Oeceei-aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea, iniaaiiinoe aaieiae/aneiai no?iaiey,
?aeueaoa, ii/aaiiiai iie?iaa, eeeiaoa, oaeaaei?iiinoe oa??eoi?ee,
eioaineaiinoue e oa??eoi?eaeueiua iniaaiiinoe aio?iiiaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ieacuaatho iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeeyiea ia aaia?aoeth
aiaaoiai e ?aciiia?aciiai ?anoeoaeueiiai ie?a Oe?aeiu.
Aeaeiaie ninoaa
Anoanoaaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu nio?aieeanue ia 19
iei. aa e ian/eouaaao nauoa 25 oun. aeaeia ?anoaiee. Iaeaieaa aiaaoue
aeaeiaie ninoaa ?anoeoaeueiinoe ioia/aaony a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao – aieaa
2 oun. aeaeia e E?uineeo ai?ao – 2,3 oun. aeaeia.
Ianiio?y ia cia/eoaeueiia aeaeieciaiaiea ?anoeoaeueiinoe aneaaenoaea
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, oei?a Oe?aeiu oa?aeoa?ecoaony
aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai. Ec 300-350 oun. aeaeia aunoeo ?anoaiee Caiee, ia
oa??eoi?ee no?aiu ian/eouaaaony aieaa 25 oun., a oii /enea aiaei?ineae –
ieiei 4 oun. aeaeia, a?eaia – nauoa 15 oun., eeoaeieeia – aieaa 1 oun.,
iioiia?aciuo – ii/oe 800 e ninoaeenouo ?anoaiee – nauoa 6,5 oun. aeaeia.
Aiaaoie ?anoeoaeueiinoueth oa?aeoa?ecothony ia oieueei nooa, ii e
ii?neea iiaa?aaeuey e i?ea?aaeiua aiaeu, eeiaiu, ic??a, ?aee e
eneonnoaaiiua aiaei?iu.
Yiaeaieee (io a?a/aneiai endemos – ianoiue) aeaeu ?anoaiee naienoaaiiua
ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoie oa??eoi?ee, iai?eia?, E?uineei ai?ai,
Oe?aeineei Ea?iaoai, Iiaeieueneie e Aeiiaoeeie aicauoaiiinoyi.
I aiaaonoaa e aunieie aeaeiaie ianuuaiiinoe ?anoeoaeueiiai ie?a ia
aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee Oe?aeiu naeaeaoaeuenoaotho oaeea niiinoaaeaiey n
ninaaeieie ainoaea?noaaie. Anoanoaaiiay oei?a ninoaeenouo ?anoaiee a
Oe?aeia ian/eouaaao 4523 aeaea, oiaaea eae a Aaea?one – 1460, Iieaeiaa –
1762, Iieueoa – 2300 aeaeia. A Oe?aeia cia/eoaeueii aieueoaa eiee/anoai
aeaeia i?eoiaeeony ia iaeei ?iae – 4,45, a Aaea?one – 2,66, Iieueoa –
3,00. Aiaaoaeoeie ii aeaeiaiio ninoaao yaeythony ?iaeu ano?iauo,
ceaeiauo, aiaiauo, ?iciauo, aoaioeaaoiuo, e?anoioeaaoiuo e aaicaee/iuo.
A Oe?aeia i?iec?anoaao ieiei 80 aeaeia aea?aaueaa, 280 eonoa?ieeia, 985
o?aayienouo iaeiieaoieo ?anoaiee, a ec aunoeo ?anoaiee ieiei 600 aeaeia
yaeythony yiaeaieeaie e i?eia?ii noieueei aea ?aaeeeie e en/acathueie
?anoaieyie. Nauoa 150 aeaeia ?anoaiee caianaii a ia?aia ecaeaiea E?aniie
eieae Oe?aeiu, iniiaaiiie a 1976 a., a ai aoi?ii ecaeaiee oeao?e?oao
oaea nauoa 400 aeaeia ninoaeenouo ?anoaiee. Iniaaiii iiiai yiaeaieeia,
?aaeeeo e en/acathueo aeaeia i?iec?anoaao a E?uineeo ai?ao e Oe?aeineeo
Ea?iaoao – ii/oe iieiaeia anao yiaeaieeia e ieiei 30% anao ?aaeeeo e
en/acathueo aeaeia. Anoanoaaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue nio?aieeanue eeoue ia
20% oa??eoi?ee no?aiu, a eioi?ie eoeueoeae?oaony aieaa ouny/e aeaeia
?anoaiee. A i?ioeanna aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea ?anoeoaeueiue ie?
nouanoaaiii eciaieeny. Ia i?ioyaeaiee XVI-XIX noieaoee a eaninoaiiie
ciia ieiuaaeue eania nie?aoeeanue aieaa /ai a iyoue ?ac, a ieiuaaeue
oeaiiaeoeo aeoaiauo e aoeiauo eania oieueei a XIX aaea oiaiueoeeanue ia
/aoaa?oue.
?ani?ino?aiaiea ?anoeoaeueiinoe ia ?aaieiiie /anoe Oe?aeiu iiae/eiaii
oe?ioiie ciiaeueiinoe, a a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao e E?uineeo ai?ao –
aunioiie iiyniinoe. ?anoeoaeueiua ciiu i?ioyaeaathony /a?ac Oe?aeio ia a
/aoei oe?ioiii iai?aaeaiee, a n thai-caiaaea ia naaa?i-ainoie. A
caiaaeiie /anoe a?aaeu niaoaiiuo e oe?ieieenoaaiiuo eania niauaiu ia
tha, a ia ainoiea noaiiuo eiiieaenia – ia naaa?. Eciaiaiea
?anoeoaeueiiai iie?iaa n caiaaea ia ainoie i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony ?inoii
eiioeiaioaeueiinoe eeeiaoa. Oae, eanenoinoue a i?aaeaeao eaninoaiiie
ciiu iinoaiaiii oiaiueoaaony n caiaaea ia ainoie. A Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao
e E?uineeo ai?ao ?anoeoaeueiue iie?ia eciaiyaony n aunioie. ?aciia
aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea yoeo ai? i?aaeii?aaeaeyao nouanoaaiiua ioee/ey
a aai aeaeiaii ninoaaa.
Eaniay ?anoeoaeueiinoue
Iauay ieiuaaeue eania a Oe?aeia – nauoa 10 iei. aa, /oi ninoaaeyao 17,2%
a? oa??eoi?ee. Iaeaieueoay eanenoinoue ioia/aaony a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao
(40,5%) e E?uineeo ai?ao (32%). A i?e?iaeiuo ciiao ?aaieiiie /anoe
eanenoinoue oiaiueoaaony n naaa?a ia tha io 26% a ciia niaoaiiuo eania
aei 12,5% a eaninoaie e 3,8% a noaie. A eanao, ioaaouaathueo ieiei 90%
eaniiie?uoie ieiuaaee, i?aiaeaaeatho iieiaeua e n?aaeiaaic?anoiua
aea?aauey niniu, aee, aoea e aeoaa. Oaeaea ano?a/athony ianaaeaeaiey
a?aaa, eeiu, ee?ia, aa??cu, oiiiey, ieueoe e ae?oaeo ae?aaaniuo aeaeia.
Niniiaua eana (ai?u) caieiatho aieueoea ieiuaaee a ciia niaoaiiuo eania
e aeieeiao ?ae eaninoaiiie e noaiiie cii. Iie ?anooo ia
aea?iiai-iiaecieenouo ian/aiuo aaaeiuo aoionii ii/aao, /anoi niaoeaaynue
n aa??cie. Ia aieaa aiaaouo aoionii e ieoaoaeueiuie aauanoaaie ii/aao
?ani?ino?aiaiu aeoaiai-niniiaua eana.
A aeoa?aaao iniiaiie ii?iaeie yaeyaony aeoa, e a iaiueoeo eiee/anoaao
i?iec?anoatho a?aa, eeia e ee?i. Aeoa iaueiiaaiiue ?ani?ino?ai?i ai anao
anoanoaaiiuo ciiao ?aaieiiie /anoe e a ai?ao aei auniou 900 i. Aeoa
neaeueiue ?anoao a Ea?iaoneeo e E?uineeo ai?ao, a oaeaea ia caiaaea
eaninoaiiie ciiu. A?aa aoiaeeo a ninoaa aeoaiauo, aeoaiai-aoeiauo e
aoeiauo eania, ia?aciauaay a ieo aoi?ie y?on. Oeie/iie aeey Oe?aeiu
yaeyaony eeia na?aeoeaeenoay, a a Ea?iaoao e caiaaeiuo iaeanoyo – eeia
oe?ieieenoay, a i?eaeiai?ianeeo eanao – eeia na?aa?enoay, a a E?uineeo
ai?ao – eeia e?uineay. Ee?i oaeaea i?aaenoaaeai ianeieueeeie aeaeaie:
ino?ieenoiue (?ani?ino?ai?iiue iianaianoii), yai? (a Ea?iaoao e ia
caiaaea eaninoaie), iieaaie e oaoa?neee (a eaninoaiiuo e aae?a/iuo
noaiiuo eanao).
Aae?a/iua eana iie?uaatho neeiiu nooeo ia?aaia e aaeie a noaiiie ciia. A
ieo i?aiaeaaeaao aeoa iau/iue, ia?yaeo n ee?iii, ynaiai, aa?anoii e
eeiie.
Iaeiie ec iniiaiuo ae?aaaniuo ii?iae a eanao Oe?aeineeo Ea?iao,
caiaaeiuo ?aeiiia Aieuie, Iiaeieuey e I?eaeiano?iauey yaeyaony aoe
aa?iiaeneee, a ia?aciaaiiua ei eana iacuaatho ao/eiaie. Aoe e?uineee
?ani?ino?ai?i a E?uineeo ai?ao ia aunioao io 500 aei 1300 i.
Ieiuaaeue iie?uoay eanii a caiaaeiie e naaa?iie /anoyo no?aiu ninoaaeyao
20-20%, a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao – nauoa 60%, a ia Iieanuea – 25,7%. Ia
thaa Oe?aeiu eaniua ieiuaaee cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa – a E?uio eanenoinoue
ninoaaeyao 10%, a noaiiuo ?aeiiao – 4%.
Aeiaua eana (aeueieee) ?anooo i?aeiouanoaaiii ia aeeienouo a?oioao e
ioaaouaatho aieueoea ieiuaaee a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao. A eanao Oe?aeiu
ano?a/aaony aeaa aeaea aee – aa?iiaeneay (ieooa) e ai?iay. Ioaeaeueiua
o/anoee aee aa?iiaeneie iiaeii ano?aoeoue a caiaaeiuo iaeanoyo e ia
*a?ieaiaueia. A Ea?iaoneeo eanao ?ani?ino?aiaiu oaeaea ieooa e
eenoaaiieoea. Eia-aaea a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao e E?uineeo ai?ao
nio?aieeenue iaeeii/iua aea?aauey e iaaieueoea ianaaeaeaiey ?aeeeoiaiai
oena yaiaeiiai.
Ii/oe ai anao oeiao eania Oe?aeiu i?eianueth yaeyaony aa?aca
ai?iaeaa/aoay. ssnaiue iaueiiaaiiue, aaeue e /??iue oiiiey, ineia e
ieueoa ano?a/athony ai anao eaniuo ?aeiiao Oe?aeiu. A eanao e ia?eiauo
ianaaeaeaieyo THaeiiai aa?aaa E?uia a noao?iie/aneii eeeiaoa ?anooo aeoa
iooenoue, iiaeaeaaaeueiee, oenoaoea, ninia noaeaeneay e aa/iicaeaiua
aeaeu aea?aaueaa.
Noaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue
Noaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue a ia?aicaeaiiii aeaea aei iaoeo aeiae
nio?aieeanue ia iaaieueoeo caiiaaaeiuo o/anoeao ainoiea no?aiu, ia
neeiiao aaeie, a i?aaeai?ueyo E?uia, ia ian/aiuo einao
Aciai-*a?iiii?neiai iiaa?aaeuey e iaeioi?uo ino?iaao. Eoaiaua noaie
?acaeaaeenue a i?ioeii ia aaceaniuo o/anoeao eaninoaiiie ciiu ia
/a?iic?iiuo ii/aao. Eo iiae?acaeaeytho ia ?aaieiiua e ai?iua (e?uineea)
noaie. A o?aainoia eoaiauo noaiae i?aiaeaaeatho ceaee – eiaueue, oei/ae,
oiieiiia oceieenoue, a oaeaea ?ani?ino?aiaiu eeaaa?, yniaiiee, oaeoae
eoaiaie, iacaaoaeee e ae?oaea aeaeu.
?aciio?aaii-oei/aeiai-eiaueueiua noaie noi?ie?iaaeenue ia naaa?a noaiiie
ciiu ia iau/iuo /a?iic?iao, eiatho aonoie o?aayiie iie?ia, ninoiyuee ec
eiauey, oiieiiiaa, eeaaa?a, aaeiiena aanaiiaai, iiei/ay noaiiiai,
oaeoay, ano?aaaea. A i?ioeii oaeea noaie iie?uaaee oe?ieea
aiaei?acaeaeueiua i?ino?ainoaa I?e/a?iiii?neie ieciaiiinoe.
Oei/aeiai-eiaueueiua noaie ia?aciaaeenue ia thaa noaiiie ciiu ia
/a?iic?iao thaeiuo e o?iii-eaooaiiauo ii/aao. Iieuiii-ceaeiaua noaie
oi?ie?iaaeenue ia eaooaiiauo nieiioeaaaouo ii/aao, ?aniieiaeaiiuo
aaeieue Aciai-*a?iiii?neiai iiaa?aaeuey. A eo o?aayiii iie?iaa
i?aiaeaaeatho canooionoie/eaua ceaee.
Noaie a E?uineeo ai?ao caieiatho iaaieueoea o/anoee. A yoeo ianoao e
o?aaeeoeeiiiui ceaeai aeiaaaeythony noao?iie/aneea aeaeu ?anoaiee e
?ani?ino?aiaiu oaeaea ethoea?ia, iu?ae iieco/ee, ai?ioae e o.i..
Eoaiaay ?anoeoaeueiinoue ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth naycaia ni noaiiie, eaniie
o?aayiie e aieioiie oei?ie. Ii oneiaeyi ?acaeoey e ?ani?ino?aiaiea
?anoaiee, eoaa ?acaeaeytho ia aiaei?acaeaeueiua, iieiaiiua, ieciaiiua e
ai?iua.
Aeey aiaei?acaeaeueiuo eoaia oa?aeoa?iuie yaeythony oaeea aeaeu eae
iaoeeoea, eieinie a?iiaoiue, iaeoaai/ee, aanee?e e ae?. Ia iieiaiiuo
eoaao ?ani?ino?aiaiu ca?inee eicu, ianyieoea, iaoeeoea, eeaaa?, ethoee,
uaaaeue e ouny/aeenoiee.
Ieciaiiua eoaa i?eo?i/aiu e eieaeueiui aiaeinai?iui iiieaeaieyi ia
aiaei?acaeaeao, oa??anao e a aeieeiao aiaeioieia, aeaaiaea?y /aio
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiia a?aiy iaaiaeiaiu. A eo o?aayiii iie?iaa i?aiaeaaeatho
ianyieoea e?aniay, oeiioaaaea eoaiaay, iniea iau/iay, eeaaa? eoaiaie e
aaeue. Yoe oae iacuaaaiua caeeaiua eoaa iaeaieaa i?eaiaeiu aeey
caaioiaee naia. Ai?iua eoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu a Oe?aeineeo Ea?iaoao. A
ninoaa eo o?aainoiy aoiaeyo ianyieoea, aaeion, eeaaa? e ae?oaea.
Aaiaeii-aieioiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue
Aiaeii-aieioiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue ?ae e aiaei?iia aanueia ?aciiia?acia.
N?aaee ?anoaiee ?ani?ino?aiaiu aaeay aiaeyiay eeeey, aiaeyiie i?ao,
?iaica, /anoooa, ae?, neoiee iaeeiaiaeiue e ae?oaea.
A o?aainoia ieciaiiuo aieio aeiieie?otho iniea, eaiuo, ?iaica, iaiiee,
oaiu ?a/iie, a ec ae?aaaniuo ii?iae – ieueoa /??iay, aa?aa, aa??ca e
ninia. Ia aieioao ia?aoiaeiiai oeia ?ani?ino?aiaiu aa??ca, ninia, iniea,
eaiuo e noaaiiaua ioe, a a ?anoeoaeueiii iie?iaa aa?oiauo aieio –
niniiaia ?aaeeieanuea, iooeoea, eetheaa, aiae?iiaaea e ?inyiea. Nieioiua
ca?inee aiaeiie, aiaeii-aieioiie e i?ea?aaeii-aieioiie ?anoeoaeueiinoe
iacuaatho ieaaiyie. Iie caieiatho iaoe?iua ieiuaaee a ieciaueyo e?oiiuo
?ae – Aeiai?a, Aeiano?a e Aeoiay. Ia eieaeueiuo aicauoaieyo caeanue
oceeie iieinaie ?anooo aa?aa aaeay, oiiieue /??iue, ieueoa e eaiuo.
Eaea?noaaiiua ?anoaiey
Ieiei 30% ieiuaaee Oe?aeiu i?eoiaeeony ia ianneau, aaea nio?aieeanue
anoanoaaiiay eee aoi?e/iay (/anoe/ii i?e?iaeiay) ?anoeoaeueiinoue,
n?aaee eioi?ie oe?ieee aeaeiaie ninoaa ea/aaiuo (100 aeaeia), aeoaieiiuo
(nauoa 200 aeaeia), ianee/iuo (250 aeaeia), iaaeiiiniuo (nauoa 1000
aeaeia), aeoaeeueiuo e e?aneeueiuo (ii 100 aeaeia).
Eana Oe?aeiu aiaaou yaiaeaie (caieyieeie, iaeeiie, aaeaaeeie e ae?.) e
a?eaaie (aaeuie, iiaeaa?aciaeeaie, ianeyoaie e ae?.), ieiaeaie
aeeei?anooueo ?anoaiee (a?ooa, yaeiiy, /a?aoiy e ae?.) e eaea?noaaiiuie
?anoaieyie. N?aaee ?anoaiee, eniieuecoaiuo a iaaeeoeeia, a Oe?aeia
eaea?noaaiiuie n/eoathony ii/oe 250 aeaeia, a oii /enea 150
–o?aaeeoeeiiiie iaaeeoeeiie, a inoaeueiua i?eiaiythony eeoue a ia?iaeiie
iaaeeoeeia. O?aaeeoeeiiii caaioaaeeaathony ieiei 100 aeaeia, ec ieo a
oe?ieeo ianooaaao – 40-50 aeaeia. Aeaaiuie ?aeiiaie eo nai?a yaeythony
ioaeaeueiua o/anoee Iieanuey, eaninoaie e Ea?iao. A noaiiie ciia no?aiu
iau?i caaioiaee eaea?noaaiiuo ?anoaiee cia/eoaeueii ieaea.
Oe?aeia aiaaoa oaeeie eaea?noaaiiuie ?anoaieyie, eae aaea?ueyia,
oeiiaiee, oeaeea o??ooeaaoiay, oaeoae, aeo?iai, iaeoaai/ee, aeooeoea
iau/iay, aa?aeiie iaeue, ae? iau/iue, caieyieea eaniay, ?iiaoea,
a?onieea, /??iay nii?iaeeia, /a?ieea, iaeeia, eaeeia, eaaaiaea, iyoa
ia?a/iay, aaeiien aanaiiee, iaeenna, cieioiouny/iee, e?aieaa, /enoioae,
caa?iaie, iiaei?iaeiee, iaeaieoa, oeeei?ee, oieieiyiea, nii?uo, eaiaeuo
e iiiaea ae?oaea. Iaeioi?ay /anoue aeaeia aeeei?anooueo eaea?noaaiiuo
?anoaiee caianaii a E?anioth eieao Oe?aeiu – eoe iaaeaaaeee, ai?a/aaea
ae?eoay, ano?aaae e ae?. Aieueoeinoai eaea?noaaiiuo ?anoaiee
i?iec?anoaao a anoanoaaiiuo oneiaeyo, iaeioi?ua – eoeueoeae?othony
/aeiaaeii. A ea/aaiuo oeaeyo eniieuecoaony eenoaa, noaaee, ieiaeu e
ei?ie ?anoaiee. Caaioiaea eo inouanoaeyaony i?aeiouanoaaiii aaniie,
eaoii e inaiueth (?aaea ceiie).
A eanao Oe?aeiu a iineaaeiaa a?aiy aaeaaiaeii caaioaaeeaaaony ieiei 25
oun. oiii aa??ciaiai niea, 150 oiii oiaa?iiai i?aea, nauoa 7 oun. oiii
nooeo a?eaia, 7 oun. oiii aeeei?anooueo ieiaeia e yaiae, a oaeaea nauoa
5 oun. oiii eaea?noaaiiuo ?anoaiee
Aieueoia oei?enoe/aneia (aeaeiaia) aiaaonoai E?uineiai iieoino?iaa
naycaii n aai ie?aeiiui, iia?aie/iui, iieoeciee?iaaiiui aaia?aoe/aneei
iieiaeaieai.
N iaeiie noi?iiu, iieoino?ia aue eae au iinoii, niaaeeiythuei ?aciua
oei?u N?aaeecaiiiii?uey, Iaeie Acee, Eaaeaca, Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneie
?aaieiu. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio E?ui, iniaaiii aai ai?iay /anoue, ii?aaeaao
aiaaonoaii oei?u e ?aciiia?aceai ?anoeoaeueiuo niiauanoa. Iiyoiio nianai
aeecei ae?oa e ae?oao i?iec?anoatho ninia iaueiiaaiiay e aa/iicaeaiue
caieyie/iee iaeeiieiaeiue, iaii?ioieee e ano?aaaeu, oen yaiaeiue e
aa?aca iiaeneay.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, caeanue a o?oaeiiaeinooiiuo ianoao ai? iiaeii
iaaethaeaoue ?anoeoaeueiue iie?ia, aeaaii en/acioaoee ia Ie?aiaeneii,
Aiaiieineii e Aaeeaineii iieoino?iaao, aaea a oa/aiea ouny/aeaoee
?anoeoaeueiinoue iiaeaa?aaeanue aeoeaiiio aicaeaenoaeth ni noi?iiu
/aeiaaea. A ai?iii aea E?uio iia n?aaieoaeueii oi?ioi nio?aieeanue
aeaaiaea?y ia i/aiue eioaineaiiio inaiaieth i?e?iaeu iieoino?iaa a
i?ioeii.
A iaaeaaiai aaieiae/aneii i?ioeii i?a?uaaeenue eiioeiaioaeueiua nayce
iieoino?iaa, e ii noaiiaeeny ino?iaii. Ecieyoeey e?uineie oei?u e oaoiu
nio?aiyaony e oaia?ue: E?ui i?iaeieaeaao auoue ino?iaii a aeieiae/aneii
ioiioaiee, oae eae canieaiiia iiaa?aaeuea Neaaoa i?aaenoaaeyao
iai?aiaeieeioth i?aa?aaeo aeey aieueoeinoaa aeaeia ia oieueei ?anoaiee,
ii e aeeaioiuo. E caeanue oae naiinoiyoaeueiue i?ioeann
aeaeiia?aciaaiey, oi?ie?iaaeenue yiaeaie/iua aeaeu.
Anaai a E?uio ian/eouaaaony ieiei 280 yiaeaie/iuo aeaeia (10 % anae
oei?u). N?aaee ieo:
? yneieea Aeaa?ooaeia (aieueoa ecaanoia eae “e?uineee yaeaeueaaen”,
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiue ia yeeao);
? eeai Noaaaia;
? oeeeeaiai Eociaoeiaa;
? aiy?uoiee Iiy?eiaie (ano?a/aaony oieueei ia Ea?aaeaaa);
? iaeioi?ua aeaeu oeiueyiia (/aa?aoeia);
? iiaeniaaeiee neeaae/aoue.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?e?iaeiay oei?a E?uia ian/eouaaao 2775 aeaeia
aeeei?anooueo ?anoaiee. A anee e iei aeiaaaeoue eoeueoeae?oaiua
?anoaiey, oi oeeo?a aic?anoao aei 3500 aeaeia. Yoi ieiei 60 % oei?u
Oe?aeiu! Iniiaiia eo eiee/anoai nin?aaeioi/aii a ai?iie /anoe – iienoeia
aioaie/aneii iocaa!
Aei?aciiia?acea E?uineiai iieoino?iaa – yoi iaeii ec aai aiaaonoa,
eioi?ui iiaeii ai?aeeoueny e eioi?ia iaiaoiaeeii aa?a/ue. E?ui –
aaeeinoaaiiue a Oe?aeia e iaeei ec ainueie aa?iiaeneeo ?aaeiiia,
i?eciaiiuo Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui Nithcii io?aiu i?e?iaeu (INII) ie?iauie
oeaio?aie ?aciiia?acey ?anoaiee.
A i?aaeai?uea, i?ioyaeaathuainy aeoaie io Naaanoiiiey aei Oaiaeinee,
?aniieaaaaony eaninoaiiie iiyn. Aai ia?acotho eoaiaua noaie, ca?inee
eonoa?ieeia (oaeeo eae a?aaeiiee, aea?aee-aea?aai, aiy?uoiee, oa?i e
ae?.) e iecei?ineua aeoaiaua eana.
N auniou 350-400 i ia/eiaaony eaniie iiyn. Aai ia?acotho ?anoeoaeueiua
niiauanoaa aeoaa iooenoiai e aeoaa neaeueiiai. A aeoaiyeao iiiai eeceea,
aa?aneeaoa, a?aaeiieea, ae?th/eiu e ae?oaeo eonoa?ieeia. Ia aunioa
700-800 i (i?eia?ii ia o?iaia Aiaa?neiai ia?aaaea) aeoaiaua eana
niaiythony aoeiauie e a?aaiauie. Yoi ianoiyuee aunieinoaieueiue ean,
aonoie, oaienoue e oaeinoaaiiue. Eaniie iiyn i?inoe?aaony aaa?o aei
ia?uaia ai?iuo ianneaia, a ia naieo aa?oeiao ai? eania i?aeoe/anee iao.
Ia thaeiii neeiia E?uineeo ai? noi?ie?iaaeenue ianeieueei eiua aunioiua
iiyna ?anoeoaeueiinoe.
Iiaeieiaynue a ai?u n thaa, io aa?aaa ii?y, iiaeii oaeaeaoue, /oi
i?eii?neee iiyn (io o?iaiy ii?y aei auniou 350-400 i) i?aaenoaaeai
ieceinoaieueiuie aeoaiai-iiaeaeaaaeiauie eanaie. Eo ninoaa: aeoa
iooenoue, iiaeaeaaaeueiee aunieee (ae?aaiaeaeiue), oenoaoea, ninia
noaeaeneay e aeaaea aa/iicaeaiua eenoaaiiua aeaeu – caieyie/iee
iaeeiieiaeiue, eaaeaiiee e eaeeoea.
Ii ia?a canaeaiey THaeiiai aa?aaa ei?aiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue caiaiyeanue
ia?eaie e ae?oaeie ianaaeaeaieyie ec i?eaacaiiuo a E?ui aeaei?aoeaiuo e
ieiaeiauo eoeueoo?. Nae/an oaea iiiaea “i?eoaeueoeu” – eeia?enu, eaae?u,
iaaiieee, iaeueiu e iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo aeaeia – noaee “?iaeiuie”
e?uineeie.
?anoeoaeueiue iie?ia THaeiiai aa?aaa n aunioie eciaiyaony. Neeiiu ai?
aei 1000-1100 i iie?uaatho niniiaua (a caiaaeiie /anoe thaeiiaa?aaeuey)
e aeoaiaua eana (ainoi/iaa Ao?cooa). Ninia e?uineay, eee ninia Iaeeana,
ia?acoao ia?iiiua eaniua ianneau iaae Aeoieie e sseoie. Io naiae
naaa?iie ?iaenoaaiieoeu – niniu iaueiiaaiiie – iaoa ninia ioee/aaony
na?ui oeaaoii noaiea, aieueoae onoie/eainoueth e canooai e iiaea?ai. Iia
auno?aa ?anoao e eiaao iiiai iauaai n niniie eaeaa?eeneie, iaeoathuae a
Eoaeee.
Ia aunioao 1100-1300 i i?inoe?aaony iiyn ec aoea e niniu iaueiiaaiiie.
Caeanue anoue i/aiue noa?ua, 200-250-eaoiea ianaaeaeaiey,
i?aaenoaaeythuea aieueooth iao/ioth oeaiiinoue. Caoai eaeoo yeeeineea
ai?iua eoainoaie.
Ii ia oieueei naiae e?anioie e ?aciiia?aceai neaayony e?uineea eana. Eae
yeaiaio yeinenoaiu iieoino?iaa iie auiieiytho aaaeiua aeey iaai ooieoeee
– nio?aiytho e ?aaoee?otho iiaa?oiinoiue aiaeiue noie, caueuatho
ii/aaiiue iie?ia ia neeiiao io niuaa e y?icee, oi?ie?otho /enooth
aicaeooioth n?aaeo, /oi iniaaiii oeaiii aeey eeeiaoe/aneeo eo?i?oia.
A E?uio ieiuaaeue, caiyoay eanaie, ninoaaeyao 13 % anae ieiuaaee
iieoino?iaa e 50 % – a ai?iie /anoe, a a no?aiao N?aaeecaiiiii?neiai
?aaeiia yoe iieacaoaee cia/eoaeueii ieaea – niioaaonoaaiii 7 e 19 %.
?aaieiiue E?ui caiyo noaiiie ?anoeoaeueiinoueth (oei/ae, eiaueue,
oiieiiia, ai?iaea/ e ae?oaea ceaee, a oaeaea aeaeu ?aciio?aauey). Ia
iiaa?aaeuea Neaaoa ceaeiaua noaie ec-ca iaeiai eiee/anoaa inaaeeia e
canieaiiinoe ii/a niaiythony nooeie iieoionouiiuie noaiyie (ec iieuie,
ea?iaea, oei/aea, aeeoiyea, eino?ia). Ia Oa?oaieooneie aicauoaiiinoe e
ia Ea?/aineii iieoino?iaa ia eaiaienouo o/anoeao ?ani?ino?aiaiu
iieoeonoa?ie/ee e eonoa?ie/ee – /aa?aoeu, aeoa?iaieee, nieioeaoeaaou.
A E?anioth eieao Oe?aeiu caianaii 164 aeaea ?anoaiee E?uia. N?aaee ieo
oaeea e?uineea aeaeu, eae: iiaeaeaaaeueiee aunieee, eaeeoea
iiaeuycu/iay, caieyie/iee iaeeiieiaeiue, ninia noaeaeneay, oen yaiaeiue,
aa?aca iiaeneay (nae/an nio?aieeanue oieueei iaeia aa ?iua), otheueiai
aeaooeaaoeiaue, e?ieon oceieenoiue, oeeeeaiai Eociaoeiaa, ieii
oiieieenoiue e ae?.
Iaiiaeiaea E?aniie eieae naaiaeiy ninoaaeythony nienee ?aaeeeo e
en/acathueo yeinenoai, o?aaothueo iniaie io?aiu. Oaeea nienee iacuaatho
Caeaiie eieaie Oe?aeiu. N?aaee ?anoeoaeueiuo niiauanoa, ioaeaeathueony a
io?aia, anoue e e?uineea eana ec iiaeaeaaaeueieea aunieiai, niniu
ieoeoiaeneie (noaeaeneie), oenoaoee ooiieenoiie, aoeiai-oeniaua e ae?.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
