaeaeathony a
aei?iainoiyueo n?aaenoaao aeinoaaee), a oaeaea iicaieytho inaaeaaoue
oa??eoi?ee, aaea caianu iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae e?aeia ia?aie/aiu. Aianoa n
oai nouanoaoao iianiinoue ea/anoaaiiiai enoiuaiey iiaecaiiuo aiae a
nayce n ?anoe?ythuaeny i?aeoeeie iiaecaiiiai caoi?iiaiey (aeeth/ay
aanueia aeoaieea ai?eciiou) caa?yciythueo iooiaeia i?iecaiaenoaa, a oii
/enea iaeaieaa oiene/iuo e ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo.

Aoiinoa?a i?aoa?iaaaao aio?iiiaaiiua eciaiaiey ei?aiiiai oa?aeoa?a:
iiaeeoeoee?othony aa naienoaa e aaciaue ninoaa, aic?anoaao iianiinoue
?ac?ooaiey eiiinoa?u e no?aoinoa?iiai iciia; iiauoaaony aa
caiueaiiinoue; ieaeiea neie aoiinoa?u ianuuathony a?aaeiuie aeey aeeauo
i?aaieciia aacaie e aauanoaaie i?iiuoeaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.

Ia?ooaiea aaciaiai ninoaaa aoiinoa?u i?ienoiaeeo a neaaenoaee oiai, /oi
aua?inu oaoiiaaiiuo aacia e aauanoa, aeinoeaathuea iiiaeo ieeeea?aeia
oiii a aiae, niiinoaaeiu n eo iinooieaieai ec i?e?iaeiuo enoi/ieeia,
eeai aeaaea i?aainoiaeyo eo. Aeaoieenue oaea?iaea (oaeaeeneue aac) –
iaeei ec aeaaiuo eiiiiiaioia aaciaiai ninoaaa aoiinoa?u, eioi?ue ea?aao
aaaeioth ?ieue ia oieueei a aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, ?anoaiee e
aeeaioiuo, ii e a auiieiaiee aoiinoa?iie ooieoeee i?aaeio?aiaiey
iiaenoeeathuae iiaa?oiinoe io ia?aa?aaa e io ia?aioeaaeaeaiey.
Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue ia?ooeea anoanoaaiiue aaeain auaeaeaiey e
anneieeyoeee CO2 a i?e?iaea, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai aai eiioeaio?aoeey a
aoiinoa?a oaaee/eaaaony. Ca 26 eao n 1959 aiaea ii 1985 aiae
niaea?aeaiea oaeaeeneiai aaca oaaee/eeinue ia 9%. Iaeioi?ua aaaeiua
yeaiaiou e?oaiiai?ioa CO2 aua ia aei eiioea iiciaiu iaoeie. Ia yniu
eiee/anoaaiiua nayce eiioeaio?aoeee aai a aoiinoa?a n ia?ie aai
niiniaiinoe caaea?aeeaaoue ia?aoiia eceo/aiea a einiin oaiea,
iieo/aaiiai io Nieioea. Oai ia iaiaa ?ino eiioeaio?aoeee CO2
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aeoaieii ia?ooaiee aeiaaeueiiai ?aaiiaaney a
aeinoa?a, /oi a ni/aoaiee n ae?oaeie ia?ooaieyie iiaeao eiaoue i/aiue
na?ueaciua iineaaenoaey.

?anoe?ythony ianooaau ia?ooaiey aaeaina eenei?iaea a aoiinoa?a. A oiaea
yaiethoeee aeinoa?u a aa aaciaie iaiei/ea noi?ie?iaaeanue e iaeiieeanue
ia?iiiay ianna naiaiaeiiai eenei?iaea (1,18 * 1015 oiii), eioi?ay
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy inoaaaeanue iinoiyiiie (i?iaeooee?oaiie ?anoaieyie
aaeaaiaeiue i?eoiae eenei?iaea a aoiinoa?o ?anoiaeoaony ia anoanoaaiiua
ieeneeoaeueiua i?ioeannu). Nia?aiaiiia /aeiaa/anoai a?oai aoi?aaaony a
yoio e?oaiiai?io, iio?aaeyy aaeaaiaeii ca n/ao naeeaaiey ieia?aeueiiai e
i?aaie/aneiai oiieeaa 20 000 000 000 oiii aoiinoa?iiai eenei?iaea. Oaeay
oi?ia “i?iaaeaiey” ia aiciaiiaeyaiiai ?ano?na i?e?iaeu ianao a naaa
enoi/iee iianiuo a aoaeouai yeieiae/aneeo eiioeeeoia. I?e aaeaaiaeiii
?inoa aeiau/e ai?th/eo eneiiaaiuo a 5% niaea?aeaiea naiaiaeiiai
eenei?iaea /a?ac 160 eao nieceony ia 25% – 30% e aeinoeaiao e?eoe/aneie
aeey /aeiaa/anoaa aaee/eiu.

Iiiaea oaoiiaaiiua aauanoaa, iiiaaeathuea a aicaeooioth n?aaeo ai?iaeia
yaeythony iianiuie caa?ycieoaeyie. Iie iaiinyo oua?a caei?iaueth
ethaeae, aeeaie i?e?iaea, iaoa?eaeueiui oeaiiinoyi. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo a
neeo aeeeoaeueiiai nouanoaiaaiey a aoiinoa?a ia?aiinyony ia aieueoea
?annoiyiey, ec -ca /aai i?iaeaia caa?yciaiey i?aa?auaaony ec eieaeueiie
a iaaeaeoia?iaeioth. A iniiaiii yoi eanaaony caa?yciaiee ieeneaie na?u e
acioa. Auno?ia iaeiieaiea yoeo caa?ycieoaeae a aoiinoa?a naaa?iiai
iieooa?ey (aiaeiaie i?e?ino 5%) ii?iaeeei oaeia yaeaiea, eae eeneua e
iiaeeeneaiiua inaaeee. Iie iiaeaaeytho aeieiae/aneoth i?iaeoeoeaiinoue
ii/a e aiaeiaiia, iniaaiii oao ec ieo, eioi?ua iaeaaeatho nianoaaiiie
aunieie eeneioiinoueth.

A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey aieiaiea i?eaeaeea e naaa i?iaeaia
no?aoinoa?iiai iciia, auiieiythuaai ?ieue ye?aia aeey anao aeeauo
nouanoa io ecauoi/iiai oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai eceo/aiey Nieioea. Iciio
oa?iaeaao iianiinoue a ?acoeueoaoa iiiaaeaiey a aa?oiea neie ieeneia
acioa (a neaaenoaee iieaoia naa?ocaoeiauo ?aaeoeaiuo naiieaoia), a
oaeaea i?iecaiaenoaa ooi?oeioaea?iaeia (o?aiiia).

Enneaaeiaaiea yoie i?iaeaiu iaoiaeii iiaeaee?iaaiey i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo
i nie?auaiee iciia a no?aoinoa?a ia 10% . Eino?oiaioaeueiua ecia?aiey
eiinoaoe?otho eeoue ia?eiaee/aneea ?aciiiai?aaeaiiua oeoeooaoeee e ia
iicaieytho naeaeaoue auaiae i aai enoiuaiee. Oai ia iaiaa oio oaeo, /oi
/aeiaa/anoai niiniaii iiaei?aaoue yoio aaaeiue ?ano?n aeeciaiaania/aiey,
iaia?oaeaiea iaae Aioa?eoeaeie ia?eiaee/anee iiyaeythuaeny “iciiiaie
aeu?u” – ana yoi aiai?eo i na?ueaciinoe i?iaeaiu.

*?acau/aeii e?oiiia yaeaiea cao?aaeaathuaa aeiaaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee
aoiinoa?u i?aaenoaaeyao iaiueaiea eae neaaenoaea aio?iiiaaiiuo oaeoi?ia.
Iinooieaiea aio?iiiaaiiuo acaaoaiiuo a aicaeooa /anoeoe ( ay?icieae )
aeinoeaaao aaeaaiaeii 1 – 2,6 ieeeea?aea oiii e ?aaii eiee/anoao
ay?icieae i?e?iaeiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Caiueaiiinoue aoiinoa?u ca 50 eao
oaaee/eeanue ia 70%.

Nieaeay i?ic?a/iinoue aoiinoa?u ay?iciee ia?aie/eaatho iinooieaiea
nieia/iiai oaiea. Nouanoaoao aeiioaca i aeeyiee caiueaiey ia
eeeiaoe/aneea eciaiaiey a naaa?iii iieooa?ee, a /anoiinoe ia
iioieiaeaiea, ia/aaoaany n 40-o aiaeia e ia o/anoeaoeany eeeiaoe/aneea
aiiiaeee a iaua ieaiaoa?iii ianooaaa.

Caiueaiiinoue aa?oieo neiaa aoiinoa?u /?aaaoi iaianaieai iaiii?aaeiiai
o?iia eiiinoa?a, eioi?ay auiieiyao ?ieue iacaiaieiiai ?ano?na,
eniieuecoaiiai aeey aeaeueiae ?aaeeinayce.

Aeioa Caiee (aeieiae/aneay iaiei/ea, a eioi?ie eiioeaio?e?oaony ana
aeeaia aauanoai e ana oi?iu aeecie) eniuouaaao iaaaoeaiua yeieiae/aneea
iineaaenoaey, i?eaiaeyuea e ia?ooaieth aeioeie/aneeo oeeeeia,
yia?aaoe/aneeo e oa?iiaeeiaie/aneeo i?ioeannia a aeinoa?a. Naa?o oiai,
aeioa iiaeaa?aaaony niaoeeoe/aneei no?annai, eioi?ua iinyo aeiaaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Yoi a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue i?ioeann aeaeiaiai iaaaeiaiey
aeeaioiiai e ?anoeoaeueiiai ie?a, ia?anoaiey iaaceanaiey ieaiaou.

Ianiio?y ia ana oneeey, eno?aaeaiea aeeaioiuo e ?anoeoaeueiinoe,
?ac?ooaiea anoanoaaiiuo eaiaeoaooia i?eiyee eaoano?ioe/aneea ?acia?u.

Ec – ca yeieiae/aneie aaca?aiioiinoe e aania/iinoe /aeiaaea, a ii?ie e
aa?aa?noaa a ioiioaieyo n aeeaui ie?ii oaii auie?aiey aeeeeo aeeaioiuo
aeinoea iaeneioia – iaeei aeae a aiae. Aeey n?aaiaiey n 1600ai aiaea ii
1950ue aiae yoio oaii ninoaaeye 1 aeae a 10 eao, a aei iiyaeaiey
/aeiaaea ia Caiea – anaai eeoue iaeei aeae ia 100 eao.

I?e yoii iao iieiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey ia en/aciiaaiee iecoeo aeeaioiuo –
ianaeiiuo, iieethneia e ae?oaeo, ?ieue eioi?uo a iiaeaea?aeaiee
aeieiae/aneiai ?aaiiaaney a i?e?iaea i/aiue auniea.

Aua aieaa o?aaiaeia ea?oeia oie/oiaeaiey ?anoeoaeueiinoe. A na?aaeeia
70-o aiaeia i?ienoiaeeei oie/oiaeaiea iaeiiai aeaea e iiaeaeaea ?anoaiee
(i?aeiouanoaaiii a o?iieeao) aaeaaeiaaii. E eiioeo 80-o aiaeia yoio
iieacaoaeue i?iaiice?oaony ?aaiui iaeiiio aeaeo a /an. A aaaeue a
yeieiae/aneii ioiioaiee en/aciiaaiea ?anoaiee oaeaeaao ca niaie “a
iiaeeo” io 10 aei 30 aeaeia ianaeiiuo, aunoeo aeeaioiuo e ae?oaeo
?anoaiee. Ii ioeaieai Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nithca io?aiu i?e?iaeu (INII)
ia na?aaeeio 80-o aiaeia i?eia?ii 10% oeaaooueo ?anoaiee (io 20 aei 30
ouny/ aeaeia e iiaeaeaeia) ioiineeenue e /eneo ?aaeeeo e iaoiaeeeenue a
iianiinoe.

A oeaeii aea ii oei?a e oaoia, aianoa acyoui, a niioaaonoaee n ioeaieaie
Anaie?iiai Oiiaea aeeeie i?e?iaeu e aeaooouny/iiio aiaeo “aeiaaeueiia
?aciiia?acea ” a i?e?iaea iiieceony ii iaiueoae ia?a ia 1/6, /oi
niioaaonoaoao en/aciiaaieth ec anoanoaaiiie enoi?ee ieaiaou 500 000
aeaeia e iiaeaeaeia aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee.

Iaaaeiaiea aaiaoe/aneiai iioaioeeaea aeiou Caiee i?ienoiaeeo oaeaea a
iaeanoe ieoeueoo?aiiuo ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo. Ii caeanue i?e/eia ia a
?ac?ooaiee iano eo iaeoaiey eee /?acia?iii iio?aaeaiee /aeiaaeii, eae
yoi eiaao ianoi a ioiioaiee aeeeie oei?u e oaoiu, a a niciaoaeueiii
nie?auaiee ni?oiaiai e ii?iaeiiai ?aciiia?acey eoeueoo?iuo aeieiae/aneeo
aeaeia.

Iniaia ianoi a i?iaeaiaoeea aeiaaeueiie yeieiaee caieiaao naaaeaiea
eania ia ieaiaoa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue o?iie/aneeo eania. Aaeaaiaeii
oie/oiaeaaony aieaa 11 ieeeeiiia aaeoa?ia eana. Yoi /?aaaoi i?e
nio?aiaiee iuiaoieo oaiiia eo naaaeaiey iaaceaneaaieai a aeeaeaeoea 30
eao oa??eoi?ee ?aaiie Eiaeee. Ciia eania a neeo noa/aiey enoi?e/aneeo,
nioeeaeueii yeiiiie/aneeo e ie?ioicyenoaaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa
i?aa?auaaony a iauaeo ianne?iaaiiiai yeieiae/aneiai ?ac?ooaiey,
a?icyuaai ia oieueei ia?ooaieai i?e?iaeiuo ?aaiiaanee ia
niioaaonoaothueo oa??eoi?eyo, ii e iauei iiieaeaieai o?iaiy i?aaiecaoeee
aeinoa?u a oeaeii.

Iaaoaiua iineaaenoaey naaaeaiey o?iie/aneeo eania ii?aaeaeythony iiieii
i?i/aai oai, /oi iie i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eieuaaeue e eeaaeiaoth
aieueoae /anoe aaiioiiaea caiiie aeiou (ii?yaeea 40% – 50%), a oii /enea
100 000 aeaeia aunoeo ?anoaiee ec 250 000 aeaeia.

Ianooaau naaaeaiey o?iie/aneeo eania ia?iiiu, e oaii eo en/aciiaaiey e
aeaa?aaeaoeee ana aieueoa onei?yaony. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii ninoaaeyao 2%
a aiae. Ec 16 000 000 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia Caiee, iie?uoie a ia?aie
iieiaeia 20-ai aaea o?iie/aneeie eanaie, ia eiiaoe 70-o aiaeia inoaeinue
eeoue 9,3 ieeeeiia eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia (nie?auaiea ia 42%). Naaaeaiu
2/3 eania a Acee, 1/2 a Ao?eea, aei 1/3 a Eaoeineie Aia?eea. Iieiiio
naaaeaieth, ei?aiiiio eciaiaieth e aeaa?aaeaoeee aaeaaiaeii
iiaeaa?aathony 245 000 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia o?iie/aneeo eania. I?e
oaeeo oaiiao e 2000-io aiaeo iannea o?iie/aneeo eania iiaeao
nie?aoeoueny ia 25%, a iineaaeiaa aea?aai iiaeao auoue n?oaeaii /a?ac 85
eao.

Iaeiaei, noaey ii ia?anoathuaio iauaio yenii?oa ae?aaaneiu ec
o?iie/aneeo eania a Naaa?ioth Aia?eeo, Caiaaeioth Aa?iio e ssiiieth,
inaiaiey caiyouo yoeie eanaie oa??eoi?ee iiae iaoith e ianoaeua (a oii
/enea e a aieueoeo ?acia?ao o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuie iiiiiieeyie), a oaeaea
eniieueciaaiea ae?aaaneiu a yia?aaoe/aneeo oeaeyo (io 30% aei 95% io
iauaai iio?aaeaiey yia?aee a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao), n?iee eo
oie/oiaeaiey iiaoo cia/eoaeueii nie?aoeoueny.

*enoi yeieiae/aneea e nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneea iaaaoeaiua
iineaaenoaey i?ioeanna iiiai/eneaiiu: eieinnaeueiua iioa?e aeaae,
aeaa?aaeaoeey ii/a e iionouieaaiea, eciaiaiea eieaeueiuo eeeiaoe/aneeo
oneiaee, ?ac?ooaiea ia?iiiuo, iaiiaeaeathueony ioeaiea
i?e?iaeii-yeiiiie/aneeo ?ano?nia e oae aeaeaa. Iaaceaneaaiea o?iieeia
eciaieo no?oeoo?o iiaa?oiinoe Caiee, oaaee/eo aa io?aaeaoaeueioth
niiniaiinoue (aeueaaaei). A yoi oaea /?aaaoi ia?yaeo n eciaiaieai
aeiaaeueiuo aaeaina aaca, aiaeu e yia?aee iineaaenoaeyie, eioi?ua iiaoo
i?eaanoe e aeanoaaeeecaoeee eeeiaoa ieaiaou.

Aeae?inoa?a (aiaeiay iaiei/ea Caiee) iiaeaa?aaaony oyaeaeaeoei
eniuoaieyi a ?acoeueoaoa oicyenoaaiiiai aoi?aeaiey a aiaeiua nenoaiu.
?aee, ica?a e ii?y i?aa?auathony a ianoa na?ina ?acee/iuo iooiaeia e
caa?yciythueo aauanoa. Ea/anoaaiiia eciaiaiea aeae?inoa?u (oeie/aneiai
ninoaaa e naienoa aiaeiie n?aaeu) noaiiaeony a iaoa a?aiy aeaaiui
oaeoi?ii e eiee/anoaaiiiai enoiuaiey i?aniie aiaeu ia Caiea, a oaeaea
oie/oiaeaiey iaoe?iiai eeanna aeiou – ?a/iie, ica?iie, ii?neie.

A iineaaeiea aeaa aeanyoeeaoey i?iaeaia ?ano?nia i?aniie aiaeu ia Caiea
i?aoa?iaea ?aceia eciaiaiea: a no?aiao, aiaaouo enoi/ieeaie aiaeu noaee
iiyaeyoueny i?eciaee aiaeiiai aeaoeoeeoa. N o/aoii aea no?ai,
o?aaeeoeeiiii eniuouaathueo a neeo i?e?iaeii – aaia?aoe/aneeo oneiaee
iaoaaoeo yoiai aeeciaiii aaaeiiai ?ano?na, iaeeoei ea?oeia
iai?yaeaiiinoe aiaeiiai aaeaina a iaua ieaiaoa?iii ianooaaa.

Ac?uaiie oa?aeoa? yoiai “iaacaiaeeaaiey” i?aaiecia Caiee iauyniyaony a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eaaeiiia?aciui ?inoii aio?iiiaaiiiai caa?yciaiey
aiaeiaiia e aiaeinoieia. Aiaeiaie aiaeicaai? a ie?a ninoaaeye a ia/aea
80-o aiaeia 4600 eoae/aneeo eeeiiao?ia, eee ieiei 12% iieiiai ?a/iiai
noiea. Aacaica?aoiue aea ?anoiae aeinoeaae 3400 eoae/aneeo eeeiiao?ia.
I?e oaeii iauaia iio?aaeaiey, eacaeinue au, iao iniiaaiee aeey
aaniieienoaa.

Iaeiaei aica?aoiua aiaeu iai?aaeythony a i?e?iaeo ianoieueei
caa?yciaiiuie, /oi aeey eo iaaca?aaeeaaiey (?acaaaeaiey) o?aaoaony a
ianeieueei ?ac aieueoee iauai /enoie aiaeu.

Ianooieaiea aiaeiiai e?ecena ia yaeyaony oaoaeueiie iaecaaaeiinoue,
iineieueeo /aeiaa/anoai ?aniieaaaao aiciiaeiinoyie ia?aeiieoue
oaiaeaioeeth ?anoi/eoaeueiiai e aioeyeieiae/aneiai aiaeiiio?aaeaiey. Yoi
iio?aaoao ei?aiiiai ia?aniio?a eiioeaioeee eniieueciaaiey a oicyenoaa
i?aniuo aiae, au?aaioee i?eioeeieaeueii iiaie no?aoaaee, ia?ano?ieee
oaoie/aneeo, i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo iniia aiaeiiieueciaaiey.

Aieaa 70% iiaa?oiinoe Caiee caiyoa ii?yie e ieaaiaie, /oi ii?iaeeei ieo
i oii, /oi iie iiaoo aaneiia/ii neoaeeoue enoi/ieeii iaaca?aaeeaaiey e
i?eaiieeii anao aeaeia iooiaeia /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. No?iaay
?aaeueiinoue ?acaai/aea yoo iianioth eeethceth. Ie?iaie ieaai i?e anae
naiae iaiauyoiinoe oycaei, eae ethaay ae?oaay i?e?iaeiay nenoaia.

Caa?yciaiey, iinooiathuea a ie?iaie ieaai iieieaaaee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
anoanoaaiiia ?aaiiaanea ii?neie n?aaeu a i?ea?aaeiie ciia
eiioeiaioaeueiiai oaeueoa, aaea nin?aaeioi/aii 99% anao ii?neeo
aeieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia, aeiauaaaiuo /aeiaaeii. Aio?iiiaaiiua caa?yciaiey
yoie ciiu iineoaeeee i?e/eiie oiai, /oi aa aeieiae/aneay
i?iaeoeoeaiinoue iiieceeanue ia 20%, a ie?iaie ?uaiue i?iiunae ia
aein/eoaeny 15 – 20 ieeeeiiia oiii oeiaa.

Ii aeaiiui III, aaeaaiaeii a ie?iaie ieaai iiiaaeaao 50 000 oiii
ianoeoeeaeia, 5000 oiii ?oooe, 10 000 000 oiii iaooe e iiiaeanoai
ae?oaeo caa?ycieoaeae. Eiee/anoai aaeaaiaeii iiiaaeathueo ec
aio?iiiaaiiuo enoi/ieeia ni noieii ?ae a aiaeu ii?ae e ieaaiia aeaeaca,
ia?aaioea, iaaee, oeeiea, naeioea, ieiaa, iuoueyea, iaooe i?aauoaao
aueai yoeo aauanoa iinooiathueo a ?acoeueoaoa aaieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.
Aeii ie?iaiai ieaaia, a oii /enea e aeoaieiaiaeiua aiaaeeiu, ana oe?a
eniieuecothony aeey caoi?iiaiey iniai iianiuo oiene/aneeo aauanoa
(aeeth/ay “ii?aeueii onoa?aaoea” aiaaua io?aaeythuea aauanoaa), a
oaeaea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo iaoa?eaeia. Oae, n 1946 ii 1970 aiae NOA
caoi?iieee o Aoeaioe/aneiai iiaa?aaeuey no?aiu ieiei 90 000 eiioaeia?ia
n iooiaeaie iauae ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoueth i?eia?ii 100 000 eth?e, a
aa?iiaeneea no?aiu na?ineee a ieaai iooiaeia iauae ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoueth
500 000 eth?e. A ?acoeueoaoa ?ac aa?iaoecaoeee eiioaeia?ia
iaaethaeathony neo/ae iianiiai ca?aaeaiey aiae e i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a
ianoao yoeo caoi?iiaiee.

Ia/aei einie/aneie y?u ii?iaeeei i?iaeaio nio?aiaiey oeaeinoiinoe aua
iaeiie caiiie iaiei/ee – einiinoa?u (ieieicaiiiai einie/aneiai
i?ino?ainoaa). I?iieeiiaaiea /aeiaaea a einiin ia i?inoi aa?ie/aneay
yiiiay, yoi aua e oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay aeieaia?aiaiiay iieeoeea iaeaaeaiey
iiauie ?ano?naie i?e?iaeu e anoanoaaiiie n?aaeie. Neaaaaiuie ?ano?niiai
iioaioeeaea einiina, oaea eniieuecoaiiai /aeiaa/anoaii, eeai
aeiioaoe/aneiai, yaeythony aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea, iaaaniiinoue,
aaeooi, ae?oaea oece/aneea naienoaa yoie n?aaeu, neeueiay nieia/iay
?aaeeaoeey, einie/aneea eceo/aiey, a oaeaea e oa??eoi?ey, niaoeeoe/aneea
i?e?iaeiua oneiaey e ieia?aeueiua ?ano?nu iaaaniuo oae.

Einie/aneay iaiei/ea Caiee auiieiyao ?yae aaaeiuo aeey aeecie ieaiaou e
aeey aeecie ia ieaiaoa ooieoeee, naycaiiuo n iiaeaea?aeaieai aa
?aaeeaoeeiiiith – oaieiaiai aaeaina, i?ioaeaieai iaeioi?uo aaioece/aneeo
i?ioeannia. Iiyoiio nio?aiaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?aaiiaanee e ecia/aeueiuo
naienoa einiinoa?u Caiee a i?ioeanna i?iieeiiaaiey a iaa /aeiaaea –
e?oiiay, aeeciaiii aaaeiay iaua ieaiaoa?iay caaea/a.

Einie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue iciaiaiiaaeanue aeanoyueie aeinoeaeaieyie a
enneaaeiaaiee e eniieueciaaiee yoie i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu a ie?iuo e
niceaeaoaeueiuo oeaeyo. Iia ioaaouaaao oe?ieee e?oa i?eeeaaeiuo
iai?aaeaiee: enneaaeiaaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia Caiee, eiio?ieue ca
ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, naycue, iaaeaaoeeth, iaoai?ieiaeth,
aaiaeaceth, ea?oia?aoeth, oaea aauaiea, nianaiea oa?iyueo aaaenoaea
noaeia e naiieaoia, oaoiieiae/aneea, aeieiae/aneea e ae?oaea iao/iua
yenia?eiaiou, eioi?ua aioiayo ii/ao aeey aua aieaa eioaineaiiai, a
/anoiinoe eiaeono?eaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey einiina.

Einiin ana aieueoa noaiiaeony a?aiie oaeaea aeey ?aciiia?aciiai e
ieiaeioai?iiai ie?iiai nio?oaeie/anoaa. Aianoa n oai eiatho ianoi
i?aaeiaia?aiiua aeaenoaey, iai?aaeaiiua ia oi, /oiau eciaieoue oneiaey e
naienoaa yoie n?aaeu, ?acaa?iooue a einiina a?aaeaeaaioth aeey i?e?iaeu
Caiee e /aeiaa/anoaa aeayoaeueiinoue, aeaaiui ia?acii aiaiioth.

Oaea ia noaaeee eniuoaiey einie/aneiai i?oaeey a ieieicaiiii
i?ino?ainoaa einie/aneie iaiei/ea Caiee iiaeao auoue iaianai
iaiii?aaeiue yeieiae/aneee o?ii a neaaenoaee ?aceiai aic?anoaiey
caa?yciaiey.

Nae/an a einiina aaaeoony eioaineaiua enneaaeiaaiey e yenia?eiaiou
a?aaeaeaineiai iacia/aiey. Ana yoi i?aaeiieaaaao caione aieueoiai /enea
einie/aneeo iauaeoia. Ia ia/aei 80-o aiaeia a einiin auaiaeeeinue aieaa
100 iauaeoia aiae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia i?aeoa Caiee iaoiaeeony ieiei 10
– 15 ouny/ e?oiiuo eneonnoaaiiuo iauaeoia e 40 000 iaeeeo
(i?eaeeceoaeueii 2,5 naioeiao?a a aeeaiao?a). E 1990 aiaeo a ieieicaiiii
i?ino?ainoaa aoaeao iaoiaeeoueny ieiei 1 000 000 oaa?aeuo oae
aio?iiiaaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey iauae iannie 100 000 oiii, /oi, ii
aeaeeiiio, i?eaeeaeaaony e ianna anoanoaaiiiai aauanoaa a yoie n?aaea.

Iaeioi?ua ec i?aeoeeoaiuo nae/an e iaia/aaiuo ia aoaeouaa aeaeia
einie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeiu noaoue iauaeoii ?aaeaiaioaoeee,
/oiau eneeth/eoue caa?yciaiea, caioni?eaaiea e ae?oaea oi?iu ia?ooaiey
i?e?iaeiiai ?aaiiaaney a einie/aneii i?ino?ainoaa, nouanoaothuae
i?e?iaeiie ianoaiiaee ia iaaaniuo oaeao. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?oiao eaeao ianoaeaeaiea e?iia aii?ina i ia
ieeeoa?ecaoeee einiina oaeeo aua aniaeoia ?aaoee?iaaiey (aeeth/ay
cai?aoeoaeueiua ia?u) caueoie einiina io aio?iiiaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey,
eae nie?auaiea /enea io?aaioaaoeo niooieeia (oae iacuaaaiuo einie/aneeo
iooiaeia), na?in a einiin ?aciiai ?iaea iianiuo “caiiuo” iooiaeia,
caione e?oiiuo ?aeaoiuo onei?eoaeae ia oaa?aeii oiieeaa.

AAOIIOITH?EAe Nioeeioaoiinoa?a.

I?iaeaiaoeea io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu a aa nia?aiaiiii niaea?aeaiee
aeeeooao iaiaoiaeeiinoue o/aoa aua iaeiiai no?oeoo?iiai o?iaiy
iaoa?eaeueiiai ie?a – nioeeioaoiinoa?u. Nioeeioaoiinoa?a ia iauanoai
eae oaeiaia a oa aai /anoue, oa aai i?iyaeaiey, eioi?ua aunooiatho a
ea/anoaa oaeoi?ia aicaeaenoaey ia i?e?iaeo, aoiaeyo a ninoaa e
oi?ie?otho ?yae aaaeiuo yeaiaioia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Yoi e
iaoa?eaeueii – oaoie/aneea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua nenoaiu e iiiaiia?aciua
aeaeu iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, ieacuaathuea
aicaeaenoaea ia ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, e eneonnoaaiiay, oaoiece?iaaiiay
n?aaea aai iaeoaiey e aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe, e ieoeueoo?aiiua aeioeaiicu,
e iiaeaa?aoayny iiaeeoeeaoeee a ?acoeueoaoa /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?e?iaeiay n?aaea – neiaii, ana oi, /oi i?eiyoi iacuaaoue “aoi?ie
i?e?iaeie” caiee. Nicaeaiiue /aeiaaeii iaoa?eaeueii – aeooiaiue ie?,
iaicia/aaiue oa?ieiii “nioeeioaoiinoa?a”, iaeaaeaao ia?anoathuae
i?e?iaeii?aia?aciaaoaeueiie iiuueth. Iaeiaei nioeeioaoiinoa?a – yoi e oa
/anoue ie?oaeathuae /aeiaaea n?aaeu (eae i?e?iaeiie, oae e
oaoiece?iaaiiie), eioi?ay ana aieueoa ioaeaeaaony a caueoa. Caueoa, ai
ia?auo, io a?aaeaeaaiuo /aeiaaeo nee “aiaoiae” i?e?iaeu (i?e?iaea
naienoaaiia ia oieueei aa?iiiey, ii e eieeecee), ai aoi?uo, io iianiuo
ia?aoiuo aicaeaenoaee, ieacuaaaiuo i?e?iaeie, aeaa?aaee?iaaiiie a
?acoeueoaoa iai?iaeoiaiiuo, a eiiaaea e ceiiaia?aiiuo eciaiaiee
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu naiei /aeiaaeii; iaeiiaoe, a o?aoueeo, io
iiiai/eneaiiuo iaaaoeaiuo e aeaaea ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo (aeey /aeiaaea,
iauanoaa, oaoieei-i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa, n?aaeu iaeoaiey ethaeae
eoae) iineaaenoaee aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey naiie
nioeeioaoiinoa?u.

Eiioeeeo iauanoaa n i?e?iaeie e n naiei niaie ia anoue naeaeaoaeuenoai e
i?eciae iaeiaai yaiethoeeiiiiai ooieea, eaeie-oi “ioeaee” i?e?iaeu,
ii?iaeeaoae yeiau i?iaeoeo, ianiaianoeiue n aa nianoaaiiuie caeiiaie
?acaeoey e oaoaeueii a?aaeaeaaiie ae.

*aeiaa/aneia iauanoai e nicaeaiiay ei “aoi?ay i?e?iaea” ia ?aeiaay
iiooieue ia oaea Caiee, eae yoi iuoathony i?aaenoaaeoue nae/an iaeioi?ua
?aaeoeeiiiua e eaaaoeeea oai?aoeee Caiaaea, a aaee/aeoaa oai?aiea e
/oaei i?e?iaeu, iaoa?eaeeciaaiiue ?acoeueoao yaiethoeee io i?inoaeoeo
aei auni/aeoeo oi?i aa nianoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee. Oeacaiiua aea eiioeeeou
– ia io?aaeaiea ii?ieia, i?enoueo iauanoao aiiaua, iauanoaaiiie oi?ia
i?aaiecaoeee iaoa?ee eae oaeiaie. Iie – naeaeaoaeuenoai eeoue oiai
enoi?e/aneiai oaeoa, /oi /aeiaa/aneia iauanoai naii aua iaoiaeeony ia
oie noaaeee yaiethoeee, eiaaea nio?aiythony e ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou
ianiaa?oainoaa nioeeaeueiuo oi?i e einoeoooia, e aeaaea aeoaieea
nioeeaeueiua aioaaiieciu.

Nioeeioaoiinoa?a – iaiau/aeii neiaeiay nenoaia, eioi?ay ai iiiaeo
ioiioaieyo e ni ana aic?anoathuae neeie ii?aaeaeyao ?acaeoea
ie?oaeathuae yoo iauanoaaiioth oi?io n?aaeo. Nae/an yoi aeeyiea
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia ana caiiua iaiei/ee, a oaeaea ia iiiai/eneaiiua
acaeiinayce iaaeaeo ieie, e?oaiiai?iou aauanoa e yia?aee, einie/aneea,
?aaeeaoeeiiiua e oaeoiie/aneea oaeoi?u.

I?eia?aoaiea aieueoie naiaiaeu a n?aaenoaao e niiniaao aicaeaenoaey ia
i?e?iaeo ioithaeue ia aeaeaao iauanoai iacaaeneiui io iaa. Iaiai?io,
ii?iaeaeay eeethceth iacaaeneiinoe io i?e?iaeu e aa caeiiia e eae
neaaenoaea yoiai – ia?aoeeiiaeueiua oi?iu i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey, iii
iiaeao eeoue oneeeoue i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo iauanoaii e i?e?iaeie.
Nia?aiaiiue yeieiae/aneee eiioeeeo – oiio iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea. A oneiaeyo
iaino?aiey yeieiae/aneeo i?ioeai?a/ee caaeneiinoue iauanoaa io i?e?iaeu
?acei aic?anoaao, i?eia?aoay iiaia ea/anoai. Aeaa?aaee?iaaaoay e
enoiuaiiay i?e?iaea ieacuaaaony ianiiniaiie oaeiaeaoai?youe iio?aaiinoe
iauanoaa, /oi iaaeaaii?eyoii io?aaeaaony ia nioeeaeueiii ?acaeoee.

Anee a aua ia a noieue ioaeaeaiiii i?ioeii iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey
/aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe au?aaeaeenue i?aeiouanoaaiii a /?acia?iie
iaa?ocea ia “aeeeoth” i?e?iaeo, /oi i?eaiaeeei e eiee/anoaaiiiio e
aeaeiaiio iaaaeiaieth aeioeaiicia, aeaa?aaeaoeee i?e?iaeiuo eaiaeoaooia.
Oaia?ue e yoie “noa?ie”, eeanne/aneie aeey i?ioeiai i?iaeaia
aeiaaaeeenue ae?oaea. E iei ioiinyony, ai – ia?auo, aeinoeaeaiey
aunieiai, a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo e?eoe/aneiai o?iaiy caa?yciaiey
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu e oooaeoaiey ea/anoaa eneonnoaaiiie, oaoiece?iaaiiie
n?aaeu iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai iaeoaiey e aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae; ai –
aoi?uo, ia?aoeeiiaeueiia iio?aaeaiea iiiaeo aeaeia ia?ae/iuo i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia iaeaieaa aeoeaii eniieuecoaiuo a ie?iaii oicyenoaa. Niaieoiiay
/aeiaa/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue i?eia?aea niiniaiinoue ieacuaaoue aeeyiea
ia i/aiue iiiaea aaaeiua i?e?iaeiua ?aaiiaaney iaua ieaiaoa?iiai
ianooaaa, aeaaea – a neo/aa ie?iaie oa?iiyaea?iie aieiu – ei?aiiui
ia?acii iiaei?aaoue eo e oai naiui i?eaanoe e aeaaee oeeaeeecaoeee.

Inoaiiaeiny ianeieueei iiae?iaiaa ia aiciiaeiuo iineaaenoaeyo yaea?iie
aieiu. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiua ia?ae/iua yeieiae/aneea yooaeou ianne?iaaiiiai
i?eiaiaiey yaea?iiai i?oaeey aoaeoo naycaiu n eaoano?ioe/aneeie
ianooaaaie ?ac?ooaiey anao iniiaiuo yeaiaioia nioeeioaoiinoa?u. A
/anoiinoe, iiaeao ieacaoueny oeaeeeii oie/oiaeaiiie i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay
aaca /aeiaa/anoaa. Anee ca n?aaeiee ?acia? ieiuaaee, ia eioi?ie
i?ienoiaeeo iieiie oie/oiaeaiea anao aeaeia aunoeo ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo
i?e ac?uaa yaea?iiai ono?ienoaa, i?eiyoue 400 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia, oi
iaeiieaiiiai yaea?iiai a?naiaea aeinoaoi/ii aeey aeieiae/aneiai
iionoioaiey 20 000 000 eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia oa??eoi?ee ieaiaou. Yoa
aaee/eia cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaao iauoth ieiuaaeue ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue
a ie?a.

Ae?oaea ia?ae/iua yooaeou naycuaathony n ia?ooaieai iaeioi?uo
aaioece/aneeo, oa?iiaeeiaie/aneeo, oeie/aneeo e ?yaea i?i/eo
oa?aeoa?enoee anao iaiei/ae Caiee, a oaeaea n ia?ooaieyie iaoaieciia
acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo ieie. Yoi aucuaaaony oaeeie iineaaenoaeyie
yaea?iuo ac?uaia: aua?inaie a aoiinoa?o aieueoiai iauaia iaeeica?ienoie
iuee (io 1 aei 10 ieeeeiiia oiii ia 1 iaaaoiiio iiuiinoe yaea?iiai
ono?ienoaa), /oi i?eaaaeao e ?aceiio nieaeaieth aa i?ic?a/iinoe a
oa/aiee i?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie; aeeeoaeueiuie, aei 1,5 – 2-o
ianyoeaa, e neeueiuie iiaea?aie (a eanao, ai?iaeao, i?iiuoeaiiuo
oeaio?ao, ia oiieeaiuo neeaaeao ), a neaaenoaee eioi?uo ia?acothony a
aieueoeo eiee/anoaao ieene acioa, aeaoieenue oaea?iaea, oaa?iue aac,
o?iiinoa?iue icii, aeoeaiua oaeaaiaei?iaeu, a oaeaea auaeaeythony a
aoiinoa?o aeiiieieoaeueiua iannu acaaoaiiuo /anoeoe; oie/oiaeaieai a
iiiaio ac?uaia e a neaaenoaee iiaea?ia cia/eoaeueiuo eiee/anoa
aoiinoa?iiai eenei?iaea. A ?acoeueoaoa i?iecieaeoo ?aceea aiiiaeee a
ninoiyiee aeiaaeueiiai eeeiaoa: n ia/aea – neeueiia iiauoaiea
oaiia?aoo?u, ca oai – aeeeoaeueiia iioieiaeaiea (ia o?iaia a?eoe/aneeo
oaiia?aoo?), oae iacuaaaiay yaea?iay ceia.

Aoi?e/iua aea yooaeou yaea?iie aieiu n o/aoii ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ca?aaeaiey
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu auciaoo aeieaia?aiaiiua ia?ooaiey a aeioa ia o?iaia
oeaiae ieoaiey, aeoai/aeoea eciaiaiey a aeaeiaii ?aciiia?acee oei?u e
oaoiu, ?aceia nie?auaiea aeiiannu ia Caiea eoae. Eiaiii ?aaeeiaeoeaiia
caa?yciaiea aoiinoa?u, ii/au, aiae naeaeaao aieueooth /anoue ieaiaou
iai?eaiaeiie a oa/aiee i?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie (50 – 100 eao eae
ieieioi) aeey nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaa/anoaa e anao aunoeo oi?i aeecie. A
oeaeii yaea?iay aieia nicaeano neooaoeeth iaia?aoeiinoe (ii e?aeiae ia?a
a ianooaaao /aeiaa/aneie aeecie) ?yaea ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo i?e?iaeiuo
i?ioeannia, io eioi?uo caaeneo nouanoaiaaiea /aeiaaea e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, auaeeaaaiinoue oao ethaeae, eioi?ua a neeo eaeeo – oi
ianoiyoaeuenoa ia aoaeoo eeoaiu aeecie a iiiaio iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo aiaauo
aeaenoaee. “N?aaenoa ianniaiai oie/oiaeaiey, – ieoao ii?aaaeneee o/aiue
E. Aaeooia, – ?ac?ooatho ia oieueei aeeciue, nioeeaeueiue i?aaieci e
ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, ii oaeaea e iaoaieciu, iaania/eaathuea aiciiaeiia
aic?iaeaeaiea – aiciaiiaeaiea eo iaiaoiaeeiiai eiee/anoaa e o?aaoaiiai
ea/anoaa a i?aaeaeao ?acoiiuo a?aiaiiuo ?aiie”.

Oaeei ia?acii, ie?iaie yaea?iue eiioeeeo inoaaeo i/aiue iaei iaaeaaeae
ia auaeeaaiea /aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eiaiii a
neeo aeiaaeueiiai ?ac?ooaiey e ei?aiiiai iaaeaaii?eyoiiai i?aia?aciaaiey
i?e?iaeiie iaaa n?aaeu ieaiaou – anoanoaaiiiai enoi/ieea nouanoaiaaiey
anao oi?i e aeaeia aeecie e aeaaiiai oneiaey eo aini?iecaiaenoaa.

AAOIIOITH?EAe Oi?ie?iaaiea eiioeaioeee iiinoa?u.

Eiioeaioeey iiinoa?u o A. E. Aa?iaaeneiai – yoi eaeay i ?iee ?acoiiie
/aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe a i?e?iaea. Nae/an i?e ?ac?aaioea oai?ee
acaeiiaeaenoaey iauanoaa e i?e?iaeu iaaiciiaeii iaieoenue aac
ieiaeioai?iie i?iaiinoe/aneie eaeaa Aa?iaaeneiai i noaiiaeaiee iiinoa?u
eae i?ioeanna niciaoaeueiiai aoiaienoe/aneiai i?aia?aciaaiey /aeiaaeii
oneiaee naiaai anoanoaaiiiai i?e?iaeiiai ie?oaeaiey. A oneiaeyo
iaino?aiey aeiaaeueiuo i?iaeai nia?aiaiiinoe, e iniaaiii, yeieiae/aneie
neooaoeee, iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee – i?aaenoaaeoaee anoanoaaiiuo e
aoiaieoa?iuo iaoe – aeey iniuneaiey yoeo neiaeiuo i?ioeannia ia?auathony
e ianeaaeeth Aa?iaaeneiai, iuoaynue iaeoe o iniiaiiieiaeieea
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie eiioeaioeee iiinoa?u ioaaou ia i?iaeaiu i ianoa
/aeiaaea a i?e?iaea e aeinoa?a, i aoaeouai aeinoa?u e acaeiiaeaenoaey
iauanoaa e i?e?iaeu i noaeueaao ie?iaie oeeaeeecaoeee e /aeiaa/anoaa a
oeaeii. Nai Aa?iaaeneee, ?aaioaaoee ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo aeanyoeeaoee
iaae yoie i?iaeaiie, ia inoaaee iaiauathuae ?aaiou i iiinoa?a. A naieo
?aaioao ii iinoaaee i?iaeaio, ?acaee, oaeoaee e nicaeae aa ooiaeaiaio,
iaeiaei o/aiue ia aue oaeiaeaoai?ai aeinoeaioouie ?acoeueoaoaie a
enneaaeiaaiee yoie oaiu.

Iniiaiie aai o?oae, iinayuaiiue i?iaeaia iiinoa?u, – “iao/iay iuneue eae
ieaiaoa?iia yaeaiea” – ia aue iioaeeeiaai i?e aeecie aaoi?a. Aa?iaaeneee
aeaeaao iiiuoeo oaycaoue anoanoaaiii – iao/ioth oai?eth aaioeie/aneie
iea?aoeee aauanoaa e yia?aee n ?acaeoeai iauanoaa, oi anoue iaeoe iiiaio
ia?aoiaea aeinoa?u (aneaaenoaea eiee/anoaaiiuo eciaiaiee, aiineiuo a iaa
/aeiaaeii) a ea/anoaaiii iiaia ninoiyiea – iiinoa?o.

Ia/aa iao/ioth aeayoaeueiinoue eae e?enoaeeia?ao e ieia?aeia,
Aa?iaaeneee caeioa?aniaaeny i?iaeaiie iea?aoeee oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia, a
caoai e yia?aee a i?e?iaea. Yoa i?iaeaia auea iiaeaa?aiooa ei
ananoi?iiiaio aiaeeco – io iea?aoeee yeaiaioia aoiiiuo /anoeoe aei
“anaeaineiai”, einie/aneiai iaiaia aauanoaa e yia?aee. A ?acoeueoaoa
auee auyaeaiu ?acee/iua oaeoi?u iea?aoeee oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia: ?ieue
oece/aneeo i?ioeannia, aeeyiea aeecie e “aeeaiai aauanoaa” (niaieoiiinoe
aeeauo i?aaieciia) ia oi?ie?iaaiea aeiaainoa?u e ia?aoiiai aicaeaenoaey
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu ia aeeaua i?aaieciu, iaeiiaoe, ianoi e ?ieue
nioeeaeueiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe a yoii i?ioeanna, oi anoue niaoeeoeea
eciaiaiey aeiaaioeie/aneie iea?aoeee aauanoaa e yia?aee iiae
aicaeaenoaeai /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Inouanoaeaiey oaeeo
?aciinoi?iiieo e aeoaieeo enneaaeiaaiee o?aaiaaei auoiaea ca ?aiee
yiie?e/aneiai iaoa?eaea e iaoiaeieiaee anoanoaaiiuo iaoe, ia?auaiey e
aoiaieoa?iui iaoeai e ia?aoiaea e oeeinioneei iaiauaieyi. Iao/iay
cia/eiinoue o/aiey Aa?iaaeneiai i iiinoa?a ninoieo a oii, /oi ii eae
anoanoaieniuoaoaeue, enneaaeoy aaioeie/aneea i?ioeannu iea?aoeee
aauanoaa e yia?aee a i?e?iaea, auyaee aaieiae/aneoth ?ieue aeecie,
aeeaiai aauanoaa a ieaiaoa?iuo i?ioeannao, a noaiiaeaiee e iineaaeothuai
iiaeaea?aeaiee aeeiaie/aneiai ?aaiiaaney aeinoa?u – i?iaeoeoa
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e n?aaeu nouanoaiaaiey aeeauo nouanoa. A yoii
aeeaii aauanoaa ii auaeaeee /aeiaaea eae ieaiaoa?ioth neeo, eciaiythuoth
anoanoaaiiua aeiaaioeie/aneea i?ioeannu ieaiaou, niiniaioth ia?ano?ieoue
niaeanii naiei i?aaenoaaeaieyi neeaaeuaaaoeany ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo
aaieiae/aneeo yiio anoanoaaiiua oeeeeu iea?aoeee aauanoaa e yia?aee e
eciaiyoue oaeei ia?acii aeinoa?o Caiee.

A iniiaaiee eiioeaioeee iiinoa?u Aa?iaaeneei iieiaeaiu eaeae ia
iauaeoeaiii i?ioeanna i?aia?aciaaiey /aeiaaeii i?e?iaeu “a eioa?anao
naiaiaeii iuneyuaai /aeiaa/anoaa eae aaeeiiai oeaeiai”, eai iiinoa?a
iiieiaeanue ei eae ie?oaeathuay /aeiaaea n?aaea, i?e?iaeiia yaeaiea,
iiaia ninoiyiea aeinoa?u, a niceaeaiea aa – eae eiio?iee?oaiue e
?aaoee?oaiue i?ioeann iaiaia aauanoaii e yia?aeae iauanoaa n i?e?iaeie,
oi anoue eae ?acoiiia niaeaniaaiiia n aeaiiuie iaoee i?aia?aciaaiea
i?e?iaeu.

O?oaeiinoue aeey Aa?iaaeneiai eae iaoo?aeenoa e anoanoaieniuoaoaey
ninoiyea a oii, /oi enneaaeoy aeeyiea /aeiaaea, iauanoaa ia i?e?iaeo, ii
noieeioeny n ea/anoaaiii ioee/iie io anao eiuo oi?i aeaeaeaiey iaoa?ee
?aaeueiinoueth, iiae/eiaiiie naiei niaoeeoe/aneei caeiiai, nianoaaiiia
?acaeoea e acaeiiaeaenoaea eioi?ie n i?e?iaeie ia iiaoo auoue
ioiaeaeanoaeaiu eee ?aaeooee?iaaiu e aeieiae/aneie oi?ia aeaeaeaiey
iaoa?ee eee oece/aneei e oeie/aneei caeiiiia?iinoyi, i?enouei aeeaie e
oai aieaa iaaeeaie i?e?iaea.

Iiinoa?a, niaeanii Aa?iaaeneiio – yoi i?aia?aciaaiiay a eioa?anao
/aeiaaea i?e?iaea, ?aaiiaaniia ninoiyiea eioi?ie iiaeaea?aeeaaaony
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth iaiauanoaeaoaainy /aeiaa/anoaa.
I/aeiaa/aiiay i?e?iaea iiyaeyaony aianoa n /aeiaaeii, eiaaea ii aue aua
ia a ninoiyiee ?aaoee?iaaoue i?ioaeaiea aeiaaeueiuo i?ioeannia i?e?iaeu.
Iiinoa?a aea – niciaoaeueii nicaeaaaaiia /aeiaaeii ninoiyiea i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu. Iia aeeth/aao iinoiyiiia i?iyaeaiea anoanoaaiiuo i?ioeannia
i?e?iaeu, ii yoi oi?aaeyaiay /aeiaaeii i?e?iaeiay n?aaea aai
nouanoaiaaiey. Iineieueeo oaeia ninoiyiea aua ia aeinoeaiooi, oi
i?aaeaeaa?aiaiii nia?aiaiiue yoai eciaiaiey aeinoa?u iacuaaoue
iiinoa?ie.

Aeaenoaeoaeueii, nia?aiaiiia /aeiaa/anoai aua ia i?aiaeieaei iianiinoe
aicieeiiaaiey ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo aiei, ?anoeuaiey ?ano?nia aeinoa?u,
caa?yciaiey i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, eoi. Iaeiaei nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea
acaeiiaeaenoaey iauanoaa n i?e?iaeie ia iiaeao auoue i?e/eiie niiiaiee a
aiciiaeiinoe nicaeaiey iiinoa?u.

Eiioeaioeey iiinoa?u iaaaeiyaony e oiaaea, eiaaea aa noaiiaeaiea
naycuaaaony oieueei n oaeoii i?aa?auaiey /aeiaaea a aaieiae/aneoth neeo
niiniaioth i?eioeeieaeueii eciaieoue anoanoaaiioth iea?aoeeth oeie/aneeo
yeaiaioia ia ieaiaoa. Yoiai, anee neaaeiaaoue Aa?iaaeneiio, ia
aeinoaoi/ii aeey noaiiaeaiey iiinoa?u. “Aaioeie/aneay aeoeaiinoue
/aeiaaea i?iyaeyaony ia i?yii e ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii, oi anoue ia eae
/enoi aeieiae/aneee i?ioeann, ii iaecaaaeii iiin?aaeiaaia
neeaaeuaathueieny iaaeaeo ethaeueie neiaeiuie nioeeaeueiuie
ioiioaieyie”. *oiau iaoa?eaeueii oaoie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue ii
eciaiaieth i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu ia i?eiyea oa?iaeathuoth oi?io
yeieiae/aneiai e?ecena, iia iaiaoiaeeii aeieaeia nii?iaiaeaeaoueny
ei?aiiuie nioeeaeueiuie eciaiaieyie. Aac oaeeo nioeeaeueiuo eciaiaiee ia
iiaeao auoue inouanoaeai ?aoeeiiaeueiue iaiai aauanoa n i?e?iaeie a
eioa?anao anao ethaeae. Iiinoa?a ia niaianoeia n aio?iiiaaiiie
aeaa?aaeaoeeae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu. Iiyoiio “iaeiei ec ia?auo i?eciaeia
nicaeaiey iiinoa?u aoaeao eeeaeaeaoeey iianiinoe aeiaaeueiiai
yeieiae/aneiai e?ecena”.

Ae?oaay e?aeiinoue – iiiuoea naycaoue iiinoa?o n noaoai nioeeaeueiuie
ia?aiaiaie. I?e yoii ec iiey c?aiey auiaaeatho iao/iua e iaoa?eaeueii
oaoie/aneea oaeoi?u iaania/aiey eciaiaiey niiniaa aicaeaenoaey iauanoaa
ia i?e?iaeo, iicaieythuea oi?aaeyoue iaiaoiaeeiui aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey
aeiaaiiuo eiinoaio i?ioeannii aeiaaioeie/aneie iea?aoeee aauanoaa e
yia?aee.

Aoiaieno Aa?iaaeneee aeaeae, /oi aeey inouanoaeaiey ia?aoiaea aeinoa?u a
iiinoa?o nicaeaiu ?aaeueiua iauaeoeaiua i?aaeiinueee: i?iecioea
aaee/aeoay iao/iay ?aaiethoeey, ioe?uaoay iooue aeey aaca?aie/iiai
oaaee/aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo nee /aeiaa/anoaa, ia/aeny i?ioeann
yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai iauaaeeiaiey /aeiaa/anoaa a aaeeioth
ie?iaoth annioeeaoeeth. Yoe i?aaeiinueee aeieaeiu noaoue oie noeoeeii
nicaeaaaaoaeny ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo ouny/ eao iniiaie, ia aeinoeaeaieyo
eioi?ie /aeiaae oieueei oaia?ue iiaeao niciaoaeueii aiieiuaoue a aeeciue
naith eaeath i i?aia?aciaaiee aeinoa?u a iiinoa?o, iiae/eieoue naiae
aiea e ?acoio i?ioeannu iea?aoeee aauanoaa e yia?aee e iauanoaaiiuo
o?ainoi?iaoeee aeey iaania/aiey naiaai aani?aaeaeueiiai i?ia?anneaiiai
?acaeoey.

AAOIIOITH?EAe Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.

1) TH. A. Ieaeieeia. Yeieiae/aneea aeueoa?iaoeau IO?. Iineaa, Iaoea.
1987 a.

2) TH. A. Ia?eia. Nioeeaeueiay yeieiaey. Iiaineae?ne. Iaoea. 1986 a.

3) A. A. Ai?aeia. *aeiaae – aa?iiiey – i?e?iaea. Iineaa. Iaoea. 1990
a.

4) Acaeiiaeaenoaea iauanoaa e i?e?iaeu. Na. noaoae. Iiae ?aae. A. O.
Oaaeaeaaaa. Iineaa. Iaoea. 1986 a.

5) Iaoa iauaa aoaeouaa. Aeieeaae Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiiennee ii
ie?oaeathuae n?aaea e ?acaeoeth (IEINO?). Iiae ?aae. N. A. Aaoaaaa e ?.
A. Ia?aeaoa. Iineaa. I?ia?ann. 1989 a.

Aaaaeaiea

NO? 2

Aaaaeaiea

NO? 1

Ia?ooaiea yeieiae/aneiai ?aaiiaaney

NO? 18

Nioeeioaoiinoa?a

NO? 23

Iiinoa?a

NO? 27

Eeoa?aoo?a

NO? 28

Eeoa?aoo?a

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