Iaoiaeu i/enoee noi/iuo aiae
Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo iaoaeeo?ae/aneie e iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
iaeiie ec iniiaiuo eaoaai?ee noi/iuo aiae yaeythony ianeiniaea?aeauea
noiee.
Ii eiioeaio?aoeee iniiaiiai caa?yciaiey (ianea) iie aeaeyony ia
iaeieiioeaio?e?iaaiiua e eiioeaio?e?iaaiiua. Iaeieiioeaio?e?iaaiiua
noiee ia?acothony i?e i?iiuaea iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee iinea eo
oa?ie/aneie ia?aaioee e iinea ?aneiina?ae?iaaiey.
Eiioeaio?e?iaaiiua noi/iua aiaeu niaea?aeao ianae aei 50 a/e. Yoi
io?aaioaiiua niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathuea aeeaeeinoe (NIAE), a oaeaea
io?aaioaiiua iithuea ?anoai?u, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie noieeea yioeuenee
oeia “ianei a aiaea”. Eo ?anoiae ninoaaeyao 0,5 – 200 i3/noo a
caaeneiinoe io iiuiinoe i?aaei?eyoey e oeia aai i?iaeoeoeee.
Ia iiiaeo i?aaei?eyoeyo eiioeaio?e?iaaiiua ianeiniaea?aeauea noiee
?acaaaeythony aieueoei eiee/anoaii oneiaii /enouo aiae e i?aa?auaoony a
iaeieiioeaio?e?iaaiiua. Niaea?aeaiea a ieo ianae iau/ii eieaaeaony io 10
aei 500 ia/e. Iauai yoeo noi/iuo aiae aeinoeaaao 5 – 10 oun. I3/noo.
Oaoiieiae/aneea noaiu i/enoee ianeiniaea?aeaueo noi/iuo aiae a iaoae
no?aia e ca ?oaaaeii i?aaeoniao?eaatho niaoeaaiea anao aeaeia
ianeiniaea?aeaueo noi/iuo aiae, eo ionoaeaaiea aeey oaeaeaiey
a?oaiaeenia?niuo e anieuaathueo i?eianae, ia?aaioeo eiaaoeyioaie e
iaacaiaeeaaiea ia?acothueony inaaeeia.
Iniiaiui iaaeinoaoeii oaeeo noai i/enoee yaeythony aieueoea cao?aou
eiaaoeyioia e ia?aciaaiea cia/eoaeueiuo eiee/anoa inaaeeia, aeey
iaacaiaeeaaiey eioi?uo o?aaoaony aeiiieieoaeueiue ?anoiae eiaaoeyioia n
oeaeueth nieaeaiey niaea?aeaiey a ieo ianae. I?aeoeea iieacuaaao, /oi
?acaeaeueiay ia?aaioea eiaaoeyioaie iaeieaioeaio?e?iaaiiuo e
eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo noi/iuo aiae o?aaoao iaiueoeo cao?ao eiaaoeyioia e
nii?iaiaeaeaaony ia?aciaaieai iaiueoeo iauaiia inaaeeia.
Iniiaiia eiee/anoai eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo ianeiyioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo aiae
ia i?aaei?eyoeyo iaoeiino?iaiey e iaoaeeiia?aaioee na?anuaaaony a aeaea
io?aaioaiiuo NIAE. Naaaeea NIAE i?eaioiaeytho ec oaoie/aneeo i?iaeoeoia
– yioeuenieia, i?aaenoaaeythueo niaie yioeuenee oeia
I?e niaoeaaiee 3-1I % yioeueniea, 90 – 95 % aiaeu e 0, 3 % niaeu
ia?acothony yioeuenee oeia “ianei a aiaea”. Aeey i?eaeaiey yioeuenee
onoie aeeainoe iaiaoiaeeii aeiaaaeaiea e iae aua iaeiiai eiiiiiaioa –
yioeueaaoi?a, niiniaiiai ni?ae?iaaoueny ia iiaa?oiinoe iaaeo –
ianiaoeaathueony aeeaeeinoae. Iiieii oeacaiiuo eiiiiiaioia, a ninoaa
NIAE aoiaeyo ?acee/iua noaaeeecaoi?u, a oaeaea aieueoia eiee/anoai
i?enaaeie (aioeei??iceiiiua, aaeoa?eoeeaeiua, i?ioeaieciiniua,
i?ioeaicaaee?iua).
N?aaeiee n?ie eniieueciaaiey NIAE eieaaeaony io aeaoo iaaeaeue aei
iieooi?a ianyoeaa. Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie caiaiu niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathueo
aeeaeeinoae i?e oieiaeiie ia?aaioea iaoaeeia yaeythony iaee/ea a ieo
aieueoiai eiee/anoaa acaaoaiiuo aauanoa (iaoaeee/aneay iueue, naaea,
/anoeoeu aa?aceaiuo iaoa?eaeia), ?anneaeaaiea NIAE e eo caaieaaiea.
?aaaia?aoeey io?aaioaiiuo NIAE, caeeth/athuayny a oaeaeaiee ec ieo
iinoi?iiieo i?eianae, iicaieyao aica?auaoue eo a i?iecaiaenoai,
aeinoeaay oai naiui yeiiiiee ieia?aeueiuo ianae e ae?oaeo eiiiiiaioia,
aoiaeyueo a ninoaa yioeuenieia. E?iia oiai, i?aaeioa?auathony cao?aou ia
i?eaioiaeaiea, neeaaee?iaaiea e ia?aaiceo iiauo ia?oee yioeueniea.
Iniiaiie i?e/eiie na?ina NIAE yaeyaony eo caaieaaiea, eioi?ia iiaeii
i?aaeoi?aaeeoue n iiiiuueth aaeoa?eoeeaeiuo aeiaaaie. A ea/anoaa oaeeo
aeiaaaie eniieuecothony aaenaoei?ioai, oo?aoeeeei, aaeoa?eoeeaeu oeia
“Aacei” e “Acei”.
?aaaia?aoeeth io?aaioaiiuo NIAE neaaeoao i?iaiaeeoue neaaeothuei
ia?acii. Io?aaioaiioth NIAE iai?aaeytho a nai?iue ?aca?aoa? e
ionoaeaatho a iai aeey ioaeaeaiey acaane e anieuaathuaai ianea a oa/aiea
6 /. Aeey oaeaeaiey oiieie acaane NIAE caoai iiaeatho ia
oeeueo?-o?ainii?oa? n aoiaaeiie eaioie, iinea /aai iia iinooiaao a
aieinoue aeey ?aaaia?aoeee. A yoo aieinoue iiaeatho yioeuenie-ianoo
(nianue yioeueniea n aiaeie a niioiioaiee 1: 1), aiaeo e ?anoai?
aaeoa?eoeeaeiiai aauanoaa. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe a ?aaaia?e?oaioth NIAE
aaiaeyo aioeei??iceiiiua
aeiaaaee (NaNO2 a aeica 1 a/e) e niaeo ec ?an/aoa 0, 2 – 0, 3 % (ii
ianna). Nianue ia?aiaoeaatho naeaoui aicaeooii a oa/aiea 1I iei,
ionoaeaatho a oa/aiea 60 iei, oaeaeytho anieuaoaa ianei e aica?auatho a
i?iecaiaenoai aeey aeaeueiaeoaai eniieueciaaiey. Iaeiaei ?aaaia?aoeey
io?aaioaiiie NIE aiciiaeia oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee a 1 ie aeeaeeinoe
niaea?aeeony iaiaa 100 iei. Aaeoa?ee. A i?ioeaiii
neo/aa io?aaioaiiay NIAE iiaeeaaeeo na?ino ia i/enoiua nii?oaeaiey.
Ioa/anoaaiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue auioneaao aieueoia eiee/anoai yioeuenieia
?acee/iuo ia?ie, eioi?ua cia/eoaeueii ioee/athony ii naiaio ninoaao e
oeceei-oeie/aneei naienoaai. A caaeneiinoe io oeia niaea?aeaueony a ieo
cioeueaaoi?ia ana niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathuea aeeaeeinoe ia iniiaa
ieia?aeueiuo ianae iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e a?oiiu:
NIAE, niaea?aeauea eiiiaaiiua yioeueaaoi?u;
NIAE, niaea?aeauea iaeiiiaaiiua yioeueaaoi?u;
NIAE, niaea?aeauea iaeiia?aiaiii eiii-e iaeiiiaaiiua yioeueaaoi?u.
A ea/anoaa yioeueaaoi?ia NIAE niaea?aeeo niee i?aaie/aneeo eeneio
(ieaeiiaie, iaooaiiaie, noeueoiiaooaiiaie), a ea/anoaa noaaeeecaoi?ia –
yoeeiaue nie?o, yoeeaiaeeeieue, o?eyoaiieaiei.
Ieoeaeea cioeueniea, i?aaenoaaeythuaai niaie eieeieaeioth nenoaio,
eiaao neaaeothuaa no?iaiea: yae?i ieoeaeeu ninoieo ec iaeue/aeoeo
eaiaeae ianea, ie?oaeaeiuo aieiiaie i?aaie/aneeo eeneio, aneaaenoaea
ecae?aoaeueiie aaeni?aoeee eioi?uo aiiey?iay aeae?ioiaiay /anoue aieiiia
yioeueaaoi?a (oaeaaiaei?iaeiue ?aaeeeae) i?eaioe?iaaia a noi?iio
ianeyiie aeiaoeu, a iiey?iay /anoue – a noi?iio aeenia?neiiiie n?aaeu.
Eaoeiiu uaei/iiai iaoaeea, (Na+), eioi?ua a ?acoeueoaoa aeennioeeaoeee
ioaeaeeeenue io inoaoea (aieiia) i?aaie/aneie eeneiou, ia?acotho ieioiue
aeeooociue neie i?ioeaieiiia. Oaeei ia?acii, ia iiaa?oiinoe ianeyiuo
aeiaoe ia?acoaony aeaieiie yeaeo?e/aneee
neie.
Yioeuenie eae eieeieaeiae nenoaia onoie/ea i?e iaee/ee iaeioi?iai
ecauoea ianea. Aeey oiai /oiau yioeuenie iaeaaeae niiniaiinoui
naiii?iecaieueii ia?aciauaaoue n aiaeie yioeuenee, iaiaoiaeeii, /iau ii
iaeaaeae
naienoaaie aeae?ioeeueiiai aaey, o. a. aiaoiae oacie a eieeieaeiie
nenoaia aeieaeai auoue eiioeaio?e?iaaiiue ?anoai? iuea. Aeey yoiai
cioeuenieu, e?iia ieea?aeueiuo ianae e iaooaiiauo iue, iaycaoaeueii
aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai aiaeu. Yioeuenieu, ninoiyuea
ec ieia?aeueiuo ianae e aieaa aeae?ioiaiuo iue ieaeiiaie eeneiou,
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue eee aoi?ia, aieaa aeae?ioeeueiia
iuei, iai?eia? iuei noeueoieeneiou, eee nie?o, yaeythueeny a aeaiiii
neo/aa ?anoai?eoaeai aiaoiae oacu iaaeinoaoi/ii aeae?ioeeueiuo iue
ieaeiiaie eeneiou. Yoe eiiiiiaiou yioeuenieia iacuaathony
noaaeeecaoi?aie. Ei aoi?ie a?oiia ioiinyony NIAE, niaea?aeauea IAA
iaeiiiaaiiiai oeia, iai?eia? II, a eiaiii NIAE, i?eaioiaeaiiua ec
yioeuenieia EOI-45Y e EOI-130Y.
Iaoaieci noaaeeecaoeee yoeo yioeueneiiiuo nenoai iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue
neaaeothuei ia?acii. Iieaeoeu aieueoeinoaa iiaa?oiinoii-aeoeauuo
niaaeeiaiee eiatho eeiaeiia no?iaiea, o. a. eo aeeeia ai?acaei aieueoa
iiia?a/iiai
?acia?a. Iaeei eiiaoe iieaeoeu IAA, ninoeyuee ec oaeaaiaei?iaeiuo
?aaeeeaeia, i?eaioe?oaony a noi?iio ianeyiuo aeiaoe e ni?ae?oaony ia eo
iiaa?oiinoe. Ia ae?oaii eiioea iieaeoeu iaoiaeeony aeae?ioeeueiay
a?oiia, eioi?ay i?eaioe?iaaia a noi?iio aeenia?neiiiie n?aaeu. Oaeei
ia?acii, iieaeoeu IAA ia?acotho eiaaoeyoeeiiioth i?ino?ainoaaiioth
naoeo.
I?e yoii iaaeaeo /anoeoeaie ianeyiuo aeiaoe inoaaony i/aiue oiieay
i?ineieea aeenia?neiiiie n?aaeu, eioi?ay i?aiyonoaoao naeeaeaieth
/anoeoe e i?eaeaao eiaaoeyoeeiiiui no?oeoo?ai oa?aeoa?iua naienoaa:
ayceinoue, iieco/anoue, i?i/iinoue. Iaeiaei aicieeiiaaiea caueoiuo neiaa
aunieie i?i/iinoe, iaania/eaathueo onoie/eainoue yioeuenee, naycaii ia n
oi?ie?iaaieai aaeni?aoeeiiiuo neiaa yioeueaaoi?a naieo ii naaa, a n
ia?aciaaieai ia a?aieoea ?acaeaea aeaoo oac neiaeiuo iaaeiieaeoey?iue
no?oeoo? a oi?ia iiiaineieiuo oaciauo ieaiie.
A iniiaa ?anniio?aiiuo yaeaiee eaaeeo aeae?iaeeiaie/aneee yooaeo
naiii?iecaieueiie iiaa?oiinoiie oo?aoeaioiinoe e eiiaaeoeee, aucuaathuae
iaeiinoi?iiiee ia?aoiae oaeaaiaei?iaeiie oacu a aiaeioth oaco a aeaea
oeueo?aiee?iyioeuenee. No?oeoo?e?iaaiiay aaeni?aoeeiiiui neiai
cioeueaaoi?a oaeay oaciaay ieaiea i?eia?aoaao cia/eoaeueioa i?i/iinoue
e, eae neaaenoaea yoiai, aunieoth noaaeeece?othuoth niiniaiinoue.
Oaeei ia?acii, yioeueneiiiua nenoaiu, noaaeeece?iaaiiua iaeiiiaaiiuie
yioeueaaoi?aie, i/aiue onoie/eau, oioy eo aaeni?aoeeiiiua neie ia
iaeaaeatho y?ei au?aaeaiiie no?oeoo?ei-iaoaie/aneie i?i/iinoueth.
E o?aoueae a?oiia ioiinyony NIAE, eioi?ua niaea?aeao iaeiia?aiaiii IAA
eiii-e eiiiaaiiiai oeia, a oaeaea ?acee/iua a?oiiu i?aaie/aneeo
niaaeeiaiee, eioi?ua i?eaeatho niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathuei aeeaeeinoyi
naycuaathuea, i?ioeaicaaee?iua e aioeei??iceiiiua naienoaa (oei?,
ia?aoei, ina?iaiiia oeiieiaia ianei, eaieoieue). Yioeueaaoi?aie a yoeo
nenoaiao yaeythony iuea aee?iuo eeneio, II-4 (yioeuenie Aeaie-2),
iaooyiie noeueoiiao iao?ey e neioiieae-5 (yioeuenie Oe?eiie-1).
Aeey i/enoee io?aaioaiiuo niaci/ii-ioeaaeaeathueo aeeaeeinoae
i?eiaiytho neaaeothuea iaoiaeu:
?aaaaioiua (ia?aaioea ieia?aeueiuie nieyie e eeneioaie, eiaaoeyioaie e
oeieoeyioaie);
oeceei-oeie/aneea (yeaeo?ieiaaoeyoeey, oeueo?aoeeueo?aoeey).
Iaoiae aeayioeueae?iaaiey ianeyiuo yioeuenee iooai eiaaoeyoeee
aeenia?niie oacu iai?aaie/aneeie yeaeo?ieeoaie iieo/ee oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea a i?aeoeea i/enoee noi/iuo aiae. Ii eeoa?aoo?iui
aeaiiui, aeey i/enoee ianeicioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo aiae iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu NaCl, H2S04, FsS04, Fa2(S04)3, FeCl3, NaI, A12 (S04) 3,
acyoua a ioaeaeueiinoe eee a eiiaeiaoeee ae?oa
i ae?oaii. Iiae aicaeaenoaeai yeaeo?ieeoia i?ienoiaeeo eae
cieaeaiea yeaeo?ieeiaoe/aneiai iioaioeeaea ianeyiuo
yioeuenee, oae e ?ac?ooaiea no?oeoo?ii-iaoaie/aneiai
aa?uea?a. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iiiaiaaeaioiua eaoeiiu
niiniaiu ia?aca?yaeaoue ianeyiua aeiaoeu n ia?aciaaieai
iaonoie/eaie nenoaiu – ia?aoiie yioeuenee, iiyoiio
ii?aaeaeaiea iioeiaeueiiai ?anoiaea ?aaaaioia yaeyaony
iniiaie aeey oniaoiiai eo i?eiaiaiey. Niaianoiia
i?eiaiaiea ?acee/iuo ?aaaaioia iicaieyao cia/eoaeueii
iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue i/enoee. A eeoa?aoo?a ioia/aaony,
/oi aeey i/enoee ianeiyioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo aiae
eniieuecoaony aeaoo-e o?aonooiai/aoay eo ia?aaioea ?aaaaioaie.
Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiui eiaaoeyioii aeey i/enoeo io?aaioaiiuo
NIAE, niaea?aeaueo eiiiaaiiua yioeueaaoi?u,
yaeyaony na?iieeneue aethieiee.
Oaoiieiaey i/enoee ianeiyioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo aiae
n iiiiuueth na?iieeneiai aethieiey aiaae?aia ia iineianeii
noaieino?ieoaeueiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee
Ieaea i?eaaaeaiu iioeiaeueeua aeicu Al2 (SI4) 3 aeey
i/enoee io?aaioaiiuo NIE, i?eaioiaeaiiuo ia iniiaa,
yioeueniea ia?aie a?oiiu.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iniaia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony cie?auaieth
e iaeneiaeueiiio eniieueciaaieth ?acee/iuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iooiaeia, a oaeaea nicaeaieth a i?iiuoeaiiinoe
aaciooiaeiie oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeey
i/enoee io?aaioaiiuo NIAE iiaeeii eniieueciaaoue iooiaeu
aoeaoeeaiiauo noaioeee, niaea?aeauea aeae?ieneae eaeueoeey,
a oaeaea io?aaioaiiua o?aaeeueiua ?anoai?u, niaea?aeauea
H2SO4 e FeS04, eee HCl e FeCl2.
Niinia i/enoee io?caioaiiuo NIAE ia iniiaa yioeuenieia
ia?ee Y-1 (A), C-2 (A), Y-C (A) n iiiiuueth na?iie
eeneiou (aeica H2S04 3 – 5 a/e) e iooiaeia aoeaoeeaiiaie
noaioeee (aeica aeoeaiiai ieneaea eaeueoeey 1 a/e) aiaae?ai
ia aieiaiii caaiaea II
yoe?iecaeaeaaiuo aauanoa a ia?aaioaiiie
aeeaeeinoe, eiathuae aaee/eio ?I=7, a n?aaeiai ninoaa,
eaeao 170 – 220 ia/e. Oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea ?an/aou iieacuaatho,
/oi i?e oeie/aneii iaoiaea i/enoee ianeiyioeueneiiiuo
noi/iuo aiae cao?aou ia ?aaaaiou ninoaaeytho
io 30 aei 70 % anao yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo cao?ao,
iiyoiio i?eiaiaiea aeey i/enoee ?acee/iuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iooiaeia cia/eoaeueii nieaeaao yenieoaoaoeeiiiua
cao?aou.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiei ec ia?niaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia
i/enoee yoiai aeaea noi/iuo aiae yaeyaony iaoiae yeaeo?ieiaaoeyoeee,
?ac?aaioaiiue oa?ueeianeei ioaeaeii
AIEEAIAeAAI, I?ioeann i/enoee ianeyiuo yioeuenee,
niaea?aeaueo eiiiaaiiua yioeueaaoi?u, i?ioaeaao neaaeothuei
ia?acii. Yeaeo?ieeiaoe/aneee iioaioeeae yioeuenee,
iaoiaeyuaeny a yeaeo?e/aneii iiea, nieaeaaony,
a yioeueney oa?yao naith onoie/eainoue. Ia?aoaaeoea
a aeeaeeoth oaco eiiu aethieiey i?e ?I=6-8 a iaaeyeaeo?iaeiii
i?ino?ainoaa ia?acotho nia/aea eieeieaeiue
?anoai?, a caoai a caaeneiinoe io ?I n?aaeu iae?i/anoeoeu
aeae?ieneaea eee iniiaiiai noeueoaoa aethieiey.
I?e ?I=5 yioeueaaoi? ia?aoiaeeo a ia?anoai?eioth
oi?io, /oi aua a aieueoae noaiaie niinianoaoao ni?aoeee
/anoeoe aeenia?niie oacu, oae eae i?ienoiaeeo nieaeaiea
i?i/iinoe no?oeoo?ii-iaoaie/aneiai aa?uea?a. I?e aeaeueiaeoai
i?ioaeaiee i?ioeanna i?ienoiaeeo iiaeuaea/eaaiea
aeeaeeinoe e aanue aethieiee ia?aoiaeeo a ia?anoai?eioth
oi?io, nicaeaaay iaeneioi ni?aoeeiiiie iiaa?oiinoe.
Yeaeo?ieiaaoeyoeeiiiue niinia ?aeiiaiaeoaony i?eiaiyoue
aeey eieaeueiie i/enoee io?aaioaiiuo NIAE, aeey
i?eaioiaeaiey eioi?uo auee eniieueciaaiu yioeuenieu
ia?ie Y-1 (A), Y-2 (A), 3-3 (A), YO-2 e IAE-205. Niinia
i?eiaiei oaeaea aeey i/enoee io?aaioaiiuo NIAE, i?eaioiaeaiiuo
ia yioeuenieao ia?ie Oe?eiie-1, YAO,
NI-3, Aeaie-2, Aeaie-a, IIO e ae?.
Nouiinoue niiniaa caeeth/aaony a ?ac?ooaiee yioeuenee
e eiaaoeyoeee yioeueae?iaaiiuo ianae iiae aeaenoaeai
i?iaeoeoia yeaeo?ioeie/aneiai ?anoai?aiey aethieieaauo
aiiaeia e oeioaoeee eiaaoeyoa aiaei?iaeii, ia?acothueiny
ia eaoiaeao,
Ia?aae yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ia?aaioeie noi/iua aiaeu
iiaeeeneytho aei ?I=5-5, 5 aeey nieaeaiey aa?aaaoeaiie
onoie/eainoe yioeuenee.
A i?ioeanna yeaeo?ieeca aaee/eia ?I noi/iuo aiae
aic?anoaao aei 6, 5 – 7, 5.
I?ioeann i/enoee noi/iuo aiae neeaaeuaaaony ec neaaeothueo
oaoiieiae/aneeo iia?aoeee: nai?, on?aaeiaiea e ionoaeaaiea
noi/iuo aiae, eo iiaeeeneaiea, yeaeo?ioeie/aneay
ia?aaioea, ioaaaeaiea i?iaeoeoia i/enoee, inaaoeaiea
io?aaioaiiie aiaeu.
Ianeiyioeueneiiiua noi/iua aiaeu iinea on?aaeiaiey
e ionoaeaaiey a ?aca?aoa?a n oeaeueth ioaeaeaiey naiaiaeiiai
ianea (iineaaeiaa oaeaeytho a ianeinai?iee) caoai iai?aaeytho
a nianeoaeue, aaea iiaeeeneytho eiioeaio?e?iaai-‘
iie nieyiie eeneioie aei ?I=5-5, 5. Iiaeeeneaiiua
noi/iua aiaeu iai?aaeytho a yeaeo?ieeca?. Iaiiue i?iaeoeo,
ia?acothueeny ia iiaa?oiinoe ia?aaaouaaaiie
aeeaeeinoe, ia?eiaee/anee eee iai?a?uaii oaeaeytho a ia-,
iii?eaiiue aae. Ia?aaioaiioth noi/ioth aiaeo inaaoeytho
a ionoieieea, iinea /aai na?anuaatho a eaiaeecaoeeth ianaeaiiuo
ioieoia (i?e aeieiae/aneie i/enoea noi/iuo
aiae ia ai?iaeneeo eaiaeecaoeeiiiuo i/enoiuo nii?oaeaieyo
aeinoeaaaony oaeaeaiea ec ieo inoaoi/iuo eiee/anoa
i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa).
I?e yeaeo?ieeca iiaeeeneaiiuo noi/iuo aiae i?ienoiaeeo
yeaeo?ieeoe/aneia ?anoai?aiea aethieieaaiai
aiiaea e ia?aciaaiea aeae?ieneaea aethieiey, iaeaaeathuaai
aunieie eiaaoee?othuae niiniaiinoueth.
I/euaiiay aiaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ic?a/ioth aanoeaaoioth
aeeaeeinoue, eiathuoth aaee/eio ?I =6, 5-7, 5,
aaee/eio OIE 0, 5 – 0, 6 a/e, niaea?aeauoth iaooai?iaeoeoia
25 ia/e e oei?eaeia 1, 5 a/e (iauaa niaea?aeaiea ?anoai?aiiuo
ieia?aeueiuo nieae 2, 5 – 3 a/e).
Yeaeo?ieeca? aeey i/enoee ianeiyioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo
aiae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?yiioaieueiue noaeueiie ?aca?aoa?,
oooa?iaaiiue ecioo?e aeieieanoii eee ae?oaei
eeneioinoieeei iaoa?eaeii. Aeii yeaeo?ieeca?a
eiaao oeeii 1: 10 a noi?iio auionea noi/iuo aiae. E eaaie
oi?oeaaie noaiea ei?iona yeaeo?ieeca?a (auoa o?iaie
aeeaeeinoe) i?ee?aieai iao?oaie aeey iiaea/e noi/iie
aiaeu, e aeieuo i?eaa?eaatho iao?oaie aeey ioaiaea i/euaiiie
aiaeu, A i?aaie oi?oeaaie noaiea aiia?aoa auoa
o?iaiy aeeaeeinoe ?aniieaaathony aeaa i?yiioaieueiuo
i?iaeieueiuo ieia: ieaeiaa – aeey i?eniaaeeiaiey iaiinaiiiiai
eioea, aa?oiaa – aeey iiaeeeth/aiey auoyaeiiai
aicaeooiaiaea. Ia caaeiae noaiea ei?iona eiathony ioaa?noey
aeey i?eniaaeeiaiey oieiiiaeaiaeyueo oei. Iaiinaiiiue
eioie ?aniieiaeai iiae oaeii 45′ e aa?oeeaeueiie
noaiea. A aa?oiae /anoe ei?iona yeaeo?ieeca?a (iiae
yeaeo?iaeaie) onoaiaaeeaatho iaiioaeaeythuaa ono?ienoai.
Yeaeo?ieec noi/iuo aiae i?iaiaeyo i?e ieioiinoe oiea
8I – 120 A/i2, iai?yaeaiee ia yeaeo?iaeao 7 – 10 A.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue eo yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ia?aaioee
ninoaaeyao 4 – 5 iei, oaeaeueiue ?anoiae aethieiey aeey
oaeaeaiey 1 a yioeueae?iaaiiiai ianea 0, 03 a, oaeaeueiue
?anoiae yeaeo?iyia?aee 2, 5 – 3 eAo //i’, oaeaeueiue ?anoiae
nieyiie eeneiou (35 %) ia iiaeeeneaiea noi/iuo aiae
7 – 8 ea/i3.
A oaae. 11 i?eaaaeaiu oaeaeueiua cao?aou yeaeo?e/anoaa
e iaoaeee/aneiai aethieiey, a oaeaea oaeaeueiue iauai
auaeaaeythuaainy aiaei?iaea i?e ia?aaioea 1 i3, noi/iuo
aiae a caaeneiinoe io enoiaeiiai niaea?aeaiey a ieo ianae.
Aeey ia?aaioee noi/iuo aiae aiciiaeii eniieueciaaiea
ia?aiaiiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea, iaeiaei a yoii neo/aa
aeey aeinoeaeaiey oiai aea yooaeoa i/enoee oaeaeueiue ?anoiae
yeaeo?iyia?aee oaaee/eaaaony ia 40 – 50 %.
Oa?ueeianeei ioaeaeii AIEEAIAeAAI ?ac?aaioaiu
aeaa iiaeaee yeaeo?ieeca?ia (o?ao-e oanoenaeoeeiiiue),
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy onoaiiaee aeey ceaeo?ioeie/aneie
i/enoee ianeiyioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo aiae aeaenoaotho ia
?yaea iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee NNN? [Ieineee
iioi?iue caaiae, AEaeaiianeee caaiae oyaeaeiai iaoeiino?iaiey,
caaiae naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iaoei (a. Aaeay
Oea?eiaue) e ae?.].
Einoeoooii
oeiiaua i?iaeoiua ?aoaiey onoaiiaie
Aiaeiaie yeiiiie/aneee yooaeo i?e ?aaioa onoaiiaie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth 1I, 25 e 50 i3/noo ii n?aaiaieth
n onoaiiaeaie aeey i/enoee noi/iuo aiae ?aaaaioii-oeioaoeeiiiui
niiniaii ninoaaeyao niioaaonoaaiii 1, 4; 3, 1
e 6, 8 oun. ?oa., A n o/aoii i?eauee io ooeeecaoeee auaeaeaiiuo
ec noi/iuo aiae ianae – niioaaonoaaiii 2, 3; 5, 7
e 12 oun. ?oa.
A Oa?ueeianeii iieeoaoie/aneii einoeoooa I. I. Iaca?yiii
?ac?aaioai aiia?ao eieiiiiai oeia aeey i/enoee
eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo ianeiniaea?aeaueo noi/iuo aiae n iiiiuueth
eiaaoeyioa – aeae?ieneaea aethieiey, iieo/aaiiai
iooai yeaeo?ieeoe/aneiai ?anoai?aiey aethieieaauo
aiiaeia a yeaeo?iaeiie eaia?a aiia?aoa. Iieo/aiiay
noniaicey aeae?ieneaea aethieiey caoai niaoeaaaony ni
noi/iuie aiaeaie a ?aaeoeeiiiie eaia?a, a ia?aciaaaoeeny
inaaeie ioaeaeyaony io aeeaeeie oacu ai oeioaoeeiiiie
e ionoieiie eaia?ao. Onoaiiaea iiaeiaiiai oeia aeae
noaoao ia aieiaiii caaiaea Oa?ueeianeiai II
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo.
Aeey i/enoee aieueoeo iauaiia ianeiyioeueneiiiuo
noieia oniaoii i?eiaiyaony iaoiae ?aaaaioiie iaii?iie
oeioaoeee, Yoio iaoiae aiaae?ai ia AIC-2 (a. Iineaa).
I/enoeo ianeiyioeueneiiiuo noi/iuo aiae i?iaiaeyo ii,
neaaeothuae noaia: noi/iay aiaea iinooiaao a ionoieieeiaeiieoaeue,
aaea i?ienoiaeeo auaeaeaiea iaoaie/aneeoi?eianae
e naiaiaeiuo ianae, a caoai a yoie aea aieinoe
i?iecaiaeeony iaeo?aeecaoeey aeeaeeinoe na?iie eeneioie
aei ?I=7-8. Iaeo?aeeciaaiiay noi/iay aiaea iinooiaao
ai oeioaoi?, eoaea iaeiia?aiaiii iiaeaaony ?anoai? na?iieeneiai
aethieiey. Ia?acothuayny a i?ioeanna iaii?iie
oeioaoeee iaia niae?aaony e iai?aaeyaony a iaiinai?iee
Aaee/eia – iioaioeeaea yioeueneiiiuo nenoai, niaea?aeaueo
iaeiiiaaiiua yioeueaaoi?u, iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey eo
aunieie noaaeeueiinoe, a eo aaeni?aoeeiiiua neie ia iaeaaeatho
aunieie no?oeoo?ii-iaoaie/aneie i?i/iinoueth,
iiyoiio i?eiaiaiea eiaaoeyioia aeey i/enoee iiaeiaiuo
noi/iuo aiae iaeiyooaeoeaii.
Iaeiei ec ia?niaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia i/enoee yoeo noi/iuo
aiae yaeyaony iaoiae oeueo?aoeeueo?aoeee. Aiciiaeiinoue
aai i?eiaiaiey iieacaia a enneaaeiaaieyo, i?iaaaeaiiuo
ai AIEEAIAeAAI ia aiia?aoa oeia oeeueo?-i?ann n eniieueciaaieai
oeueo?aoeeueo?aoeeiiiuo iaia?ai ia?ie
OAI-500, OAI-200, OAI-150, OAI-5I (oeeo?a iaicia/aao
n?aaeiee aeeaiao? ii? iaia?aiu a A).
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue oeueo?aoeeueo?aoia
ii ia?iaaoo i?aeoe/anee iaeeiaeiaa aeey anao ia?ie
iaia?ai [10 e/ (noo-i2)]. Niaea?aeaiea ianea a i/euaaiie
aeeaeeinoe iiaeao auoue nieaeaii aei 8 – 10 ia/e.
Noaiaiue eiioeaio?e?iaaiey oeeueo?oaiie yioeuenee caaeneo
io aa noieeinoe: iaeaieaa noieeea yioeuenee, iai?eia?
i?eaioiaeaiiua ia iniiaa yioeueniea EOI, iiaeii
eiioeaio?e?iaaoue aei niaea?aeaiey ianae 500 a/e. Iaaeinoaoeii
yoiai iaoiaea yaeyaony iaeay i?iecaiaeeoaeueii
oeueo?aoeeueo?ia, /oi cia/eoaeueii naea?aeeaaao aai oe?ieia
i?eiaiaiea. Aeey iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
oeueo?aoeeueo?ia oeaeaniia?acii i?eiaiyoue eo i?iiuaeo
?anoai?aie iiaa?oiinoii-aeoeaiuo aauanoa (iai?eia?,
6%-iui ?anoai?ii i?aia?aoa Eaaiieae-161). Oaeoth
i?iiuaeo neaaeoao i?iaiaeeoue /a?ac 150 – 200 / ?aaiou
onoaiiaee, i?e yoii i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iaia?ai,
iiauoaaony a 2 – 3 ?aca.
Ai AIEEAIAeAAI i?iaaaeaiu oaeaea enneaaeiaaiey
iaoiaea oeueo?aoeeueo?aoeee n eniieueciaaieai a ea/anoaa
oeeueo?othuaai yeaiaioa o?aaiaioia o?oa/aouo iiaeoeae
ec ooi?iieanoa oeia AOO n aeeaiao?ii ii? 500 A (50 ii).
Iieo/aiiua ?acoeueoaou iieacaee, /oi aeey ?aaeueiiai
aeeaiacaia eiioeaio?aoeee ianae a io?aaioaiiuo NIAE
(10 – 25 a/e) i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iaia?ai e aaee/eia
OIE ia?iaaoa i?aeoe/anee ia caaenyo io enoiaeiie,
eiioeaio?aoeee ianae a noi/iie aiaea. I?e yoii eiia/iay
OIE i/euaiiie aeeaeeinoe ia caaeneo oaeaea io a?aiaie
?aaiou onoaiiaee e ninoaaeyao 100 – 15I ia 0/e. I?iieoeaaiinoue
iaia?ai ninoaaeyao 10 – 15 e/ (i2/).
Eae neaaeoao ec i?eaaaeaiiiai iaci?a, a ?ac?aaioea
yooaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia i/enoee eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo ianeiniaea?aeaueo
noi/iuo aiae a iineaaeie aiaeu aeinoeaioou
ii?aaeaeaiiua oniaoe. Iino?iaiu e aaaaeaiu a iinoiyiioth
yenieoaoaoeeth onoaiiaee ii i/enoea ianeiniaea?aeaueo
noi/iuo aiae iaoiaeaie eiaaoeyoeee, yeaeo?ieiaaoaeyoeee,
?aaaaioiie iaii?iie oeioaoeee. Cia/eoaeueiia
eiee/anoai onoaiiaie ia i?aaei?eyoeyo iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie
e iaoaeeo?ae/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe no?ieony.
Ia iaeiii ec caaaeia aeaenoaoao iiuoii-i?iiuoeaiiay
onoaiiaea aeey i/enoee ianeiniaea?aeaueo noi/iuo aiae
iaoiaeii oeueo?aoeeueo?aoeee. I/euaiiua ianeiniaea?aeauea
noi/iua aiaeu aianoa n ae?oaeie noi/iuie aiaeaie.
I?aaei?eyoey iinooiatho iau/ii ia ai?iaeneea i/enoiua
nii?oaeaiey.
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