Oeiea ? 63
CAI a. IINEAU
IAUANOAIAAAeAIEA
?AOA?AO
AEIAAEUeIUA I?IAEAIU *AEIAA*ANOAA:
CAA?ssCIAIEA AIAeIIE N?AAeU
O/aieea 11 eeanna “A”
I?INOssEIAA NA?AAss NA?AAAAE*A
O/eoaeue E?AOIAEAAA I.A.
IINEAA. 1998 a.
Ieai-iaeaaeaiea:
Aeooaeueiinoue iinoaaeaiiie i?iaeaiu. — n.3
Caa?yciaiea aiaeiuo iauaeoia a ?innee — n.4
Ninoiyiea aiaeiuo iauaeoia a a. Iineaa: — n.4
a) ninoiyiea iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae a /a?oa ai?iaea; — n.5
a) naieoa?ii-aaeoa?eieiae/aneea iieacaoaee; — n.6
a) enoiuaiea e caa?yciaiea iiaecaiiuo aiae; — n.7
a) caa?yciaiea a?oioiauo aiae; — n.7
ae) aeeyiea niaainaaeie ia aiaeiua iauaeou; — n.8
a) auaiaeu. — n.8
Ninoiyiea iaeuo ?ae Iineau e Iiaeiineiauey; — n.11
Eaoano?ioe/aneia ninoiyiea Aieae e Aieaeneiai aannaeia, «*enoay Iaue»; —
n.15
Iniiaiua iaoiaeu i/enoee noi/iuo aiae. — n.16
Iooe aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey i?iaeaiu. — n.18
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u — n.19
3
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?iaeaia caa?yciaiey aiaeiuo iauaeoia (?ae, ica?,
ii?ae, a?oioiauo aiae e o.ae.) yaeyaony iaeaieaa aeooaeueiie, o.e. anai
ecaanoii – au?aaeaiea «aiaea – yoi aeeciue». Aac aiaeu /aeiaae ia iiaeao
i?iaeeoue aieaa o?ao nooie, ii aeaaea iiieiay anth aaaeiinoue ?iee aiaeu
a aai aeecie, ii ana ?aaii i?iaeieaeaao aeanoei yenieoaoe?iaaoue aiaeiua
iauaeou, aacaica?aoii eciaiyy eo anoanoaaiiue ?aaeei na?inaie e
iooiaeaie. Oeaie aeeauo i?aaieciia ia 70% ninoiyo ec aiaeu, e iiyoiio
A.E.Aa?iaaeneee ii?aaeaeye aeeciue eae aeeaoth aiaeo. Aiaeu ia Caiea
iiiai, ii 97% – yoi nie?iay aiaea ieaaiia e ii?ae, e eeoue 3% – i?aniay.
Ec yoeo o?e /aoaa?oe ii/oe iaaeinooiiu aeeaui i?aaieciai, oae eae yoa
aiaea «caeiina?ae?iaaia» a eaaeieeao ai? e iiey?iuo oaieao (eaaeieee
A?eoeee e Aioa?eoeee). Yoi ?aca?a i?aniie aiaeu. Ec aiaeu, aeinooiiie
aeeaui i?aaieciai, iniiaiay /anoue caeeth/aia a eo oeaiyo.
Iio?aaiinoue a aiaea o i?aaieciia i/aiue aaeeea. Iai?eia?, aeey
ia?aciaaiey 1 ea aeiiannu aea?aaa ?anoiaeoaony aei 500 ea aiaeu. E
iiyoiio a? ioaeii ?anoiaeiaaoue e ia caa?yciyoue.
Iniiaiay ianna aiaeu nin?aaeioi/aia a ieaaiao. Enia?ythuayny n aai
iiaa?oiinoe aiaea aeaao aeeaeoaeueioth aeaao anoanoaaiiui e
eneonnoaaiiui yeinenoaiai nooe. *ai aeeaea ?aeii e ieaaio, oai aieueoa
oai auiaaeaao inaaeeia. Nooa iinoiyiii aica?auaao aiaeo ieaaio, /anoue
aiaeu enia?yaony, iniaaiii eanaie, /anoue niae?aaony ?aeaie, a eioi?ua
iinooiatho aeiaeaeaaua e niaaiaua aiaeu. Iaiai aeaaie iaaeaeo ieaaiii e
nooae o?aaoao i/aiue aieueoiai eiee/anoaa yia?aee: ia yoi cao?a/eaaaony
aei 1/3 oiai, /oi Caiey iieo/aao io Nieioea.
Oeeee aiaeu a aeinoa?a aei ?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeee aue ?aaiiaaniui,
ieaai iieo/ae io ?ae noieueei aiaeu, neieueei ?anoiaeiaae i?e a?
enia?aiee. Anee ia iaiyeny eeeiao, oi ia iaeaee ?aee e ia nieaeaeny
o?iaaiue aiaeu a ic??ao. N ?acaeoeai oeeaeeecaoeee yoio oeeee noae
ia?ooaoueny, a ?acoeueoaoa iieeaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?
oaaee/eeinue enia?aiea n nooe. ?aee thaeiuo ?aeiiia iaiaeaee,
caa?yciaiea ieaaiia e iiyaeaiea ia aai iiaa?oiinoe iaooyiie ie?iee
oiaiueoeei eiee/anoai aiaeu, enia?yaiie ieaaiii. An? yoi oooaeoaao
aiaeiniaaaeaiea aeinoa?u. Aieaa /anouie noaiiayony canooe, aicieeatho
i/aae yeieiae/aneeo aaaenoaee, iai?eia?, iiiaieaoiyy eaoano?ioe/aneay
canooa a ciia Naoaey.
E?iia oiai, e naia i?aniay aiaea, eioi?ay aica?auaaony a ieaai e
ae?oaea aiaei?iu n nooe, /anoi caa?yciaia, i?aeoe/anee ia i?eaiaeiie
aeey ieouey noaea aiaea iiiaeo ?ae ?innee.
I?aaeaea iaen/a?iaaiue ?ano?n – i?aniay /enoay aiaea – noaiiaeoueny
en/a?iaaiui. Naaiaeiy aiaeu, i?eaiaeiie aeey ieouey, i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?ioaiey, ia oaaoaao ai iiiaeo ?aeiiao ie?a. A aeaiiii
?aoa?aoa ?anniio?aia i?iaeaia caa?yciaiey aiaeiuo iauaeoia a ?innee e a
aa noieeoea – a. Iineaa. Ia naaiaeiy iaeuecy ia ia?auaoue aieiaiey ia
yoo i?iaeaio, o.e. anee ia ia ian, oi ia iaoeo aeaoyo neaaeoony ana
iineaaenoaey aio?iiiaaiiiai caa?yciaiey aiaeu. Oaea nae/an ec-ca
aeeieneiiaiai caa?yciaiey aiaeiaiia a ?innee aaeaaiaeii iiaeaaao 20 oun.
/aeiaae. I?eia?ii oaeia aea /enei ?inneyi aaeaaiaeii nia?oaeueii
caaieaaaao ?aeii eiaee a ?acoeueoaoa ?ac?ooaiey iciiiaiai neiy a
no?aoinoa?a. Aneaaenoaea i?iaeeaaiey a iianii io?aaeaiiie n?aaea
iaeoaiey ?ani?ino?aiythony ?aeiaua e ae?oaea yeieiae/anee caaeneiua
caaieaaaiey ?acee/iuo i?aaiia. O iieiaeiu iiai?iaeaeaiiuo iieo/eaoeo
aeaaea iacia/eoaeueiia aeiiieieoaeueiia iaeo/aiea ia ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia
oi?ie?iaaiey ieiaea a oaea iaoa?e, iaia?oaeeaathony caaea?aeee
oinoaaiiiai ?acaeoey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii yoo i?iaeaio iaaei ?aoaoue eae
iiaeii nei?aa e ?aaeeeaeueii ia?aniio?aoue i?iaeaio i/euaiey
i?iiuoeaiiuo na?inia.
4
Ninoiyiea aiaeiuo iauaeoia a a. Iineaa 1
Iineaa ia?aue ii aaee/eia e ii cia/aieth ai?iae ?innee, e ec-ca naiae
aaee/eiu a iae nin?aaeioi/aii ia?iiiia eiee/anoai i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee. Iauai i?iiuoeaiiuo noieia ia iiaeaeaaony ie eaeiio
iienaieth. Ia?yaeo n i?iiuoeaiiuie noieaie aieueooth ?ieue ea?aao
oaieiaia caa?yciaiea. Iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u a?oioiauo aiae neacuaaaony
ia ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaea. Ieaea ai?iaea Iineaa-?aea ia caia?caao
i?aeoe/anee ieeiaaea, iia i?aa?aoeeanue a ia?iiioth neeaioth eaiaao aeey
/aeiaa/aneie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. Enoi/ieeaie aiaeiniaaaeaiey Iineau
neoaeao ?aea Iineaa e aa i?eoiee, a oaeaea iiaecaiiua aiaeu, eae oa, /oi
oi?ie?othony a aannaeia ?. Iineau aeaaiaea?y iiaa?oiinoiiio noieo, oae e
aiaeu aeoaieeo ai?eciioia, ia naycaiiua n iiaa?oiinoiui noieii.
Caianu iiaecaiiuo aiae a Iineianeii ?aaeiia iaaeinoaoi/iu aeey
noaaeeueiiai iaania/aiey oicyenoaaiii-ieoueaauo ioaeae ai?iaea, a nayce
n /ai eniieuecothony iiaa?oiinoiua enoi/ieee.
A a. Iineao iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu iinooiatho ii aeaoi nenoaiai aiaeioieia
– Iineai?aoeeie e Aa?oia-Aieaeneie.
A oaaeeoea iieacaiu iauaiu noi/iuo aiae, iinooiathueo io
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneiai e eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa a aa?oiauey ?.
Iineau e aa i?eoiee (eoa. i./nooee) ii aeaiiui IinaiaeieaiaeIEEi?iaeo.
?aeiiu Iauai noi/iuo aiae ai?iaeia e ian. ioieoia Iauai noi/iuo aiae
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee Iauai noi/iuo aiae io naeueoic. iauaeoia Anaai
ii ?aeiio
Iiaeaeneee 24800 18850 – 43650
Iaeeioeianeee 51210 23660 1720 76590
Eno?eineee 56986 33440 7400 97876
?ocneee 17810 10485 70 28365
E?aniiai?neee 2000 3000 – 5000
Nieia/iiai?neee 5968 – – 5968
Aieieieaineee 1270 – – 1270
Eoiai 160044 89435 9190 258669
Ii aeaiiui IAO ca 1987-1990 aiaeu aa?oiauea ?. Iineau eniuouaaao oaeaea
cia/eoaeueiia caa?yciaiea i?aaie/aneeie e ieia?aeueiuie oaeia?aieyie.
Iaa?ocea i?aaie/aneeo e ieia?aeueiuo oaeia?aiee (ii acioo) i?aaenoaaeaia
a oaaeeoea.
?aeiiu I?aaie/aneea
(oun. oaeia?aiey
oiii) Ieia?aeueiua
(oeaioia?) oaeia?aiey
1987 a. 1990 a. 1987 a. 1990 a.
Eno?eineee 459 442 87500 iao aeaiiuo
?ocneee 353 364 107600 114000
Iaeeioeianeee 410 401 75000 71000
Iiaeaeneee 666 676 214800 209000
Eco/aiea auiina caa?yciythueo aauanoa n iiaa?oiinoiui noieii (aeaiiua
EAI ?AI) n
1Ana /eneaiiua aeaiiua acyou ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieeaaea i ninoiyiee
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu a. Iineau -1992 a.
5
oa??eoi?ee ai?iaeia e naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oa??eoi?ee iieacuaaao, /oi
ii eco/aiiui eia?aaeeaioai iaeiio?iee?oaiua enoi/ieee cia/eoaeueii
i?aauoatho eiio?iee?oaiua.
A oaaeeoea i?aaenoaaeaiu iniiaiua ninoaaeythuea iinooieaiey
caa?yciythueo aauanoa a Aa?oithth Aieao n aa aiaeinai?iie ieiuaaee, oiii
a aiae.
Enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey I?aaie/aneea aauanoaa ii OIE Iaooa-
i?iaeoeou Acio Oinoi?
Eiio?iee?oaiua enoi/ieee 5510 123 1748 328
Ai?iaeneea oa??eoi?ee, i?iiieiuaaeee 43455 4224 966 49
Naeueneioicyenoaaiiua oa??eoi?ee 33500 – 7412 1233
Noiia?ii ni anao enoi/ieeia 82465 4347 16123 1632
Ninoiyiea iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae a /a?oa ai?iaea
A /a?oa ai?iaea aiaeiue oiiae i?aaenoaaeai ?. Iineaie e aieaa 70 iaeuie
?aeaie e ?o/ueyie iauae i?ioyaeaiiinoueth 165,0 ei. Iieiinoueth ioe?uoia
?onei nio?aiaii o naie ?ae: ssocu, Naooie, Noiaeie, ?aiaiee, I/aeiaee,
E/ee e *a/a?u. Inoaeueiua ?aee /anoe/ii eee iieiinoueth caeeth/aiu a
eieeaeoi?iua nenoaiu e neoaeao aeey ioaaaeaiey iiaa?oiinoiiai noiea.
E?iia caa?yciaiiiai iiaa?oiinoiiai noiea ia ea/anoaaiiia ninoiyiea ?ae
ieacuaaao iaaaoeaiia aeeyiea na?in iaaeinoaoi/ii i/euaiiuo noi/iuo aiae
i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e ai?iaeneeo noaioeee ay?aoeee.
Ieaea aiaaeaiey eaiaea Iineaa-Aieaa a ?. Iineao ?anoiae aiaeu ?aee
neeaaeuaaaony neaaeothuei ia?acii: 5 eoa. i/n – ?anoiae aiaeu ?. Iineau
ieaea ?oaeaaneiai aiaeicaai?a; – 30-35 eoa. i/n – i?iaeoiue ?anoiae
aiaeu ec eaiaea Iineaa-Aieaa; 10 eoa. i/n – iiaa?oiinoiue noie (io
i?eoieia ?. Iineau a /a?oa ai?iaea); 66 eoa. i/n noi/iua aiaeu
ai?iaeneie eaiaeecaoeee, na?anuaaaiie a ?. Iineao; 5 eoa. i/n – noi/iua
aiaeu i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iinooiathuea a ?aeo iiieii
iauaai?iaeneeo naoae eaiaeecaoeee.
Aannaei ?. Iineau a /a?oa a. Iineau iaoiaeeony iiae aicaeaenoaeai
i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena, ieacuaathuaai nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia eciaiaiea
oeie/aneiai ninoaaa aiaeu eae ?. Iineau, oae e aa i?eoieia. A noieeoea
ian/eouaaaony ieiei 30 i?aaei?eyoee (ia n/eoay OYOe e noaioeee
ay?aoeee), iai?aaeythueo io 41 oun. aei 39850 oun. eoa. i /aiae noi/iuo
aiae a ??. Noiaeiy, Naooiue, ssoca, Iaoi?ea, Iineaa e ae?. A oeaeii ?.
Iineaa a /a?oa a. Iineau iieo/aao aei 1767540 oun. eoa. i/aiae
i?iiuoeaiiuo e oicyenoaaiii-auoiauo noi/iuo aiae io aaaeoueo io?aneae,
aace?othueony a ?aaeiia.
Iiaa?oiinoiue noie n oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea oi?ie?oaony ca n/ao oaeuo
niaaiauo e aeiaeaeaauo aiae, a oaeaea iieeai-iia/iuo aiae. Ii ?aeiiai a.
Iineau aaee/eia iiaeoey noiea eciaiyaony a i?aaeaeao 5,64
(AEaeaciiaei?iaeiue ?aeii) – 15,0 e/n ea. Ei (Naa?aeeianeee ?aeii).
N?aaeiee aeey ai?iaea Iineau iiaeoeue noiea ninoaaeyao 9 e/n ea. ei. A
iauai iaaethaeaaony oaaee/aiea iiaeoey noiea io ie?aei ai?iaea e
oeaio?o. Iiaa?oiinoiue noie n oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea ia i/euaaony io
caa?yciaiee e i?yii iiiaaeaao a aiaeiua iauaeou, iany n niaie aieueoia
eiee/anoai i?aaie/aneeo, acaaoaiiuo aauanoa, iaooai?iaeoeoia. A oeaeii
ii
6
a. Iineaa a oa/aiea aiaea n iiaa?oiinoiui noieii iinooiaao 3840 oiii
iaooai?iaeoeoia, 452080 oiii acaaoaiiuo aauanoa, 173280 oiii oei?eaeia,
18460 oiii i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa (ii AIE). A ?acoeueoaoa n iiaa?oiinoiui
noieii a aiaeiua iauaeou ai?iaea iiiaaeaao iaooai?iaeoeoia a 1,8 ?ac, a
acaaoaiiuo aauanoa ii/oe a 24 ?aca aieueoa, /ai ni noi/iuie aiaeaie
i?aaei?eyoee. Aieueoay /anoue caa?yciaiee: iaooai?iaeoeoia – 63%,
acaaoaiiuo aauanoa – 75%, i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa – 64%, oei?eaeia – 95%,
iinooiaao a ?. Iineao n iiaa?oiinoiui noieii a ceiia-aanaiiee ia?eiae.
Aeey iauaeoeaiie ioeaiee ninoiyiey aiaeiuo iauaeoia a /a?oa a. Iineau e
?ac?aaioee ia?ii?eyoee ii icaei?iaeaieth aiaeiaiia nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea
eiaao iainiiaaiiay nenoaia eiio?iey e ioeaiee ea/anoaa aiaeu e aeiiiuo
ioeiaeaiee ?. Iineau e aa i?eoieia.
Nouanoaothuea a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiio?ieueiua noai?u aeey ioeaiee
ninoiyiey ?. Iineau a i?aaeaeao ai?iaea (ieiei 60) ?aciauaiu a
niioaaonoaee n caaea/aie, ?aoaaiuie ioaeaeueiuie aaaeiinoaaiiuie
eiio?ieueiuie neoaeaaie: IIAAI (Iineianei-Ieneia aannaeiiaia
aiaeioicyenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea), Iineiii?e?iaea, IinOeAIN, Iineianeay
ai?iaeneay naieoa?iay neoaeaa (IinAOeNYI), IAYNI «Iinaiaeieaiae». E?iia
oiai, enneaaeiaaoaeueneea i?aaiecaoeee – Iinaiaeieaiae IEEi?iaeo, EIA?Y,
IEEIEA ei. Nuneia, IEEEAIA AEO – inouanoaeytho iaaethaeaiey ii
nianoaaiiui i?ia?aiiai, ia niaeaniauaay eo ae?oa n ae?oaii e n ioaeaeaie
eiio?iee?othueo i?aaiecaoeee.
Naieoa?ii – aaeoa?eieiae/aneea iieacaoaee
Ioeaieaay ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiey i?ia aiaeu e aeiiiuo ioeiaeaiee a
iiya?a 1992 aiaea, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi noaiaiue
naieoa?ii-aaeoa?eieiae/aneiai caa?yciaiey a ?acee/iuo i?iaao eieaaaeanue
a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao. Iaeaieaa caa?yciaiiui ii
naieoa?ii-aaeoa?eieiae/aneei iieacaoaeyi yaeyeenue: Eaiioiy, Ethaeeii,
Ia?ueeii.
Aaniie 1993 aiaea (ia?o) ana naieoa?ii-aaeoa?eieiae/aneea iieacaoaee
i?aauoaee aeiionoeiua e oiiiaua aaee/eiu. Eioaineaiay noaiaiue
caa?yciaiey aiaeu oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue naaaeei oaeaeueiui caa?yciaieai,
/oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony oaeei iieacaoaeai, eae eiee-oaa (aeyoeiia?acothuay
aaeeieoea), eioi?ue ninoaaee >500 (i?e ii?ia ia aieaa 100).
A oi aea a?aiy ia ca?aaeno?e?iaaii neo/aaa eaeaioeoeeaoeee
aicaoaeeoaeae iaoiaaiiuo e iniai iianiuo eioaeoeee. Ai anao i?iaao
oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaai io?eoeaoaeueiay ?aaeoeey yioa?ieieeia, /oi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaao noaiaiue naaaeanoe caa?yciaiee. A i?iaao No?iaeii (aei
56), Uoeeii (23), Eaiioiy (12) aunayiu eieiiee naeueiiiaee, eioi?ua
i?aaenoaaeytho yieaeaieieiae/aneoth iianiinoue aicieeiiaaiey
aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iuo caaieaaaiee. Inaiueth 1992 aiaea oaeeo neo/aaa ia
ca?aaeno?e?iaaii.
*oanoaeoaeueiui iieacaoaeai noaiaie caa?yciaiey aiaeiaia
oicyenoaaiii-oaeaeueiuie noi/iuie aiaeaie yaeythony
naieoa?ii-aaeueieioieiae/aneea iieacaoaee, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecoao ia
oieueei noaiaiue caa?yciaiey aiaeiaia aaeueieioaie, ii e yaeyaony
iniiaiui iieacaoaeai noaiaie ia?aceoa?iie iianiinoe aeey /aeiaaea. A
enneaaeiaaieyo aaniie 1993 aiaea, a 73% neo/aaa (ia 11 ec 15 noai?ia)
ca?aaeno?e?iaaii iaee/ea yeoe aaeueieioia e, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, yeoea
anea?eae eae iaeaieaa onoie/eauo e aeeyieth aiaoiae n?aaeu. Niaea?aeaiea
anea?eae a i?iaao ninoaaeei io 3 aei 36. Iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai
ca?aaeno?e?iaaii a i?iaa aiaeu, ioia?aiiie o no. iao?i «Eieiiaineay»
(Noaeino?ieoaeueiay oe.). E?iia oiai, ioia/athony neo/ae aaeeie/iiai
caa?yciaiey aiaeu yeoeaie oieniea?, oanoeeiie e aeaniaeaaa. Noaiaiue
caa?yciaiey (ii naieoa?ii-aaeueieioieiae/aneiio iieacaoaeth)
oa?aeoa?ecoaony eae e?aeia aunieay.
7
A oa/aiea ai?aey-iay i?ienoiaeeo iea?aoeey aaeueieioia ec aiaeu a
aeiiiua ioeiaeaiey. Iiyoiio iieacaoaeue noaiaie caa?yciaiey aiaeu
aaeueieioaie ii?iaeecoaony. A aeiiiuo ioeiaeaieyo i?iecieaeao oaaee/aiea
yoiai iieacaoaey ca n/ao iaeiieaiee i?ioeuo eao. Iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai yoiai
yaeythony aeaiiua enneaaeiaaiee 1992 a., aaea oieueei a 10% i?ia aiaeu
auee iaia?oaeaiu aaeueieiou e cia/eoaeueii aieueoa (64%) a i?iaao
aeiiiuo ioeiaeaiee. Naieoa?ii-aaeueieioieiae/aneee iieacaoaeue yoeo i?ia
cia/eoaeueii ieaea e ia i?aauoae 8.
Enoiuaiea e caa?yciaiea iiaecaiiuo aiae
Aeae?iaaieiae/aneay ianoaiiaea a a. Iineaa neiaeeeanue iiae
aicaeaenoaeai aeeeoaeueiiai e iaaeiionoeii eioaineaiiai aiaeiioai?a ec
a?oaceaineeo aiaeiiiniuo ai?eciioia ea?aiia, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu,
oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?acaeoeai i?ioeannia iiaeoiieaiey a?oioiauie aiaeaie e
iiaeii?ii io aeae?ioaoie/aneeo nii?oaeaiee. Oaaee/eaathuayny ?acieoea a
iaii?ao a?oaceaineeo e a?oioiauo aiae niinianoaoao ia?aoaeaieth
caa?yciaiiuo a?oioiauo e iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae aiec, e ieoueaaui ai?eciioai
ea?aiia. A iaeaieueoae noaiaie yoe i?ioeannu i?iyaeythony oai, aaea
ionoonoaoao aeeienoay ?acaeaeythuay oieua aa?oiae th?u, eaaeauay iaaeaeo
a?oioiauie e a?oaceaineeie aiaeaie.
Aeaaiua enoi/ieee caa?yciaiey iiaecaiiuo aiae a Iineaa oaeiau: ooa/ee
ec eaiaeecaoeeiiiuo eieeaeoi?ia, i?ina/eaaiea caa?yciaiiuo aoiinoa?iuo
inaaeeia neaicue caa?yciaiiua ii/au, canuiaiiua e cano?iaiiua naaeee,
ooa/ee e oeeueo?aoeey ec i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee, oaoiieiae/aneeo
eiiioieeaoeee e n eaiaeece?iaaiiuo e iaeaiaeece?iaaiiuo i?iiieiuaaeie.
Enoi?e/anee neiaeeeny i?i/iue iau/ae ?aciauaoue naaeee a io?aaioaiiuo
ea?uea?ao e ia?aaao, oi anoue eae iiaeii aeeaea e a?oioiaui aiaeai;
?aniieaaaoue caaiaeu, i/enoiua nii?oaeaiey, iiey oeeueo?aoeee, neeaaeu –
a ?a/iuo aeieeiao, o.a. oai, aaea anoanoaaiiay caueoa iiaecaiiuo aiae
ca/anooth ionoonoaoao.
Caa?yciaiea a?oioiauo aiae
Iaeaieaa caa?yciaiu ia oa??eoi?ee a. Iineau a?oioiaua aiaeu. Eo
caa?yciaiea naycaii aeaaiui ia?acii n /?acau/aeii oe?ieei
?ani?ino?aiaieai aeeaeeeo eiiioiaeueiuo iooiaeia, a oaeaea aaciia?aciuo
iooiaeia aaoio?ainii?oa, i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, OYOe e ae?.
Eiiiiiaiou-caa?ycieoaee i?aaenoaaeaiu oei?eaeaie, noeueoaoaie,
i?aaie/aneeie aauanoaaie, acioenouie niaaeeiaieyie e oyaeaeuie
iaoaeeaie.
A?oioiaua aiaeu n oaeei oa?aeoa?ii caa?yciaiey i?aeiouanoaaiii i?aniua,
niaoaiiiai, aneaaenoaea caa?yciaiey ninoaaa. Eciaiaiea noaiaie eo
caa?yciaiey iiae/eiyaony i?ino?ainoaaiiui caeiiiia?iinoyi:
eiioeaio?aoeee eiiiiiaioia-caa?ycieoaeae aic?anoatho a iai?aaeaiee
aeaeaeaiey aiae io aicauoaiiuo o/anoeia ?aeueaoa – oeaio?aeueiuo /anoae
iaaeaeo?a/iuo i?ino?ainoa e iiieaeaiiui – ?a/iui aeieeiai, ica?ai,
eioeiaaiai, aiaeio?aieeeuai. A?aaeeaio eiioeaio?aoeee i?e yoii
aic?anoaao io aeanyoeia aei ia?auo nioai ieeeea?aiiia ia eeo?.
Iaeiia?aiaiii oaaee/eaaaony e iauay ieia?aeecaoeey a?oioiauo aiae.
8
Aeeyiea niaainaaeie ia aiaeiua iauaeou
Aeiiieieoaeueiui enoi/ieeii caa?yciaiey ?ae a /a?oa a. Iineau yaeythony
?a/iua niaainaaeee.
Iinoaiiaeaieyie i?aaeoaeuenoaa Iineau io 15.11.91 ? 809 «I aioiaiinoe
neoaea ai?iaeneiai oicyenoaa e oai?ea oa??eoi?ee a. Iineau a ceiiee
ia?eiae» ?ac?aoai auaic ia ?a/iua niaainaaeee niaaa, nia?aiiiai n
oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea. Yoeie aea iinoaiiaeaieyie aue
ii?aaeaeai ia?a/aiue iano (anaai 24) aeey «nooiai» neeaaee?iaaiey niaaa
ii ie?oaai ai?iaea. Aeaiiua ioaiaeu n Iineiii?e?iaeu niaeaniaaiu ia
auee.
Ia anao niaainaaeeao, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia ?aea ssoca, a i?iaao niaaa
ioia/aia iiauoaiiay eiioeaio?aoeey oei?eaeia – io 1,2 aei 16,4 IAeE.
Iauai caa?yciaiiiai a?oioa, ecuyoiai i?e aeiioaeoaeoaeueiuo ?aaioao a
?aeiiao niaainaaeie ia ?aeao Iineaa e ssoca, ninoaaee 200,0 oun. eoa.
i.; 60,6 eoa. i a?oioa auaacaii ia iieeaii «Oeiioiai».
Oaeei ia?acii, na?in caa?yciaiiiai niaaa, nia?aiiiai n oa??eoi?ee
ai?iaea, i?eaiaeeo e caa?yciaieth ?ae Iineau e ssocu ?acee/iuie
a?aaeiuie aauanoaaie. Iieiaeaiea onoaoaeyaony aua e eniieueciaaieai
ianei-nieaauo nianae auoa onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?i.
I?e yenieoaoaoeee ?a/iuo niaainaaeie aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue
i?iaaaeaiey a aanaiia-eaoiee ia?eiae aeiioaeoaeoaeueiuo ?aaio e
ooeeecaoeee ecaea/aiiiai caa?yciaiiiai aeiiiiai a?oioa.
Aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie ia eiaaony i?iaeoa «nooie» iai?oaeiaaiiie
niaainaaeee. Ionoonoaotho oaoiieiaee i/enoee caa?yciaiiiai niaaa ia?aae
na?inii a aiaeiai. Ana yoi i?eaiaeeo e oooaeoaieth ninoiyiey ?ae
Iineianeiai ?aaeiia.
Auaiaeu
Iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu Iineai?aoeeiai e Aieaeneiai aiaeinai?ia,
eniieuecoaiua aeey ieoueaauo oeaeae a. Iineau, iiaeoiaeyo e
aiaeii?iaiaeiui noaioeeyi oaea caa?yciaiiuie.
Aeeiaieea eciaiaiey eiioeaio?aoeee caa?yciythueo aauanoa iieacuaaao,
/oi ii n?aaiaieth n 1988 aiaeii oiaiueoaiey i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa,
iaooai?iaeoeoia, aiiiieeiiai acioa a aiaea aa?oiaueaa ?ae Iineau e Aieae
io aiaea e aiaeo i?aeoe/anee ia i?ienoiaeeo, a eiioeaio?aoeee ieo?eoiiai
acioa e oaiieia aeaaea aic?anoatho. Oieueei eiiu iaaee oiaiueoathony a
1,5-2 ?aca, ii eo aaee/eiu ana ?aaii i?aauoatho IAeE a 3-5 ?ac.
I?iaeoiay iiuiinoue ?AN e CAN a. Iineau ninoaaeyao 38,8 eoa. i/n, /oi
?aaii ii/oe 50% iauaia ieoueaaie aiaeu, iiaeaaaaiie a ai?iae. I?e yoii
ec Iineai?aoeeie aiaeioicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ia oicyenoaaiii-ieoueaaua
ioaeaeu ioae?aaony ieiei 85% ?anoiaea aiaeu ?. Iineau (ia iiaeoiaea e
ai?iaeo), /oi cia/eoaeueii auoa aeiionoeiiai o?iaiy.
Aeaeueiaeoaa oooaeoaiea ea/anoaa aiaeu Iineai?aoeeiai aiaeienoi/ieea
iiaeao i?eaanoe e iioa?a ai?iaeii 50% iauaia ieoueaaie aiaeu, oae eae
oaoiieiae/aneea aiciiaeiinoe ii oeo/oaieth ea/anoaa aiaeu ia ?AN e CAN
i?aeoe/anee en/a?iaiu. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeey aeaeueiaeoaai iaania/aiey
ianaeaiey a. Iineau aeia?iea/anoaaiiie ieoueaaie aiaeie iaiaoiaeeii
n?i/iia icaei?iaeaiea ianoaiiaee a ciiao naieoa?iie io?aiu
Iineai?aoeeiai aiaeienoi/ieea. Yoa n?i/iinoue iaoneiaeaia aua e oai, /oi
aiaeio?aieeeuaie ca?aaoee?iaaiu oieueei aa?oiauey ?. Iineau, a aieueoay
/anoue caa?yciythueo aauanoa (aieaa 100000 eoa. i a aiae iaaeinoaoi/ii
i/euaiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo e oicyenoaaiii-auoiauo noi/iuo aiae) iinooiaao a
?aeo ieaea noai?ia Iineai?aoeeeo aiaeio?aieeeu.
9
I?iaeaia caa?yciaiey aiaeienoi/ieeia aeooaeueia ia oieueei aeey
Iineai?aoeeie aiaeioicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu, ii e aeey Aieaeneie, e yoi
iaoneiaeaii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oai, /oi aa?uea?iay ?ieue aiaeii/enoiuo
nii?oaeaiee a ioiioaiee oyaeaeuo iaoaeeia e?aeia iecea.
Ieceia ea/anoai aiaeu ?. Iineau a /a?oa ai?iaea iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi
niioiioaiea i?e?iaeiuo aiae, iinooiathueo ec Iineai?aoeeie e Aieaeneie
aiaeioicyenoaaiiuo nenoai, e noi/iuo aiae (noi/iua aiaeu
ai?eaiaeecaoeee, iiaa?oiinoiue noie e noi/iua aiaeu i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee), ninoaaeyao ieiei 1:2. Eiio?ieue ca ea/anoaii aiaeu ?.
Iineau a /a?oa ai?iaea inouanoaeyaony ?acee/iuie aaaeiinoaaie a naieo
eioa?anao e ii naiei i?ia?aiiai. Ianiio?y ia athaeaeaoiue oa?aeoa?
oeiaine?iaaiey aieueoeinoaa eiio?iee?othueo i?aaiecaoeee,
neii?aeeie?iaaiiie nenoaiu iiieoi?eiaa ea/anoaa aiaeu ?. Iineau ia
naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iao.
Aaioeie/aneia eco/aiea iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae ?. Iineau iieacaei, /oi ii
ninoaao e eiee/anoao niaea?aeaueony a ieo iee?iyeaiaioia, i?aaie/aneeo
niaaeeiaiee (iaooai?iaeoeou, aaicaie?ai, ianoeoeeaeu) aiaeu
i?eaeeaeathony e ieioi i/euaiiui i?iiuoeaiiui noieai.
I?e nia?aiaiiuo nenoaiao eieaeueiie i/enoee i?iiuoeaiiuo noieia ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo e caa?yciaiee ii/a a i?iiuoeaiiuo ciiao, iiaa?oiinoiue
noie, ae?aie?othuee oa??eoi?eth aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo cii,
niaea?aeeo iiauoaiiua eiioeaio?aoeee iai?aaie/aneeo e i?aaie/aneeo
aauanoa. A aiaeii?anoai?eiuo oi?iao a aiaea ?. Iineau a i?aaeaeao
ai?iaea iaia?oaeaiu iiauoaiiua niaea?aeaiey oaeeo yeaiaioia eae
ia?aaiaoe, eaaeiee, oeeie, aeaeaci, ieeaeue, naeiaoe, iaooai?iaeoeou,
iaaeue, oaiieu, ianoeoeeaeu, ?acee/iua oi?iu acioa.
Iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu niaea?aeao iianaianoii aeaeaci e ia?aaiaoe a
eiioeaio?aoeeyo, i?aauoathueo IAeE, a oaeaea eaaeiee e aa?eeeee.
Iaeaieaa caa?yciaiiuie o/anoeaie yaeythony: ?aeii Iaaaoeii, Ethaeeii, a
iaiueoae noaiaie Uoeeii, ieyae a ?oaeaai eiaao ieieiaeueioth
caa?yciaiiinoue iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae e aeiiiuo ioeiaeaiee.
Aiaeec ?ani?aaeaeaiey iee?iyeaiaioia a ?. Iineaa iieacae:
Eaaeiee, aa?eeeee, oeeie, ieeaeue, iaaeue, naeiaoe – iinooiatho a ?.
Iineao ni noi/iuie aiaeaie i?aaei?eyoee oaenoeeueiie, oeie/aneie e
iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iiauoaiiia niaea?aeaiea no?iioeey, ia?aaioea ia?yaeo n iieeoinoaoaie,
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i cia/eoaeueiie aeiea a iiaa?oiinoiii noiea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ii/a, /oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony i?enoonoaeai a
iiaa?oiinoiuo aiaeao aeiaieueii aunieeo, aeaaea i?aauoathueo IAeE,
eiioeaio?aoeee ianoeoeeaeia.
2. Iiauoaiiua eiioeaio?aoeee iieeoinoaoia, ooi?a, ia?aaioea e aeaeaca
yaeythony oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth ?. Iineau ia anai aa i?ioyaeaiee –
yoe yeaiaiou iiaoo auoue iaoneiaeaiu e i?e?iaeiuie oneiaeyie, ia?yaeo n
oaoiiaaiiuie.
Ii?iaiaaiea aeiiiuo ioeiaeaiee ?. Iineau noaaeeueii oeene?oao enoi/ieee
caa?yciaiey aiae e iicaieeo a aeaeueiaeoai, ia iniiaaiee i?iaaaeaiiie
nuaiee ?. Iineau, auyaeoue aieueooth /anoue eiiieaena oeie/aneeo
yeaiaioia caa?ycieoaeae e i?ino?ainoaaiioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo cii eo
aicaeaenoaey.
10
A i?aaeaeao eco/aiiie /anoe ?. Iineau auaeaeythony iniaua aeiiiua
ioeiaeaiey – oaoiiaaiiua eeu, aeey eioi?uo oa?aeoa?iu oiieiaeenia?niue
ninoaa, iiauoaiiay ieanoe/iinoue, ianeyienoinoue, niaoeeoe/aneee caiao
(iaooyiie, oaeaeueiue), ie?anea oaiiuo e iaiaeueiuo oiiia. Naiua aa?oiea
ai?eciiou oaeeo eeia /anoi i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eieeieaeioth ianno
(noniaiceth eee aeae?icieue). Yoe oaoiiaaiiua eeu eiatho ?aciia
ieiuaaeiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea: a aeaea ioaeaeueiuo eeic ia o/anoeao
Eoaeiaoeeie iaaa?aaeiie eee aeiaieueii i?ioyaeaiiuo o/anoeia ?onea (?-i
Ethaeeii, Iaaaoeii – i?ioyaeaiiinoue ieiei 7 ei). Eiaiii yoe oaoiiaaiiua
eeu iaiaauaiu i?aaie/aneeie aauanoaaie – iaooai?iaeoeoaie, NIAA,
aaicaie?aiii e ae?. N ieie aea naycaii /?acau/aeii aunieia niaea?aeaiea
na?aa?a, ?oooe, oeeiea, naeioea, eaaeiey, aeniooa, iaaee, ieiaa, ieeaey
e ae?. Cia/aiey eiyooeoeeaioia eiioeaio?aoeee yoeo yeaiaioia a 10 -100 e
aieaa ?ac i?aauoatho i?e?iaeiua o?iaie eo eiioeaio?aoeee.
I?iaeoiay iiuiinoue i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee ai?eaiaeecaoeee i?aeoe/anee
en/a?iaia. Noi/iua aiaeu iinea i/enoee ia noaioeeyo aeieiae/aneie
i/enoee ia niioaaonoaotho o?aaiaaieyi aeey na?ina a aiaeiai ii
niaea?aeaieth i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa (ii AIE), aiiiieeiiio acioo,
niaea?aeaieth NIAA, iaooai?iaeoeoia e oyaeaeuo iaoaeeia. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy 2800 i?aaei?eyoee ai?iaea na?anuaatho a ai?iaeneoth eaiaeecaoeeth
aei 720 oun. eoa. i/nooee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caa?yciaiiuo noi/iuo aiae.
Iiaa?oiinoiue noie n oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea ia i/euaaony io caa?yciaiee e
iai?yioth (a iniiaiii) iiiaaeaao a aiaeiua iauaeou. A oeaeii ii a.
Iineaa a oa/aiea aiaea n iiaa?oiinoiui noieii iinooiaao 3840 oiii
iaooai?iaeoeoia, 452080 oiii acaaoaiiuo aauanoa, 173280 oiii oei?eaeia e
18460 oiii i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa (ii AIE). A ?acoeueoaoa, n iiaa?oiinoiui
noieii a aiaeiua iauaeou ai?iaea iiiaaeaao iaooai?iaeoeoia a 1,8 ?aca, a
acaaoaiiuo aauanoa ii/oe a 24 ?aca aieueoa, /ai ni noi/iuie aiaeaie
i?aaei?eyoee. Nouanoaaiiue aeeaae a caa?yciaiea ?. Iineau aiinyo ?a/iua
niaainaaeee.
Neeueii e ii/oe iianaianoii caa?yciaiu a?oioiaua aiaeu. I?iaeieaeaaony
eioaineaiue aiaeiioai? a?oaceaineeo aiae. Aei 400 oun. eoa. i/nooee
a?oaceaineeo aiae eniieuecoaony eneeth/eoaeueii ia oaoiieiae/aneea
ioaeaeu i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e iao?iiieeoaia, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
n?aaioea a?oaceaineeo ai?eciioia, e eioeeueo?aoeee a ieo caa?yciaiiuo
a?oioiauo e iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae. Neaaenoaeai yoeo i?ioeannia yaeyaony
caa?yciaiea a?oaceaineeo aiae, oai naiui enoiuaaony e i?eoiaeeo a
iaaiaeiinoue ?aca?aiue enoi/iee aiaeiniaaaeaiey a. Iineau.
Iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu a ciia ieoueaaiai aiaeiiieueciaaiey caa?yciaiu ca
n/ao noi/iuo aiae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneiai e eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa
Iineianeiai ?aaeiia. I?e caeiiauo na?inao noi/iuo aiae niaea?aeaiea a
aiaea aiiiieeiiai e ieo?eoiiai acioa i?aauoaao IAeE a 10-50 ?ac.
Cia/eoaeueii caa?yciaiu aiaeu Iineau-?aee e aa i?eoieia, a oaeaea
ai?iaeneeo aiaeiaiia oaiieaie, iaooai?iaeoeoaie, iaoaeeaie, i?aaieeie.
Ea/anoai ieoueaaie aiaeu ai?iaea ioaa/aao o?aaiaaieyi AINO 2874-82.
Iaeiaei i?eiaiaiea aunieeo aeic oei?a i?e i/enoea e iaacca?aaeeaaiee
aiaeu aeaeaao aa?iyoiui i?enoonoaea a ieoueaaie aiaea iaeiio?iee?oaiuo
aunieioiene/iuo oei?i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee. Aeey aeinoiaa?iie ioeaiee
ea/anoaa ieoueaaie aiaeu iaiaoiaeeii ?anoe?eoue ia?a/aiue eiio?iee?oaiuo
caa?yciythueo aauanoa aei o?iaiy iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo noaiaea?oia.
11
NINOIssIEA IAEUO ?AE IINEAU E IIAeIINEIAUess
I?e?iaea Iiaeiineiauey i?aia?aciaaia o?oaeii iiiaeo iieieaiee, i?e/ai
eaaeaeia iineaaeothuaa iieieaiea i?eniinaaeeaaeinue e oaea
«i/aeiaa/aiiie» i?e?iaea e i?iaeieaeaei aa eciaiyoue. Iiiaiaaeiaia
i?e?iaeieniieueciaaiea iuia io?aaeaii a neeueii eciaieaoeony eanao, a
ia?anuoathueo iaeuo ?a/eao e ?iaeieeao, a o/anoeaoeony canooao e ?aceeo
iioieiaeaieyo, eioi?ui ia iiaeao i?ioeainoiyoue ie ii?aaeaaoee
anoanoaaiiue ?anoeoaeueiue iie?ia, ie ianaaeaiiua /aeiaaeii eaniia?ee,
iiiieoeueoo?iua oicyenoaaiiua oaiaeuey.
Iaeua ?aee a neeo naiae i?e?iaeiie oycaeiinoe a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
?aaae?otho ia oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea – ia au?oaeo
eania, ?aniaoeo, inooaiea, i?ioaiea, iie iaeaaeatho aieaa ieceie
niiniaiinoueth e naiii/euaieth, auno?aa caa?yciythony.
Naaiaeiy a Iineianeie iaeanoe ian/eouaaaony 4312 ?ae, ec eioi?uo ana,
e?iia Iineau, ioiinyony e iaeui. Aeeeia oaeeo eieaaeaony io ianeieueeeo
nioai iao?ia aei 100 ei. Ii iieoi?a aaea iacaae ?ae auei ia 25-30
i?ioeaioia aieueoa, a ?iaeieeia, eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho enoi?e/aneea
iaoa?eaeu, ian/eouaaeinue a Iiaeiineiauea aaeaia aieueoa, naaiaeiy.
Iiao/ea oe?ieieenoaaiiua aeoa?aau n eeiie, aycii, eeaiii, ynaiai, n
aeoaieeie ei?iaauie nenoaiaie, ii eioi?ui aeiaeaeaaay aeaaa iinooiaao a
aeoaue ii/au, a ia naaaaao ii aa iiaa?oiinoe, iaania/eaaee iieiaiaeuea
?ae, i?aaeioa?auaee aunieea aanaiiea iaaiaeee e ianuuaee aiaeiiiniua
ai?eciiou a eaoithth iaaeaiue.
Naaiaeiy i aueuo aeoa?aaao Iiaeiineiauey iaiiieiatho eeoue
oiiiieie/aneea iacaaiey nae e ?ae, inoaoee iiuiuo aeoaiauo noaieia,
onoeeathueo aeii iiaeiineiaiiai O?inoaineiai ica?a, enoi?e/aneea
naeaeaoaeuenoaa. Aua a XVIII aaea aeoaiaua nieaau ii Iineaa-?aea e
Iineaa auee aeiaieueii /anou. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao aaia?aoa I. I.
Naiaiiaa-Oyiue-Oaiueneiai («Aaia?aoi-noaoenoe/aneee neiaa?ue ?inneeneie
eiia?ee», 1865), aieioue aei na?aaeeiu XIX aaea no?iaaie ean aeanyoeaie
ouny/ a?aaai a aiae nieaaeyeny a Iineao ii ?aeai Eno?a, Iaaeooa, ?oca,
Ica?ia. Naaiaeiy ii yoei iaiaeaaoei ?aeai n o?oaeii iiaeii i?ieoe eeoue
ia aaeaea?ea. Ia?ioiaeu aua a i?ioeii aaea iiaeieiaeenue ii I?ioaa
aieioue aei Ai?ianea, oaia?ue any I?ioaa ia noaeioiaeia.
Aei iiyaeaiey aeaeaciuo aei?ia iaeua ?aee auee iniiaiuie o?ainii?oiuie
a?oa?eyie no?aiu. Iaaeaannaeiiauie eaiaeaie iie niaaeeiyeenue ae?oa n
ae?oaii, /oi aeaeaei eo iniiaiuie oi?aiauie iooyie, iaeeaeyei aeeciue
ia eo aa?aaao. Oae, a 1826 aiaeo ?acaa?ioeinue no?ieoaeuenoai eaiaea
iaaeaeo ?aeaie Nano?a e Eno?a n oeaeueth aeinoaaee eaiiy n Aieae aeey
no?ieoaeuenoaa o?aia O?enoa Nianeoaey a Iineaa. ?aaiou i?iaeieaeaeenue
25 eao, auei iino?iaii o?e eaiaiiuo oethca, eaiae aeeeiie 8,5 ei e
ieioeia, eioi?ay iiaeiyea o?iaaiue ?aee Nano?u e ia?aciaaea
eneonnoaaiiia ica?i Naiaae ieiuaaeueth 7 ea. ei. Eaiae i?inouanoaiaae
iaaeieai – ii ia auaea?aeae eiieo?aioeee n Ieeieaaaneie aeaeaciie
aei?iaie e a 1860 aiaeo aue ieii/aoaeueii caa?ioai. Ii/au iiei iaeuo ?ae
iaeaaeaee oi?ioeie aa?ioeie/aneeie naienoaaie e iicaieyee nieiaoue
o?iaeae aei 50-75 oeaioia?ia n aeanyoeiu. *ai auoa auea o?iaeaeiinoue
eoaia, oai aiaa/a noaiiaeeenue ii/au. E?iia ioeiaeaiey ieiaei?iaeiiai
iaeeea, ia iieiao iaeuo ?ae neiaeeeny aeaaii?eyoiue aiaeiue ?aaeei.
Cai?auaeanue au?oaea eonoa?ieeia ii aa?aaai ?ae. Caaiei/aiiua iieiu
inooaeenue. Ia naiieinao cai?auaeanue ianoueaa neioa, auian no?iai
?aaeaiaioe?iaaeny, ca iio?aao no?iai acuneeaaee. Oaia?ue aneaaenoaea
ia?aauiana iieiu aieueoeinoaa iiaeiineiaiuo iaeuo ?ae ?ac?ooaiu.
Naiieiniuo eoaia i?aeoe/anee iao, a inoaaoeany eniieuecothony eae
ianoaeua, eioi?ua eeoue iaiieiaeio iie?uou ?anoeoaeueiinoueth. Ia iieiao
noaee i?aiaeaaeaoue iaeiiiaaeaaiua e iaiiaaeaaiua aeaeu
12
?anoaiee, noi?ie?iaaeny naiaia?aciue ?aeueao, a eioi?ii i?aiaeaaeatho
o?iieiee, neioii?iaiiiua o?iiu, aaeeee, eoiee, iiyaeeanue
caei/ea?aiiinoue.
A ?acoeueoaoa iaoia?aiiuo ?oaie eania a aa?oiaueyo aannaeia ?aee Iineau
o/anoeeenue iaaiaeiaiey. Ca 150 eao iaaethaeaiee eo /enei e 1908 aiaeo
oaeaieeinue, /oi yaeeinue iaeiie ec i?e/ei aicaaaeaiey ia iae
aiaeio?aieeeu. ?ieue anoanoaaiiuo aeae?ioaoie/aneeo nenoai ia?aoea io
eania e eneonnoaaiiui aeae?inenoaiai. Naaiaeiy a Iineianeie iaeanoe
oe?ieieenoaaiiuo eania inoaeinue ia aieaa iaeiiai i?ioeaioa, aieaa
iieiaeiu eaniie ieiuaaee caieiatho iaeioeaiiua aa?aciyee e ineiieee,
aunanuaathuea aieueoia eiee/anoai aiaeu ec ii/au, aneaaenoaea /aai aa
iaaeiiieo/atho a?oioiaua aiaeu e iaeua ?aee, iniaaiii a eaoithth
iaaeaiue.
Iineaaeiea 70 eao aeeciue iiaeiineiaiuo iaeuo ?ae noaea iniaaiii
oyaeaeie. A 1918-1923 aiaeao nieioiuie ?oaeaie auee oie/oiaeaiu ana eana
a 30-aa?noiie ciia aie?oa noieeoeu. A ia?aoth iyoeeaoeo caian ii
aeaeiaie ae?aaaneia a eanao iaeanoe aue acyo ia 13 eao aia?aae. Ca aiaeu
aieiu Iiaeiineiauea iioa?yei iyooth /anoue naieo eania. Ana yoe
ianoiyoaeuenoaa io?aceeenue ia noaeueaa iaeuo ?ae. Aieueoia aicaeaenoaea
ia ieo ieacaee oaeaea e ?ac?aaioea oi?oyiuo aieio a aeiaiaiiua aiaeu, e
?acaa?ioaoeany a iineaaiaiiia a?aiy ii ieaio «Aaeeeiai i?aia?aciaaiey
i?e?iaeu» iaeei?aoeaiua ?aaiou.
Naaiaeiy Iineianeay iaeanoue – naiue «iuethuee» ?aaeii ?innee. Ia
oa??eoi?ee, ninoaaeythuae anaai 0,4 i?ioeaioa ieiuaaee no?aiu,
ioae?aaony ieiei 12 i?ioeaioia anao iiaecaiiuo aiae, aeiauaaaiuo a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Aiaeiioai? ai iiiaeo ai?iaeao Iiaeiineiauey oaea
a ianeieueei ?ac i?aaunee aaee/eio ooaa?aeaeaiiuo caiania, a ?acoeueoaoa
/aai ca iineaaeiea iienoieaoey iiaecaiiue noie nie?aoeeny a 3-4 ?aca.
Oaeay eioaineaiinoue ia i?eaiaeeo e aeia?o. Naaiaeiy aiaeicaai?
i?iecaiaeeony aeaaiui ia?acii a oeaio?aeueiie /anoe iaeanoe, iaeaieaa
ianuuaiiie i?iiuoeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie – aeaaiuie caa?ycieoaeyie
a?oioiauo aiae. E oiio aea ii ia?a enoiuaiey iiaecaiiuo aiae aic?anoatho
eiioeaio?aoeee a?aaeiuo aauanoa aei iianiuo i?aaeaeia. A iiaeiineiaiuo
ai?iaeao Aine?anaine, Eieiiia, Euoea?eii, Ethaa?oeu, Iiaeieuene,
Aaeaoeoa e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo 35-100 i?ioeaioia aeiauaaaiuo a?oioiauo
aiae oaea caa?yciaiu e iaei i?eaiaeiu aeey ieouey. A ieo – iiauoaiiia
niaea?aeaiea aeaeaca, no?iioeey e ae?oaeo a?aaeiuo aauanoa.
Aieueoia e a?aaeiia aeeyiea ia iaeua ?aee ieacaei a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoai.
Ieiei 90 iaeuo ?ae Iineau caeeth/aiu a iiaecaiiua o?oau, a iauay
i?ioyaeaiiinoue anao 150 iiaecaiiuo e iacaiiuo e iacaiiuo iaeuo ?ae
aeinoeaaao 400 ei. Ia oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea ca iineaaeiaa noieaoea en/acei
aieaa noa ?ae e ?o/ueaa, aieaa naienio ica?, aieio e i?oaeia. Anaai aea
naaiaeiy ia oa??eoi?ee Iineau inoaeinue 59 ?ae e ?o/ueaa. Ana iie
iiaeaa?aeaiu iiuiiio oaoiiaaiiiio aicaeaenoaeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
aaoio?ainii?oa. E?iia yoiai, a Iineaa ieiei /aou?aonio i?oaeia, iauaa
ca?eaei eioi?uo ninoaaeyao 650 aa, iauay aea ieiuaaeue anao aiaeiaiia
Iineau, aeeth/ay Oeieeineia aiaeio?aieeeua, ian/eouaaao 8 ea. ei. Ca
iineaaeiea aeaa aeanyoeeaoey a Iineaa auei canuiaii ieiei noa i?oaeia n
ieiuaaeueth ca?eaea ieiei 170 aa. Ia eo ianoa iino?iaiu caeaiey,
i?ieiaeaiu oeeoeu. Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaaeiioeaiea cia/aiey
iaaieueoeo aiaeiaiia a nicaeaiee eaiaeoaooii-a?oeoaeoo?iiai iaeeea
noieeoeu. Iineianeea aiaeiaiu e ?aee no?aaeatho e io oeie/aneiai
caa?yciaiey. Naaiaeiy n iiaa?oiinoe noieeoeu aaeaaiaeii niuaaaony a ?aeo
Iineao nauoa noa ouny/ oii acaaoaiiuo aauanoa e ouny/a oii
iaooai?iaeoeoia. Ia ssoca, naiii caa?yciaiiii aa i?eoiea, eiioeaio?aoeey
iaooai?iaeoeoia, aeaeaca e aiieaea i?aauoatho ii?iaoeau a
iyoueaeanyo-noi ?ac. Ieaea aiaaeaiey ssocu ea/anoai aiae ?aee ?acei
oooaeoaaony: a 3 ?aca iiauoaaony niaea?aeaiea iaooai?iaeoeoia, ia
ii?yaeie – aaeoa?eaeueiia caa?yciaiea, a oanoue-ainaiue ?ac –
niaea?aeaiea
13
acaaoaiiuo aauanoa. Iiyoiio aiaeu Iineau-?aee ieaea ai?iaea ia iiaoo
auoue eniieueciaaiu ie aeey oicyenoaaiii-auoiauo, ie aeey ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo
oeaeae. E?iia oiai, i?iiuoeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie noieeoeu aaeanaeoiaeii
na?anuaaaony aieaa 73 eoaiiao?ia i?iiuoeaiiuo noieia – noieueei aea,
neieueei auiineo e Iineaa-?aea i?e auoiaea ec noieeoeu.
I?e cia/eoaeueiie eee i?iaeieaeeoaeueiie ia?aa?ocea ?aee noi/iuie
aiaeaie a iae i?ae?auathony ii?iaeueiua i?ioeannu aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaieciia, ?anoiaeoaony aieueoay /anoue ?anoai?aiiiai a aiaea
eenei?iaea, e aiaeioie i?aa?auaaony a eaiaeecaoeeiiiue eieeaeoi?. A
Iineianeie iaeanoe oaeeie eieeaeoi?aie noaee ?aee Oaeiaea (i?eoie
Eeycueiu), ssoca (a n?aaeiai e ieaeiai oa/aiee) n iaeuie i?eoieaie,
Noiaeiy (a aa?oiai oa/aiee), ?o/ae *a?iue (i?eoie Iao?u) e iiiaea
ae?oaea.
Naie aeeaae a oeie/aneia caa?yciaiea aiaeiaiia Iiaeiineiauey aiineo e
naeueneia oicyenoai. Oae, ieia?aeecaoeey aiaeu a iiaeiineiaiie I?ioaa ca
aeanyoue eao aic?inea aieaa /ai a iieoi?a ?aca (io 122 aei 195 ia/e) ca
n/ao niina n iieae aiiea/iie naeeo?u, noia?oinoaoa, aeieiieoiaie ioee e
ae?oaeo oaeia?aiee. I?e yoii iiauneeanue yao?ioeeaoeey ?onea, a eioi?ii
aeoeaii noaee ?acaeaaoueny ?acee/iua aiaei?inee. E oioy ca iineaaeiea
aiaeu eiee/anoai aiineiuo oaeia?aiee oiaiueoeeinue aneaaenoaea eo
aei?iaiaeciu, iii ia nieceeinue, a aeaaea aic?inei a oao oicyenoaao
(i?aaeaea anaai a /anoiuo), eioi?ua aeaaiue niune naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa aeaeyo a iieo/aiee /enoie i?eauee, ia n/eoaynue n
?anoiaeaie ia io?aio i?e?iaeu, e a /anoiinoe iaeuo ?ae.
Aieueoie a?aae iaeui ?aeai iaiinyo aeeaioiiaiae/aneea eiiieaenu, oa?iu,
neeaaee?iaaiea iaaica ii aa?aaai. Ca aiae a Iineianeie iaeanoe
neaieeaaaony aei 15 ieeeeiiia oiii iaaica e ioe/ueaai iiiaoa. Iaeaieaa
oa?iaeathuay ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue neooaoeey neiaeeeanue ia ?aea
Iaaeooa (i?aaue i?eoie Eno?u), a iieia eioi?ie neiieeenue ouny/e oiii
iaauaacaiiiai eo?eiiai iiiaoa ec Aeaaianeiai ioeoeaaiae/aneiai
iauaaeeiaiey (iin. Aeaaiai Eno?eineiai ?aeiia). I?e aunieii iaaiaeea yoa
neooaoeey iiaeao i?eaanoe e yeieiae/aneie eaoano?ioa.
Aieueoie oua?a iieiai iaeuo ?ae Iiaeiineiauey a iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea
iaianea ?aniaoea eo /anoieeaie iiae iai?iaeu. Iaeua ?aee caa?yciythony
naaeeaie, eioi?ua i?aaiecothony ii aa?aaai ?ae e ia?aaia. Ai a?aiy
iieiaiaeuey e aeiaeaeae n ieo oaeoo noiee, caa?yciythuea ?aee. Iniaia
aaniieienoai aucuaaao naaeea ioni?a iaeanoiiai cia/aiey aicea naea
Iaaeianeia Eno?eineiai ?aeiia, iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaoiaeyuayny a n?aaeiae
e ieceie iieia Eno?u. Aa iioaioeeae oaea en/a?iai, e a ethaie iiiaio
aeanyoee oiii ioni?a iiaoo n oaeuie aiaeaie iiianoue a ?aeo Eno?o.
?onea ?ae oaeaea aaniiuaaeii caioni?eaathony. Iaoaie/aneee e auoiaie
ioni?, ia aeeythuee ia ?oneiaua i?ioeannu ia e?oiiuo e n?aaeieo ?aeao,
i?eia?aoaao eiia cia/aiea ia iaeie ?aea. Ethaay naaeea ia aa aa?aaao
iiaeao noeioee?iaaoue aeeoioeyoeeth iaiinia e ioie?aiea ?onea. Aeaaea
n?aaeieo ?acia?ia i?aaeiao, iai?eia? o?aeoi?iia eieani, iiaeao aucaaoue
i?i?ua eceo/ei, ?acaeoea ino?iaa. E niaeaeaieth, eaeiai-eeai
aeaenoaaiiiai eiio?iey ca caa?yciaieai, ?aniaoeie e eniieueciaaieai iiei
aei neo ii? iao. Ia ?aee i?eoiaeyony aieueoea ?ae?aaoeeiiiua iaa?ocee,
eioi?ua aoaeoo iaoeeiiii aic?anoaoue.
Ioaeuoathuea oie/oiaeatho eonoa?ieee aaeece ?onae ?ae, auoaiouaatho
o?aainoie, caa?yciytho ianoa noiyiie ioa?inaie.
Eae aeaeei, oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue naaiaeiy noaea oaeoi?ii,
ia?ae?uaathuei ii naiae neea aeaenoaea iiiaeo anoanoaaiiuo i?e?iaeiuo
nee. E yoie neeie iaaei oiaei oi?aaeyoue. Iiyoiio iac?aea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey aeaenoaaiiuo ia? aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey /enoiou e
iieiiaiaeiinoe iaoeo iaeuo ?ae.
14
I?aaeaea /ai nio?aiyoue e ainnoaiaaeeaaoue, iaaei ciaoue, /oi
ainnoaiaaeeaaoue e eae. Iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaoue E?anioth eieao iaeuo ?ae
Iiaeiineiauey, a eioi?oth neaaeoao aeeth/eoue ia oieueei ana en/acioaoea
ca iineaaeiaa noieaoea ?aee (ieiei oanoenio), ii e oa, eioi?ui oa?iaeaao
iianiinoue iaiaeaiey e en/aciiaaiey.
I?ei?eoaoiie caaea/ae aeey eanioicyenoaaiieeia Iiaeiineiauey aeieaeii
noaoue ia au?aueaaiea aunieiea/anoaaiiie ae?aaaneiu i?aeiouanoaaiii
oaieiuo ii?iae aeey oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeae, a iiauoaiea
yeieiai-ynoaoe/aneeo e aiaeiio?aiiuo naienoa eania. Eoaiiao?u aeinie
iiaeii caiaieoue e ae?oaeie iaoa?eaeaie, /enoue aicaeoo, aiaeo e
aeo?/aiea eaniiai ?o/uey caiaieoue ia/ai. Naaiaeiy aieueoay /anoue eania
Iiaeiineiauey oaeeie naienoaaie ia iaeaaeaao – iie iieiaeu (eo n?aaeiee
aic?ano ieiei ni?iea eao – a yoii aic?anoa iie aeoeaii ?anooo e iiiai
“iuetho”, ec-ca /aai ana iaiueoa aiaeu aeioiaeeo aei iaeuo ?ae) e eiatho
iaeiiiuioth iiaa?oiinoioth ei?iaaoth nenoaio. Ii?iaeiue eo ninoaa
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeai – i?aiaeaaeatho oaieiua eneonnoaaiiua ianaaeaeaiey e
ii/oe ionoonoaotho oe?ieieenoiua. Iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiua a ioiioaiee
aiaeiio?aiiuo ooieoeee aeey oneiaee caiaaeiiai Iiaeiineiauey niaoaiiua
iiiaiy?oniua eana, aaea anoue aeoau, eeiu, eeaiu, aic?anoii aieaa 140
eao. Ii oaeeo ii/oe oaea ia inoaeinue.
Aeey i?iaaaeaiey ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia? ii i/enoea iaeuo ?ae neaaeoao:
i?iaanoe iaeanaiea aaeieue ?onae iaeuo ?ae e i?eiueathueo e ?a/iui
aeieeiai ia?aaia;
ia?aie/eoue na?in iai/euaiiuo noieia a iaeua ?aee e i/enoeoue ?onea io
oeaia, oiaaoeo aea?aaueaa, ioni?a;
ainnoaiiaeoue noa?oth e iino?ieoue iiaoth naoue i?oaeia e iaeuo
aiaeiaiia, i?aaeaea anaai eaneaaeiuo (aa?oiee i?oae neoaeeo eae
iaiinioeiaeoaeue e ia?eiaee/anee /enoeony, ee eniieuecoaony eae
oaeia?aiea);
eeeaeaee?iaaoue naaeee ii aa?aaai ?ae e ia?aaia;
?an/enoeoue ?iaeieee, eeth/e, enoi/ieee;
inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue ca auianii a iieiao, ca oaoiieiaeae e n?ieaie
aianaiey oaeia?aiee e yaeioeieeaoia a aannaeiao iaeuo ?ae.
Iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaioaoue eiiieaenioth i?ia?aiio ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey a aannaeiao iaeuo ?ae Iiaeiineiauey e
i?aaeoniio?aoue a iae eiaaioa?ecaoeeth iaeuo ?ae (neaaeai aeey ia?aiai
yoaia – aeey anao ?ae aeeeiie aieaa 100 ei) e ii?aaeaeeoue aeey eaaeaeie
?aee i?e?iaeiua oneiaey e ?ano?nu aiaeinai?a. Iaaei ?aoeeiiaeece?iaaoue
caieaiieueciaaiea a ?a/iuo aeieeiao, auyaeoue aiciiaeiinoe aeey
nicaeaiey i?oaeiauo oicyenoa ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai e ?uaioicyenoaaiiiai
iacia/aiey, ono?ienoaa iaeuo e iee?i-AYN (iai?eia?, aeey oa?ia?neeo
oicyenoa). A oaeie i?ia?aiia aoaeoo caeioa?aniaaiu i?aaeaea anaai
naeueneea e ?aeiiiua aaeieieno?aoeee, ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aaei?eyoee.
Iiyoiio iia iiaeao auoue iaania/aia oeiaine?iaaieai ca n/ao ianoiuo
athaeaeaoia eee oie aa /anoueth, eioi?ay a aeaea iaeiaa ia
i?e?iaeiio?aiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ia?a/eneyaony a iaeanoiie e
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeaou.
Nio?aieoue e ainnoaiiaeoue iioaioeeae iaeuo ?ae iaiaoiaeeii ia oieueei
aeey iieo/aiey /enoie aiaeu, aeaoaaie aeae?iyia?aee e ?uau ec i?oaeiauo
oicyenoa. Iaeua ?aee Iiaeiineiauey, iiaeaeoe, aeaaiay
yeieiai-ynoaoe/aneay oeaiiinoue ?aaeiia. A eaoiea aeie ia i?e?iaeo
auacaeaao aaeaaeiaaii aei iyoe ieeeeiiia ai?iaeai, iiiaea ec eioi?uo
i?aaeii/eoatho ioaeuoaoue ia aa?aaao aiaeiaiia, iiae oaiueth aea?aaueaa.
A a niaaeeiaiee aiaeu e eana e caeeth/aaony, eae aiai?ee ienaoaeue
Aenaeia, aunoay i?aeanoue ?onneiai eaiaeoaooa.
15
EAOANO?IOE*ANEIA NINOIssIEA AIEAE E AIEAENEIAI AANNAEIA, «*ENOAss IAUe»
I?iaeaia caa?yciaiey Aieae iac?aea oaea aeaaii. Oae eae Aieaa yaeyaony
e?oiiaeoae ?aeie ?innee, oi e i?iaeaiu o iaa aieueoea. No?ieoaeuenoai
aiaeio?aieeeu e ia?aoeeiiaeueiia oicyenoaiaaiea ?acei eciaieee
anoanoaaiiue ?aaeei Aieae e yeieiaeth aiaeiaiia. A 2-3 ?aca
oaaee/eeenue, ii n?aaiaieth n anoanoaaiiuie oneiaeyie, ?anoiaeu aiaeu
aeae?ioceia a inaiia-ceiiee ia?eiae. ?acei nie?aoeeenue aa ?anoiaeu e
iauai noiea ai a?aiy aanaiiaai iieiaiaeuey. Ieioi niaea?aeaony iaeua
aiaeio?aieeeua. Ii i?eaioe?iai/iui aeaiiui, a 240 (30% io iauaai /enea
Aieaeneiai aannaeia) caeeaiea i?aauoaao i?iaeoiue o?iaaiue. Ec-ca
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiiai oaoie/aneiai ninoiyiey iiiaeo aiaeio?aieeeu
?anoao iianiinoue eaoano?io.
A oiaea ?aoi?ie?iaaiey yeiiiieee iiiaiyeenue nianoaaiieee n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa, a ?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiue ii?yaeie ia eciaieeny. Aaeeiay
yia?aaoe/aneay nenoaia (?AI «AYN») iieo/atho naa?oi?eauee, o.e. a
no?oeoo?o naaanoieiinoe au?aaaouaaaiie yeaeo?iyia?aee ia aeeth/athony
cao?aou ia niaea?aeaiea aiaeio?aieeeu e ia ono?aiaiea a?aaea (iiaeiua
aa?aaia, iiaeoiieaiea iauaeoia e o.i.), aicieeathuaai a nayce n ?aaioie
AYN, eieaaaieai o?iaiy aiaeio?aieeeu. O ainoaea?noaa aea n?aaenoa ia
yenieoaoaoeeth aiaeio?aieeeu ia iaoiaeeony. Iaeia ec i?iaeai –
caa?yciaiea aiaeiuo iauaeoia noi/iuie aiaeaie, iauai eioi?uo i?aaunee 20
ei3 a aiae. Yoi a 3,5 ?aca aieueoa /ai a n?aaeiai ii ?innee.
Caa?yciaiiua noiee a aannaei Aieae ninoaaeytho 39% io iauaai iauaia
oaeeo aiae, ia?acothueony ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee e na?anuaaaiuo ai ana
inoaeueiua ?aee. Aaeaaiaeii aianoa n ieie na?anuaaaony aei 350 oun. o.
i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa, 18 oun. o. iaooai?iaeoeoia, 100 oun. o.
aiiiieeiiai acioa, 3 oun. o. oaiieia, 1 oun. o. oeeiea e o.ae. Iniiaiua
aeiiaieee – eiiioiaeueiua oicyenoaa ai?iaeneeo aaeiia?aoeee (aieaa
iieiaeiu anao na?inia) e aa?ii?iiuoeaiiue eiiieaen. Io iineaaeiaai a
aiaeiua iauaeou iinooiaao ieiei 20% aianaiiiai a ii/ao acioa e 5%
oinoi?a. Aaeaaiaeii n 1 aa naeueoicoaiaeee aiineony ieiei 1 ea.
ianoeoeeaeia. Aiaeiaia eiee/anoai aeiaaiiuo yeaiaioia, aiineiuo n
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oaiaeee a Aieao, i?aauoaao 400 oun. o. A aannaeia
Aieae o?aieony aac neeaaeneeo iiiauaiee, /anoi aac io?aiu, io 50 aei 75%
caiania oaeia?aiee e yaeioeieeaoia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy Aieaa ii/oe ia anai naiai i?ioyaeaiee – aiaeiai
ea/anoaaiiiai enoiuaiey, aiaea eioi?iai iai?eaiaeia aeey ?acaaaeaiey e
iaeo?aeecaoeee aeaaea ii?iaoeaii i/euaiiuo noieia, iinooiathueo a
aannaei ?aee. A ?acoeueoaoa iiiaioaeoi?iiai aio?iiiaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey
o?ainoi?ie?iaaiu yeinenoaiu anao e?oiiuo e cia/eoaeueiie /anoe iaeuo ?ae
Aieaeneiai aannaeia, naia Aieaa i?aa?auaia a i?eaiiee noieia e iioa?yea
i/euathuea niiniaiinoe. Nicaeaiea eaneaaea aiaeio?aieeeu i?eaaei e
cia/eoaeueiiio nieaeaieth eioaineaiinoe naiii/euaiey, e aeaa?aaeaoeee
yeinenoai, ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieei o?iaiaaue ?aaeei ieciauey a
aeaeueoa ?aee. N?aaeiaaiaeiaay oiene/aneay iaa?ocea yeinenoaiu Aieae e
aa i?eoieia a 5 ?ac i?aauoaao oaeiaoth ia aiaeiua yeinenoaiu ae?oaeo
?aaeiiia.
A oeaeii ii aannaeio Aieae ?ano?n yeieiae/anee /enoie aiaeu ninoaaeyao
ia aieaa 3% io iaueo ?ano?nia iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae. I?ia?aiia
«Aic?iaeaeaiea Aieae» i?aaeoniao?eaaao:
Iaania/aiea ianaeaiey aunieiea/anoaaiiie ieoueaaie aiaeie; icaei?iaeaiea
yeieiae/aneie ianoaiiaee, io?aia e ?aoeeiiaeueiia i?e?iaeieniieueciaaiea
iaeuo ?ae;
16
Io?aia e ?aoeeiiaeueiia i?e?iaeieniieueciaaiea aiaeio?aieeeu, nicaeaiea
iioeiaeueiuo ?aaeeiia ?aaiou Aieaenei-Eaineiai eaneaaea aiaeio?aieeeu,
niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu eiio?iey e yenieoaoaoeee; i/enoea
oicyenoaaiii-auoiauo, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e eeaiaauo noi/iuo aiae.
Iaue-E?ouoneee aannaei – yoi eiiieaen i?e?iaeiuo nenoai aieueoiai
?aciiia?acey e i/aiue neiaeiuo acaeiicaaeneiinoae. Ec-ca iaeiinoi?iiiaai
yia?aaoe/aneiai aiaeieniieueciaaiey a aa?oiaueyo E?ouoa o?iaaiue yoie
iaee ca iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey nieceeny, aeaa?aaee?oao aiaaoaeoay
e?ouoneay iieia, uaae?i ei?ieaoay ethaeae, a iaeia ec naiuo oeaaiuo
iaeanoae ?innee – Iineay – iinaaeaia ia neoiie iaae aiaeieniieueciaaiey.
E?ouoo e?oiii ia iiaacei, /oi anaai a noa eeeiiao?ao io iaai
aeaenoaiaae ecaanoiue Naieiaeaoeineee iieeaii, a a 600 eeeiiao?ao i
aa?oiauey *a?iiai E?ouoa – aoiiiue iieeaii Eia-Ii?. Iie uaae?i
iaea?eaaee ?aeo ?aaeeiioeeeaeaie.
Ae?oaie iiuiue eaiae iinooieaiey ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai caa?yciaiey a
Iaue-E?ouoneee aannaei – o?aeueneay ?aea Oa/a, aa?ouay ia/aei
iaiiaeaeaeo io ecaanoiiai eiiaeiaoa «Iaye». Iiiai eao oiio iacaae
aaoi?o noaouee i?eoeinue auoue naeaeaoaeai, eae io yoie ?aee i?eoeinue
ia?anaeyoue oeaeua naea: eo/aaay aieaciue ii aa?aaai aianth aeaea i naaa
ciaoue.
Naaa?iay /anoue Iaue-E?ouoneiai aannaeia iino?aaeaea i aoiiiuo ac?uaia
Iiaicaiaeueneiai iieeaiia. I/aiue oioaeinue au iaaeayoueny, /oi ooaeoea
iineaaenoaey ?aaeeicaa?yciaiey oaea iicaaee. Aaeeeoth neae?neoth ?aaieio
ai iiiaii nianee aa ia?iiiua i?ino?ainoaa e aieueoea noiee aiaeu,
niiniaiua ?acaaaeyoue naiua yaeiaeoua aua?inu.
Aeinoaeinue Iaue-E?ouoneiio aannaeio io i?iiuoeaiiiai caa?yciaiey.
Aeaaiui ia?acii, n O?aea e ec Eocaanna. Ia oa??eoi?eyo Eaia?ianeie e
Oiineie iaeanoae i?aaenoieo na?ueaciaeoay ?aaioa ii i/enoea noi/iuo
i?iiuoeaiiuo aiae.
Iniiaiua iaoiaeu i/enoee noi/iuo aiae
Aiaeiaiu caa?yciythony a iniiaiii a ?acoeueoaoa nionea a ieo noi/iuo
aiae io i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e ianaeaiiuo ioieoia. A ?acoeueoaoa
na?ina noi/iuo aiae eciaiythony oece/aneea naienoaa aiaeu (iiauoaaony
oaiia?aoo?a, oiaiueoaaony i?ic?a/iinoue, iiyaeythony ie?anea, i?eaeonu,
caiaoe); ia iiaa?oiinoe aiaeiaia iiyaeythony ieaaathuea aauanoaa, a ia
aeia ia?acoaony inaaeie; eciaiyaony oeie/aneee ninoaa aiaeu
(oaaee/eaaaony niaea?aeaiea i?aaie/aneeo e iai?aaie/aneeo aauanoa,
iiyaeythony oiene/iua aauanoaa, oiaiueoaaony niaea?aeaiea eenei?iaea,
eciaiyaony aeoeaiay ?aaeoeey n?aaeu e ae?.); eciaiyaony ea/anoaaiiue e
eiee/anoaaiiue aaeoa?eaeueiue ninoaa, iiyaeythony aieaciaoai?iua
aaeoa?ee. Caa?yciaiiua aiaeiaiu noaiiayony iai?eaiaeiuie aeey
ieoueaaiai, a /anoi e aeey oaoie/aneiai aiaeiniaaaeaiey; oa?ytho
?uaioicyenoaaiiia cia/aiea e o.ae. Iauea oneiaey auionea noi/iuo aiae
ethaie eaoaai?ee a iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeiaiu ii?aaeaeythony
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiie eo cia/eiinoueth e oa?aeoa?ii aiaeiiieueciaaiey.
Iinea auionea noi/iuo aiae aeiioneaaony iaeioi?ia oooaeoaiea ea/anoaa
aiaeu a aiaeiaiao, iaeiaei yoi ia aeieaeii caiaoii io?aaeaoueny ia aai
aeecie e ia aiciiaeiinoe aeaeueiaeoaai eniieueciaaiey aiaeiaia a
ea/anoaa enoi/ieea aiaeiniaaaeaiey, aeey eoeueoo?iuo e nii?oeaiuo
ia?ii?eyoee, ?uaioicyenoaaiiuo oeaeae.
Iaoiaeu, i?eiaiyaiua aeey i/enoee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e auoiauo noi/iuo
aiae, iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e a?oiiu: iaoaie/aneea; oeceeioeie/aneea,
aeieiae/aneea.
17
A eiiieaen i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee, eae i?aaeei, aoiaeyo nii?oaeaiey
iaoaie/aneie i/enoee. A caaeneiinoe io o?aaoaiie noaiaie i/enoee iie
iiaoo aeiiieiyoueny nii?oaeaieyie aeieiae/aneie eeai oeceei-oeie/aneie
i/enoee, a i?e aieaa aunieeo o?aaiaaieyo a ninoaa i/enoiuo
nii?oaeaiee aeeth/athony nii?oaeaiey aeoaieie i/enoee. Ia?aae
na?inii a aiaeiai i/euaiiua noi/iua aiaeu iaacca?aaeeaathony,
ia?acothueeny ia anao noaaeeyo i/enoee inaaeie eee ecauoi/iay aeiianna
iinooiaao ia nii?oaeaiey ii ia?aaioea inaaeea. I/euaiiua noi/iua aiaeu
iiaoo iai?aaeyoueny a iai?ioiua nenoaiu aiaeiiaania/aiey i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiua ioaeaeu eee na?anuaaoueny a
aiaeiai. Ia?aaioaiiue inaaeie iiaeao ooeeece?iaaoueny, oie/oiaeaoueny
eee neeaaee?iaaoueny.
Iaoaie/aneay i/enoea i?eiaiyaony aeey auaeaeaiey ec noi/iuo aiae
ia?anoai?aiiuo ieia?aeueiuo e i?aaie/aneeo i?eianae. Eae i?aaeei, iia
yaeyaony iaoiaeii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie i/enoee e i?aaeiacia/aia aeey
iiaeaioiaee noi/iuo aiae e aeieiae/aneei eee oeceei-oeie/aneei iaoiaeai
i/enoee. A ?acoeueoaoa iaoaie/aneie i/enoee iaania/eaaaony nieaeaiea
acaaoaiiuo aauanoa aei 90%, a i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa aei 20%.
A ninoaa nii?oaeaiee iaoaie/aneie i/enoee aoiaeyo ?aoaoee, ?acee/iiai
aeaea oeiaeoaee, ionoieieee, oeeueo?u. Ianeieiaee i?eiaiythony aeey
auaeaeaiey ec noi/iuo aiae oyaeaeuo ieia?aeueiuo i?eianae (a iniiaiii
ianea). Iaacaiaeaiiue ianie i?e iaaeaaeiii iaacca?aaeeaaiee iiaeao auoue
eniieueciaai i?e i?iecaiaenoaa aei?iaeiuo ?aaio e ecaioiaeaiee
no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia.
On?aaeieoaee i?eiaiythony aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey ninoaaa e ?anoiaea noi/iuo
aiae. On?aaeiaiea aeinoeaaaony eeai aeeooa?aioee?iaaieai iioiea
iinooiathuae noi/iie aiaeu, eeai eioaineaiui ia?aiaoeaaieai ioaeaeueiuo
noieia.
Ia?ae/iua ionoieieee i?eiaiythony aeey auaeaeaiey ec noi/iuo aiae
acaaoaiiuo aauanoa, eioi?ua iiae aeaenoaeai a?aaeoaoeeiiiuo nee
inaaeatho ia aeii ionoieieea, eee anieuaatho ia aai iiaa?oiinoue.
Aeey i/enoee noi/iuo aiae, niaea?aeaueo iaooue e
iaooai?iaeoeou, i?e eiioeaio?aoeeyo aieaa 100 ia/e i?eiaiytho
iaooaeiaooee. Yoe nii?oaeaiey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?yiioaieueiua
?aca?aoa?u, a eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo ?acaeaeaiea iaooe e aiaeu ca n/ao
?aciinoe eo ieioiinoae. Iaooue e iaooai?iaeoeou anieuaatho ia
iiaa?oiinoue, niae?athony e oaeaeythony ec iaooaeiaooee ia ooeeecaoeeth.
Aeieiae/aneay i/enoea – oe?iei i?eiaiyaiue ia i?aeoeea
iaoiae ia?aaioee auoiauo e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo noi/iuo aiae. A aai iniiaa
eaaeeo i?ioeann aeieiae/aneiai ieeneaiey i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee,
niaea?aeaueony a noi/iuo aiaeao. Aeieiae/aneia ieeneaiea
inouanoaeyaony niiauanoaii iee?ii?aaieciia, aeeth/athuei iiiaeanoai
?acee/iuo aaeoa?ee, i?inoaeoeo e ?yae aieaa aunieii?aaieciaaiiuo
i?aaieciia-aiaei?ineae, a?eaia e o.ae., naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie a
aaeeiue eiiieaen neiaeiuie acaeiiioiioaieyie (iaoaaeica, neiaeica e
aioaaiiecia).
Oeie/aneea e oeceei-oeie/aneea iaoiaeu i/enoee ea?atho cia/eoaeueioth
?ieue i?e ia?aaioea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo noi/iuo aiae. Iie i?eiaiythony eae
naiinoiyoaeueiua, oae e a ni/aoaiee n iaoaie/aneeie e aeieiae/aneeie
iaoiaeaie.
Iaeo?aeecaoeey i?eiaiyaony aeey ia?aaioee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
noi/iuo aiae iiiaeo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, niaea?aeaueo uaei/e e
eeneiou. Iaeo?aeecaoeey noi/iuo aiae inouanoaeyaony n oeaeueth
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ei??icee iaoa?eaeia aiaeiioaiaeyueo naoae e i/enoiuo
nii?oaeaiee, ia?ooaiey aeioeie/aneeo i?ioeannia a aeieiae/aneeo
ieeneeoaeyo e aiaeiaiao.
18
IOOE AeAEUeIAEOAAI ?ACAEOEss I?IAEAIU
Oioaeinue au, /oiau oio, eoi i?i/eoae yoio ?aoa?ao, caaeoiaeny i oii eae
aeaeueoa iinooiaoue n yoie i?iaeaiie. Iia au oioaeinue i?aaeeiaeeoue
ianeieueei iaeaieaa ?aaeueiuo iooae aa ?aoaiey.
I?aaeaea anaai – yoi ia?aie/aiea i?iiuoeaiiuo na?inia a ?aee, ica?a e
ae?oaea aiaeiua iauaeou.
I/euaiey ?onae e iiei ?ae e ica? io neiieaoaainy ioni?a.
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa e oaoiieiaee ooeeecaoeee
iooiaeia.
Inouanoaeyoue aeanoeee eiio?ieue ca na?inii n iieae oaeia?aiee e
yaeioeieeaoia.
Eiio?iee?iaaoue iiiaaeaiea oaeaeueiuo iann a ?onea ?ae.
I?iaaaeaiea iauanoaaiii-iio/eoaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee ii aeiianaieth aei
ianaeaiey anae aaaeiinoe yoie i?iaeaiu.
I?iiuoeaiiua noiee caieiatho ia?aia ianoi ii iauaio e oua?ao, eioi?ue
iie iaiinyo, oi ?aoaoue i?iaeaio na?inia eo a ?aee ioaeii a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue. Ec-ca caa?yciaiey aucuaaaiiai noieaie ia/eiathony ?acee/iua
aeiaaiiua iooaoeee. Ec ?ae e ica? i?iiaaeatho iiiaea aeaeu ?uau, a oa
eioi?ua inoathony – iai?eaiaeiu a ieuo. Cia/eoaeueii neoaeaao oei?a e
oaoia aiaeiaiia. Ec-ca i?iiuoeaiiuo noieia a aiaeiaiao iaaethaeaaony
ecauoie eenei?iaea, iiyoiio iiaeii iaaethaeaoue oae iacuaaaiia
«oeaaoaiea» aiaeiaiia. Iiiaea iaaa?iia ia ?ac aeaeaee ia iiaa?oiinoe
aiaeu iaooyioth ieaieo, eioi?ay ia?aeeaaynue ia nieioea eaaeaony i/aiue
e?aneaie, ii ia naiii aeaea aucuaaao oiaiueoaiea i?iieeiiaaiey naaoa a
aiaeioth oieuo a ianeieueei ?ac. Eciaiyaony e oeie/aneee ninoaa
aiaeiaiia, iiauoaaony niaea?aeaiea acioa, oinoi?a e oei?niaea?aeaueo
aauanoa.
Aaaeiie i?iaeaiie yaeyaony caa?yciaiea aiaeiaiia iooiaeaie naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. Iiiaea iaaa?iyea n ianooieaieai aanaiiaai iieiaiaeuey ia ?ac
caia/aee iai?eyoiue caiao, eioi?ue enoi/aao ieoueaaay aiaea. Caiao yoio
aucaai oai, /oi ao?iua aanaiiea iioiee niuaatho a ?aeo oaeaeueiua iannu,
iaeiieaoeany ca ceio e auaacaiiuo aaniie ia iiey. Aianoi oiai, /oiau
neaaeeoue ca iiiaaeaieai yoeo aauanoa a ?aee, i?aaeii/eoatho ia?aae oai
eae iiaeaoue yoo aiaeo a aeiia niauaoue aa n ia?iiiui eiee/anoaii
oei?ee, eioi?ay yaeyaony aeaeaei iaaaciianiui aauanoaii.
O?aoueae i?iaeaiie yaeyaony iiiaaeaiea a ?aee e ae?oaea aiaeiaiu
?acee/iiai auoiaiai e i?iiuoeaiiiai ioni?a. Iiiaea, iaaa?iia, ia ?ac
aoeyy ii iaaa?aaeiie a?inaee a aiaeo aoiaaeeo, aaieo, aaoeo e o.ae. A
eaeii-oi ianoa aanue yoio ioni? neaieeaaaony e a ?onea ?aee ia?acothony
iaiinu, aicieeatho ino?iaee. Ana yoi aaaeao a cani?aieth e ia?anuoaieth
?aee. Yoio aea ioni? ?aceaaaynue auaeaeyao ?acee/iua eaioea?iaaiiua
aauanoaa, eioi?ua iiiaaeatho aianoa n ieuae e iai ia noie.
Noieo caaeoiaoueny iaoaeaee iai ia aei?iaa nianoaaiiay aeeciue, eioi?oth
iu aaniiuaaeii, iacaiaoii aeey naay aoaei. A iauai caa?yciaiee aiaeiaiia
n eaaeaeui eiaeii oaaee/eaaaony ai iiiai ?ac. Oae eae aiaeiua ?ano?nu
ea?atho aeaaiaeooth ?ieue a aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, a yoio
/aeiaae, iiieiay anth eo aaaeiinoue aeey naiae aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe,
i?iaeieaeaao eo caa?yciyoue, oi ia/eiaoue ethaeoue e aa?aaeii
ioiineoueny e iei ioaeii o/eoue n naiiai aeaonoaa.
19
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
A. A. Noaaeieoeeee, A. E. ?iaeeiiia. «Yeieiaey».
A. I. Na?aaaa, A. E. Eioo. «?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea e io?aia
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaeia.»
Ainoaea?noai e i?aai – ?1 (no?.100-119), 1997.
I?aaaea-5/ eaiaeeaeao aaia?. iaoe N. Aieoa/eeia «AEo?/aiea eaniiai
?o/uey caiaieoue aoaeao ia/ai»/ 28 ia?oa-4 ai?aey (no?. 6), 1997.
Yeiiiieno/ ?8 (no?.14-28), 1997.
?in. aanoe/ 13 ai?aey (no?. 13), 1996 (yeieiaey e caei?iauea)
Ainoaea?noaaiiue aeieeaae i ninoiyiee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu a a. Iineaa /
1992 a.
A. A. Ieioieeia «Aaaaeaiea a yeieiae/aneoth oeieth», 1989.
Aaniaiyoiia A. I., E?ioia TH. A. I?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua eiioeaio?aoeee
oeie/aneeo aauanoa a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea E.: Oeiey 1987.
AEoeia A. E., Iiiaaeo E. E., ?iaeceeea? E. Ae. Iaoiaeu i/enoee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo noi/iuo aiae I.: No?ieecaeao.
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