*aeiaae – /anoue aeinoa?u. ?ieue /aeiaaea a aeinoa?a
Aeinoa?a— /anoue iaiei/ee Caiee, ianaeaiiay aeeauie i?aaieciaie.
Aeeth/aao aa?oithth /anoue eeoinoa?u, aeae?inoa?o, o?iiinoa?o e
ieaeithth /anoue no?aoinoa?u. O/aiea i aeinoa?a ?acaeoi aeaae. A. E.
Aa?iaaeneei. Aicaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ia aeinoa?o — i?ioeann, i?e eioi?ii a
aeinoa?a ?acei onei?yaony iea?aoeey aoiiia ii n?aaiaieth n anoanoaaiiuie
aeiaaioeie/aneeie i?ioeannaie. Eiee/anoai yeaiaioia, aeeth/athueony a
e?oaiai?io, oaaee/eaaaony e oneeeaaao aeaaeaiea ia iai?aaie/aneoth
n?aaeo: nicaeaaony eneonnoaaiiay iaiei/ea Caiee — iiinoa?a. Iiciaiea
caeiiiia?iinoae acaeiiioiioaiee /aeiaaea n aeinoa?ie, ?acoiiia
oi?aaeaiea i?ioeannaie, i?ienoiaeyueie a i?e?iaea, ?aaoee?iaaiea
ioiioaiee /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeie — aeaaiay caaea/a yeieiaee a ie?iaii
ianooaaa. *aeiaae — /anoue aeinoa?u, aac eioi?ie ii nouanoaiaaoue ia
iiaeao.
Aeinoa?a, aa no?oeoo?a e ooieoeee. Ieiei 60 eao iacaae auaeathueeny
?onneee o/aiue aeaaeaiee A.E. Aa?iaaeneee ?ac?aaioae o/aiea i aeinoa?a –
iaiei/ea Caiee, ianaeaiiie aeeauie i?aaieciaie. A.E. Aa?iaaeneee
?ani?ino?aiee iiiyoea aeinoa?u ia oieueei ia i?aaieciu, ii e ia n?aaeo
iaeoaiey. Ii auyaee aaieiae/aneoth ?ieue aeeauo i?aaieciia e iieacae,
/oi eo aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaaeiaeoee oaeoi?
i?aia?aciaaiey ieia?aeueiuo iaiei/ae ieaiaou. Ii ienae: «Ia caiiie
iiaa?oiinoe iao oeie/aneie neeu aieaa iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuae, a iiyoiio
aieaa iiaouanoaaiiie ii naiei eiia/iui iineaaenoaeyi, /ai aeeaua
i?aaieciu, acyoua a oeaeii». Aieaa i?aaeeueii, iiyoiio ii?aaeaeyoue
aeinoa?o eae iaiei/eo Caiee, eioi?ay ianaeaia e i?aia?acoaony aeeauie
nouanoaaie. A ninoaaa aeinoa?u ?acee/atho: -aeeaia aauanoai,
ia?aciaaiiia niaieoiiinoueth i?aaieciia; -aeiaaiiia aauanoai, eioi?ia
nicaeaaony a i?ioeanna aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe i?aaieciia (aacu aoiinoa?u,
eaiaiiue oaieue, ecaanoiyee e ae?. ); -einiia aauanoai, ia?acothuaany
aac o/anoey aeeauo i?aaieciia (iniiaiua ii?iaeu, eaaa aoeeaiia,
iaoai?eou); – aeieiniia aauanoai, i?aaenoaaeythuaa niaie niaianoiue
?acoeueoao aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe i?aaieciia e aaeiaaiiuo i?ioeannia
(ii/au). Yaiethoeey aeinoa?u iaoneiaeaia oanii acaeiinaycaiiuie iaaeaeo
niaie o?aiy a?oiiaie oaeoi?ia: ?acaeoeai iaoae ieaiaou eae einie/aneiai
oaea e i?ioaeathueo a aa iaae?ao oeie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee,
aeieiae/aneie yaiethoeee aeeauo i?aaieciia e ?acaeoeai /aeiaa/aneiai
iauanoaa.
O?OAeU AA?IAAeNEIAI
Oeaio?aeueiui a yoie eiioeaioeee yaeyaony iiiyoea i aeeaii aauanoaa,
eioi?ia A.E. Aa?iaaeneee ii?aaeaeyao eae niaieoiiinoue aeeauo
i?aaieciia. E?iia ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo, A.E. Aa?iaaeneee aeeth/aao
nthaea e /aeiaa/anoai, aeeyiea eioi?iai ia aaioeie/aneea i?ioeannu
ioee/aaony io aicaeaenoaey inoaeueiuo aeeauo nouanoa, ai-ia?auo, naiae
eioaineaiinoueth, oaaee/eaathuaeny n oiaeii aaieiae/aneiai a?aiaie;
ai-aoi?uo, oai aicaeaenoaeai, eaeia aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae ieacuaaao ia
inoaeueiia aeeaia aauanoai. Yoi aicaeaenoaea neacuaaaony i?aaeaea anaai
a nicaeaiee iiiai/eneaiiuo iiauo aeaeia eoeueoo?iuo ?anoaiee e aeiiaoieo
aeeaioiuo. Oaeea aeaeu ia nouanoaiaaee ?aiueoa e aac iiiiue /aeiaaea
eeai iiaeaatho, eeai i?aa?auathony a aeeeea ii?iaeu. Iiyoiio Aa?iaaeneee
?anniao?eaaao aaioeie/aneoth ?aaioo aeeaiai aauanoaa a ia?ac?uaiie nayce
aeeaioiiai, ?anoeoaeueiiai oea?noaa e eoeueoo?iiai /aeiaa/anoaa eae
?aaioo aaeeiiai oeaeiai. Iineieueeo aeeaia aauanoai yaeyaony
ii?aaeaeythuei eiiiiiaioii aeinoa?u, iinoieueeo iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue,
/oi iii iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue e ?acaeaaoueny oieueei a ?aieao oeaeinoiie
nenoaiu aeinoa?u. Ianeo/aeii iiyoiio A.E. Aa?iaaeneee n/eoaao, /oi
aeeaua i?aaieciu yaeythony ooieoeeae aeinoa?u e oaniaeoei ia?acii
iaoa?eaeueii e yia?aaoe/anee n iae naycaiu, yaeythony ia?iiiie
aaieiae/aneie neeie, aa ii?aaeaeythuae. Ianiio?y ia iaeioi?ua
i?ioeai?a/ey, o/aiea Aa?iaaeneiai i aeinoa?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iiaue
e?oiiue oaa a iiieiaiee ia oieueei aeeaie i?e?iaeu, ii e aa ia?ac?uaiie
nayce n enoi?e/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaa/anoaa.
AIO?IIIAAIIUA OAEOI?U
A nia?aiaiioth yiioo aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea ieacuaaao ia?iiiia aeeyiea
ia i?e?iaeiua oneiaey anae ieaiaou. Iniaaiii neeueii eciaiaiu oei?a e
oaoia nooe. Iiiaea aeaeu aeeaioiuo iieiinoueth oie/oiaeaiu /aeiaaeii, a
aua aieueoaa eiee/anoai aeaeia iaoiaeeony iiae oa?icie eo en/aciiaaiey.
?anoeoaeueiua iie?iau ia aieueoae /anoe iiaa?oiinoe eiioeiaioia
i?aoa?iae ia?iiiua eciaiaiey. Ia iaoe?iuo i?ino?ainoaao aeeeay
?anoeoaeueiinoue oie/oiaeaia e caiaiaia naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie iieyie,
nio?aieaoeany aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie eana a cia/eoaeueiie /anoe
yaeythony aoi?e/iuie, o. a. neeueii eciaiaiiuie a ?acoeueoaoa
aicaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ii n?aaiaieth n anoanoaaiiui ?anoeoaeueiui
iie?iaii. Aieueoea eciaiaiey i?iecioee oaeaea a ?anoeoaeueiii iie?iaa
iiiaeo ?aeiiia noaiae e naaaii ec-ca eioaineaiiai auiana aeiiaoiaai
neioa. Aicaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ia anoanoaaiiue ?anoeoaeueiue iie?ia
ieacaei caiaoiia aeeyiea ia i?ioeann ii/aiia?aciaaiey a niioaaonoaee
?aeiiao e i?eaaei e eciaiaieth oece/aneeo e oeie/aneeo naienoa ii/a. Aua
aieueoa eciaiyeenue ii/au ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iieyo aneaaenoaea eo
nenoaiaoe/aneie ia?aaioee, i?eiaiaiey oaeia?aiee e ecuyoey cia/eoaeueiie
/anoe aeiiannu i?iec?anoathueo ?anoaiee. Ai iiiaeo ?aeiiao ia?aaioea
ii/au i?eaaea e oneeaieth y?icee, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ii/aaiiue iie?ia
ia aieueoeo ieiuaaeyo ieacaeny ?ac?ooaiiui.
Auno?i aic?anoaao aeeyiea aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea ia aeae?ieiae/aneee
?aaeei nooe. Noie ia oieueei iaeuo, ii e iiiaeo e?oiiuo ?ae nouanoaaiii
eciaiai a ?acoeueoaoa nicaeaiey aeae?ioaoie/aneeo nii?oaeaiee.
Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue aiaeu ?a/iiai noiea ecuiaaony aeey iaania/aiey
ioaeae i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey, i?ioaiea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iieae. Nicaeaiea e?oiiuo aiaeio?aieeeu, ieiuaaeue
eioi?uo ai iiiaeo neo/ayo n?aaieia n ieiuaaeueth aieueoeo anoanoaaiiuo
ica?, ?acei eciaiyao ?aaeei enia?aiey e noiea ia iaoe?iuo oa??eoi?eyo.
Ana aic?anoathuea ianooaau i?eia?aoaao caa?yciaiea /aeiaaeii aoiinoa?u,
aiae eiioeiaioia e ieaaiia.
Oioy iiiaea ec ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa eciaiaiee i?e?iaeu oneiaee ieacuaatho
iaaeaaii?eyoiia aeeyiea ia aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, aii?in i
oii, iiaeii ee oaeea eciaiaiey n/eoaoue i?iyaeaieyie yeieiae/aneiai
e?ecena, aeaeaei ia i?ino.
Yeieiae/aneee e?ecen aeey yiioe nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa
ii?aaeaeyaony eae iaiii?aaeiia oooaeoaiea ie?oaeathuae /aeiaaea n?aaeu,
o. a. oaeia aa eciaiaiea, eioi?ia ia iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeaii /aeiaaeii
a aieaa eee iaiaa ei?ioeea i?eia?u yeieiae/aneeo e?ecenia i?ioeiai.
Aii?in i oii, a eaeie ia?a nia?aiaiiue iaaeaaii?eyoiua eciaiaiey
i?e?iaeiuo oneiaee yaeythony iaiii?aaeiuie, caneoaeeaaao aieueoiai
aieiaiey. Inoaaeyy iiea a noi?iia aio?iiiaaiiua eciaiaiey eeeiaoa,
ioiaoei, /oi iiuo iineaaeieo aeanyoeeaoee iiaeoaa?aeaeaao
i?eioeeieaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue, eniieuecoy nia?aiaiiua aeinoeaeaiey
iaoee e oaoieee, eeeaeaee?iaaoue iiiaea aicieeoea nae/an iaaeaaii?eyoiua
aeey /aeiaaea eciaiaiey i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.
Ainnoaiiaeaiea eania e ae?oaeo aeaeia anoanoaaiiiai ?anoeoaeueiiai
iie?iaa oe?iei inouanoaeyaony ai iiiaeo no?aiao. Eiiaaea yoa caaea/a
oniaoii ?aoaaony i?inouie n?aaenoaaie, iai?eia? ia?aie/aieai auiana
neioa. A ae?oaeo neo/ayo o?aaothony aieaa aei?iainoiyuea ia?ii?eyoey,
eioi?ua, iaeiaei, iau/ii aeinooiiu aeaaea aeey yeiiiie/anee iaei?acaeouo
no?ai.
ACAEIINAssCUe I?E?IAeU E IAUANOAA
Yeaiaioa?iie no?oeoo?iie aaeeieoeae aeinoa?iiai o?iaiy i?aaiecaoeee
aeecie ia Caiea yaeyaony aeiaaioeaiic. Aeiaaioeaiic – yoi o/anoie caiiie
iiaa?oiinoe (aianoa n ii/aie, aiaeiuie eiiiiiaioaie n?aaeu e i?eeaaeauae
aoiinoa?ie), caieiaaiue aeioeaiicii, – niaieoiiinoue ?anoaiee,
aeeaioiuo, a?eaia e iee?ii?aaieciia, naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie e
ia?acothueo «aeeciaiiia niiauanoai». Aeiaaicaiicu – yeaiaioa?iua
ninoaaiua /anoe aeinoa?u Caiee. Aeiaaioeaiic yaeyaony yia?aaoe/anee
iacaieiooie nenoaiie. Aianoa acyoua, aeiaaioeaiicu ia?acotho aeinoa?o
Caiee. A iae (aeinoa?a) ethaee – iaeii ec caaiueaa anae nenoaiu, iiyoiio
a? oeaeinoiinoue e onoie/eaia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea – iaiaoiaeeiia oneiaea
aeey nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaa/anoaa. Ia iiaeao auoue ia?aioeaiaia e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiay iieueca, eioi?oth i?eiinyo /aeiaaeo aeeaioiua e
?anoaiey. E?iia oiai, iie caieiatho cia/eoaeueiia ianoi a aeooiaiie
aeecie /aeiaaea – eneonnoaa, iaoea, iauaiee /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeie.
Iiyoiio aeeaioiue e ?anoeoaeueiue ie? aeieaeai auoue nio?aiai i?e anao
eciaiaieyo iaeeea Caiee, a oneiaeyo iinoiyiiiai ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
oaaee/aiey /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey. Aeiauaay e ia?a?aaaouaay ?oaeu
iaoaeeia, naeeaay ai?th/ea eneiiaaiua aeey iieo/aiey yia?aee, au?aueaay
aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo e naeueneioicyenoaaiiua ?anoaiey aeey iieo/aiey
i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey, /aeiaae nouanoaaiii eciaiyao ea/anoaaiiua e
eiee/anoaaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee ieaiaoa?iiai e?oaiai?ioa aauanoa. Iauai
aauanoa e yia?aee, aiaeaeaaiuo a aio?iiiaaiiue eee oaoiieiae/aneee
iaiai, iai?a?uaii oaaee/eaaaony, neaaeiaaoaeueii ?anoao aeeyiea iauanoaa
ia i?e?iaeo. Ia?a?aaaouaaaiua a oiaea aio?iiiaaiiai iaiaia i?e?iaeiua
?ano?nu aeatho i?iaeoeoeeth, eniieuecoaioth /aeiaaeii, e iooiaeu – a
aieueoeinoaa naiai /oaeaeua i?e?iaea niaaeeiaiey, eioi?ua ia
aeeth/athony a anoanoaaiiua oeeeeu, oi anoue ia ?aceaaathony, eae,
iai?eia?, ecaeaeey ec iieeia?iuo iaoa?eaeia. Au? 30….40 eao iacaae
iauaiu e oiene/iinoue oaoiiaaiiuo aua?inia a oeaeii ia i?aauoaee
niiniaiinoe aeinoa?u e eo iiaeiuaieth e iaeo?aeecaoeee. Naaiaeiy aea iie
aeinoeaatho i?aaeaea aiciiaeiinoae aeiaaioeaiicia e naiii/euaieth.
Iai?eia?, iauai iaooe, iiiaaeathuae a ieaaiu e ii?y i?e ooa/ea ai a?aiy
aeiau/e, o?ainii?oe?iaea, ia?a?aaioee e eniieueciaaiey, ai iiiai ?ac
i?aauoaao a? anoanoaaiioth ooa/eo a aeae?inoa?o; ii/oe iieiaeia
aaciia?aciuo niaaeeiaiee na?u i?eiineony a aoiinoa?o i?iiuoeaiiinoueth.
Iaaaeeei iiea aaniethoiia eiee/anoai iiiaaeathueo a aeinoa?o n iooiaeaie
i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia, ?oooe, naeioea, ianoeoeeaeia,
neioaoe/aneeo iithueo n?aaenoa, o?aiiia e o.i., ii iie i/aiue yaeiaeou,
niiniaiu aeeoioee?iaaoueny a aeeauo i?aaieciao e iinoaiaiii
iaeaieeaaoueny a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea. Eno?aaeaiea iiiaeo aeaeia
aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee, aeaoeyoeey e y?icey ii/a, caa?yciaiea aiaeu e
aicaeooa – ana yoi eciaiaiey, eioi?ua nii?iaiaeaeatho aucaaiiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth ethaeae ia?ooaiey naaeaine?iaaiiiai
e?oaiai?ioa aauanoa e iioiea yia?aee a i?e?iaea. Iiyoiio ianouiuie noaee
eiie?aoiua i?aia?aciaaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia i?eaaaeaiea oaoiieiae/aneiai
iaiaia a ii?aaeaeaiiia ninoiyiea n anoanoaaiiuie aeioeie/aneeie oeeeeaie
iea?aoeee aauanoa. Eia/a aiai?y, iaiaoiaeeii iao/eoueny i?eiaiyoue ai
anao io?aneyo iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oaoiieiaeth, eioi?ay
iaania/eo iioeiaeueiua acaeiiioiioaiey i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa.
Aeinoa?a e /aeiaae
Nia?aiaiiue /aeiaae noi?ie?iaaeny ieiei 30-40 oun. eao iacaae. N yoiai
a?aiaie a yaiethoeee aeinoa?u noae aeaenoaiaaoue iiaue oaeoi?
–aio?iiiaaiiue. Ia?aay nicaeaiiay /aeiaaeii eoeueoo?a – iaeaieeo
(eaiaiiue aae)i?iaeieaeaeanue i?eia?ii 20-30- oun. eao; iia niaiaea n
aeeeoaeueiui ia?eiae iiieaaeaiaiey. Yeiiiie/aneie iniiaie aeecie
/aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa aueaioioa ia e?oiiuo aeeaioiuo: aeaai?iaeiiai e
naaa?iiai ieaiy, oa?noenoiai iini?iaa, inea, eioaaeue, iaiiioa, oo?a. Ia
noiyieao /aeiaaea eaiaiiiaiaaea iaoiaeyo iiiai/eneaiiua einoe aeeeeo
aeeaioiuo – naeaeaoaeuenoai oniaoiie ioiou. Eioaineaiia eno?aaeaiea
e?oiiuo o?aaiyaeiuo aeeaioiuo i?eaaei e n?aaieoaeueii auno?iio
nie?auaieth eo /eneaiiinoe e en/aciiaaieth iiiaeo aeaeia. Anee iaeeea
o?aaiyaeiua iiaee ainiieiyoue iioa?e io i?aneaaeiaaiey ioioieeaie
aeaaiaea?y aunieie ?iaeaeaaiinoe, oi e?oiiua aeeaioiua a neeo
yaiethoeeiiiie enoi?ee auee eeoaiu yoie aiciiaeiinoe. Aeiiieieoaeueiua
o?oaeiinoe aeey o?aaiyaeiuo aicieeee aneaaenoaea eciaiaiey i?e?iaeiuo
oneiaee a eiioea iaeaieeoa. 10-13 oun. eao iacaae ianooieei ?aceia
iioaieaiea, ionooiee eaaeiee, eana ?ani?ino?aieeenue a Aa?iia, auia?ee
e?oiiua aeeaioiua. Yoi nicaeaei iiaua oneiaey aeecie, ?ac?ooeei
neiaeeaoothny yeiiiie/aneoth aaco /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa. Caeii/eeny
ia?eiae aai ?acaeoey, oa?aeoa?eciaaaoeeny oieueei eniieueciaaieai ieue,
o.a. /enoi iio?aaeoaeueneei ioiioaieai e ie?oaeathuae n?aaea. A
neaaeothuoth yiioo – iaieeoa – ia?yaeo n ioioie (ia eioaaeue, aeeeoth
iaoeo, aeaai?iaeiiai ieaiy, eaaaia, coa?a, e o.ae.), ?uaiie eiaeae e
niae?aoaeuenoaii (iieethnee, i?aoe, yaiaeu, ieiaeu) ana aieueoaa
cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao i?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa ieue. Aeaeathony ia?aua
iiiuoee iaeiiaoieaaiey aeeaioiuo e ?acaaaeaiey ?anoaiee, ca?iaeaeaaony
i?iecaiaenoai ea?aieee. Oaea 9-10 oun. eao iacaae nouanoaiaaee
iinaeaiey, n?aaee inoaoeia eioi?uo iaia?oaeeaatho ioaieoeo, y/iaiue,
/a/aaeoeo, einoe aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo – eic, iaaoe, naeiae. A ?aciuo
ianoao Ia?aaeiae e N?aaeiae Acee, Eaaeaca, THaeiie Aa?iiu ?acaeaathony
ca/aoee caieaaeaeue/aneiai e neioiaiae/aneiai oicyenoaa. Oe?iei
eniieuecoaony iaiiue – e aeey oie/oiaeaiey ?anoeoaeueiinoe a oneiaeyo
iiaena/iiai caieaaeaeey, e eae n?aaenoai ioiou. Ia/eiaaony inaiaiea
ieia?aeueiuo ?ano?nia, ca?iaeaeaaony iaoaeeo?aey. ?ino ianaeaiey,
ea/anoaaiiue nea/ie a ?acaeoee iaoee e oaoieee ca iineaaeiea aeaa
noieaoey, iniaaiii a iaoe aeie, i?eaaee e oiio, /oi aeayoaeueiinoue
/aeiaaea noaea oaeoi?ii ieaiaoa?iiai ianooaaa, iai?aaeythuae neeie
aeaeueiaeoae yaiethoeee aeinoa?u. A.E. Aa?iaaeneee n/eoae, /oi aeeyiea
iao/iie iunee e /aeiaa/aneiai o?oaea iaoneiaeei ia?aoiae aeinoa?u a
iiaia ninoiyiea – iiinoa?o (noa?o ?acoia). Noa?a acaeiiaeaenoaey
iauanoaa e i?e?iaeu, a i?aaeaeao eioi?ie ?acoiiay aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaenoaao aeaaiui, ii?aaeaeythuei oaeoi?ii ?acaeoey aeinoa?u e
/aeiaa/anoaa, iacuaaaony iiinoa?ie. Aia?aua oa?iei “iiinoa?a” a 1926 –
1927 aa. oiio?aaeee o?aioeocneea o/aiua Y. Eae?oa (1870 – 1954) e I.
Oaey? aea Oa?aeai (1881 – 1955) a cia/aiee “iiaue iie?ia”, “iuneyuee
ieano”, eioi?ue, ca?iaeeaoenue a eiioea o?aoe/iiai ia?eiaea,
?acai?a/eaaaony aia aeinoa?u iaae ie?ii ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo. A eo
i?aaenoaaeaiee iiinoa?a – eaeaaeueiay, aeooiaiay (“iuneyuay”) iaiei/ea
Caiee, aicieeoay n iiyaeaieai e ?acaeoeai /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey.
Caneoaa iaiieiaiey aeaiiiai iiiyoey iaoa?eaeenoe/aneei niaea?aeaieai
i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeaaeaieeo A. E. Aa?iaaeneiio (1965, 1978). A
i?aaenoaaeaiee A. E. Aa?iaaeneiai, /aeiaae – /anoue aeeaiai aauanoaa,
iiae/eiaiiiai iauei caeiiii i?aaieciaaiiinoe aeinoa?u, aia eioi?ie iii
nouanoaiaaoue ia iiaeao. *aeiaae yaeyaony /anoueth aeinoa?u, ooaa?aeaeae
auaeathueeny o/aiue. Oeaeueth iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey aeieaeii auoue
nio?aiaiea i?aaieciaaiiinoe aeinoa?u. Iaeiaei nio?aiaiea aa ia?ae/iie
i?aaieciaaiiinoe – “iao?iiooie i?e?iaeu” – ia ianao a naaa oai?/aneiai
ia/aea a iiuioth aaieiae/aneoth neeo. “E ia?aae iei, ia?aae aai iuneueth
e o?oaeii noaiiaeony aii?in i ia?ano?ieea aeinoa?u a eioa?anao naiaiaeii
iuneyuaai /aeiaa/anoaa eae aaeeiiai oeaeiai. Yoi iiaia ninoiyiea
aeinoa?u, e eioi?iio iu, ia caia/ay yoiai i?eaeeaeaainy, e anoue
“iiinoa?a”. Iiinoa?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ea/anoaaiii iiaue yoai
yaiethoeee aeinoa?u, a eioi?ii nicaeathony iiaua oi?iu aa
i?aaieciaaiiinoe eae iiaia aaeeinoai, aicieeathuaa a ?acoeueoaoa
acaeiiaeaenoaey i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa. A iae caeiiu i?e?iaeu oanii
ia?aieaoathony n nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie caeiiaie ?acaeoey iauanoaa,
ia?acoy aunooth iaoa?eaeueioth oeaeinoiinoue “i/aeiaa/aiiie i?e?iaeu”.
A. E. Aa?iaaeneee, i?aaeoaaaeaaoee ianooieaiea yiioe iao/ii-oaoie/aneie
?aaiethoeee a XX aaea, iniiaiie i?aaeiinueeie ia?aoiaea aeinoa?u a
iiinoa?o n/eoae iao/ioth iuneue. Iaoa?eaeueiui aa au?aaeaieai a
i?aia?acoaiie /aeiaaeii aeinoa?a yaeyaony o?oae. Aaeeinoai iunee e
o?oaea ia oieueei nicaeaao iiaoth nioeeaeueioth nouiinoue /aeiaaea, ii e
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao ia?aoiae aeinoa?u a iiinoa?o. “Iaoea anoue
iaeneiaeueiay neea nicaeaiey iiinoa?u” – oaeiai aeaaiia iieiaeaiea A. E.
Aa?iaaeneiai a o/aiee i aeinoa?a, i?ecuaathuai i?aia?aciauaaoue, a ia
?ac?ooaoue ieeoiaio.
I?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu e eo eniieueciaaiea. Nae/an /aeiaae eniieuecoao aeey
naieo ioaeae ana aieueooth /anoue oa??eoi?ee ieaiaou e ana aieueoea
eiee/anoaa ieia?aeueiuo ?ano?nia. Aeieiae/aneea, a oii /enea ieuaaua,
?ano?nu ieaiaou iaoneaaeeaatho aiciiaeiinoe aeecie /aeiaaea ia Caiea, a
ieia?aeueiua e yia?aaoe/aneea neoaeao iniiaie iaoa?eaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa. N?aaee i?e?iaeiuo aiaaonoa
ieaiaou ?acee/atho iaen/a?iaaiua e en/a?iaaiua ?ano?nu. Iaen/a?iaaiua
?ano?nu. Iaen/a?iaaiua i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu iiae?acaeaeythony ia
einie/aneea, eeeiaoe/aneea e aiaeiua. Yoi yia?aey nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee,
ii?neeo aiei, aao?a. N o/aoii ia?iiiie iannu aicaeooiie e aiaeiie n?aaeu
ieaiaou iaen/a?iaaiuie n/eoatho aoiinoa?iue aicaeoo e aiaeo. Auaeaeaiea
yoi ioiineoaeueii. Iai?eia?, i?anioth aiaeo iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
?ano?n en/a?iaaiue, iineieueeo ai iiiaeo ?aaeiiao Caiiiai oa?a aiciee
ino?ue aeaoeoeeo aiaeu. Oaea eaeao ?a/ue i ia?aaiiia?iinoe aa
?ani?aaeaeaiey, e iaaiciiaeiinoe aa eniieueciaaiey aaeaeo caa?yciaiey.
Oneiaii n/eoatho e eenei?iae aoiinoa?u iaen/a?iaaiui ?ano?nii.
Nia?aiaiiua o/aiua-yeieiae iieaaatho, /oi i?e nia?aiaiiii o?iaia
oaoiieiaee eniieueciaaiey aicaeooa e aiaeu yoe ?ano?nu iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue eae iaen/a?iaaiua oieueei i?e ?ac?aaioea e ?aaeecaoeee
e?oiiiianooaaiuo i?ia?aii, iai?aaeaiiuo ia eo ainnoaiiaeaiea.
En/a?iaaiua ?ano?nu. Iie aeaeyony ia aiciaiiaeyaiua e iaaiciaiiaeyaiua.
E aiciaiiaeyaiui ioiinyony ?anoeoaeueiue e aeeaioiue ie?, ieiaei?iaeea
ii/a. E iaaiciaiiaeyaiui ?ano?nai ioiinyony iieaciua eneiiaaiua. Eo
eniieueciaaiea /aeiaaeii ia/aeinue a yiioo iaieeoa. Ia?auie iaoaeeaie,
eioi?ua iaoee i?eiaiaiea, auee naii?iaeiia cieioi e iaaeue. Aeiauaaoue e
ieaaeoue ?oaeu, niaea?aeauea iaaeue, a oaeaea ieiai, na?aa?i, naeiaoe,
oiaee oaea ca 4 oun. eao aei iaoae y?u. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy /aeiaae aiaeae
a noa?o naiae i?iiuoeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aiaeaaeathuoth /anoue
ecaanoiuo ieia?aeueiuo ?oae, eaiaiiiai oaey, iaooe e aaca.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann ioe?uaaao ana iiaua iaeanoe i?eiaiaiey
/a?iuo e oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia, ?acee/iiai iaiaoaeee/aneiai nu?uey. A
?acoeueoaoa ?anoe?yaony ?ac?aaioea aaaeiuo ?oae, oaaee/eaaaony aeiau/a
iaooe ni aeia ii?y. A oicyenoaaiiue iai?io aiaeaeathony ana iiaua
oa??eoi?ee, ?anoao eniieueciaaiea ae?aaaneiu e i?iiuneiauo aeeaioiuo.
Iiaeaa?aathony ia?aaioea cia/eoaeueiua ieiuaaee nooe n oeaeueth
au?aueaaiey ?anoeoaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey e nicaeaiey ei?iiaie aacu
aeey aeeaioiiaiaenoaa. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
iiaa?oiinoe Caiee ?aniaoaia eee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iieiinoueth eee
/anoe/ii ieoeueoo?aiiua ianoaeua aeey aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo. ?acaeoea
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa iio?aaiaaei aieueoeo ieiuaaeae
aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa ai?iaeia, i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, ?ac?aaioee
iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, nii?oaeaiey eiiioieeaoeee. Anaai, oaeei ia?acii,
ieiei 20 % nooe e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie i?aia?aciaaii aeayoaeueiinoueth
/aeiaaea. Cia/eoaeueiua ieiuaaee iiaa?oiinoe nooe eneeth/aiu ec
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea aneaaenoaea iaeiieaiey ia iae
i?iiuoeaiiuo iooiaeia e iaaiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey ?aeiiia, aaea
aaaeaony ?ac?aaioea e aeiau/a iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo. Ia i?eeaaathueo
oa??eoi?eyo nicaeathony ea?uea?u, oa??eeiiu- caieyiua eiionu,
i?iaaeueiue ai?iiee, aicieeathuea ia ianoao ionoio iiae caieae. Ec /enea
ainiieiyaiuo i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia aieueooth ?ieue a aeecie /aeiaaea
ea?aao ean. Ean eiaao iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea eae aaia?aoe/aneee e
yeieiae/aneee oaeoi?. Eana i?aaeioa?auatho y?iceth ii/au, caaea?aeeaatho
iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu, o.a. neoaeao aeaaiiaeiieoaeyie, niinianoaotho
iiaeaea?aeeaaieth o?iaiy a?oioiauo aiae. A eanao iaeoatho aeeaioiua,
i?aaenoaaeythuea iaoa?eaeueioth e ynoaoe/aneoth oeaiiinoue aeey
/aeiaaea: eiiuoiua, iooiua caa?e e ae?oaay aee/ue. A iaoae no?aia eana
caieiatho ieiei 760 iei. aa, eee 33% anae aa nooe, e yaeythony iaeiei ec
iniiaiuo i?e?iaeiuo aiaaonoa. Ianiio?y ia aeeeoaeueioth enoi?eth
eoeueoo?iiai caieaaeaeey, aeeeay i?e?iaea i?iaeieaeaao neoaeeoue aeey
/aeiaaea nouanoaaiiui enoi/ieeii i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey. A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
yoi ?uaieianoai. Ec ?uau iieo/atho aeoaieiu, ei?iiaoth ioeo aeey neioa,
iaeioeaiiua ni?oa ?ua ia?a?aaaouaatho ia oaeia?aiea aeey iieae. Iniiaiay
aeiey ?uaiuo aiaaonoa nin?aaeioi/aia a ii?yo. Aaaeiue iauaeo ii?neiai
i?iiunea – aiaeiua ieaeiieoathuea. Aeiau/a eeoia ninoaaeyao ianeieueei
aeanyoeia ouny/ iniaae a aiae. Cia/aiea aeeeeo ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo aeey
/aeiaaea ia en/a?iuaaaony ieuaaie oeaiiinoueth. Iiaeaaeythuaa
aieueoeinoai eo iaiaoiaeeiu eae iaycaoaeueiua eiiiiiaiou aeioeaiicia
(aeioeaiic – yoi oeaeinoiay a?oiia iiioeyoeee n iauae oa??eoi?eae
iaeoaiey, ioee/athuaeny io ae?oaeo ninaaeieo oa??eoi?ee oeie/aneei
ninoaaii ii/au, aiaeu e ?yaeii ae?oaeo oece/aneeo iieacaoaeae: eeeiaoii,
aeaaeiinoueth e o.ae.), aac ieo iiiyoea «i?e?iaea» i?inoi oo?a/eaaao
naia cia/aiea. ?anoaiey, iai?eia? eaea?noaaiiua, i?eiinyo /aeiaaeo
iuooeioth iieueco. Aeeei?anoouea aeaeu aei neo ii? yaeythony enoiaeiui
iaoa?eaeii aeey naeaeoeee. N?aaee aeeeeo aeeaioiuo anoue aeaeu,
ia?niaeoeaiua aeey iaeiiaoieaaiey. I?aaie/aneee ie? aeey /aeiaaea
yaeyaony iniiaie oaeiaeaoai?aiey aai ieuaauo iio?aaiinoae, a oaeaea
io/anoe oaeiaeaoai?aiey nu?ueaauo ioaeae a aai iianaaeiaaiie
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. E niaeaeaieth, ?yae aeaeia i?aaieciia
/anoe/ii eee iieiinoueth iioa?yee naia cia/aiea ec-ca oeuie/aneiai
oicyenoaiaaiey. En/acioaoea aeaeu aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee ia iiaoo auoue
ainnoaiiaeaiu. Nae/an iu aua a neeao nio?aieoue oa aeaeu aeeaioiuo e
?anoaiee, eioi?ua iaoiaeyony ia a?aie iieiiai oie/oiaeaiey: cai?auaia
ioioa ia oa eee eiua aeaeu, nio?aiythony i?e?iaeiua oneiaey iaeoaiey
oaeeo i?aaieciia (caiiaaaeieee, io?aiiua ciiu e ae?.). Aeey ieuaauo e
nu?ueaauo ioaeae i?eaeaeathony iiaua, ?aiaa ia eniieueciaaaoeany aeaeu
i?aaieciia, iniaaiii ianaeythuea ieaaiu. Oaeei ia?acii, /aeiaa/anoai
eioaineaii iio?aaeyao eae aeeaua, oae ieia?aeueiua i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu.
Iaeiaei oaeia eniieueciaaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu eiaao naie
io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey. Iineaaenoaey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea aeey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. A niioaaonoaee n ieioiinoueth
ianaeaiey iaiyaony e noaiaiue aicaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ia ie?oaeathuoth
n?aaeo. Iaeiaei i?e nia?aiaiiii o?iaia ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa neacuaaaony ia aeinoa?a a oeaeii.
*aeiaa/anoai n aai nioeeaeueiuie caeiiaie ?acaeoey e iiuiie oaoieeie
aiieia niiniaii aeeyoue ia aaeiaie oiae aeinoa?iuo i?ioeannia.
Caa?yciaiea aicaeooa. A i?ioeanna naiae aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaae
caa?yciyao aicaeooioth n?aaeo. Iaae ai?iaeaie e i?iiuoeaiiuie ?aeiiaie a
aoiinoa?a aic?anoaao eiioeaio?aoeey aacia, eioi?ua a naeueneie ianoiinoe
niaea?aeaony a i/aiue iaaieueoeo eiee/anoaao eee nianai ionoonoaotho.
Caa?yciaiiue aicaeoo a?aaeai aeey caei?iauey. E?iia oiai, a?aaeiua aacu,
niaaeeiyynue n aoiinoa?iie aeaaie e auiaaeay a aeaea eeneuo aeiaeaeae,
oooaeoaao ea/anoai ii/au e nieaeatho o?iaeae. Iniiaiua i?e/eiu
caa?yciaiey aoiinoa?u – naeeaaiea i?e?iaeiiai oiieeaa e iaoaeeo?ae/aneia
i?iecaiaenoai. Anee a XIX aaea iinooiathuea a ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo
i?iaeoeou nai?aiey oaey e aeeaeeiai oiieeaa ii/oe iieiinoueth
anneieee?iaaeenue ?anoeoaeueiinoueth Caiee, oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
niaea?aeaiea a?aaeiuo i?iaeoeoia nai?aiey iaoeeiiii aic?anoaao. Ec
ia/ae, oiiie, auoeiiiuo o?oa aaoiiiaeeae a aicaeoo iiiaaeaao oeaeue ?yae
caa?yciythueo aauanoa. N?aaee ieo iniaaiii auaeaeyaony na?ienoue
aiaeae?eae – yaeiaeoue aac, eaaei ?anoai?eiue a aiaea. Eiioeaio?aoeey
na?ienoiai aaca a aoiinoa?a iniaaiii auniea a ie?anoiinoyo
iaaeaieaaeeueiuo caaiaeia. ?anoai?u na?ienoie e na?iie eeneio, auiaaeay
n aeiaeaeyie ia iiaa?oiinoue Caiee, i?e/eiytho a?aae aeeaui i?aaieciai,
?ac?ooatho caeaiey. Ii/aa i?eia?aoaao eeneoth ?aaeoeeth, ec iaa
auiuaaaony ia?aaiie (aoion) – i?aaie/aneia aauanoai, niaea?aeauaa
eiiiiiaiou, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ?acaeoey ?anoaiee. E?iia oiai, a iae
nieaeaaony eiee/anoai nieae eaeueoeey, iaaiey, eaeey. A eeneuo ii/aao
oiaiueoaaony e /enei iaeoathueo a iae aeaeia aeeaioiuo, caiaaeeaia
nei?inoue ?aceiaeaiey iiaaea. Ana yoi nicaeaao iaaeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey
aeey ?inoa ?anoaiee. Eaaeaeue aiae a ?acoeueoaoa naeeaaiey oiieeaa a
aoiinoa?o iinooiatho ieeeea?aeu oiii CO2 . Iieiaeia aeeieneaea
oaea?iaea, ia?acothuaainy i?e nai?aiee eneiiaaiiai oiieeaa, iiaeiuaaony
ieaaiii e caeaiuie ?anoaieyie, iieiaeia inoaaony a aicaeooa. CO2
i?aiyonoaoao oaieiaiio eceo/aieth a einie/aneia i?ino?ainoai, nicaeaaay
oae iacuaaaiue «ia?ieeiaue yooaeo». Eciaiaiea niaea?aeaiey CO2 a
aoiinoa?a a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a aeeyao ia eeeiao Caiee. I?iiuoeaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey e aaoiiiaeee neoaeao i?e/eiie iinooieaiey a aoiinoa?o
iiiaeo yaeiaeouo niaaeeiaiee – ieneae acioa, ieneaea oaea?iaea,
niaaeeiaiee naeioea , ?acee/iuo oaeaaiaei?iaeia – aoeaoeeaia, yoeeaia,
iaoaia, i?iiaia, e ae?. Aianoa n eaiaeueeaie aiaeu iie ia?acotho
yaeiaeoue ooiai – niia, a?aaeii aeaenoaothuee ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea, ia
?anoeoaeueiinoue ai?iaeia. AEeaeeea e oaa?aeua /anoeoeu (iueue),
acaaoaiiua a aicaeooa, oiaiueoatho eiee/anoai nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee,
aeinoeaathuae iiaa?oiinoe Caiee. Caa?yciaiea i?aniuo aiae. Ianooaau
eniieueciaaiey aiaeiuo ?ano?nia auno?i oaaee/eaathony. Yoi naycaii n
?inoii ianaeaiey e oeo/oaieai naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneeo oneiaee aeecie
/aeiaaea, ?acaeoeai i?iiuoeaiiinoe e i?ioaaiiai caieaaeaeey. Ia?iiiia
eiee/anoai aiaeu eniieuecoaony a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aua aieueoa aiaeu
iaiaoiaeeii aeey i?ioaiey. Iinoiyiiia oaaee/aiea aiaeiiio?aaeaiey ia
ieaiaoa aaaeao e iianiinoe «aiaeiiai aieiaea», /oi iaoneiaeeaaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?ac?aaioee ia?ii?eyoee ii ?aoeeiiaeueiiio
eniieueciaaieth aiaeiuo ?ano?nia. E?iia aunieiai o?iaiy ?anoiaea
iaoaaoea aiaeu aucuaaaony aa ?anoouei caa?yciaieai aneaaenoaea na?ina a
?aee iooiaeia i?iiuoeaiiiai e iniaaiii oeie/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aaeoa?eaeueiia caa?yciaiea e yaeiaeoua oeie/aneea aauanoaa (iai?eia?,
oaiie) i?eaiaeyo e iia?oaeaieth aiaeiaiia. A?aaeiua iineaaenoaey eiaao
oaeaea nieaa eana ii ?aeai, eioi?ue /anoi nii?iaiaeaeaaony caoi?aie.
I?e aeeeoaeueii i?aauaaiee ae?aaaneiu a aiaea iia oa?yao aeaeiaua
ea/anoaa, a auiuaaaiua ec iaa aauanoaa aoaeoaeueii aeaenoaotho ia ?ua. A
?aee e ica?a iinooiatho e auiuaaaiua ec ii/au aeiaeaeyie ieia?aeueiua
oaeia?aiey – ieo?aou e oinoaou, eioi?ua a aieueoeo eiioeaio?aoeeyo
niiniaiu ?acei eciaiyoue aeaeiaie ninoaa aiaeiaiia, a oaeaea ?acee/iua
yaeioeieeaou – ianoeoeeaeu, eniieuecoaiua a naeueneii oicyenoaa aeey
ai?ueau n ianaeiiuie-a?aaeeoaeyie. Aeey ay?iaiuo i?aaieciia, iaeoathueo
a i?aniuo aiaeao, iaaeaaii?eyoiui oaeoi?ii neoaeeo e na?in
i?aaei?eyoeyie oaieuo aiae. A oaieie aiaea eenei?iae ieioi ?anoai?yaony
e aai aeaoeoeeo iiaeao i?eaiaeeoue iiiaea i?aaieciu e aeaaee.
Caa?yciaiea Ie?iaiai ieaaia. Cia/eoaeueiiio caa?yciaieth iiaeaa?aathony
aiaeu ii?ae e ieaaiia. N ?a/iui noieii, a oaeaea io ii?neiai o?ainii?oa
a ii?y iinooiatho aieaciaoai?iua iooiaeu, iaooai?iaeoeou, niee oyaeaeuo
iaoaeeia, yaeiaeoua i?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey, a oii /enea ianoeoeeaeu.
Caa?yciaiey ii?ae e ieaaiia aeinoeaaao oaeeo ianooaaia, /oi a ?yaea
neo/aaa aueiaeaiiua ?uau e iieethnee ieacuaathony iai?eaiaeiuie aeey
oiio?aaeaiey a ieuo. Aio?iiiaaiiua eciaiaiey a ii/aa. Ieiaei?iaeiue neie
ii/au oi?ie?oaony i/aiue aeieai. A oiaea a?aiy aaeaaiaeii aianoa n
o?iaeaai ec ii/au ecuiathony aeanyoee ieeeeiiia oiii acioa, eaeey,
oinoi?a – aeaaiuo eiiiiiaioia ieoaiey ?anoaiee. Ia?aaiie, iniiaiie
oaeoi? ieiaei?iaeey ii/au, niaea?aeeony a /a?iicaiao a eiee/anoaa iaiaa
5 % io iannu iaoioiiai neiy. Ia aaaeiuo ii/aao ia?aaiiy aua iaiueoa. I?e
ionoonoaee iiiieiaiey ii/a niaaeeiaieyie acioa aai caian iiaeao auoue
ec?anoiaeiaai ca 50-100 eao. Yoiai ia i?ienoiaeeo, iineieueeo
eoeueoo?iia caieaaeaeea i?aaeoniao?eaaao aianaiea a ii/ao i?aaie/aneeo e
iai?aaie/aneeo (ieia?aeueiuo) oaeia?aiee. Aianaiiua a ii/ao acioiua
oaeia?aiey eniieuecothony ?anoaieyie ia 40-50%. Inoaeueiay /anoue
ainnoaiaaeeaaaony iee?ii?aaieciaie aei aaciia?aciuo aauanoa,
oeaoo/eaaaony a aoiinoa?o eee auiuaaaony ec ii/au. Oaeei ia?acii,
ieia?aeueiua acioiua oaeia?aiey auno?i ?anoiaeothony, iiyoiio eo
i?eoiaeeoueny aiineoue aaeaaiaeii. I?e iaaeinoaoi/iii i?eiaiaiee
i?aaie/aneeo e iai?aaie/aneeo oaeia?aiee ii/aa enoiuaaony e o?iaeae
iaaeatho. Iaaeaaii?eyoiua eciaiaiey a ii/aa ianooiatho e a ?acoeueoaoa
iai?aaeeueiuo naaiiai?ioia, o. a. aaeaaiaeiiai iinaaa iaeieo e oao aea
eoeueoo?, iai?eia? ea?oioaey. E /eneo aio?iiiaaiiuo eciaiaiee ii/au
ioiineony y?icey (?acuaaeaiea). Y?icey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?ac?ooaiea e
niin ii/aaiiiai iie?iaa iioieaie aiaeu eee aao?ii. Oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaia
e iaeaieaa ?ac?ooeoaeueia aiaeiay y?icey. Iia aicieeaao ia neeiiao e
?acaeaaaony i?e iai?aaeeueiie ia?aaioea caiee. Aianoa n oaeuie e
aeiaeaeaauie aiaeaie n iieae aaeaaiaeii oiineony a ?aee e ii?y ieeeeiiu
oiii ii/au. Anee ?aciuao ie/oi ia i?aiyonoaoao, iaeeea i?iiieiu
i?aa?auathony a aieaa aeoaieea e, iaeiiaoe, a ia?aae. Aao?iaay y?icey
aicieeaao a ?aeiiao n nooie iaiaaeaiiie ii/aie, n ec?aaeaiiui
?anoeoaeueiui iie?iaii. *?acia?iue auian neioa a noaiyo e iieoionouiyo
niinianoaoao aao?iaie y?icee e auno?iio ?ac?ooaieth o?aayiiai iie?iaa.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iueueiua ao?e i?eiinyo iaainiieieiua iioa?e
ieiaei?iaeiiai neiy ii/au. Cia/eoaeueiua oa??eoi?ee ni noi?ie?iaaiiuie
ii/aaie ecuiathony ec naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa aneaaenoaea
ioe?uoiai niiniaa ?ac?aaioee iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, caeaaathueo ia
iaaieueoie aeoaeia. Au?uoua aeoaieea ea?uea?u e ioaaeu a?oioa ?ac?ooatho
ia oieueei caiee, iiaeeaaeauea ?ac?aaioea, ii e ie?oaeathuea oa??eoi?ee,
i?e yoii ia?ooaaony aeae?ieiae/aneee ?aaeei ianoiinoe, caa?yciythony
aiaeu, ii/aa e aoiinoa?a, nieaeaaony o?iaeae naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
eoeueoo?. Aeeyiea /aeiaaea ia ?anoeoaeueiue e aeeaioiue ie?.
Aicaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ia aeeaoth i?e?iaeo neeaaeuaaaony ec i?yiiai
aeeyiey e einaaiiiai eciaiaiey i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu. Iaeia ec oi?i i?yiiai
aicaeaenoaey ia ?anoaiey e aeeaioiuo – ?oaea eana. Auai?i/iua e
naieoa?iua ?oaee, ?aaoee?othuea ninoaa e ea/anoai eana e iaiaoiaeeiua
aeey oaeaeaiey iia?aaeaeaiiuo e aieueiuo aea?aaueaa, nouanoaaiii ia
aeeytho ia aeaeiaie ninoaa eaniuo aeioeaiicia. Ae?oaia aeaei – nieioiay
au?oaea ae?aainoiy. Iuooeiia aicaeaenoaea ia ninoiyiea ?anoeoaeueiiai
iie?iaa ieacuaaao ianniaia iinauaiea eania ioaeuoathueie e oo?enoaie. A
yoeo neo/ayo a?aaeiia aeeyiea caeeth/aaony a auoaiouaaiee, oieioiaiey
ii/au e aa caa?yciaiee. I?yiia aeeyiea /aeiaaea ia aeeaioiue ie?
caeeth/aaony a eno?aaeaiee aeaeia, i?aaenoaaeythueo aeey iaai ieuaaoth
eee ae?oaoth iaoa?eaeueioth iieueco. N/eoaaony, /oi n 1600 a. /aeiaaeii
auei eno?aaeaii aieaa 160 aeaeia e iiaeaeaeia ioeoe e ia iaiaa 100
aeaeia ieaeiieoathueo. A aeeeiiii nienea en/acioaoeo aeaeia cia/eony oo?
– aeeeee aue, aeeaoee ia oa??eoi?ee anae Aa?iiu. A XVIII a. auea
eno?aaeaia iienaiiay ?onneei iaoo?aeenoii A.A. Noaeea?ii ii?neay ei?iaa
(noaeea?iaa ei?iaa). Iaiiiaei aieaa noa eao iacaae en/acea aeeeay
eioaaeue oa?iai, iaeoaaoay ia thaa ?innee. Iiiaea aeaeu aeeaioiuo
iaoiaeyony ia a?aie auie?aiey eee nio?aieeenue oieueei a caiiaaaeieeao.
Oaeiaa noaeueaa aeciiia, aeanyoeaie ieeeeiiia ianaeyaoeo i?a?ee Naaa?iie
Aia?eee, e coa?ia, i?aaeaea oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo a eanao Aa?iiu. Ia
Aeaeueiai Ainoiea ii/oe iieiinoueth eno?aaeai iyoienoue ieaiue.
Oneeaiiue i?iiunae eeoiia?aciuo i?eaae ia a?aiue oie/oiaeaiey ianeieueei
aeaeia eeoia: na?iai, a?aieaiaeneiai, aieoaiai. Ia /eneaiiinoue
aeeaioiuo ieacuaaao aeeyiea e oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, ia
naycaiiay n i?iiuneii. ?acei nieceeanue /eneaiiinoue onno?eeneiai oea?a.
Yoi i?iecioei a ?acoeueoaoa inaiaiey oa??eoi?ee a i?aaeaeao aai a?aaea e
nie?auaiey ei?iiaie aacu. A Oeoii ieaaia aaeaaiaeii iiaeaaao ianeieueei
aeanyoeia ouny/ aeaeueoeiia: a ia?eiae eiaa ?uau iie iiiaaeatho a naoe e
ia iiaoo ec ieo aua?aoueny. Aua iaaeaaii, aei i?eiyoey ?uaaeaie
niaoeeaeueiuo ia?, /enei iiaeaathueo a naoyo aeaeueoeiia aeinoeaaei
nioai ouny/. Aeey ii?neeo ieaeiieoathueo i/aiue iaaeaaii?eyoii aeeyiea
caa?yciaiey aiaeu. A oaeeo neo/ayo ieacuaaaony iayooaeoeaiui cai?ao ia
ioeia aeeaioiuo. Iai?eia?, iinea cai?aoa ioeiaa aeaeueoeiia a *a?iii
ii?a eo /eneaiiinoue ia ainnoaiaaeeaaaony. I?e/eia caeeth/aaony a oii,
/oi a *a?iia ii?a n ?a/iie aiaeie e /a?ac i?ieeau ec N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y
iinooiaao iiiai yaeiaeouo aauanoa. Yoe aauanoaa iniaaiii a?aaeiu aeey
aeaoaiuoae aeaeueoeiia, aunieay nia?oiinoue eioi?uo i?aaeioa?auaao ?ino
iiaieiauey yoeo eeoiia?aciuo. En/aciiaaiea n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoiai
/enea aeaeia aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee iiaeao iieacaoueny ia i/aiue
nouanoaaiiui. Eaaeaeue aeae caieiaao ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi a aeioeaiica, a
oeaie e caiaieoue aai ia iiaeao ieeoi. En/aciiaaiea oiai eee eiiai aeaea
aaaeao e oiaiueoaieth onoie/eainoe aeioeaiicia. Aua aaaeiaa oi, /oi
eaaeaeue aeae iaeaaeaao oieeaeueiuie, i?enoueie oieueei aio naienoaaie.
Oo?aoa aaiia, ii?aaeaeythueo yoe naienoaa e ioia?aiiuo a oiaea
aeeeoaeueiie yaiethoeee, eeoaao /aeiaaea aiciiaeiinoe a aoaeouai
ainiieueciaaoueny eie aeey naieo i?aeoe/aneeo oeaeae (iai?eia?, aeey
naeaeoeee). ?aaeeiaeoeaiia caa?yciaiea aeinoa?u. I?iaeaia
?aaeeiaeoeaiiai caa?yciaiey aicieeea a 1945 a. iinea ac?uaa aoiiiuo
aiia, na?ioaiiuo ia yiiineea ai?iaea Oe?ineio e Iaaanaee. Eniuoaiey
yaea?iiai i?oaeey, i?iecaiaeeiua aei 1963 a. a aoiinoa?a, aucuaaee
aeiaaeueiia ?aaeeiaeoeaiia caa?yciaiea. I?e ac?uaa aoiiiuo aiia
aicieeaao i/aiue neeueiia eiiece?othuaa eceo/aiea, ?aaeeiaeoeaiua
/anoeoeu ?annaeaathony ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey, ca?aaeay ii/ao, aiaeiaiu,
aeeaua i?aaieciu. Iiiaea ?aaeeiaeoeaiua ecioiiu eiatho aeeeoaeueiue
ia?eiae iieo?aniaaea, inoaaaynue iianiuie a oa/aiea anaai a?aiaie naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey. Ana yoe ecioiiu aeeth/athony a e?oaiai?io aauanoa,
iiiaaeatho a aeeaua i?aaieciu e ieacuaatho aoaeoaeueiia aeaenoaea ia
eeaoee. O eniuoaiee yaea?iiai i?oaeey (a oai aieaa i?e eniieueciaaiee
yoiai i?oaeey a aiaiiuo oeaeyo) anoue aua iaeia io?eoeaoaeueiay noi?iia.
I?e yaea?iii ac?uaa ia?acoaony a?iiaaeiia eiee/anoai iaeeie iuee,
eioi?ay aea?aeeony a aoiinoa?a e iiaeiuaao cia/eoaeueioth /anoue
nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee. ?an/aou o/aiuo ?acee/iuo no?ai ie?a iieacuaatho,
/oi aeaaea i?e ia?aie/aiiii, eieaeueiii i?eiaiaiee yaea?iiai i?oaeey
ia?aciaaaoayny iueue aoaeao caaea?aeeaaoue aieueooth /anoue nieia/iiai
eceo/aiey. Ianooieo aeeeoaeueiia iioieiaeaiea («yaea?iay ceia»), eioi?ia
iaecaaaeii i?eaaaeao e aeaaee anaai aeeaiai ia Caiea. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
i?aeoe/anee ethaay oa??eoi?ey ieaiaou io A?eoeee aei Aioa?eoeaeu
iiaeaa?aeaia iiiaiia?aciui aio?iiiaaiiui aeeyieyi. I/aiue na?ueaciue
oa?aeoa? i?eia?aee iineaaenoaey ?ac?ooaiey i?e?iaeiuo aeioeaiicia e
caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Any aeinoa?a iaoiaeeony iiae ana
oneeeaathueiny aeaaeaieai aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, iiyoiio aeooaeueiie
caaea/ae noaiiayony i?e?iaeiio?aieoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey. Eeneua
aoiinoa?iua auiaaeu ia nooo. Iaeia ec ino?aeoeo aeiaaeueiuo i?iaeai
nia?aiaiiinoe e iaic?eiiai aoaeouaai – yoi i?iaeaia aic?anoathuae
eeneioiinoe aoiinoa?iuo inaaeeia e ii/aaiiiai iie?iaa. ?aeiiu eeneuo
ii/a ia ciatho canoo, ii eo anoanoaaiiia ieiaei?iaeea iiieaeaii e
iaonoie/eai; iie auno?i enoiuathony e o?iaeae ia ieo ieceea. Eeneioiua
aeiaeaee aucuaatho ia oieueei iiaeeeneaiea iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae e aa?oieo
ai?eciioia ii/a. Eeneioiinoue n ienoiaeyueie iioieaie aiaeu
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia aanue ii/aaiiue i?ioeeue e aucuaaao cia/eoaeueiia
iiaeeeneaiea a?oioiauo aiae. Eeneioiua aeiaeaee aicieeatho a ?acoeueoaoa
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, nii?iaiaeaeathuaeny yienneae
eieinnaeueiuo eiee/anoa ieeneia na?u, acioa, oaea?iaea. Yoe ieeneu,
iinooiay a aoiinoa?o, ia?aiinyony ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey,
acaeiiaeaenoaotho n aiaeie e i?aa?auathony a ?anoai?u niane na?ienoie,
na?iie, acioenoie, acioiie e oaieueiie eeneio, eioi?ua auiaaeatho a
aeaea “eeneuo aeiaeaeae” ia nooo, acaeiiaeaenoaoy n ?anoaieyie, ii/aaie,
aiaeaie. Aeaaiuie enoi/ieeaie a aoiinoa?a yaeyaony naeeaaiea neaioeaa,
iaooe, oaeae, aaca a eiaeono?ee, a naeueneii oicyenoaa, a auoo.
Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea ii/oe aaeaia oaaee/eea
iinooieaiea a aoiinoa?o ieeneia na?u, acioa, na?iaiaei?iaea e ieneaea
oaea?iaea. Anoanoaaiii, /oi yoi neacaeinue ia iiauoaiee eeneioiinoe
aoiinoa?iuo inaaeeia, iacaiiuo e a?oioiauo aiae. Aeey ?aoaiey yoie
i?iaeaiu iaiaoiaeeii oaaee/eoue iau?i nenoaiaoe/aneeo i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo
ecia?aiee niaaeeiaiee caa?yciythueo aoiinoa?o aauanoa ia aieueoeo
oa??eoi?eyo. Io?aia i?e?iaeu e ia?niaeoeau ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey. A iaoe aeie iio?aaeoaeueneia ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea,
?anoiaeiaaiea aa ?ano?nia aac inouanoaeaiey ia? ii eo ainnoaiiaeaieth
ooiaeyo a i?ioeia. I?iaeaia ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia, io?aia i?e?iaeu io aoaeoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea i?eia?aee ia?iiiia ainoaea?noaaiiia cia/aiea.
Iauanoai a eioa?anao ianoiyueo e aoaeoueo iieieaiee i?eieiaao
iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u aeey io?aiu e iao/ii iainiiaaiiiai, ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
eniieueciaaiey caiee e aa iaae?, aiaeiuo ?ano?nia, ?anoeoaeueiiai e
aeeaioiiai ie?a, aeey nio?aiaiey a /enoioa aicaeooa e aiaeu, iaania/aiey
aini?iecaiaenoaa i?e?iaeiuo aiaaonoa e oeo/oaiey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
/aeiaaea. Io?aia i?e?iaeu e ?aoeeiiaeueiia i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiea –
i?iaeaia eiiieaeniay, e aa ?aoaiea caaeneo eae io iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai
inouanoaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee, oae e io ?anoe?aiey iao/iuo
ciaiee. *aeiaa/anoai a naiai no?aieaiee e oeo/oaieth oneiaee
nouanoaiaaiey iinoiyiii ia?aueaaao oaiiu iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
ia caaeoiuaaynue i iineaaenoaeyo. Iai?eia?, nia?aiaiiue /aeiaae oaaee/ee
iauai i?eau/iuo aeey i?e?iaeu caa?yciaiee ianoieueei, /oi iia ia
oniaaaao eo ia?a?aaaouaaoue. Iaei oiai, ii noae au?aaaouaaoue oaeea
caa?yciaiey, aeey ia?a?aaioee eioi?uo a i?e?iaea iiea iao
niioaaonoaothueo aeaeia, a aeey iaeioi?uo caa?yciaiee, e i?eia?o
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo, eo ieeiaaea e ia iiyaeony. Iiyoiio «ioeac» aeinoa?u
ia?a?aaaouaaoue ieiaeu /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe iaecaaaeii aoaeao
aeaenoaiaaoue eae ana aieaa ia?anoathuee oeueoeiaoeaiue oaeoi? a
ioiioaiee /aeiaaea. Iiyoiio aoaeouaa /aeiaaea eae aeieiae/aneiai aeaea
i?aaeneacoaii: yeieiae/aneee e?ecen e nieaeaiea /eneaiiinoe.
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