Aeaaa 2. Ianneaiua iaoiaeu iaia?oaeaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
aua?inia a aoiinoa?o
Ianneaiua iaoiaeu aeenoaioeeiiiiai iaia?oaeaiey ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
aua?inia a aoiinoa?o, a oaeaea yeieiae/aneiai iiieoi?eiaa aeayoaeueiinoe
yaea?ii-ia?a?aaaouaathueo i?aaei?eyoee i?aaenoaaeytho ia iaiueoee
eioa?an, /ai aeoeaiua iaoiaeu. Iaeiaei eiatho ia?aae ieie ii?aaeae?iiua
i?aeiouanoaa, a /anoiinoe, iie ia i?eaiaeyo e aeiiieieoaeueiiio
yeaeo?iiaaieoiiio caa?yciaieth n?aaeu, iaiaa yia?ai?iee e aieaa i?inou
i?e eo ?aaeecaoeee ia i?aeoeea, iineieueeo aeey ieo ia o?aaoaony
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay eioi?iaoeey i ianoiiaoiaeaeaiee enoi/ieea
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aua?inia.
I/aaeaeii, /oi aeey ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e i?eaiaeia ?aaeno?aoeey
eceo/aiey eae ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo ecioiiia, aua?anuaaaiuo a aoiinoa?o, oae e
aoi?e/iiai eceo/aiey, eioi?ia ia?acoaony a neaaenoaee acaeiiaeaenoaey
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia n aoiinoa?iuie aacaie. Eceo/aiea ia?aiai oeia
yaeyaony ei?ioeiaieiiaui e i?eiaaeeaaeeo e iioe/aneiio eee
?aioaaiianeiio aeeaiaciiai aeeei aiei. *oi eanaaony aoi?e/iiai
eceo/aiey, oi iii iiaeao aicieeaoue eae iioe/aneii, oae e a NA*
aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei. Iineieueeo iaae?aeiinoue i?e?ia eceo/aiey a NA*
aeeaiaciia cia/eoaeueii auoa, /ai a iioe/aneii aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei, oi
i?e ?ac?aaioea ianneaiiai iaoiaea aeenoaioeeiiiiai iaia?oaeaiey
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aua?inia yaea?ii-ia?a?aaaouaathueo i?aaei?eyoee
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai e n?aaee aieueoiai /enea
aoiinoa?iuo aacia iaiaoiaeeii a ea/anoaa eiaeeeaoi?a caa?yciaiey
aua?aoue oaeie, eioi?ue eceo/aao a NA* aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei. Ec
aeaeueiaeoaai ?anniio?aiey noaiiaeony yniui, /oi oaeay aiciiaeiinoue
nouanoaoao.
2.1. Ianneaiue aeenoaioeeiiiue iaoiae yeieiae/aneiai iiieoi?eiaa
?aaeeiaeoeaiiai caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
A.O.I?ioanaae/a
A (26( i?aaeeiaeai iaoiae ?aaeno?aoeee ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai caa?yciaiey
n?aaeu iooai ecia?aiey eceo/aiey a NA*- aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei. Aai
nooue naiaeeony e neaaeothuaio.
Ecaanoii, /oi a ?aeiiao ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai caa?yciaiey ianoiinoe (
ia aoiiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeeyo, a /anoiinoe, iinea aaa?ee ia *a?iiaueueneie
AYN; a ?aeiiao auiaaeaiey inaaeeia i?e eniuoaieyo yaea?iiai i?oaeey a
aoiinoa?a; ia aoiiiuo iiaeaiaeiuo eiaeeao e i?.) iaaethaeathony
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiua naa/aiey aicaeooa. Aiaeec yoeo iaoa?eaeia iieacuaaao,
/oi eiaaony oaeaea naycue iaaeaeo iaaethaeaaiuie naa/aieyie aicaeooa e
iaoaioneiaeyie. Iinoa?aainy ainiieueciaaoueny yoei ianoiyoaeuenoaii i?e
?ac?aaioea ianneaiiai iaoiaea aeenoaioeeiiiiai iaia?oaeaiey
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aua?inia a aoiinoa?o.
Ecaanoii [27( 31], /oi a i?ecaiiie aoiinoa?a, iiaeaa?aiooie
eiiece?othuaio aicaeaenoaeth, iai?eia?, yeaeo?e/aneiio i?iaith,
nouanoaotho oneiaey, eioi?ua iaania/eaatho aa aeeeoaeueiia
iineanaa/aiea. Yoe oneiaey naycaiu a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue n niaea?aeaieai
aiaeu a aoiinoa?a eae a ia?iaie, oae e a ay?icieueiie eee
aeeaeeieaiaeueiie oacao. Iacaaeneii io aeaea eiiece?othuaai
aicaeaenoaey ( ei?ioneoey?iia eee yeaeo?iiaaieoiia ) onoaiiaeaiu o?e
noaaeee o?ainoi?iaoeee aiaeu a aoiinoa?a, iaania/eaathuea onoie/eaia
aeeeoaeueiia iineanaa/aiea aicaeooa:
1) enia?aiea aiaeu, anee iineaaeiyy a aeeaeeieaiaeueiie oaca;
2) ?aceiaeaiea iieaeoe aiaeu a ia?iaie oaca;
3) i?ioaeaiea oeaeiai eiiieaena oeceei-oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee [31], a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?uo ia?acoaony oieiaeiay ia?aaiiaaniay ieacia n
aeeeoaeueiui iineanaa/aieai.
Oioy a oneiaeyo ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai iaeo/aiey aoiinoa?u ?ieue ia?aie
noaaeee iaaaeeea ec-ca iaeiai yia?aiaeeaaea enoi/ieea eiiecaoeee, iiaeii
i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi eae i?e/eiu naa/aiey aicaeooa, oae e naycue yoiai
naa/aiey n iaoaioneiaeyie iaoneiaeaiu i?ioaeaieai aoi?ie e o?aoueae
noaaeee, eiaaea aiaeyiie ia? oaea i?enoonoaoao a aoiinoa?a (iai?eia?,
aaniie ec-ca eioaineaiiai enia?aiey aeaae n iiaa?oiinoe caiee, i?e
ainoiaea Nieioea e i?ia?aaa caiee a oo?aiiea /anu eiioea eaoa, i?e
yniie, aea?eie iiaiaea iaae iiaa?oiinoueth ii?ae e ieaaiia e i?.)
Ioiineoaeueii ia?aie noaaeee aa?aaaoii-oeceei-oeie/aneeo
i?aa?auaiee I2I neaaeoao naeaeaoue neaaeothuaa caia/aiea. A aoiinoa?a ,
oioy e e?aoeia?aiaiii , ii /anoi nouanoaotho oneiaey i?anuuaiey aiaeyiuo
ia?ia. A i?ioeanna eiiecaoeee yoi aeieaeii i?eaiaeeoue e niaia
iai?aaeaiee I2I a ia?aie noaaeee a i?ioeaiiieiaeioth noi?iio. A nayce n
yoei iiaeii iaeeaeaoue iaeioi?ua eciaiaiey naa/aiey aoiinoa?u a oaeia
a?aiy ( eaoii a ii/iua /anu ).
A ioee/ea io ieaciioeie/aneiai niiniaa iieo/aiey aiaei?iaea ec
aiaeu, a iaoai neo/aa iaeaieaa aaaeiu ?aaeoeee, a eioi?uo iieo/aaony ia
iieaeoey?iue , a aoiia?iue aiaei?iae e aeae?ienee II. I?ienoiaeeo yoi a
?acoeueoaoa i?ioeannia aicaoaeaeaiea e eiiecaoeey [26]:
( I2I+ (a); I + II+ (a); I( + II (a);
I2I(
(2.1)
( I2I* I + II (a); I2 + I (a);
a oaeaea ca n/ao auno?uo eiiii-iieaeoey?iuo ?aaeoeee
I2I+ + I2I ( I3I+ + II (a);
II+ + I2I ( I3I+ + I2 (a);
(2.2)
eioi?ua i?ioaeatho a ni/aoaiee n i?ioeannii aeennioeeaoeaiie
iaeo?aeecaoeee eiia ieniiey
( I+ +I2I (a);
I3I+ + a (
(2.3)
( I2(2I) + II (a);
Ia?aciaaiea naiaiaeiuo aoiiia aiaei?iaea eaeao ii eaiaeai ?aaeoeee
(2.1 a), (2.1 a) e (2.3 a), a aeae?ieneea II ( a ?acoeueoaoa
i?ioaeaiey ?aaeoeee (2.1 a), (2.1 a), (2.2 a), (2.3 a). Aoiia?iue
aiaei?iae e aeae?ienee II i?eiaaeeaaeao e /eneo eiiiiiaio, aeoeaiuo a
NA* ( aeeaiaciia . Ia?aciaaiea naiaiaeiuo aoiiia aiaei?iaea aeieaeii
nii?iaiaeaeaoueny aaia?aoeeae eceo/aiey ia /anoioa 1420 IAoe ( aeeeia
aieiu ~ 21,1 ni.), eioi?ia iaoneiaeaii naa?ooiieei ?anuaieaieai
iniiaiiai o?iaiy yia?aee aoiia ia aeaa aeeceaaeaueo iiaeo?iaiy. I?e/eiie
?anuaieaiey yaeyaony acaeiiaeaenoaea nieiia yae?a e yeaeo?iia. A
?acoeueoaoa neaauo nioaea?aiee aoiiia aiaei?iaea a aicaeooa i?ienoiaeeo
niaia i?eaioaoeee nieia yeaeo?iia a aoiia aiaei?iaea ia
i?ioeaiiieiaeioth ( n ia?aeeaeueiie ia aioeia?aeeaeueioth, aieaa
auaiaeioth a yia?aaoe/aneii ioiioaiee). Niiioaiiia eciaiaiea i?eaioaoeee
nieia nii?iaiaeaeaaony aicieeiiaaieai eceo/aiey n /anoioie 1420 IAoe.
E?iia /anoiou 1420 IAoe inouanoaeoue ?aaeno?aoeeth NA* (
eceo/aiey iiaeii oaeaea ia /anoioao 1612, 1665, 1667 e 1721 IAoe [26 ].
Yoe /anoiou niioaaonoaotho oaea naa?ooiieei ia?aoiaeai a iieaeoea
?aaeeeaea II, eioi?ue i?enoonoaoao iiaeiaii aiaei?iaeo i?aeoe/anee ai
anao ?aaeoeeyo ?aceiaeaiey aiaeu, iai?eia?, (2.1 a), (2.1 a), (2.1 a),
(2.2 a) e (2.3 a).I?iecaaaeai ioeaieo aiciiaeiinoae ?aaeno?aoeee
oeacaiiiai NA* ( eceo/aiey a neo/aa i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeecaoeee
i?aaeeaaaaiiai iaoiaea. Eioaineaiinoue eceo/aiey (eeiee) ii?aaeaeyaony
aa?iyoiinoueth ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai ia?aoiaea Ank e iiaeao auoue ?ann/eoaia
ii oi?ioea [ 26,33 ]:
S = ( (nk Ank
(2.4)
aaea 2((( ( yia?aey eaaioa; ( ( iinoiyiiay Ieaiea.
A (F,F() = 47,3797 ( 10-3 ni-1, a aa?iyoiinoue ia?aoiaea Ank ?aaia
3(10-15 n-1. Oiaaea eioaineaiinoue eceo/aiey S(=10-24(3(10-15= 3(10-39
Ao.
A neo/aa, anee ioiineoaeueiay aeaaeiinoue aicaeooa ( ( 100 %, oi
iieaeoeu aiaeu ninoaaeytho i?eaeeceoaeueii 3 % io iauaai iauaia niane
(aicaeoo + I2I), /oi a ia?an/?oa ia eiioeaio?aoeeth /anoeoe
niioaaonoaoao ~1018 iieaeoeai I2I a ni3. Anee aeiionoeoue, /oi
?aceiaeeeinue anaai ~ 1 % io yoiai /enea iieaeoe aiaeu, oi yoi ninoaaeo
~ 2 (1016 aoiiia aiaei?iaea. Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi 1ni3 aoaeao
eceo/aoue ~6(10-23 Ao. Iiuo ?aaiou AYN iieacuaaao, /oi ?acia? iaeaea
(oeaeoa) iaae iauaeoii aoiiiie yia?aaoeee ninoaaeyao ~ 0,5 ei3. Oiaaea
ia o?oaeii ?ann/eoaoue, /oi iiuiinoue aai eceo/aiey ?aaia ~ 3(10-8 Ao.
Aeaeeii, oaeay ioeaiea yaeyaony eceeoia iioeienoe/iie. A ?aaioa [ 36 ]
iiaeioee e yoiio eia/a.
I?aaeiieiaeea a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai iaoaiecia aicaeaenoaey
?aaeeaoeee ia aoiinoa?o oi?iiciia eceo/aiea yeaeo?iiia, ia?aciaaaoeony
i?e ?aniaaea ecioiia 85Kr, aaoi?u [ 36 ] ?ann/eoaee, /oi nei?inoue
ia?aciaaiey aoiiia aiaei?iaea a oeaeoa aua?ina aoaeao ninoaaeyoue 1,5
( 1012 i-3 ( n-1 . Oiaaea i?e aeiiouaiee, /oi iniiaiui iaoaieciii
en/aciiaaiey aoiiia aiaei?iaea yaeyaony ?aeiiaeiaoeee, eiinoaioa
nei?inoe eioi?ie i?e ii?iaeueiuo aoiinoa?iuo oneiaeyo ninoaaeyao k ~
10-13 (10-14 i3 ( iieue-1 ( n-1 ec o?aaiaiey
d[H] / dt = 2k[H]2
auea ?ann/eoaia eiioeaio?aoeey aoiiia aiaei?iaea [H] a 1 ei3 oeaeoa
aua?ina, Yoi aaee/eia ninoaaeyao i?eaeeceoaeueii 10 21 ( 1022 aoiiia.
Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi ia /anoioa 1420 IAoe iiuiinoue, eceo/aaiay,
oeacaiiui iauaiai aicaeooa, ?aaia ~ 2( (10-17 ( 8(10-18 Ao, /oi ia
ianeieueei ii?yaeeia iaiueoa, /ai yoi neaaeoao ec ?aaiou [26 ]. Aeaeeii
, oaeay ioeaiea yaeyaony eceeoia ianneienoe/iie e ia i?aeoeea iiuiinoue
eceo/aiey eiiece?iaaiiiai iauaia ieaaeaony iaaeaeo aeaoiy yoeie
?an/aoiuie cia/aieyie. Iinoa?aainy ioaaoeoue ia aii?in, yaeyaony ee
aeinoaoi/iui o?iaaiue eceo/aiey aoiia?iiai aiaei?iaea aeey aai
?aaeno?aoeee nia?aiaiiuie n?aaenoaaie eee iao.
*oanoaeoaeueiinoue nia?aiaiiuo i?eaiieeia aeaoeeiao?iauo e
naioeiao?iauo aiei ?i? iei=10-13(10-14 Ao [ 26 ]. Iia auea aeinoeaiooa
aua a 1967 aiaeo. N?aaiaiea oaeie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe n o?iaiai eceo/aiey
iaeaea iicaieyao ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi eceo/aiea aoiia?iiai aiaei?iaea
iiaeao auoue ca?aaeno?e?iaaii nia?aiaiiuie n?aaenoaaie ?aaeeieieaoeee.
I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo aua aeaa aaaeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaa. Ai
( ia?auo, o?iaaiue neaiaea oauaaao i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eaaae?aoo
?annoiyiey io enoi/ieea eceo/aiey, oi anoue ecia?aiea iaiaoiaeeii
i?iecaiaeeoue aaeece iauaeoa aoiiiie yia?aaoeee. Ai-aoi?uo,
iaaeaaeiinoue i?eaia neaiaea ia /anoioa 1420 IAoe iiauoaaony ca n/ao
noaoeeiia?iiai oa?aeoa?a aieiiaiai eceo/aiey e iaee/ey ieieiaeueiiai
o?iaiy iiiao a eioa?aaea /anoio 103 (104 IAoe [35 ].
Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii ianoiyo aeaea e n aiciiaeiinoueth ?aaeno?aoeee
?aaeeieceo/aiey aeae?ienee II.
Inoaiiaeiny ia oe?eia eceo/aaiuo eeiee. Ooe?aiea eeiee eceo/aiey
aoiia?iiai aiaei?iaea naycaii i?aeiouanoaaiii n yooaeoii Aeiiea?a,
eioi?ue iaoneiaeai iinooiaoaeueiui aeaeaeaieai aoiiia. Nei?inoue oaeiai
aeaeaeaiey ii?aaeaeyaony eeiaoe/aneie yia?aeae ia?aciaaaoeony aoiiia
aiaei?iaea. Noieeiiaeoaeueiui iaoaieciii ooe?aiey a iaoai neo/aa iiaeii
i?aiaa?a/ue, iineieueeo eceo/aiea aucaaii naa?ooiieei ?anuaieaieai
yia?aaoe/aneiai o?iaiy aoiia. Niaeanii ecia?aiee , auiieiaiiuo a [ 37 ],
yia?aey iinooiaoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey aoiiia aiaei?iaea i?e oioieeca
aiaei?iaeiniaea?aeaueo iieaeoe, ia i?aauoaao 2 yA. Ioeoaea neaaeoao,
/oi aeiiea?ianeia ooe?aiea eeiee aiaei?iaea ia /anoioa 1420 IAoe (D
( 150 eAoe. Aeaeeii, yoi cia/aiea (D yaeyaony caauoaiiui ,
iineieueeo ec aiaeeca niaeo?ia ?aaeeieceo/aiey a ano?ioeceea neaaeotho,
/oi oe?eia eceo/aaiuo eeiee ?aaeeeaea II ninoaaeyao 10 (20 eAoe [ 35 ].
2.2. IA?ACIAAIEA E AeEIAIEEA ECEO*AIEE AOIIA?IIAI
AIAeI?IAeA A OEAEOA ?AAeEIAEOEAIUO AUA?INIA
Iieiaeei a iniiao iaoaai ?anniio?aiey ?acoeueoaou ?an/aoia ii
oi?ie?iaaieth oeaeoa ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo aua?inia, i?aaenoaaeaiiua a ?aaioa
[36]. Niaeanii aiaeeca aua?inia i?aaei?eyoee yaea?iiai oeeeea,
?aaioathueo ii caieiooie noaia, neaaeoao, /oi ecioii 85Kr ii noiia?iie
aeoeaiinoe a oeaeoa aua?inia i?aiaeaaeaao iaae ae?oaeie ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie
yeaiaioaie. Ii yoie i?e/eia aaoi?u ?aaiou [ 36 ] a naieo ?an/?oao
i?eaioe?othony ia ecioii 85Kr. Aai aiaeiaie aua?in ninoaaeyao 1.6(107
Eth?e aeey ?aaeeioeie/aneiai caaiaea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth 1500 o/aiae
[ 38 ]. Oiaaea a ia?an/?oa ia noaoeeiia?iue enoi/iee aua?inia ni
noaiaea?oiuie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ( aunioa o?oau I = 200 i , aeeaiao? D = 2
i , nei?inoue aua?ina a aoiinoa?o V = 10 i/n ) iieo/aaony , /oi
aeoeaiinoue eaaeaeiai eoae/aneiai iao?a aua?inia ninoaaeyao
i?eaeeceoaeueii 6(108 Ae. Iineieueeo 85Er i?eiaaeeaaeeo e /eneo
(-aeoeaiuo ecioiiia , oi a ?acoeueoaoa aai ?aniaaea a iaeiii eoae/aneii
iao?a aua?inia ia?acoaony 6(108 yeaeo?iiia a naeoiaeo n yia?aeae 0.67
Iya. ?ani?ino?aiaiea oeaeoa a aoiinoa?a nii?iaiaeaeaaony oaaee/aieai aai
iau?ia aneaaenoaea aa?oeeaeueiie e ai?eciioaeueiie aeeooocee , eioi?ua
i?ioaeatho ia oiia aeaenoaey aao?a.
(2.4)
aaea Q – iiuiinoue enoi/ieea ; (o = (o (o), (z =
(z (o) – niioaaonoaaiii ai?eciioaeueiay e aa?oeeaeueiay aeenia?ney
i?eiane. Cia/aiey (y e (z aeey aaee/ei o, eaaeaueo a eioa?aaea 102
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