Neaiaeu ia?aiuo eeaoie
Neaiaeu ia?aiuo eeaoie
Aeey aiaeeca niauoee ai aiaoiai ie?a eee aioo?e iaoaai oaea, aeey
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee io eeaoee e eeaoea iae?iiu eniieuecotho
yeaeo?e/aneea e oeie/aneea neaiaeu. ?annoiyiea ia?aaea/e neaiaea iiaeao
auoue aieueoei: io eii/eeia iaeueoeaa ia iiaao aei nieiiiai iicaa.
?acee/iua neaiaeu i?ae?anii i?aaenoaaeaiu ana a oie aea nao/aoea. A oi
a?aiy, eiaaea ?aiii e Eaoaeue ?eniaae no?aeee ii/oe ia auei eioi?iaoeee
ia yoeo neaiaeao, /oi aeaeaao aai aeinoeaeaiey aua aieaa
i?eia/aoaeueiuie
Nooiaie ia?a?aaioee eioi?iaoeee iiaeii iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?ineaaeeoue:
naao iaaeaao ia oioi?aoeaioi?u e aaia?e?oao yeaeo?e/aneea neaiaeu,
eioi?ua aicaeaenoaotho ia aeiiey?iua eeaoee. Io aeiiey?iuo eeaoie
neaiaeu ia?aaeathony e aaiaeeiciui eeaoeai e io ieo e aunoei oeaio?ai
iicaa, eioi?ua e inouanoaeytho aini?eyoea aiaoiaai ie?a. A neaaeothueo
?acaeaeao ?anniao?eaathony naienoaa neaiaeia e iooe ia?a?aaioee
eioi?iaoeee.
Eeannu yeaeo?e/aneeo neaiaeia
Yeaeo?e/aneea neaiaeu ia?aiuo eeaoie iiaoo auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia aeaa
iniiaiuo eeanna. Ai-ia?auo, yoi eieaeueiua a?aaeoaeueiua iioaioeeaeu,
eioi?ua aucuaathony oaeeie aiaoieie noeioeaie, eae naao, iaaeathuee ia
oioi?aoeaioi?u aeaca, caoeiaay aieia, aeaoi?ie?othuay aieineiaua eeaoee
ooa, eee i?eeiniiaaiea, iaoaie/anee niauathuaa io?inoie naini?iie eeaoee
a eiaea. Noiaeiu ii oa?aeoa?enoeeai, ii nouanoaaiii ioee/athony ii
i?ienoiaeaeaieth neaiaeu, aaia?e?oaiua a neiainao – niaaeeiaieyo iaaeaeo
eeaoeaie, eioi?ua iu ianoaeei iicaea. Ana yoe neaiaeu a?aaeoaeueiu e
i?eaycaiu e ianoo aicieeiiaaiey, a eo ?ani?ino?aiaiea caaeneo io
ianneaiuo oa?aeoa?enoee ia?aiuo eeaoie.
Iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey ninoaaeytho aoi?oth iniiaioth eaoaai?eth
Iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey aucuaathony eieaeueiuie a?aaeoaeueiuie
iioaioeeaeaie. A ioee/ea io eieaeueiuo iioaioeeaeia, iie auno?i
?ani?ino?aiythony ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey – iai?eia?, io aeaca aei aunoeo
oeaio?ia ii aieieiai aaiaeeiciuo eeaoie, ninoaaeythueo iioe/aneee ia?a,
eee io iioi?iuo eeaoie a nieiiii iicaa e iuooeai iiae. Aoi?ia ioee/ea
iioaioeeaeia aeaenoaey ninoieo a oii, /oi iie oeene?iaaiu ii aiieeooaea
e aeeeoaeueiinoe, eae oi/ee a acaoea Ii?ca. E?aeia nouanoaaiii
iiieiaoue, /oi iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey, iooaoanoaothuea ii aieieiai
iioe/aneiai ia?aa ia yaeythony yieoaiiiaiaie, i?enoonoaothueie eeoue a
iaoeo i?aaenoaaeaieyo i ?aaioa iicaa. Iie yaeythony aaeeinoaaiiie oi?iie
neaiaeecaoeee, eioi?ay niaaaeaao iica eioi?iaoeeae i aiaoiai ie?a.
Ia?aaea/a neaiaea io nao/aoee iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaia neaaeothuae
oi?iuaiiie noaiie:
Aaaeiui naienoaii yeaeo?e/aneeo neaiaeia yaeyaony oi, /oi iie oaeoe/anee
eaeaioe/iu ai anao ia?aiuo eeaoeao i?aaiecia iacaaeneii io oiai,
caioneatho ee iie aeaeaeaiea, ia?aaeatho ee eioi?iaoeeth i oeaaoao,
oi?iao eee aieaciaiiuo noeioeao, eee niaaeeiytho ?acee/iua iaeanoe
iicaa. Aoi?ui aaaeiui naienoaii neaiaeia yaeyaony oi, /oi iie ianoieueei
iaeeiaeiau o ?aciuo aeeaioiuo, /oi aeaaea oioae?aiiue iiuoii
enneaaeiaaoaeue ia niiniaai oi/ii ioee/eoue caienue iioaioeeaea
aeaenoaey io ia?aiiai aieieia eeoa, iuoe, iaacueyiu eee i?ioanni?a. A
yoii niunea iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey iiaoo n/eoaoueny noa?aioeiiuie
aaeeieoeaie. Iie yaeythony oieaa?naeueiui yoaeiiii aeey iaiaia
eioi?iaoeeae ai anao enneaaeiaaiiuo ia?aiuo nenoaiao. A iicaa ia oeiu
neaiaeia, a ia?iiiia eiee/anoai eeaoie (io 1010 aei 1012 iae?iiia) e
?aciiia?acea naycae iaania/eaatho neiaeiinoue auiieiyaiuo caaea/.
Yoa eaeay auea auneacaia a 1868 aiaeo iaiaoeeei oeceeii e aeieiaii
Aa?iaiii oii Aaeueiaieueoeai. Aa?y ca iniiao aeiioaoe/aneea i?eioeeiu,
caaeieai aei iaia?oaeaiey ecaanoiuo nae/an oaeoia, ii ienae: “Ia?aiua
aieieia /anoi n?aaieaatho n oaeaa?aoiuie i?iaiaeaie, ia?anaeathueie
ianoiinoue, e yoi n?aaiaiea oi?ioi i?eniiniaeaii aeey eeethno?aoeee
oaeeaeoaeueiuo e aaaeiuo iniaaiiinoae eo ia?aca aeaenoaey. A oaeaa?aoiie
naoe aacaea iu iaia?oaeeaaai oa aea iaaeiua eee noaeueiua i?iaiaea,
ianouea oieueei iaeei aeae aeaeaeaiey, iioie yeaeo?e/anoaa, ii
aucuaathuea naiua ?aciua ?acoeueoaou ia ?aciuo noaioeeyo a niioaaonoaee
n aeiiieieoaeueiie aiia?aoo?ie, n eioi?ie i?iaiaea niaaeeiaiu. Ia iaeiie
noaioeee yooaeo ninoieo a caiiea eieieieue/eea, ia ae?oaie neaiae i?inoi
ia?aaeaaony aeaeueoa, ia o?aoueae anooiaao a ?aaioo caienuaathuee
aiia?ao….Aiai?y ei?ioei, eaaeaeia ec… ?acee/iuo aeaenoaee, aucuaaaiuo
yeaeo?e/anoaii, iiaeao auoue aucaaii e ia?aaeaia i?iaiaeii a ethaoth
iaiaoiaeeioth oi/eo. I?e yoii ? i?iaiaea i?ienoiaeeo iaeei e oio aea
i?ioeann, i?eaiaeyuee e naiui ?aciui iineaaenoaeyi….Oa ?acieoea,
eioi?oth iu aeaeei i?e aicaoaeaeaiee ?acee/iuo ia?aia, caeeth/aaony
oieueei a ?icieoea naieo i?aaiia, e eioi?ui i?eniaaeeiai ia?a e eioi?ui
ia?aaeaaony ninoiyiea aicaoaeaeaiey”.
Ia naiii aeaea, eae aoaeao iieacaii a aeaaa 6, iaaieueoay ?acieoea a
aiieeooaea e aeeeoaeueiinoe i/aaeaeia a iioaioeeaeao aeaenoaey ?aciuo
iae?iiia. Ooaa?aeaeaiea, /oi ana iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey iaeeiaeiau,
?aaiineeueii ooaa?aeaeaieth, /oi ana aeoau iaeeiaeiau.
Oaoieea caiene neaiaeia io iae?iiia n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iaeia
Aeey ?aoaiey iaeioi?uo caaea/ nouanoaaiii ?aaeno?e?iaaoue aeoeaiinoue
iaeiiai iae?iia eee aeaaea iaeiiai eiiiiai eaiaea, oiaaea eae aeey
ae?oaeo caaea/ iaiaoiaeeia noiia?iay aeoeaiinoue iiiaeo iae?iiia. Ieaea
ei?ioei noiie?othony iniiaiua i?eaiu aeey caiene aeoeaiinoe iae?iiia,
eniieuecoaiua aeey ianoaeaeaiey a neaaeothueo aeaaao.
Aia?aua caienue iioaioeeaeia aeaenoaey io ia?aa auea naeaeaia io
ia?eoa?e/aneeo ia?aia yeno?a eeaoi/iui e yeaeo?iaeaie. I?iioneaiea oiea
iaaeaeo ia?ie na?aa?yiuo i?iaiaeieeia aucuaaei iioaioeeae aeaenoaey,
oiaaea eae aoi?ay ia?a oaeeo aea yeaeo?iaeia ia iaeioi?ii ?annoiyiee
?aaeno?e?iaaea ioaao. A oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaia ?aaeno?aoeey io
iae?iia eee a?oiiu iae?iiia i?iecaiaeeony yeno?aeeaoi/iui yeaeo?iaeii,
eioi?ue ninoieo ec i?iaiaeieea a eciee?othuae iaiei/ea eee ec
noaeeyiiiai eaieeey?a, caiieiaiiiai i?iaiaeyuei nieaaui ?anoai?ii
N iiiiuueth aioo?eeeaoi/iiai iee?iyeaeo?iaea iu iiaeai i?yii ecia?youe
?acieoeo iioaioeeaea iaaeaeo ia?oaeiie e aioo?aiiae n?aaeie eeaoee, oae
aea eae aicaoaeaeaiea, oi?iiaeaiea e aicieeiiaaiea eiioeuenia.
Noaeeyiiue iee?iyeaeo?iae, caiieiaiiue nieaaui ?anoai?ii e n eii/eeii
iaiaa 0,1 ii a aeeaiao?a, aaiaeeony a eeaoeo n iiiiuueth
iee?iiaieioeyoi?a Iee?iyeaeo?iaeu oaeaea eniieuecotho aeey i?iioneaiey
oiea /a?ac iaia?aio eee aioo?eeeaoi/iie eiuaeoeee iieaeoe a oeeoiieacio.
*anoi eniieuecoaony i?eai ecia?aiey iaia?aiiiai iioaioeeaea, ecaanoiue
eae iyo/-eeaii oeaeie eeaoee. Noaeeyiiay ieiaoea ni n?aaieoaeueii
aieueoei iiee?iaaiiui eii/eeii i?eaeaeaaaony e iiaa?oiinoe eeaoee, aaea
iia i?eeeiaao e iaia?aia e ia?acoao i?i/iia niaaeeiaiea. Iinea ia?ooaiey
oeaeinoiinoe iaia?aiu aioo?e ieiaoee aeeaeeinoue a ieiaoea i?yii
eiioaeoe?oao n aioo?eeeaoi/iie aeeaeeinoueth.
Iaeiaayeaiua iaoiaeu ?aaeno?aoeee iae?iiiie aeoeaiinoe
Eniieuecoy iaoiae iioe/aneie ?aaeno?aoeee, iiaeii i?ineaaeeoue ia?aaea/o
eioi?iaoeee a iaeioi?uo i?aia?aoao iicaa aac eniieueciaaiey yeaeo?iaeia.
Niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiua e?aneoaee, eioi?ua naycuaathony n eeaoi/iie
iaia?aiie, eciaiytho aani?aoeeth i?ioiaeyuaai naaoa eee oeoi?anoeaioeeth
i?e eciaiaieyo iaia?aiiiai iioaioeeaea eeaoee, /oi iiaeii iauaeoeaii
?aaeno?e?iaaoue. Nouanoaotho e oaeea iaeiaaceaiua iaoiaeu, eae
iiceo?iiii-yienneiiiay oiiia?aoey e iaaieoii-?aciiainiay oiiia?aoey
(I?O), eioi?ua iicaieytho ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeea iaeanoe iicaa
aiae?noaothuaai /aeiaaea aeoeaece?othony i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee noeioeia eee
i?e aeaeaeaiee. Iieo/aaiia n iiiiuueth I?O ecia?aaeaiea iieacuaaao
iaeanoe, aeoeae?oaiua i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee c?eoaeueiiai noeioea.
?aoeiia?aiia io?aaeaao noiia?ioth aeoeaiinoue nao/aoee,
yeaeo?iyioeaoaeia?aiia – noiia?ioth aeoeaiinoue iicaa. Yoe iaoiaeu a
iniiaiii eniieuecothony aeey aeeaaiinoeee ia?ooaiee ooieoeee iicaa.
?ani?aaeaeaiea eieaeueiuo a?aaeoaeueiuo iioaioeeaeia e ianneaiua
yeaeo?e/aneea naienoaa iae?iiia.
A noaiao ?aiiia-e-Eaoaey, ioia?aaeathueo eeaoi/iia no?iaiea iicaa,
i?inaa/eaaao eaeay i oii, /oi inaauaiea nao/aoee eciaiyao aeoeaiinoue
oioi?aoeaioi?ia e yoe eciaiaiey io?aaeathony a aeoeaiinoe ia?aiuo
aieieii, auoiaeyueo ec aeaca. Aeey oaeie ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee neaiaeu
aeieaeiu ?ani?ino?aiyoueny ia oieueei io eeaoee e eeaoea, ii e aaeieue
eeaoee, io iaeiiai aa eiioea aei ae?oaiai. Eae, iai?eia?, yeaeo?e/aneee
neaiae, aaia?e?oaiue ia eiioaeoe?othuai n oioi?aoeaioi?ii eiioea
aeiiey?iie eeaoee, ?ani?ino?aiyaony aaeieue iae?iia e aeinoeaaao
oa?ieiaee, eioi?ay ?aniieiaeaia ieiei aaiaeeiciie eeaoee?
Aeey oiai /oiau ioaaoeoue ia yoio aii?in, iieacii ?anniio?aoue
niioaaonoaothuea no?oeoo?u, eioi?ua ia?aaeatho neaiaeu. Aeiiey?ioth
eeaoeo iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae aeeeiiue oeeeeiae?, iaiieiaiiue aiaeiui
?anoai?ii nieae (aeennioeee?iaaiiuo ia iieiaeeoaeueii e io?eoeaoaeueii
ca?yaeaiiua eiiu) e aaeeia, ioaeaeaiiue io yeno?aeeaoi/iiai ?anoai?a
iaia?aiie. Aioo?eeeaoi/iue e yeno?aeeaoi/iue ?anoai?u iniioe/anee
iaeeiaeiau, ii eiatho ?aciue eiiiue ninoaa. Eiiu aeaeaathony ii
niaoeeaeueiui eiiiui eaiaeai, eioi?ua ia?aciaaiu aaeeiauie iieaeoeaie,
i?iiecuaathueie iaia?aio. Yeaeo?e/aneea e oeie/aneea noeioeu aucuaatho
ioe?uoea eee cae?uoea eaiaeia aeey eiiia eaeueoeey, iao?ey, eaeey e
oei?a.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?acee/ee a eiioeaio?aoeee eiiia ii iaa noi?iiu iaia?aiu e
ec-ca ecae?aoaeueiinoe eaiaeia aeey ii?aaeaeaiiuo eiiia ia?acoaony
iioaioeeae iieiy eeaoee. A iieia aioo?aiiaa niaea?aeeiia eeaoee
io?eoeaoaeueii ca?yaeaii ii ioiioaieth e ia?oaeiie n?aaea. No?iaiea e
naienoaa iae?iia ii?aaeaeytho niiniaiinoue i?iaaaeaiey yeaeo?e/aneeo
neaiaeia. Ai-ia?auo, aioo?eeeaoi/iay aeeaeeinoue, oeeoiieacia
(aeniieacia a io?inoea eeaoee, aeniia) i?eia?ii a 107 ?ac ooaea
i?iaiaeeo yeaeo?e/anoai, /ai iaoaeee/aneee i?iaiaeiee. Iaeiie ec i?e/ei
yaeyaony oi, /oi ieioiinoue ia?aiin/eeia ca?yaea, eiiia, a ianeieueei
?ac iaiueoa, /ai yeaeo?iiia a iaoaeea; e?iia oiai, iiaeaeaeiinoue eiiia
iaaaeeea. Ai-aoi?uo, i?ioaeaiea oiea aaeieue aeniia ia aieueoia
?annoiyiea ineiaeiyaony oai, /oi iaia?aia ia yaeyaony eaeaaeueiui
ecieyoi?ii. Niioaaonoaaiii, aaee/eia oiea, oaeouaai aaeieue aieieia,
auno?i oiaiueoaaony ec-ca ooa/ee /a?ac eiiiua eaiaeu iaia?aiu. Oio oaeo,
/oi ia?aiua aieieia i/aiue iaeu (iau/ii ia aieaa 20 iee?ii (iei) a
aeeaiao?a o iicaiii/iuo), aua aieueoa oiaiueoaao eiee/anoai i?iaiaeeiiai
oiea. Aeai Oiaeaeeei aeae eioa?anioth eeethno?aoeeth yoeo naienoa
?ani?ino?aiaiey yeaeo?e/aneiai neaiaea.
Anee niaoeeaeeno ii yeaeo?e/anoao iiniio?eo ia ia?aioth nenoaio, oi
n?aco oaeaeeo, /oi ia?aaea/a neaiaea iiae ia?aiui aieieiii yaeyaony
ia?iiiie i?iaeaiie. Aeeaiao? aeniia a ia?aa aa?uee?oao io 0,1 aei 20
iee?ii. Aioo?aiiaa niaea?aeeiia niaea?aeeo eiiu e yaeyaony iaieioei
i?iaiaeieeii yeaeo?e/anoaa. Iaeiaei, aieieii iaaaeeei e aai i?iaeieueiia
nii?ioeaeaiea i/aiue auniei. I?inoie ?an/ao iieacuaaao, /oi a aieieia
aeeaiao?ii 1 iee?ii e nii?ioeaeaieai 100 Ii/ni oaeaeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea
ninoaaeo ieiei 1010 Ii/ni. Yoi icia/aao, /oi yeaeo?e/aneia nii?ioeaeaiea
iaeaiueeiai ia?aiiai aieieia aeeeiie a 1 iao? ?aaii nii?ioeaeaieth 1010
ieeue 0,2 ii iaaeiie i?iaieiee, oi anoue i?iaieiee aeeeiie a aeanyoue
?ac aieueoa, /ai io Caiee aei ieaiaou Naoo?i.
Oaeei ia?acii, ianneaiia i?iaaaeaiea yeaeo?e/aneeo neaiaeia cao?oaeiaii
e ia?aie/aii ?annoiyieai 1–2 ii. E?iia oiai, eiaaea oaeie neaiae
ei?ioie, aai oi?ia iiaeao auoue neeueii eneaaeaia e aai aiieeooaea aua
oiaiueoaia aieinoueth eeaoi/iie iaia?aiu. Oai ia iaiaa, eieaeueiua
iioaioeeaeu i/aiue aaaeiu aeey auciaa e i?iaaaeaiey ?ani?ino?aiythuaainy
neaiaea.
?ani?ino?aiaiea eciaiaiee iioaioeeaea a aeiiey?iuo eeaoeao e
oioi?aoeaioi?ao
Oioi?aoeaioi?u e aeiiey?iua eeaoee iaaaeeee ii aeeeia, iiyoiio
eieaeueiue a?aaeoaeueiue neaiae iiaeao yooaeoeaii ?ani?ino?aiyoueny io
iaeiiai eiioea eeaoee aei ae?oaiai. Yeaeo?e/aneee neaiae, eioi?ue
io?aaeaao iiiaaeaiea naaoa ia oioi?aoeaioi?, aaia?e?oaony a ia?oaeiii
naaiaioa iaei/ae eee eieai/ae. Ioooaea neaiae ianneaii ?ani?ino?aiyaony
aaeieue eeaoee aei oa?ieiaee ia aeiiey?iie eeaoea. Anee au ?aoeaioi? eee
aeiiey?iay eeaoea auee aeeeiiaa (ianeieueei ieeeeiao?ia a aeeeio), oi
eieaeueiue iioaioeeae ec-ca neeueiiai ineaaeaiey ia aeinoea au oa?ieiaee
e ia niia aeeyoue ia neaaeothuoth a oeaie eeaoeo. Aeiiey?iua eeaoee e
oioi?aoeaioi?u i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eneeth/aiea ec iauaai i?aaeea,
eioi?ia aeaneo, /oi aeey ia?aiina eioi?iaoeee aaeieue iae?iia
iaiaoiaeeiu iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey. Aaiaeeiciua eeaoee iaeaaeatho
aeeeiiui (ianeieueei naioeiao?ia) aeniiii e iiyoiio aeieaeiu
aaia?e?iaaoue iioaioeeaeu aeaenoaey aeey yooaeoeaiiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey
neaiaea a iioe/aneee ia?a. Caiene aeoeaiinoe, naeaeaiu io oae eeaoie.
Eieaeueiua iioaioeeaeu aicieeatho ia aeaiae?eoao a ?acoeueoaoa
neiaioe/aneeo aicaeaenoaee e ianneaii ?ani?ino?aiythony e ianoo
ioaaaeaiey.
Naienoaa iioaioeeaeia aeaenoaey
Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo naienoa iioaioeeaea aeaenoaey yaeyaony oi, /oi yoi
ac?uaiia, ii?iaiaia niauoea, aicieeathuaa ii caeiio «ana eee ie/aai».
Iioaioeeae aeaenoaey aicieeaao a aaiaeeiciie eeaoea a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea i?eoiaeyuea io aeiiey?iuo e aiae?eiiauo eeaoie neaiaeu
aeinoeaatho iaeioi?iai e?eoe/aneiai o?iaiy (ii?iaa) iaia?aiiiai
iioaioeeaea. O iioaioeeaea aeaenoaey (IAe) anoue /aoei ii?aaeaeaiiue
ii?ia, iinea aeinoeaeaiey eioi?iai aiieeooaea e aeeeoaeueiinoue IAe ia
caaenyo io ia?aiao?ia noeioeyoeee. Aieueoea ii aiieeooaea noeioeu ia
aucuaatho aieueoea ii aiieeooaea IAe, ?aaii eae e aeeeiiua noeioeu ia
i?eaiaeyo e iiyaeaieth aieaa aeeeiiuo IAe. Ana oacu IAe aeieaeiu auoue
iieiinoueth caeii/aiu aei ia/aea aicieeiiaaiey neaaeothuaai IAe. Iinea
eaaeaeiai IAe nouanoaoao ia?eiae auioaeaeaiiiai iie/aiey (?ao?aeoa?iue
ia?eiae), ai a?aiy eioi?iai eieoeeaoeey IAe iaaiciiaeia. *anoioa
?eoie/aneeo IAe ii?aaeaeyaony ?ao?aeoa?iui ia?eiaeii.
Eaaeaeue eiioeuen aucuaaao yeaeo?e/aneea oiee, ?ani?ino?aiythueany
ianneaii ia?aae iei ii aeniio. Oioy ?acoeueoe?othuee eieaeueiue
iioaioeeae auno?i oaanaao n ?annoiyieai, ii ana aea i?aauoaao ii?ia.
Oaeei ia?acii, IAe i?iecaiaeeo yeaeo?e/aneee noeioe iaeanoe aeniia, a
eioi?oth aoaeao ?ani?ino?aiyoueny. Iaeaieaa auno?ua IAe
?ani?ino?aiythony ii aieieiai aieueoiai aeeaiao?a ni nei?inoueth ieiei
120 iao?ia a naeoiaeo (430 ei//an), /oi e ii?aaeaeyao aiciiaeiinoue
auno?ie ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee ia aieueoea ii n?aaiaieth n ?acia?ii oaea
eeaoee ?annoiyiey.
IAe eae iae?iiiue eiae
O/eouaay, /oi eaaeaeue IAe eiaao oeene?iaaiioth aiieeooaeo, iaynii, a
/ai aea io?aaeaaony aaee/eia noeioea. Eioaineaiinoue eiaee?oaony
/anoioie IAe. Aieaa yooaeoeaiue c?eoaeueiue noeioe aucuaaao aieueooth
aeaiiey?ecaoeeth e, eae neaaenoaea, aieaa aunieoth /anoioo aaia?aoeee
IAe a aaiaeeiciie eeaoea Oaeia iaiauaiea aia?aua auei naeaeaii
A. Yae?eaiii, eioi?ue iieacae, /oi /anoioa IAe a /oanoaeoaeueiii
ieii/aiee eiaeiiai ia?aa caaeneo io eioaineaiinoe noeioea. E?iia oiai,
ii iaia?oaeee, /oi aieaa neeueiue noeioe aeoeae?oao aieueoaa eiee/anoai
/oanoaeoaeueiuo aieieii.
Neiainu: iaeanoe iaaeeeaoi/iie eiiioieeaoeee
Oioi?aoeaioi?u aeeytho ia aeiiey?iua eeaoee, eioi?ua aeeytho ia
aaiaeeiia?iua eeaoee e oae aeaeaa, /oi i?eaiaeeo e aini?eyoeth
c?eoaeueiiai ia?aca. No?oeoo?a, /a?ac eioi?oth iaeia eeaoea ia?aaeaao
eioi?iaoeeth ae?oaie, ecaanoia eae neiain. Iaoaieci neiaioe/aneie
ia?aaea/e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iniiaioth oaio enneaaeiaaiee a nia?aiaiiie
iae?iaeieiaee. *a?ac neiaioe/aneea acaeiiaeaenoaey iae?iiu, iiaeiaiua
aaiaeeiciie eeaoea, eioaa?e?otho eioi?iaoeeth i neaiaeao ai iiiaeo
oioi?aoeaioi?ao, i?iecaiaey ia auoiaea iiaue nianoaaiiue eioi?iaoeeiiiue
neaiae aeey ia?aiie naoe.
Oeie/anee iiin?aaeiaaiiay neiaioe/aneay ia?aaea/a
I?aneiaioe/aneay oa?ieiaeue oioi?aoeaioi?a ioaeaeaia io aeiiey?iie
eeaoee uaeueth, caiieiaiiie yeno?aeeaoi/iie aeeaeeinoueth. Yoi
i?ino?ainoai neeoeii aaeeei aeey i?ioiaeaeaiey oieia, aaia?e?oaiuo
oioi?aoeaioi?ii. Aianoi yoiai oa?ieiaeue oioi?aoeaioi?a auaeaeyao
iaaeeaoi? (eia/a, o?ainieooa? eee iae?iia?aaeao/ee), eioi?ue o?aieony a
i?aneiaioe/aneeo iocu?ueeao. Iaaeeaoi? (a aeaiiii neo/aa aeooaiao)
aeeoooiaee?oao /a?ac neiaioe/aneoth uaeue e ?aaae?oao ni niaoeeoe/aneeie
iieaeoeaie aaeea (?aoeaioi?aie), eioi?ua iaoiaeyony a iinoneiaioe/aneie
iaia?aia aeiiey?iie eeaoee. Neaaeoao ioee/aoue «oaii?aoeaioi?u»,
?aaae?othuea ia iieaeoeu, e «naini?iua ?aoeaioi?u», ?aaae?othuea ia
aiaoiea noeioeu, iai?eia?, oioi?aoeaioi?. Iaaeeaoi?u, neioace?oaiua e
auaeaeyaiua iae?iiii, e ?aoeaioi?u iaia?aiu iiaoo auoue
eaeaioeoeoee?iaaiu e aecoaeeciaaiu iaeioi?uie iaoiaeeeaie, aeeth/athueie
ia/aiea aioeoaeaie.
Aeoeaaoeey iieaeoe ?aoeaioi?ia aeiiey?iie eeaoee aeooaiaoii i?eaiaeeo e
iiyaeaieth a?aaeoaeueiiai eieaeueiiai iioaioeeaea, eioi?ue
?ani?ino?aiyaony ii iae?iio. *ai aieueoa iaaeeaoi?a auaeaeyaony, oai
auoa aai eiioeaio?aoeey a uaee, oai aieueoa ?aoeaioi?ia aeoeae?oaony e
oai aieueoa eieaeueiue iioaioeeae. Ana yoe niauoey i?ienoiaeyo auno?i,
i?eia?ii ca 1 in. Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu neiaioe/aneie ia?aaea/e auee
aia?aua iienaiu Eaooeii, Eoooea?ii e niaaoi?aie, eioi?ua eniieueciaaee
ioaaou iuoa/iuo ?aoeaioi?ia eae i/aiue /oanoaeoaeueioth aeiiiaeaeue n
oi?ioei ?ac?aoaieai ii a?aiaie aeey ecia?aiey auaeaeaiey iaaeeaoi?a.
Aicaoaeaeaiea e oi?iiaeaiea
Iniaaiiinoueth neiaioe/aneie ia?aaea/e, i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaiiie ia i?eia?a
acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo oioi?aoeaioi?ii e aeiiey?iie eeaoeie, yaeyaony
aiciiaeiinoue oi?iiaeaiey eee aicaoaeaeaiey a caaeneiinoe io iaai?a
?aoeaioi?ia a iinoneiaioe/aneie eeaoea. Iai?eia?, iaeei ec aeaeia
aeooaiaoiuo ?aoeaioi?ia ia aeiiey?iie eeaoea ?aaae?oao ia aeooaiao
aicaoaeaeaieai (aeaiiey?ecaoeeae), eioi?ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony aei
oa?ieiaeae ia ae?oaii eiioea eeaoee e i?eaiaeeo e aunaiaiaeaeaieth
iaaeeaoi?a. Ae?oaie eeann aeiiey?iuo eeaoie niaea?aeeo aeooaiaoiua
?aoeaioi?u ae?oaiai aeaea, eioi?ua ?aaae?otho oi?iiaeaieai. A yoii
neo/aa niauoey i?ienoiaeyo a oie aea iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, ii i?eaiaeyo
e oiaiueoaieth aua?ina iaaeeaoi?a.
Ai anao iae?iiao ia?aiie nenoaiu niioiioaiea aicaoaeeoaeueiuo e
oi?iiciuo aoiaeia ii?aaeaeyao aiciiaeiinoue aeinoeaeaiey ii?iaa
eieoeeaoeee iioaioeeaea aeaenoaey. Iai?eia?, aaiaeeiciay eeaoea iieo/aao
e aicaoaeeoaeueiua, e oi?iiciua aoiaeu. Anee ii?ia i?aiaeieai, oi iiaue
neaiae a aeaea IAe aoaeao iineai e aunoei oeaio?ai, anee iao, oi neaiaea
ia aoaeao. A iioi?iuo eeaoeao nieiiiai iicaa, iai?eia?, aicaoaeeoaeueiua
e oi?iiciua aeeyiey io ?aciuo aieieii ii?aaeaeytho, aoaeao eee iao
i?iecaaaeaii aeaeaeaiea, eiio?iee?oaiia aeaiiuie iioiiae?iiaie.
Iiaeiaiua iioiiae?iiu iieo/atho ieiei 10000 aoiaeia io aieieii. Yoe
aieieia auaeaeytho iaaeeaoi?u, eioi?ua i?eaeeaeatho eee ioaeaeytho io
ii?iaa aicieeiiaaiey IAe iaia?aiiue iioaioeeae. Ioaeaeueiua eeaoee a
iicaea/ea iieo/atho aieaa /ai 100000 aoiaeia.
Yeaeo?e/aneay ia?aaea/a
Oioy iniiaiie niinia ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee inouanoaeyaony /a?ac
oeie/aneoth ia?aaea/o, iaeioi?ua eeaoee a nao/aoea e ae?oaeo iaeanoyo
ia?aiie nenoaiu naycaiu niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie niaaeeiaieyie, a eioi?uo
i?ienoiaeeo yeaeo?e/aneay ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee. I?a- e
iinoneiaioe/aneea iaia?aiu a oaeeo niaaeeiaieyo aeecei ?aniieiaeaiu e
naycaiu eaiaeaie, eioi?ua niaaeeiytho aioo?eeeaoi/iia niaea?aeeiia aeaoo
eeaoie. Oaeia niaaeeiaiea iicaieyao eieaeueiui iioaioeeaeai e aeaaea
iioaioeeaeai aeaenoaey i?yii ?ani?ino?aiyoueny io eeaoee e eeaoea aac
oeie/aneiai ia?aaeao/eea. I?iaeoeou iaoaaieecia e e?aneoaee oaeaea iiaoo
?ani?ino?aiyoueny io eeaoee e eeaoea. A nao/aoea anoue oae iacuaaaiua
ai?eciioaeueiua eeaoee, eioi?ua yeaeo?e/anee naycaiu oaeei niiniaii.
Aeaaiaea?y yoiio naienoao a?aaeoaeueiua iioaioeeaeu iiaoo
?ani?ino?aiyoueny io iaeiie e ae?oaie ai?eciioaeueiie eeaoea, neeueii
aeeyy ia i?ioeann ia?a?aaioee c?eoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee a nao/aoea.
Yeaeo?e/aneea neiainu iaia?oaeaiu e iaaeaeo ae?oaeie eeaoeaie oaea,
iai?eia? iaaeaeo yieoaeeaeueiuie eeaoeaie, iuoa/iuie aieieiaie eeoa/ieea
e na?aeoea.
Oeie/anee iiin?aaeiaaiiay neiaioe/aneay ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee i/aiue
eaaeeueia. Iniiaiua eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeyo a eiee/anoaa iaaeeaoi?a,
auaeaeyaiiai i?e aeinoeaeaiee i?aneiaioe/aneie oa?ieiaee iioaioeeaeii
aeaenoaey eee a?aaeoaeueiui iioaioeeaeii. Oioi?aoeaioi? nao/aoee iiaeao
neoaeeoue i?eia?ii: eiee/anoai iaaeeaoi?a aeooaiaoa, auaeaeyaiiai
iaei/eie eee eieai/eie a ioaao ia noaiaea?oiue naaoiaie noeioe, iiaeao
auoue oaaee/aii eee oiaiueoaii a caaeneiinoe io ia?aoiie nayce ia
oa?ieiaeue io ai?eciioaeueiuo eeaoie, eioi?ua iieo/atho aoiaeu io
oioi?aoeaioi?ia. Yoa oeaiue ia?aoiie nayce ea?aao e?eoe/aneoth ?ieue a
aaeaioaoeee aeaca e ?acee/iui o?iaiyi inaauaiey.
Ae?oaea iaoaieciu, aeeythuea ia aaee/eio aua?ina iaaeeaoi?a, caaenyo io
i?aaeunoi?ee eiioeueniie aeoeaiinoe. Ai a?aiy eee iinea caeia eiioeuenia
a iae?iia eiee/anoai auaeaeyaiiai ei iaaeeaoi?a iiaeao nouanoaaiii
oaaee/eaaoueny eee oiaiueoaoueny a caaeneiinoe io /anoiou e
aeeeoaeueiinoe i?aaeoanoaothuae eiioeueniie aeoeaiinoe. Iiaeoeyoeey
yooaeoeaiinoe iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue e a iinoneiaina. Aeieaia?aiaiiay e
e?aoeia?aiaiiay ieanoe/iinoue iaoiaeeony a oieona aieiaiey
iae?iaeieiaia.
Eioaa?aoeaiua iaoaieciu
Eaaeaeue iae?ii a oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaia o/eouaaao ana
i?eoiaeyuea aeeyiey e ia eo iniiaa nicaeaao naia eiioeueniia «iineaiea»
n iiaui cia/aieai. Oa?iei eioaa?aoeey aia?aua aue i?eiaiai
*. Oa??eiaoiiii, eioi?ue oaeaea aaae a iaeoiae oa?iei «neiain».
Aaiaeeiciua eeaoee nao/aoee iiyoue aea iiaoo neoaeeoue i?eia?ii
niiniaiinoe e eioaa?aoeee. N. Eoooea? aia?aua iieacae, /oi aaiaeeiciua
eeaoee ioaa/atho iaeaieaa neeueii ia iaaieueoia naaoiaia eee oaiiiaia
iyoii ?acia?ii a ianeieueei ?aoeaioi?ia a ii?aaeaeaiiie iaeanoe
nao/aoee. Oaeia iyoii aucuaaao io/aoeeaue caei iioaioeeaeia aeaenoaey
Aieueoia iyoii, inaauathuaa oo aea iaeanoue nao/aoee, iaiaa yooaeoeaii.
Yoi i?ienoiaeeo iioiio, /oi ae?oaay a?oiia oioi?aoeaioi?ia,
?aniieiaeaiiay aie?oa aeoeae?iaaiiuo, oaeaea ?aaae?oao ia naao.
Aeaenoaea yoeo oioi?aoeaioi?ia oi?iiceo aeoeaiinoue aaiaeeiciuo eeaoie
Noiiaoeey aicaoaeaeathuaai aeaenoaey iaeaiueeiai iyoia e oi?iiciue
yooaeo ?aniieiaeaiiuo aie?oa ?aoeaioi?ia i?eaiaeyo e oiio, /oi
aaiaeeiciua eeaoee ioiineoaeueii neaai /oanoaeoaeueiu e aeeooociiio
naaoo.
Oaeei ia?acii, cia/aiea neaiaea aaiaeeiciie eeaoee ia i?inoi io?aaeaao
«naao» eee «oaiiioo», ii e niioiineony n iaooa?iii eii o?anoiinoe
naaoiaiai noeioea a iiea c?aiey. Oaeie neiaeiue neaiae aicieeaao ec-ca
oiai, /oi ia eaaeaeoth aaiaeeicioth eeaoeo i?eoiaeyo neaiaeu io iiiaeo
oioi?aoeaioi?ia. Niaoeeoe/aneea nayce, iiin?aaeiaaiiua aeiiey?iuie,
ai?eciioaeueiuie e aiae?eiiauie eeaoeaie, ii?aaeaeytho niaoeeoe/aneee
iaooa?i naaoiaiai noeioea, iioeiaeueiui ia?acii aeoeae?othuee eaaeaeoth
eiie?aoioth aaiaeeicioth eeaoeo.
Neiaeiinoue eioi?iaoeee, ia?aaeaaaaiie iioaioeeaeaie aeaenoaey
Aua aieaa neiaeioth eioi?iaoeeth i c?eoaeueiuo noeioeao ianoo IAe
ia?aiuo eeaoie iiaie ei?u, iieo/athueo neaiae /a?ac o?e ia?aeeth/aiey
iinea nao/aoee. Iiyaeaiea IAe a iae?iiao ei?u caaeneo io iaooa?ia
inaauaiey nao/aoee, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue niaoeeoe/iui aeey ?aciuo
eeaoie. Iai?eia?, iaeei oei eeaoie ecae?aoaeueii ioaa/aao ia iieineo
naaoa niaoeeoe/aneie i?eaioaoeee (aa?oeeaeueiay, ai?eciioaeueiay eee
iaeeiiiay), eioi?ay aeaeaeaony a ii?aaeaeaiiii iai?aaeaiee a
ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe iiey c?aiey. Ia?aiao?u ?ac?yaeia oaeie eeaoee ia
caaenyo io aeeooociiai inaauaiey eee io iiyaeaiey iieinee iaiioeiaeueiie
i?eaioaoeee, eee io aeaeaeaiey a iai?aaeeueiii iai?aaeaiee. Oaeei
ia?acii, IAe a oaeii iae?iia aeatho oi/ioth eioi?iaoeeth i c?eoaeueiii
noeioea a aunoea oeaio?u iicaa. Iiaeiaiay aeaoaeecaoeey cia/aiey,
ia?aaeaaaaiay noa?aioeiiuie IAe, iiaeao auoue iauyniaia oi/iinoueth
ia?aciaaiey naycae iaaeaeo eeaoeaie ieceiai ii?yaeea n ei?oeeaeueiuie
eeaoeaie e niiniaii eioaa?aoeee aoiaeiuo neaiaeia (noiiaoeey
a?aaeoaeueiuo iioaioeeaeia).
Ia?a?aaioea eioi?iaoeee iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaia a neaaeothuai aeaea:
neaiae oioi?aoeaioi?a ianao eioi?iaoeeth ia eciaiaiee eioaineaiinoe
inaauaiey a aeaiiie iaeanoe iiey c?aiey;
neaiae aaiaeeiciie eeaoee ianao eioi?iaoeeth i eiio?anoa;
neaiae ei?oeeaeueiiai iae?iia ianao eioi?iaoeeth i iaee/ee
i?eaioe?iaaiiie iieinee naaoa.
Neiaeiay eioaa?aoeey eioi?iaoeee i?ienoiaeeo a ae?oaeo naini?iuo
nenoaiao. Iai?eia?, iai?aaeaiea e eieaeecaoeey iaoaie/aneiai noeioea
eii/eeia iaeueoeaa neoaeao ecae?aoaeueiui noeioeii aeey eiie?aoiuo
iae?iiia oie iaeanoe iaiei?oaena, a eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeo ia?a?aaioea
eioi?iaoeee i iai?aaeaiee oaeoeeueiie noeioeyoeee.
Auaiaeu
Iiaeii naeaeaoue aeaa aaaeiuo caeeth/aiey i i?eioeeiao ia?a?aaioee
eioi?iaoeee a ia?aiie nenoaia: (1) ia?aiua eeaoee ea?atho ?ieue
ninoaaeythueo yeaiaioia aeey «iino?iaiey» aini?eyoey; (2) cia/aiea
neaiaea iae?iia iiaeao auoue i/aiue neiaeiui e caaenaoue io aoiaeiuo
neaiaeia.
Eeoa?aoo?a
Oeaaaeue A.A. Enoi?ey iee?iaeieiaee.
Eioiaa E.E. Ii?oieiaey e aiaoiiey aunoeo ?anoaiee.
Aeaenaaa A.E., Eaieineee A.A. I?eeeaaeiay iieaeoey?iay aeieiaey.
Aaeeiia Y.I. Oaiiiai aeecie. I?ienoiaeaeaiea e i?eioeeiu yaiethoeee.
Aethiaioaeuae E.A. ?aoaaiua e ia?aoaaiua i?iaeaiu aeieiae/aneie oeceee.
Aa?uoieeia A.TH., Oeoeei TH.A. Eiioiieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu aiiioica.
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